Isifiso soSondo, i-Mood, isitayela sokuxhaswa, ukunyaniseka, kunye nokuzimelela njengezinto zokuQala ukuThengisa i-Cybersex (2019)

ZeMpilo zeJMIR. I-2019 Jan 21; 6 (1): e9978. I-Doi: 10.2196 / psy.9978.

UVarfi N1, Ukujikeleza S1, Jasiowka K1, Iqhenqa T1, Bianchi-Demicheli F1, Khazaal Y#1.

Abstract

UMGQUBO:

Inani elinyukayo lophando luneenkalo ezahlukeneyo zokulutha kwe-cybersex, ubunzima abanye abantu banomlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex naphezu kwefuthe elibi kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla.

INJONGO:

Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya unxibelelwano olunokubakho phakathi kwesiphumo sokungafani kweziyobisi kwi-cybersex, kuvavanywa ngeCompulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) elungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex, kunye nezinto ezininzi zengqondo kunye nengqondo, kubandakanya umnqweno wesondo, imvakalelo, isitayile sokuncamathisela kunye nokuzithemba, ngokuthathela ingqalelo ubudala, isini, kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kwabasebenzisi be-cybersex.

IINDLELA:

Uvavanyo olusekwe kwiwebhu lwenziwe apho abathathi-nxaxheba bavavanywa ukuze kufumaneke izinto eziphakathi kunye nezixhobo ezilandelayo: I-CIUS ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex, i-Desire Desire Inventory, kunye ne-Short Depression-Happy Scale. Ngaphaya koko, isitayile sokuncamathisela savavanywa kunye namava kuViwo oluDibeneyo loLwalamano-oluhlaziyiweyo (Inkxalabo kunye neenkxaso ezixhasayo). Impulsivity ilinganiswe ngokusebenzisa i-Urgency, Pre-Prevention, (ukungabikho), Ukunyanzeliswa (ukungabikho), ukujonga imbuyekezo, inqanaba lokuziphatha okungxamisekileyo. Ukuzithemba kwehlabathi jikelele kwavavanywa nge1-nto yento yokuzibona ngokwenyani.

IINKCUKACHA:

Isampula yezifundo ze145 igqibile isifundo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex komlutha kwakudityaniswa namanqanaba aphezulu eminqweno yesini, imvakalelo yokudakumba, isitayile sokuncamathela, kunye nesini samadoda kodwa hayi ngokuqhutywa.

IMISEBENZI:

Ukusetyenziswa okusetyenziswayo kwe-cybersex ngumnqweno wesini, ukudakumba, kunye nokunamathela.

IINKCUKACHA: isimilo ukunganyanzelekanga; i-intanethi; ngokwesondo

PMID: 30664470

DOI: I-10.2196 / psy.9978

intshayelelo

imvelaphi

I-intanethi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kubandakanya imibuzo enxulumene nezempilo [1-4] kunye neenjongo ezinxulumene nempilo yezesondo [5]. I-cybersex yindlela yokuziphatha eqhelekileyo ebhekisa kwizenzo ezisekwe kwisondo kwiWebhu ezijolise ekunikezeleni inzaliseko evusa inkanuko okanye ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo [6]. I-cybersex ibandakanya imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enjengokuncokola, ukuthandana, ukukhangela imihla engaxhunywanga kwi-intanethi, ukudlala indima yesondo, ukuhlangana kwe-webcam, inyani ebonakalayo, kunye nephonografi. Le misebenzi yokwahlulahlulahlula yodwa (okt, ukubukela iphonografi), intsebenziswano-okt (okt, ukuxoxa), kunye nemisebenzi engeyiyo eyokwabelana ngesondo (okt, ulwazi olunxulumene nesondo)7].

Ukusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kwe-cybersex kunokuba negalelo ekwandiseni ulwazi lwezesondo kunye nokonyusa ubudlelwane bezangaphandle kunye nonxibelelwano ngesondo namaqabane [8]. Iyafana nakwabo bazibandakanya kwezinye izinto ezinxulumene nokuziphatha kwi-intanethi njengokudlala umdlalo [9-11], nangona kunjalo, abanye abasebenzisi be-cybersex banokuvelisa iipateni zokulutha ekusebenziseni kunye neziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho [12,13]. Ezi patheni zihlala zichazwa njengokusetyenziswa gwenxa kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kolawulo lwezinto zesondo ezisekwe kwi-intanethi ezikhokelela kwiingxaki okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokuqhubeka ngaphandle kobunzima [14,15]. Akukho sivumelwano kufikelelweyo malunga nokucingelwa okukuphazamiseka [12,16], nangona ihlala ibizwa ngokuba sisiyobisi se-cybersex [17-20]. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwezinye iingxaki ezinxulumene ne-intanethi [21], kusenokwenzeka ukuba ligama lesambulo elibhekisa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi ye-cybersex (i-intanethi eyedwa, i-webcams zesondo, incoko, njl njl) kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo (okt ukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo njengokuzanelisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuvuselela isini esivela kwi-porn, imivuzo yoluntu kwincoko , okanye ukomelela okungalunganga ngokubaleka kuxinzelelo lwemihla ngemihla [12,22,23].

