Agasti 21, 2013, doi:10.1177/0361684313498853
Psychology Yabafazi Qho ngekota Agasti 21, 2013 0361684313498853
UPaul J. Wright1⇑
UMichelle Funk1
I-1Indawo yokuNxibelelana kweZonxibelelwano, iYunivesithi yaseIndiana, iBloomington, IN, USA
UPaul J. Wright, iSebe lezoNxibelelwano, iYunivesithi yaseIndiana, i1229 East 7th iSt Bloomington, e47405, e-USA. I-imeyile: [imeyile ikhuselwe]
Abstract
Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka kwezithuba zemivuzo kunye nezinye izikhombisi zocalucalulo, abantu baseMelika abaninzi bayalichasa inyathelo lokuqinisekisa kwabasetyhini. Isifundo sethu siphande ngomthombo obonakalayo wempembelelo yentlalo ebisoloko ivakaliswa ukuba inciphise uvelwano novelwano kwabasetyhini: iphonografi. Iinkcukacha zepaneli yesizwe zazisebenzile. Idatha yaqokelelwa kwi2006, 2008, kunye ne-2010 ukusuka kubantu abadala be-190 abasusela kwiminyaka yobudala be-19 ukuya kwi-88 kwisiseko. Ukubukela iphonografi kwakudityaniswa ngokusetyenziswa kweefilimu ezingamanyala. Iimpawu zokuthathwa kwenyathelo lokuxhamla zadityaniswa ngokuchasene nokuqesha kunye nokukhuthaza iinkqubo ezithandwa ngabasetyhini. Ngokuchasene nembonakalo yokukhetha ukubonakaliswa ekusebenziseni imidiya, ngaphambili inkcaso kwisenzo sokunikezela ubungqina khange ichaze ukubukela ngokulandelayo. Iyahambelana nembono yokufunda kwezentlalo ngemiphumela yejelo losasazo, ukubukela iphonografi kwangaphambi kokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwentshukumo yenyani kwanasemva kokulawulwa kwesimo sengqondo sokungena ngaphambili kunye nenani lezinye izinto ezinokubakho. Isini asilinganisanga lo mbutho. Ngokwenyani, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iphonografi inokuba yimpembelelo yentlalo ejongela phantsi inkxaso yeenkqubo zokuqinisekisa kwabasetyhini. Ithiyori, ezi ziphumo zingqinelana nembono yokuba imithombo yeendaba ngesondo ivuselela izikripthi ezingafunekiyo ekuziphatheni komntu okunokusetyenziswa kwizigwebo ezandisa ngaphaya kweendlela ezithile zokunxibelelana ezibonisiweyo.
Ukujonga ukujonga imifanekiso engamanyala kwabasetyhini emsebenzini
Uphando olutsha lufumanisa ukuba abantu ababukela iphonografi kuncinci abanokukuxhasa isenzo sokuvuma kwabasetyhini.
Ngaba abafazi banokufumana ukuphathwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo emsebenzini? Uphando olusandula ukupapashwa lubonisa isimo sakho sengqondo malunga naloo ngxaki inzima inokwakhiwa ngayo, ngokuyinxalenye, nokuba ungazonwabisa ngexesha elithile lokuzihlaziya: Ukubukela iphonografi.
Ukubhala kwi-Psychology yaBasetyhini Qho ngekota, abaphandi beDyunivesithi yaseIndiana uPaul Wright kunye noMichelle Funk baxela abantu ababevumile ukubukela iphonografi, kuncinci ukuba baxhase isenzo sokuvuma kwabasetyhini kudliwanondlebe oluzayo.
"Uphononongo lwangaphambili lufumanise ukuba abantu ababukela iphonografi banokubanjwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngabantu ababhinqileyo."
Le nxaki ibibambe yinyani kanye xa izinto ezinokubumba umbono womcimbi (kubandakanya umbono wezopolitiko kunye nenkolo) zisusiwe kuloo nxaki. Ngapha koko, yayisebenza kubafazi nakwamadoda.
Abaphandi babhala bathi, "Ngokucacileyo, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iphonografi inokuba yimpembelelo yentlalo ethoba ukuxhaswa kwamabhanti."
I-Wright kunye ne-Funk zisebenzise idatha evela kuPhando oluSisiseko seNtlalo, ukujonga okuqhubekayo kwindlela yokuziphatha, izimo zengqondo kunye nezinto eziqhubekayo. Ngokukodwa, bajonga iimpendulo ezinikezwe ngamalungu e-200 kwipaneli ye-GSS, aphendule uthotho lwemibuzo kwi-2006, 2008, kunye ne-2010.
Kwiiseshoni ze-2008, phantse i-24 ipesenti yamadoda kunye ne-13 ipesenti yamabhinqa athi abukele ifilimu engamanyala kunyaka ophelileyo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, njengenxalenye yeseshoni yokulandelela, abo bantu babuzwa, "Ngaba ukhetha okanye ukuchasene nokuqasha nokukhuthaza abantu basetyhini?"
Iziphumo: "Ukubukela iphonografi ngaphambili kwaxela kwangaphambili ngokuchasa kwabasetyhini." Ngelixa abafazi kolu phando (njengalawo kuphando lwangaphambili) bezixhasa kakhulu iinkqubo ezinjalo kunamadoda, bona, bebenganakho ukubonisa ukuvuma ukuba ubukele iphonografi.
Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, oku kuphakamisa ukuba "imithombo yeendaba zesini zenza ukuba zikwazi ukubonwa njengezizo ekuhlaleni, ezinokusetyenziselwa ukwazisa uluvo ngemicimbi yezentlalo'-ikakhulu imicimbi ejongene nokulingana ngokwesini.
Kodwa kutheni le nto ukubukela uDebbie Ngaba uDallas engafezekisi inkxaso yokuqesha uHeidi, okanye akhuthaze uPaula?
Abaphandi babhala bathi: “Iphonografi ihlala ibonisa ukuba abafazi banazo izinto zesini ezifanele ukuthotywa, nokuba nengcwangu. "Ngokuhambelana nezi zinto ziboniswayo, uphononongo lwangaphambili lufumanise ukuba ababukeli bephonografi banokubanjwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngabantu ababhinqileyo."
Ngokucacileyo, umntu ocinga ngabafazi ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu-okanye ababone njengezinto zokwabelana ngesondo-akathandeki ukuba axhase imigaqo-nkqubo eyilelwe ukuphumelela kwabo emsebenzini.
I-Wright kunye ne-Funk Qaphela ukuba kukho abavelisi bemifanekiso engamanyala abadala imali yokuhamba. Bongeze ukuba abayixhasi ukujonga izinto ezingamanyala. Endaweni yoko, bayabhala, uluntu kufuneka lufundiswe malunga nendlela abasetyhini ababoniswa ngayo kwimifanekiso engamanyala, kunye neziphumo ezinokubakho zangempela zehlabathi ezibonakaliswayo.
Ithemba labo kukuba "ulwazi oluphangaleleyo malunga nokuziphatha gwenxa kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye neziphumo zalo ezingezizo ziya kukhokelela ekugwetyweni ekuhlaleni, kugcinwe ucalucalulo, kwaye ekugqibeleni kunciphise ukuvelisa kunye nokusebenzisa imali enjalo."
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