I-PDF yokufunda ngokupheleleyo - Ukuqwalaselwa kwakhona koBonografi Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuXhasa ukuBelana ngobuhlobo-Impendulo eTokunaga, Wright, noMcKinley (2015)
UTokunaga, uWight, kunye noMcKinley (2015) baphikisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala kunempembelelo enkulu ekuxhaseni umntu ekuhambeni kwexesha kwisisu. Ukuxhasa isikhundla sabo, i-hey yaxhomekeka kwidatha yolawulo evela kwi-General Social Survey (i-GSS) ukusuka kwi-2006 ukuya kwi-2010 kunye nenkxaso yesisu esibuyiselweyo ekusetyenzisweni kwe-ponografi okwenzekileyo kwi-2 yeminyaka ngaphambi komlinganiselo. Kuphononongo olwenziwe kamva, uWight kunye noTokunaga (2018) bathi olu lwalamano lwacaciswa ngcono sisimo esibanzi esibizwa ngokuba yinkululeko kwezokwabelana ngesondo abathi bashukunyiswa kukufumana, ukuvuselela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezicatshulwa zesondo ezixhonywe kumxholo wezithombe ezibonisa amanyala. Uphononongo lwangoku lujonga kwakhona eli bango ngokuhlalutya izinto zenkululeko zesini, ezinje ngesimo sengqondo somtshato wabantu abathandanayo, isini esingaphandle komtshato kunye neenkolelo zopolitiko nezenkolo kwezona zinto zisanda kwedatha yeqela le-GSS kunye novavanyo lwabo lwe-2016. Iziphumo zibonisa ezi zinto ziluqilima ngokudibeneyo ngenkxaso yokukhupha isisu kunokusebenzisa amanyala uwedwa. Uvavanyo lweedatha ezintathu zamaza wedatha (i-2010, i-2012, kunye ne-2014) lubonise ukungabikho kobudlelwano bexesha lokudibana phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nenkxaso yokuqhomfa. Kutyholwa ukuba inkululeko yezokwabelana ngesondo ibonelela ngengcaciso engcono kubudlelwane obufunyenwe ngaphambili phakathi kwenkxaso yokuqhomfa kunye nokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala. Ngokukodwa, zombini inkxaso yenkxaso yesisu kunye nokusebenzisa iphonografi zimbini zeempawu ezininzi zokukhululeka kwezesondo, isimo sengqondo sokulungelelana esiphezulu. Iingcebiso zinikezelwa ukuvavanya ngakumbi ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkululeko yokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala.
URI - http://hdl.handle.net/10477/80033
IINGOZI:
Iphepha langoku liphinda liqwalasele iimpembelelo ezinokubakho zokusebenzisa iphonografi kucetyiswa uhlalutyo lwamva nje (iTokunaga, Wright & McKinley, 2015; IWright kunye neTokunaga, 2018) ngokunxulumene namalungelo okuqhomfa. Ababhali baphikisa ukuba ukuboniswa kweempendulo zesondo ezingamanyala kukhokelela kwimibono yenkululeko yesini kunye nokuzala kunye nokuziphatha ngokukhululekileyo kwezesondo kunxulunyaniswa nenkxaso eyandisiweyo yokukhupha isisu. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nenkxaso yokukhupha isisu khange ifumane ngqwalaselo ngaphandle komsebenzi wala maphepha mabini.
Sisikhundla sale thethos yokuba iimpikiswano ezivela kula maphepha angaphambili zisekwe kwizigqibo ezingalunganga ezithathwe kwidatha yendawo ehlalutyo ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkxaso yokukhupha isisu (ilinganiswe kwindawo yedatha kamva) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxelo yamanyala inqaku). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinkxalabo zangaphakathi zokungqinwa komsebenzi odlulileyo zenza ukuthandabuza ubunyani bebango lezinto ezisebenzisa iphonografi zisebenzisa ukuqikelela ukuxhaswa kwesisu. Ukucaca, kuyacaca ukuba ezi zinto zimbini zisengqiqweni ezinxulumene nazo omnye komnye; nangona kunjalo sisikhundla sam ukuba ubunzima bobungqina obubonisa ukusetyenziswa kweendaba zamanyala oonobangela umntu oza kuba ngumkhethe-kukhanya kukhanya.