Izifundo ezininzi zichaze ukufana phakathi komlutha we-cybersex kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka, kubandakanya nokunciphisa ulawulo lwangaphambili (amandla okukhetha amanyathelo okanye iingcinga ngokunxulumene neenjongo zangaphakathi) [24], ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-cjograx ye-porn ye-porn ehambelana nokuziphatha kunye nokuxhaphaka kakhulu kwe-cybersex25,26], ubudlelwane phakathi kokuphinda kwenzeke kwakhona kwe-criatal cue (ukuphawuleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kubonakalisa umsebenzi we-venral striatum ngexesha lokuchatshazelwa kwi-cybersex cues) kunye nomnqweno wesondo27], kunye neempawu ezihambelana neziyobisi ze-cybersex (ukuziva ukuphulukana nolawulo ekusebenziseni) [23] kunye neepatheni zokuqiniswa okuhle nokubi kokuziphatha ngokwesini okusekwe kwiWebhu [28]. Nangona ibonakala ngathi ibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi, uphando malunga nokusebenzisa iziyobisi kwi-cybersex kusalelekile [25]. Ngokukodwa, izinto ezinxulumene nophuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwee-cybersex ezilusizi zihlala zihleli zingenazintsingiselo.12]. Ngokwengxenye oku kunokucaciswa ngokungabikho kokuvumelana malunga nokuziphatha okunjalo.

Ukuchonga okunokwenzeka kwe-cybersex eyamkelweyo nangona kunjalo ifumene ingqalelo yokuqala. Umnqweno wesondo ubonakalisa amandla asondeza umntu kuye okanye kude nokuziphatha ngokwesondo [29] nokukhuthaza abantu ukuba babelane ngesondo. Ukanti, ngaphandle kokubaluleka komnqweno wesini njengokuchazwa kweendlela zokuziphatha zesini [22,30], Izifundo zobudlelwane phakathi komnqweno wesini kunye ne-cybersex zisasilela. Kwikhontrakthi kunye nezinye iingxelo malunga nokuziphatha kakuhle kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-intanethi [9,31], Izifundo ezininzi kulungelelwaniso lwe-psychopathological yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwi-cybersex rhoqo ichaza umanyano kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okunje ngokudakumba [22]. Ukuzithemba okuphantsi kwakudityaniswa nokuthunyelwa imiyalezo yococi (ukwabelana ngeefoto zesondo) [32]33], kunye nesiyobisi [34]. Ukongeza, kwisivumelwano kunye nezinye izifundo kwi-intanethi yomlutha [35], Olunye uphononongo licebise ukuba ubugebenga be-cybersex ubuncinci kukuziphatha okujolise kulawulo lweemvakalelo ezingalunganga [20,36].

Ithiyori yokuncamathisela ithi ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwabo ebuntwaneni nabazali kunye nezihlobo, abantu bakhulisa iinkolelo malunga nolwalamano lwabo nabanye abaza kulungiselela ubudlelwane babo bangaphambili, ubudlelwane, kunye nobudlelwane bezesondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokweendlela zabo zokuncamathisela [37]. Ngokukodwa, banokuphuhlisa iindlela zokuncamathisela. Umzekelo, isitayile sokuthintela ukunamathela sinxulunyaniswa nobunzima kubudlelwane obusondeleyo, ukuphepha ukuzibophelela okunobudlelwane, kunye nokunyuka okunokwenzeka kukhangelo lokuzibandakanya. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukunamathela okunexhala kunxulumene nokukhathazeka malunga nokwaliwa kunye nokulahlwa, okunokwenzeka ukuba kukhokelele abantu kwi-overengage yokuziphatha yokuziphatha ejolise ekuqinisekiseni ukubakho kweqabane kunye nokuqinisekiswa kunye nokuphinda ujonge kwakhona ukhuseleko olunjalo [38].

Ezi ndlela zokuncamathisela abantu abadala zibonakala zinempembelelo kumava ezesondo, ubudlelwane obusondeleyo, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nokwoneliseka [39]. Unxibelelwano olwenziweyo lwachazwa ngaphambili phakathi konxunguphalo kunye nokuthintela ukunamathela kunye nokulutha40]. Ngapha koko, [41] ibonakalise ukuba ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi enobunzima iphakanyisiwe kubantu abanokungazithembi ngokweemvakalelo njengokuxakeka okanye ukunamathela kuthintelo [42] isikhumbuzo esibuhlungu sexesha elidlulileyo [19].

Ngaphaya koko, ukunyanzeliswa kolwakhiwo lwengqondo kunye ne-neuropsychological eyakhokelela ekuzalisekeni kokuziphatha ngaphandle kokulindela ngononophelo [43]. Impulsivity yinto transdiagnostic ebandakanyeka kwiimpawu zokuziphatha [44], kubandakanya ingxaki yokudlala [45] kunye ne-intanethi yokungcakaza [21]. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubudlelwane phakathi komlutha we-cybersex kunye nokuxhonywa uye wafumana ingqalelo encinci [20], kwaye kwezo zifundo ziphonononge lo mbutho, iziphumo ezixubeneyo zifunyenwe. Kwizifundo ezithile, ukusilela kolawulo oluphezulu lwangaphambili [25,26] kunye neempawu zokungxamiseki zayanyaniswa ne-cybersex ejikelezayo [25,26]. Ngokwahlukileyo, uWetterneck et al [46] akafumananga nantlukwano kwimilinganiselo yokunyanzelwa phakathi kokusebenzisa kakubi imifanekiso engamanyala.

Umlinganiso wengxelo yangoku wokuzenzakalisa kukungxamiseka, ukuCwangciswa kwangaphambili (ukungabikho), Ukunyanzeliswa (ukungabikho), ukuBuya ngokuKhangela, umGangatho wokuNgxamiseka (UPPS-P) Isikali sokuziphatha, esiguqulelwe ngesimo esizinzileyo kwiilwimi ezininzi [47-50]. Isichazi-magama sinxulumene nokuhluka kobuso obehlukeneyo obuvavanywa sisikali: ukungxamiseka okungalunganga (utyekelo lokwenza into ngokungxamisekileyo xa ujongene neemvakalelo ezimbi), ukulungiselela kwangaphambili (ukungabikho), ukunyamezelana (ukungabikho) yenza ngokungxamisekileyo xa ufumana iimvakalelo ezakhayo). Uphononongo lwakutshanje [20] ibonise ukuba ukungxamiseka okungalunganga kunye nokubi kuchaphazela ukuhlangana ekuqikeleleni umlutha we-cybersex, ngelixa kungekho lutshaba lunye lufunyenwe kunye nezinye iimeko zokunyanzeliswa kuvavanyo, ezinjengokungalungisi kwangaphambili, ukunganyamezeli, ).

Ngaphandle kokukhulelwa okubanzi okunokubakho, ukuqhelana ngesondo kunokuchazwa njengobufanasini, ubungqingili, okanye ubungqingili [51]. Kwizifundo zangaphambili, amadoda anobufanasini kunye nokuziqhelanisa nobungqingili baxela umahluko ekusebenziseni i-cybersex (ukuxhaphana kwezesondo okwenziwa rhoqo kwi-Intanethi ngakumbi kunaleyo ixelwe ngabesilisa abathandanayo)52]. Ngapha koko, abantu abakumaqela amancinci ngokwesondo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokubekwa ibala, basemngciphekweni wokungalingani kwezempilo, njengokuphazamiseka53] noxinzelelo [54].

iinjongo

Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya unxibelelwano phakathi kweziyobisi ze-cybersex kunye nemiba ethile yengqondo kunye nengqondo, kubandakanya umnqweno wesondo, imvakalelo, isitayile sokuncamathisela, kunye nokuphembelela, ngokuthathela ingqalelo ubudala, isini kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo (ubungqingili, ubungqingili, okanye I-bisexual) yabasebenzisi be-cybersex. Silindele ukufumana impembelelo yezinto eziguqulweyo ezikhethiweyo kwisidakamizwa se-cybersex.

tindlela

Inkqubo yokuqesha

Abathathi-nxaxheba babenabasebenzisi beziza ze-cybersex kunye neeforamu eziqeshiwe ngentengiso kwiiforamu ezikhethekileyo kunye neewebhusayithi (iisayithi ezingamanyala, amagumbi okuxoxa, kunye neendawo zokuthandana). Ukufakwa, abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bangaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-18 ubudala kwaye baqonde iilwimi zeemibuzo (isiFrentshi okanye isiNgesi). Akukho sikhuthazo sokuthatha inxaxheba. Abathathi-nxaxheba banike imvume kwaye emva koko bagcwalisa iikhweshine ngokungaziwa ngokusebenzisa ii-SurveyMonkey link. Iimpendulo zovavanyo zaye zathunyelwa kukhuseleko olukhuselekileyo-oluKhuselekileyo lweSokets-uthungelwano. Iidilesi zomgaqo-nkqubo we-Intanethi zazisetyenziswa kuphela ukukhangela intatho-nxaxheba kabini. Uphononongo aluzange lusebenzise amagama abathathi-nxaxheba, amagama aphakamileyo, okanye iidilesi ze-imeyile, kwaye idatha yahlaziywa ngokungaziwa. Inkqubo yokufunda yamkelwa yiKomiti yokuziphatha yezibhedlele zeYunivesithi yaseGeneva.

sample

Inkqubo yokuqesha yabangela ukuba abantu be-761 bacofe kwikhonkco ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kuphononongo, I-605 yakhe yanika imvume yabo. Ireyithi yomthathi-nxaxheba egqityiweyo yehlile kunye nobude bephepha lemibuzo. Phakathi kwezifundo ze-605 ezinike imvume yazo, i-358 iqhubekile yadlula kwicandelo le-demographics. Izifundo ze-226 kuphela eziye zaqhubeka kwisahluko sokugqibela, icandelo lemibuzo. Emva kokuba ixabiso elilahlekileyo lisusiwe, isampulu yokugqibela yabandakanyiweyo ye-145.

Izixhobo

Ukusetyenziswa kwesantya se-Intanethi

Isikali sokuSetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunyanzeliswayo (i-CIUS) [55] iqulathe izinto ze-14 ezikalwe kwisilinganiselo se-5-point Likert esusela kwi-0 (never) ukuya kwi-4 (rhoqo). Amanqaku aphezulu abonisa ukusetyenziswa okunzulu kokulutha. Izifundo zangaphambili zinike ingxelo yozinzo oluqinisekileyo lwexesha lonke kunye neesampulu ezahlukeneyo [55]. Isikali sibandakanya izinto ezinxulumene nezinto ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo njengokulahleka kolawulo, ukubeka phambili, ukurhoxa, ukujongana, kunye nokungqubana. Kwiisampulu ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweelwimi kwe-CIUS, isisombululo se-1-factor saphindwa sigciniwe njengeyona modeli ilunge kakhulu [55-59]. Izinto ze-CIUS zibuze malunga nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-intanethi (okt, "Ngaba ukufumanisa kunzima ukuyeka ukusebenzisa i-intanethi xa uku-intanethi?"). Ukuvavanya ngokuthe ngqo imisebenzi ye-cybersex, sicele abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baphendule imibuzo ngelixa begcina engqondweni ukuba igama intanethi ibhekisa ngokukodwa kusetyenziso lwe-cybersex. I-CIUS kunye nezinye izikali zokulutha kwi-intanethi ngaphambili zilungelelaniswe ngempumelelo nokujolisa kusetyenziso oluthile lwe-Intanethi ukuvavanya ukugembula kwe-intanethi, ukungcakaza kwi-intanethi [60], kunye ne-cybersex [20,61] ngaphandle kotshintsho lwepropathi yengqondo.

Ukufunwa kwezesondo

Ibandakanya izinto ze-14 kwisikali seLikert, i-Desire Desire Inventory (SDI) yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya umnqweno wesondo (umzekelo, "Xa uqala ukubona umntu onomtsalane, unamandla kangakanani umnqweno wakho?") [62].