Kuxoxwa ubudlelwane phakathi kokuvezwa kwamanyala kunye nenkxaso yesisu kuchazwe ngcono yimodeli yenkululeko, apho kusetyenziswa imifanekiso engamanyala, isimo sokukhupha isisu, isazisi sezopolitiko, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonisa ukukhululeka ngokwesini komntu.
Kuphando lwe-2012 Pew Research, i-80% ye-Democrats yenkululeko kunye ne-31% yabantu baseRiphabhlikhi abagcinwayo ekukholelwe ukuba isisu sisemthethweni. Abathathi-nxaxheba bophando kolu hlalutyo baye baxela ukuba kunqabile okanye bangaze baye kwimicimbi yezenkolo baphindwe kabini kunokwenzeka ukuba baxhase isisu xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangena kwiinkonzo zenkolo kube kanye ngeveki okanye nangaphezulu. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaphumelele kwiikholeji babengama-30% amathuba okuxhasa isisu kunabathathi-nxaxheba ababenediploma yamabanga aphakamileyo okanye ngaphantsi (iZiko loPhando lwePew, i-2012).
Phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba be816 abaye baxela isikhundla sabo malunga nokukhupha isisu kuwo onke amaza amathathu, i-415 yabo bantu yavavanywa malunga nokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala koluPhononongo lunye olufanayo. Phakathi kwabo isikhundla sokuqhomfa sahlukile kwi-T1 kunye ne-T3, kuphela ngabathathi-nxaxheba be-24 (5.8%) abathe baxela ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe zamanyala kwi-T1, 19 kwi-T2 (6.0%) kunye ne-26 kwi-T3 (6.3%). Kubonakala kunzima kakhulu ukuzoba ukusetyenziswa kwe-ponografi njengesizathu sokutshintsha kwendlela yokuziphatha malunga nokuqhomwa kwesisu ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaye baxela ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso engamanyala, nabo batshintsha isimo sabo ukuba babekulungele ukukhupha isisu.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba inyathelo le-GSS elisetyenziswe yiTokunaga kunye neWright libuze nje ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bayibonile imovie ekalwe nge-X kunyaka ophelileyo. Lo mlinganiso ubeka umbukeli rhoqo we-porn kunye nomthengi we-porn ngamanye amaxesha kwinqanaba lokuphendula elifanayo. Ngapha koko, uhlobo lombuzo luyadida njengoko lubuza ngokuthe ngqo malunga neemovie ezilinganiswe nge-X kwaye ayizukujongana nezinye iindlela zoononografi ezinje ngeziqwengana ezimfutshane okanye ezinye iindlela zemidiya yesondo enye imijelo. Ukusetyenziswa kwekhefu okanye amanyathelo aqhubekayo oononografi kuya kuba ngcono ukulinganisa nayiphi na impembelelo yokubukela iphonografi.
Ukusetyenziswa komyinge we-dichotomous ngaphezulu kwamanyathelo okwethutyana aqhubayo kunokubangela i-20% ukuya kwi-66% ilahleko kwiiyantlukwano ezinokuthi zibhekiswe kwiiyantlukwano zokuqala (Cohen, 1983).
Izimvo zenkolo: Isikali esisuka kwi-1 (inkolo kakhulu) ukuya kwi-4 (hayi inkolo) yavavanya abathathi-nxaxheba malunga nokuba bazithatha njani njengezenkolo.
Kuphela yi-23.5% yabo bazichaza njengabanonopheleyo okanye abagcina ngokusemgangathweni kakhulu ababenomdla wokukhipha isisu ngokuthelekiswa ne-74.2% yabathathi-nxaxheba abanenkululeko okanye abanenkululeko enkulu. Inkolo ibisisibonakaliso esikhulu sezimo malunga nokukhupha isisu, njengoko i-24.3% yabathathi-nxaxheba 'benkolo kakhulu' kunye ne-70.4% yabathathi-nxaxheba 'abanganikezeliyo' babexela inkxaso yokukhupha isisu. Ke ngoko, kubonakala ngathi yinkolo kunye nemibono yezopolitiko inxulumene kakhulu nokuhluka okubalulekileyo komdla.
Iyahambelana nohlalutyo oluhambelana, umbono wezenkolo (B = -.063, p <.01) kunye nemibono yezopolitiko (B = -.052, p <.01) nganye inendima ebalulekileyo ekuqikeleleni inkxaso yokuqhomfa.