Izinto ezine zifumene amanqaku ukusuka kwi-0 (hayi kwaphela) ukuya kwi-7 (ngaphezulu komhla omnye). Ezinye izinto ziphendulwa kwisikali se-9-point Likert isusela kwi-0 (akukho mnqweno) ukuya kwi-8 (umnqweno onamandla). Amanqaku aphezulu e-SDI atyhila umnqweno wesini esiphezulu.

Ukudakumba okufutshane-Inqanaba lokuLunga

Isikali esifutshane sokudakumba-ulonwabo (SDHS) sasisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuguquguquka kwesimo esibuhlungu (umzekelo, "Ndaziva ndingonelisekanga ngobomi bam") ukuya kulonwabo (umzekelo, "Ndaziva ndonwabile") ngexesha leentsuku zokugqibela ze7. Inezinto ze-6, i-3 inomdla kunye ne-3 engalunganga, ikalwe kwi-4-point Likert esikalini esusela kwi-0 (never) ukuya kwi-3 (rhoqo). Ukuthoba amanqaku, okuphezulu kweempawu ezibonisa uxinzelelo [63].

Amava kuDlelwane lwaBudlelwane obuQhelekileyo-oluHlaziyiweyo

La mava ku-close ubudlelwane obuhlaziyiweyo-obuhlaziyiweyo (ECR-R) wasetyenziswa ukuvavanya isitayile sokuncamathisela [64,65]. Uluhlu lwezinto lubandakanya izinto ze18 zonxunguphalo olunxibelelene nothando olunamandla kunye nokoyika ukulahleka (umzekelo, "Ndihlala ndixhalabile ukuba iqabane lam alizukufuna ukuhlala nam") kunye nezinto ze18 zokuncamathela kukhuseleko olubonakaliswa luloyiko lothando lwothando kunye nolwalamano oluphantsi. Impumelelo (umzekelo, "Ndikhetha ukungabonisi iqabane ukuba ndiziva njani ngaphakathi"). Izinto zikalwe ngexabiso le-7-point Likert isusela kwi-1 (ndiyavuma ngokupheleleyo) ukuya kwi-7 (ndiyavuma ngokupheleleyo). Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuthembeka okuhle-ukuthembeka ukuthembeka kunye nokunxibelelana okuhle kwamanqaku enkxaso-mali kunye nezinye ireyithingi zoxinzelelo lwemihla ngemihla kunye nokuphepha ukujongana neqabane elisondeleyo [66].

Ukukhawuleza, ukuLungiselela ngaphambi kwexesha (Ukunqongophala), Ukunyamezelana (Ukunqongophala), ukujonga umxhesho, ukungxamiseka okuqinisekileyo) Isikali sokuziphatha okungafunekiyo

I-UPPS-P Impulsive Behaeve Scale [67], kuhlobo lwayo olufutshane lwe20-into [47], isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukungahambelani ngokwemilinganiselo ye-5: ukungxamiseka okuqinisekileyo (ukuphendula okunamandla ngelixa ufumana iimvakalelo ezinamandla), ukungxamiseka okungathandekiyo (ukuphendula okunamandla ngelixa ujongene neemvakalelo ezimbi, umz, "Xa ndicaphukile ndihlala ndenza ngaphandle kokucinga"), ukungabikho kokulungiselela kwangaphambili (ukuthambekisa ukungayikhathaleli imiphumo ngaphambi kokuthatha isenzo), ukungakwazi ukunyamezelela (ubunzima bokuhlala bejolise kumsebenzi onzima okanye odinisayo), kunye nokufuna imvakalelo. Iimpendulo zikalwe kwinqanaba le-4-point Likert isusela kwi-1 (ndivuma kakhulu) kwi4 (ndiyavuma ngokupheleleyo). Uvavanyo olulungileyo lokubuyela kwakhona ngaphambili bekuxelwe [47]. Ngokuqwalaselwa kwezinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo, isikali eso sasinomdla othile kuvavanyo lweziyobisi [68]. Kwizifundo ezithile, ezinye zeempawu zokungxamiseka ezivavanywe kunye ne-UPPS-P, ngakumbi ukungxamiseka okungathandekiyo [69-72] kwaye, kuxhomekeka kwindlela yokuziphatha evavanyiweyo kunye nesampulu, ukungxamiseka okuqinisekileyo [71], ukunqongophala koqwalaselo [69], ukunqongophala kokunyamezelana [73], kunye neemvakalelo zifuna [68], ngaphambili bezinxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo.

Inqaku elinye leNqaku lokuZazisa

Eli nqanaba le-1-lento (“Ndiyazithemba kakhulu”) yayisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuzithemba [74]. Abathathi-nxaxheba bagcwalisa into enye kwisikali se-5-point Likert esusela kwi-1 (ayinyani kakhulu kum) ukuya kwi-5 (kuyinyani kum). Inqaku le-single-Item self-Esteem Scale (i-SISE) ibonise ukuqiniseka okuqinisekileyo kokuguqukela kunye nolunye uvavanyo lokuzithemba njengeSikali seRosenberg self-Esteem [74]. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwento enye ye-SISE, ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kucingelwa ukuba kufanelekile ngenkcazo kwaye akunakuthelekiswa. Kule isampulu, esi sikali sasisasazwa ngokubanzi.

Iminyaka, isini (indoda okanye umntu obhinqileyo), imeko yomtshato (ongatshatanga, kubudlelwane-otshatileyo, kubudlelwane-engatshatanga, umhlolokazi, okanye umhlolokazi), kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo (kulinganiswa nombuzo obuza ukuba isifundo sichaze ukuba ngubani na Kwahlolwa ubungqingili, ubungqingili, okanye ubungqingili.

Uhlalutya

Ngenxa yesayizi encinci yesampulu yokuqhelana ngokwesondo kunye nemeko yomtshato, amanani abantu athelekiswa phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo oluyi-Fisher, ngelixa uvavanyo lwaseWilcoxon lukwenziwa iminyaka yobudala. Ngokumalunga namabala ahlukeneyo, xa izinto ezilahlekileyo zimelwe ngaphantsi okanye ilingana ne-10% yazo zonke izinto ezikwixabiso elithile (i-16.6% ye-SDHS kuba inezinto ze-6 kuphela), impendulo elahlekileyo yathathelwa indawo ngentsingiselo yeempendulo zesifundo ukuya Izinto ezikuloo manqanaba (umntu uthetha-ukuxhonywa). Ukuvumelana okungaphakathi kwavavanywa kunye neCronbach alpha [75]. Ukuvavanya izinto ezihambelana nokudityaniswa kwenqaku eliphezulu kwi-CIUS, senze umgama oxubeneyo. Umahluko oxhomekekileyo yayiyinqanaba le-CIUS, kwaye izinto eziguqukayo ezizimeleyo zazingamanqaku e-SDI, amanqaku e-SDHS, inkxaso-mali ye-ECR-R, inkxaso-mali ye-UPPS-P, i-SISE, isini, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezesondo. Ixesha lonxibelelwano phakathi kwesondo kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezesondo kwabandakanywa kwimodeli. Njengoko bekukho izifundo ze19 ezingakhange zixele unyaka wazo wokuzalwa, iminyaka ayifakwanga kwimodeli. Oku akufanelanga kukwazisa ucalucalulo kuba ulungelelwaniso phakathi kobudala kunye nenqaku le-CIUS lalikufutshane kwi0 kwaye alifikelelanga kubalo.

Imodeli edibeneyo yomgca yimodeli yeenkcukacha-manani ezibandakanya zombini iziphumo ezinqamlekileyo, njengakwi-classical regression regression, kunye neziphumo ezingahleliwe [76]. Iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ziluncedo ekuchongeni idatha yeqela; ke ngoko, olu hlobo lwemodeli lukulungele imilinganiselo ehlangeneyo, njengoko luxanduva lokungabikho kwenkululeko yokubonayo. Kule isampulu, kunokucingelwa ukuba izifundo ezazigcwalisa ingxelo yesiFrentshi kwiphepha lemibuzo zazifana kakhulu kunokuba zigcwaliswe ngesiNgesi kwiphepha lemibuzo; ke, ulwimi lwenziwa lwangumfuziselo njengesiqhelo.

Ukufumanisa ukuba imodeli evavanyiweyo isemthethweni na, senze uhlalutyo olushiyekileyo kunye nokuxilongwa kwe-collinearity. Uhlalutyo lwentsalela lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iindawo zokuhlala zahanjiswa ngokwasentlalweni, ukuba kwakungekho maxabiso agqithisileyo, nokuba zazenziwe zasekhaya. Ngokuphathelele ekuxilongeni i-collinearity diagnostics, akukho nto yokwenyuka kwexabiso lokungafaniyo yayiphezulu kune-4, ebonisa ukuba azikho iingxaki ze-collinearity [77]. Uhlalutyo lwenziwa nge-R 3.1.0 (Iqela le-R, I-2014) [78]. Iphakheji nlme (Iqela le-Core, i-2017) yayisetyenziselwa ukuqhuba imodeli exubeneyo yomxube.

iziphumo

Ubalo lwabantu ababandakanyekayo

Isifundo esabandakanyeka kubathathi-nxaxheba be145 Xa sithelekisa i-145 yafaka izifundo kunye nezo zibonelela ubuncinane ubudala bazo, isini, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwisondo, akukho mehluko weenkcukacha-manani wafunyanwa.

1 Table ibonisa inani labathathi-nxaxheba. Isampulu yayiqulathwe ngamadoda angama-60.0% (87 / 145) kunye nabasetyhini be-40.0% (58 / 145). Iminyaka ephakathi yesampulu yayiyiminyaka ye-31 (Uluhlu: iminyaka ye-18-70). Abafazi babancinci kunamadoda (iminyaka ye-28 iminyaka eyi-36.5, ngokulandelanayo, P= .014). Ngokuphathelele imeko yomtshato, i-37.9% (55 / 145) yabathathi-nxaxheba yayingatshatanga, i-39.3% (57 / 145) kubudlelwane-bengatshatanga, i-20.7% (30 / 145) kulwalamano-ukutshata, kunye ne-2.1% (3 / I-145) abahlolokazi okanye abahlolokazi. Inkqubo yokujonga ezesondo kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezesondo ngaphakathi kwezesondo nayo yalinganiswa: I-77.9% (113 / 145) yabathathi-nxaxheba baxela ukuba bangamadoda angatshatanga, i-7.6% (11 / 145) yokuba ingungqingili, kunye ne-14.5% (21 / 145) yokuba ilunge kakhulu. Phakathi kwamadoda, i-79% (69 / 87) ibikwa njengengobungqingili, i-6% (6 / 87) yokuba ingungqingili, kunye ne-13% (12 / 87) yokuba yinqabana; phakathi kwabasetyhini, i-75% (44 / 58) ibikwa njengengobungqingili, i-8% (5 / 58) yokuba ingungqingili, kunye ne-15% (9 / 58) yokuba iyathandana.