Okukhona ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bachongwe njengabanonkululeko okanye abangakhathaleliyo, kokukhona baya kuba bhetele kakhulu ekuchaseni ukuPhunza.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ponografi kwi-T1 (p = .46) wayengenguye umkhombandlela obalulekileyo wokuxhaswa kwesisu kwi-T2.
Iphonografi yayihambelana kakhulu neenkolelo zonqulo kuhlalutyo oluhambelana. Kwabo baphononongwe kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye neenkolelo, yi-27.8% kuphela eyayibukele amanyala ngaphakathi kunyaka odlulileyo. Amashumi amane anesithathu eepesenti abo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abangavumelani nonqulo axele ukusebenzisa iphonografi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-13.7% kuphela echaza inkolo.
Ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezibonisa iphonografi kwabonakala kunobudlelwane obuphakathi bokuxhasa ukukhupha isisu kuhlalutyo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona, olu lwalamano aluzange luqine kwezinye izinto ezinxulumene nokukhululwa kwezesondo ezinje ngenkxaso yomtshato wabantu abathandanayo.
Eminye imiba eyahlukeneyo enjengemfundo, inkolo kunye nembono yezopolitiko yayiyeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yokuxhasa ukukhupha isisu kunokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala.
Ngokusekwe kwezi zinto zifunyenwe kuzo zombini uphononongo lwe-2016 lwe-GSS kunye neqela le-GSS, ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala kunye nokukhupha isisu kokubini kubonakala kunxulumene neenkolelo zopolitiko nezenkolo kunye nezinye izimo ezinxulumene nesini. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi zinto eziguquguqukayo babunobuthathaka kunobudlelwane ngamnye abelana nabo ngezinto ezinxulumene nenkululeko yezesondo. Ukongezwa kwezinto ezivavanya isimo sengqondo sokukhululeka ngokwesondo kulungelelwaniso lwethu lwezinto zenziwa ngenxa yokwahluka okuchazwe kunxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nenkxaso yokukhupha isisu ngokuthelekisa ubudlelwane obabubonwa eTokunaga, uWight kunye noMcKinley (2015).
isiphelo
I-Wright kunye neTokunaga zifumene ukwamkelwa kwimodeli ye-3am kunye nenkululeko yezesondo kunye nokushicilelwa okuninzi kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Ukuze umsebenzi wabo ufikelele kwinqanaba elilandelayo le-notoriety, mhlawumbi kuya kufuneka baphengise uphando lwabo olunamanani abalenza imilinganiselo yabo ngokuqinileyo endaweni yokuxhomekeka kulwazi olukumgangatho ophezulu olunezinto ezihamba kunye ngokubanzi.
Kuyinto yokuqala ukuba ubango naluphi na uhlobo lobudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nenkxaso yokukhupha isisu ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo kwidathabheyisi ye-GSS. Ungaqiniseka njani ukuba inkxaso kamva yokuqhomfa isisiphumo sokusebenzisa iphonografi ngaphambili? Inqanaba eliqhubekayo lokujonga iphonografi lingavavanya ngcono ukubonakaliswa kweendaba zosasazo kwizimo zengqondo ezihambelana nesondo. Kuya kuba sengqiqweni ukuphonononga abo baguqula isimo sabo sokukhipha isisu ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuze bafumane izinto ezifanayo (bafika kwiminyaka ethile, amava obomi obuguqukayo, utshintsho lwezimo zengqondo) olunokuthi lube nefuthe ekuguqukeni kwabo kwizimo zengqondo.
Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luchaze ngakumbi inkcazo yenkululeko yezesondo kwaye iphande ubudlelwane bexesha lokumisa phakathi kwezi mpawu kunye nokusebenzisa iphonografi. Kwimeko yayo yangoku, ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nenkxaso yokukhutshwa kwesisu kujongana nengxaki 'yenkukhu okanye iqanda' njengoko kungakhange kubonakaliswe ukuba ukusetyenziswa koburheletya kukhokelela kwinkxaso enkulu ekukhupheleni kwesisu. Impikiswano eboniswe apha yeyokuba ezi ndlela zokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ziyimpawu zentelekelelo enkulu yokwakha eyaziwa ngokuba yinkululeko yezesondo kwaye ayihambelani ngokuthe ngqo.
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