‎
Itheyibhile 1. Idemokhrasi yabathathi-nxaxheba.
Jonga le tafile

Izixhobo

2 Table ibonisa iindlela nee-SDs zezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye neCronbach alpha [75] njengenyathelo lokungqinelana kwangaphakathi kunye ne-95% yexesha lokuzithemba. Zonke izixhobo zazinokulunga (> 0.80) ukuya kugqweso lwangaphakathi (> 0.90) lwangaphakathi, kodwa i-UPPS-P engxamisekileyo yokulinganisa ngokungxamisekileyo yawela kuluhlu olwamkelekileyo (> 0.70).

Iziphumo zoMzekelo oDityanisiweyo weModeli

Iziphumo zodidi lwemodeli exubeneyo inikwe ingxelo ngayo 3 Table. Ezona mpembelelo zibalulekileyo kumanqaku e-CIUS (jonga amanqaku emigangatho ebekiweyo) yayingamanqaku asezantsi e-SDHS (okuthetha amanqaku aphezulu oxinzelelo), alandelwa zizikolo zesitayile esincinci sokuncamathisela, isini sendoda, kunye neminqweno ephezulu yesini. Olunye uguquguquko (unxibelelo olunxibeleleneyo, inkxaso-mali ye-UPPS-P, i-SIUS, ukubonwa ngokwesini, kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwesini kunye nokuzibandakanya kwisondo) akufikanga ukubaluleka kweenkcukacha zamanqaku kwi-CIUS.

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Itheyibhile 2. Inkcazo yezixhobo.
Jonga le tafile
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Itheyibhile 3. Iziphumo zemodeli edibeneyo yomxube.
Jonga le tafile

ingxoxo

Iziphumo eziphambili

Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikukufunda iziyobisi ze-cybersex kunye nokuvavanya amakhonkco phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-cybersex kunye nokuchazwa okunokwenzeka kokuziphatha, oko kukuthi, umnqweno wesondo, imo yokuziphatha, isitayile sokuncamathisela, kunye nokuphembelela, ngokuthathela ingqalelo ubudala, isini kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo. Abasebenzisi be-cybersex. Sigqibe kwelokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex ngumlutha, njengoko kuvavanywa yi-CIUS elungiselelwe izinto zesondo, kunxulunyaniswa nomnqweno wesondo, uxinzelelo, isitayile sokuncamathela, kunye nesini samadoda. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi 3 Table (ii-coefficients ezimiselweyo), iziphumo zibonisa ukuba eyona mpembelelo ibalulekileyo kumanqaku e-CIUS kukudakumba, kulandele indlela yokuncamathisela, isini sobudoda, kunye nomnqweno wesini. Ukunyanzeliswa kwenkxaso-mali ye-UPPS-P, ukuzithemba, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezesondo akunampembelelo ibalulekileyo kwi-cybersex yomlutha.

Umnqweno wesondo yinto eqhubayo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwaye unxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo nokusondelana ngokweemvakalelo [79]. Kolu phononongo, umnqweno wesondo ophakamileyo wawunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex. Oku kufumanisa kuyahambelana ne-hypothesis yokwanelisa [26] kunye neziphumo zangaphambili zibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex kunye nokuvuselela inkanuko yeempawu ezithile ze-porn [80]. Iziphumo zicebisa ukuba ubuncinci benxalenye yokusebenzisa okulutha kwe-cybersex kunxulunyaniswe nokomelezwa okunjalo. Umnqweno wesondo uyaziwa ngokuguqulwa kwayo okunxulumene nokudakumba [81]. Ukuguquguquka okunokwenzeka phakathi komnqweno wesini, ukuguqulwa kwemood, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex kunokuvavanywa kwizifundo ezizayo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezisekwe kuvavanyo okomzuzwana wezinto eziphilayo [82].

Ukufumana kwethu ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex kunye nokukhathazeka okudakisayo kukuxhamla kunye nezinye izifundo ezibonisa ukubaluleka kokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-inthanethi yoxinzelelo lwe-inthanethi kunye novavanyo oluhlukahlukeneyo lwengqondo yengqondo kunye nomoya [22,26]. Oku kufunyanwa kukwangqinelana nezinye iingxelo zobudlelwane phakathi kwemidlalo ye-intanethi egqithileyo [83] okanye intanethi yokugembula [21] kunye noxinzelelo. Unxulumano olulolo hlobo lubonisa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kwe-cybersex kwi-cyclisms ubuncinane yindlela yokuziphatha ejolise ekulawuleni iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo [20,35,36,84]. Oku kufunyanwe kuvula ingxoxo, njengoko yenzeka kwezinye iimeko ze-intanethi njengendlela yokuziphatha njengomlutha, malunga nesakhelo esifanelekileyo sokuxilonga [16] kunye nokuqonda okwaneleyo kuloo mbutho [85]. Uphuhliso olunokwenzeka lokubandezeleka kwengqondo kwengqondo, olunokukhokelela kwisimo sokudakumba esidakumbileyo kwisiphumo esibi sokulutha kwe-cybersex (ukutyekelana phakathi kwabantu kunye nokuthothiswa kwemicimbi yezesondo ngaphandle kwemeko), akunakukhutshwa ngaphandle [86], ngoko ke, ukuqhutyelwa phambili kwezifundo zifanelekile.

Siye safumana ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa okunxilisayo kwe-cybersex kunye nokuthintela ukunamathela kodwa kungabi naxhala lokuncamathisela. Ezi ziphumo zihamba kunye nolunye olunye uphononongo olubonisa iimpembelelo zokungakhuseleki ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu kwe-intanethi [19] kunye ne-cybersex [41]. UBeutel et al [42] ifumene ukonyuka kokuqina kokusetyenziswa kwesondo kwi-intanethi ngokubaluleka kokuncamathisela. Iziphumo zabo zisilele, nangona kunjalo, ukufikelela kubalo lwekhonkco kunxibelelwano phakathi kokubaluleka kokusebenzisa isini kwi-intanethi kunye nokuthintela ukunamathela. Umahluko onokuthi uchazwe ngokwahluka kwiindlela zokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex. Ngapha koko, isifundo sikaBeutel et al sisebenzise ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex (umzekelo, "Ndikhangele izinto zesondo kwi-intanethi…") kwaye kuphela zizinto ezi-2 ezinxulumene nomlutha we-cybersex (okt, "Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ndilikhoboka lesini kwi-intanethi" Kwaye "ndithembisile ukuba ndiyeke ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ngeenjongo zesondo"). Ngaphaya koko, izinto zazikwinqanaba le-dichotomous (eyinyani okanye engeyiyo), enokuthintela ukubanako ukubona umahluko. Umbutho ofunyenwe noncamathiselo olunokuthintelwa unokuchazwa ngokungoneliseki kunye noloyiko lobuhlobo obusondeleyo, oko kukhokelela ekwandeni kwemisebenzi ye-cybersex engafane ibandakanye ukusondela kubudlelwane. Kolu phononongo, ukunqongophala kobudlelwane phakathi komlutha we-cybersex kunye nesitayile sokuncamathela kusenokwenzeka ngenxa yokunciphisa ubungakanani besampula. Omnye unokucinga ukuba iyantlukwano kwisitayile sokuncamathisela kwimisebenzi ethile ye-cybersex (okt. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo kufuneka zivavanye imisebenzi ethile ye-cybersex ngokweenkcukacha. Ngaphandle kokwahluka okuphakathi kwezifundo, iindlela zokuncamathela ezingakhuselekanga zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumlutha we-cybersex. Njengoko kucetyisiwe kwenye indawo [19], iziphumo ezinjalo zifanelekile kuphando lweklinikhi kunye nonyango lweendlela zokuncamathisela kwizigulana ezibandakanyekayo kwi-cybersex ye-addictive.

Impulsivity kunye ne-cybersex addiction zazingadibananga kangako kwisifundo sethu. Iziphumo zophando olwahlukileyo nolunye lolunye izifundo ngokubhekisele konxibelelwano phakathi kwe-UPPS-P kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene ne-Intanethi [21,45]. Iziphumo zolu phando zichasene nezo zaphononongo zangaphambili ezibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-cybersex yomlutha kunye nokunyanzeliswa20,46]. Ngapha koko, usebenzisa i-UPPS-P efanayo, uWery et al [20] ibonakalise ukuba kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda, ukungxamiseka okungathandekiyo kudibene neempembelelo ezimbi ekuqikeleleni i-cybersex eyi-addictive. Nangona kunjalo, amandla ombutho wawungenamandla, njengoko kubonisiwe ngumlinganiso weengxelo ezingathandekiyo ze-1.03 (95% CI = 1.01-1.06). Kwesinye isifundo, uWetterneck et al [46] bonisa unxibelelwano oluncinci phakathi kwenqanaba lokunyanzelwa kunye nenani leeyure zokusebenzisa i-porn ngeveki. Nangona kunjalo, khange baxele umohluko obonakalayo ekungeneleleni phakathi kweqela labasebenzisi abangamanyala porn kunye nolawulo.

Ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa okunjalo kuzo zonke izifundo, umntu unokucinga ukuba ezinye zezinto ezinokubangela uxinzelelo kwi-cybersex ngaphandle kokufumana isiphumo sokuziphatha. Oku kunokuba negalelo kukwahlukana phakathi kwezifundo. Ngapha koko, umahluko onjalo unokuphenjelelwa sisayizi sesampulu, uhlobo oluthile lwezinto ezenziwa nge-cybersex (okt, umahluko kunokwenzeka phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokulala ngesini), nolunye uvavanyo olubandakanyekayo kuhlalutyo. Umzekelo, isifundo sethu siquka amanyathelo okuncamathisela, ukwakhiwa okungabandakanywanga kwizifundo ezichazwe ngaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, asinakukhetha ngaphandle ukulungiswa kwemisebenzi yolawulo xa umntu ejongene nemicimbi ethile ye-cybersex [24] okanye ngexesha lokudibana namazwe angalunganga kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex [20]. Izifundo ezongezekileyo malunga nendima enokwenzeka yokuqulunqa ukungxamiseka kwi-cybersex eyongezelelweyo.

Ukuzithemba ngokwakho kwakungekho mpembelelo kumanqaku e-CIUS. Esi siphumo siyangqubana nolunye olunye uphando olubonisa, umzekelo, unxibelelwano phakathi kokuzithemba okuphantsi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngokufikisa (ukwabelana ngeefoto zesini) [32]. Lo mahluko phakathi kwezifundo unokuba ngenxa yeempawu zesampula, imisebenzi ethile yabathathi-nxaxheba kwi-cybersex, okanye iindlela zovavanyo. Olu phando, umzekelo, kuvavanye ukuzithemba ngokubanzi ngombuzo we-1 kuphela. Ngaphaya koko, ifuthe lezinto ezithile ze-cybersex kwizinto zokuzithemba azinakho ukugwetywa. Izifundo ezinokwenzeka kunxibelelwano phakathi kwemisebenzi enjalo kunye nokuzithemba, kubandakanya abalamli abanokwenzeka beziphumo ezinjengokoyika uvavanyo olubi [33], ziyafuneka.

Olu phando lukwabonisa unxibelelwano phakathi komlutha we-cybersex kunye nesini samadoda, njengoko kuye kwafunyanwa rhoqo [17,42,46,87,88]. Ukwahluka ngokwasentlalweni kunokuba negalelo kule nto. Ngapha koko, umahluko phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi kumnqweno wesini, ukuvuselana ngokwesini, kunye nokudlala phakathi kwabo kunokuba negalelo kummahluko obonwayo [89]. Uyilo lwewebhusayithi ezinxulumene nesondo kunye neefowuni eziphathwayo zinokuphembelela umahluko wesini kusetyenziso lwe-cybersex. Umahluko ngokwesini yayixhaphake ingxelo yokuphazamiseka okuluthayo; Izifundo ezongeziweyo ziyafuneka ukuqonda iindlela ezingaphantsi [90].

Phakathi kwenani labasebenzisi be-cybersex, isifundo sethu sibonisa ukungabikho kobudlelwane phakathi kweminyaka yobudala kunye nokulutha kwe-cybersex. Uninzi lwezifundo kwi-cybersex zibandakanye ulutsha kunye nabantu abadala abancinci [17]. Izifundo zangaphambili (kwii-2000s zokuqala), nangona kunjalo, zabonisa ukuba abantu abadala kuneminyaka eyi-50 babengaqhelekanga ekusebenziseni i-cybersex kunabantu abadala abancinci [91]. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zinokuchazwa ngokugxininisa kubugqatso be-cybersex (kwaye hayi kusetyenziso lwe-cybersex) ngotshintsho lwentlalo kunye nokufikelela ngokubanzi kwi-intanethi kuwo onke amabanga yobudala.

Kolu phononongo, ukuqhelisela ngesondo akunampembelelo kukuziphatha okuvavanyiweyo. Ngokufanayo, akukho siphumo safunyanwa kuthethwano phakathi kwesini kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezesondo. Nangona kunjalo, ukujonga ngokwesondo kwavavanywa kuphela kwiindidi eziphambili ze-3 (i-heterosexual, bisexual, kunye nesini). Izifundo zexesha elizayo ziya kuxhamla kuvavanyo oluphuculwe ngakumbi lokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo [51] kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka (umz., iifoto ezingezizo kunye nokunxibelelana kwezentlalo) [92] ngokunjalo kuvavanyo lwesazisi ngokwesini kunye nokubandezeleka okuhambelana nalo [93].

I-cybersex inxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa okukhotyokayo kwinani elincinci labasebenzisi [20]. Olu luqwalaselo lukwaboniswa ngentsingiselo (2 Table) kunye ne-Median (13 ye56) yamanqaku e-CIUS kolu phando. Nangona kunjalo, kwabo baneendlela zokuthomalalisa ukusetyenziswa, iindlela zonyango zisasebenza kwaye zi-understudied; Uninzi lwezifundo ezimbalwa ezandulelayo endle zizamile ukuvelisa kwakhona oko sele kusaziwa kunyango lwengqondo lokuphazamiseka okunesidima [12].

Iziphumo zolu phando zineziphumo zeklinikhi. Kubonakala kubalulekile ukuba kuqwalaselwe umlutha we-cybersex ngokweendlela eziphambili zokunxibelelana nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yengqondo. Ingqwalaselo eyodwa kufuneka inikwe iipateni zesigulana sokuncamathisela. Unyango kunyango lwengqondo kufuneka luhambelane neemfuno ezithile zesigulana ngasinye. Abantu abanokuthintelwa kokuthintelwa, umzekelo, banokufumana isibonelelo sendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo eyenzelwe ukudibanisa unyango lokulutha kunye nokuphazamiseka okunamathiselwe. Izifundo zexesha elizayo zovavanyo kunye nokunyanga i-cybersex addiction ziyafuneka kwiimeko zeklinikhi.

Imida

Imilinganiselo ethile yesifundo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Isampulu yayincinci kodwa yayanele izibalo zezifundo. Ngaphaya koko, isampulu yayivelisiwe kukhetho lokuzikhethela [94]. Uyilo olunamacandelo angavumanga kuvavanyo lokudibana okude phakathi kwezinto ezivavanyiweyo. Ngapha koko, uphononongo aluzange luthathele ingqalelo imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-cybersex enokuphembelela ukusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex kuyo yonke indlela yokuziphatha kunye noluntu lwe-cybersex. Okokugqibela, akukho mvumelwano enxulumene notywala lwe-cybersex, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, isifundo sisebenzise i-CIUS ehambelana ne-cybersex njengommeli. Usebenzisa inkqubo eqhubekayo endaweni yodidi oluthile, nangona kunjalo, uvumela uvavanyo lwezinto ezithile zokuqonda kobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwe-cybersex ngesixhobo esifanelekileyo sophando esinxulumene nokusetyenziswa okulutha kweenkonzo ezenziwa nge-Intanethi.

izigqibo

Ngaphandle kokukhawulwa, olu phando lubonisa ukuba i-cybersex yodibaniso oluphenjelelwa sisimbo sokuncamathisela, imvakalelo yokudakumba, kunye nomnqweno wesini. Amadoda asengozini enkulu. Ukuzithemba kunye nokuxhonywa akubonakali ngathi kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi-cybersex ye-addictive. Olunye uphando, kubandakanya izifundo ezinokubakho, ziyafuneka enkundleni.

Imibulelo

Akukho mali ifunyenweyo kolu phando. Ababhali bayabulela abathathi-nxaxheba kuphando.

Imirhumo yabalobi

I-NV, YK, FBD, kunye ne-SR babandakanyeka kumxholo wesifundo kunye noyilo. I-SR, YK, kunye ne-NV babandakanyeka kuhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani nokutolika idatha. I-TL, i-KJ, kunye ne-YK zazibandakanyeka ekufuneni abathathi-nxaxheba. I-NV, YK, KJ, TL, SR, kunye ne-FBD babandakanyeka ekubhaleni umbhalo obhaliweyo.

Iimbambano Zomdla

Akukho nto ipapashwe.

Ucaphulo

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