Ii-Psychol Women Q. I-2018 Mar; I-42 (1): 9-28.
Ishicilelwe kwi-intanethi 2017 Dec 15. ikhonkco: 10.1177/0361684317743019
PMCID: PMC5833025
UKathrin Karsay,1 UJohannes Knoll,1 kwaye UJörg Matthes1
Abstract
Iingcali zenzululwazi zibonisa ukuba ukubhengeza imithombo yeendaba zesini kunyusa ukuzithemba phakathi kwabantu. UPhononongo loLwalamano kunye novavanyo lokuhlola olu nxibelelwano lufumene ingqalelo ekhulayo. Iinjongo zolu hlalutyo lwe-meta yayikukuphanda ifuthe losasazo lokusebenzisa ezosasazo ekusebenziseni ukuzithemba phakathi kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sahlalutya amaphepha e-54 avelisa izifundo ezizimeleyo ze-50 kunye nobungakanani bempembelelo ye-261. TIdatha ityhila isiphumo esichanekileyo, sokuphakathi esini sokusasazwa kweendaba zesini ngokuzikhetha (r = .19). Isiphumo sasibalulekile kwaye somelele, 95% CI [.15, .23], p <.0001. Sichonge isiphumo semeko yohlobo losasazo, sicebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweemidlalo zevidiyo kunye / okanye imithombo yeendaba kwi-Intanethi kukhokelele kwiziphumo zokuzibonisa xa uzithelekisa nokusetyenziswa kwethelevishini. Ezinye iimpawu zesampulu okanye iimpawu zokufunda azilinganisanga isiphumo esipheleleyo. Ke ngoko, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuvezwa kwezesini kwabasetyhini nakwamadoda. Sixoxa ngemikhombandlela yexesha elizayo yophando kunye neempembelelo zokwenza. Siyathemba ukuba inqaku liza kukhuthaza abaphandi emsebenzini wabo wexesha elizayo ukulungisa ingxaki esele ibekiwe apha. Ngaphaya koko, siyathemba ukuba iziphumo ziya kukhuthaza iingcali kunye nabazali ukuba babonisane ngendima yokusetyenziswa kweendaba zosasazo kuphuhliso lokuzibona kwabantu bebodwa. Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo ze-Intanethi zeli nqaku ziyafumaneka kwiwebhusayithi ye-PWQ apha http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl10.1177/0361684317743019
Imithombo yeendaba yanamhlanje (umz. Umabonwakude, izixhobo zokuprinta, imidlalo yevidiyo, indawo zenethiwekhi) ziphawulwa kugxininiso kwinkangeleko yesondo, ubuhle bomzimba, kunye nokubhenela kwisini kwabanye (Umbutho weAmerican Psychological Association [APA], 2007). Olu hlobo lwenkcazo lubizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwesini (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997; Ward, 2016; I-Zurbriggen, 2013). Umxholo wemidiya osasazo ugxekwe ngezizathu ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukubhengeza imithombo yeendaba zesondo kunxulumene nokuqiniswa kwesini (umzekelo, UGaldi, Maass, kunye noCadinu, 2014) ukwamkelwa okwandayo kweentsomi zodlwengulo (umz. UFox, uRalston, Cooper, noJones, 2015), kunye nokungoneliseki komzimba (umzekelo, IHalliwell, iMalson, kunye neTischner, 2011). Kwintsalela yeli nqaku, sisebenzisa igama elithi "ukwabelana ngesondo" xa sithetha ngokuboniswa kwabantu kunye nabalinganiswa beendaba. Sithetha ngomxholo "wokwabelana ngesondo" xa sibhekisa kwiziphumo zabantu beendaba nabalinganiswa ababukeli.
UmzoboUFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997), eyona njongo yethu kwisifundo sangoku yayikukuphonononga ubungakanani, kwaye phantsi kwaziphi na iimeko, isini semithombo yeendaba zenza ukuba abantu bazicingele bodwa. Iingcali zembono zenza ukuba amava kunye nokujonga okungafaniyo ngokwesondo kuthuthuzele abantu basetyhini kunye namadoda ukuba babeke ngaphakathi umbono ozinzileyo wobuqu. Olu luvo lubandakanya ukwamkela umbono womntu wesithathu womzimba kwaye ubonakaliswa ngokuthatha ingqalelo engapheliyo kwinkangeleko yakhe yomzimba, echazwa njengokuzibona (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997; UMcKinley kunye noHyde, ngo-1996).
Uninzi lwabaphengululi baphanda ngamandla ngobudlelwane bokusebenzisa ezesondo ngesondo kunye nokuzibona (umz. UAndrew, uTiggemann, kunye noClark, 2016; UAubrey, 2006a; U-Vries noPeter, ngo-2013; IGrabe kunye neHyde, ngo-2009; Ngwevu, Horgan, Mde, Herzog, & Lindemulder, 2016; IKarsay kunye neMatthes, 2015; IManago, iWadi, iLemm, iRed, kunye neSeabrook, ngo-2015; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, ngo-2012). Nangona kunjalo, uncwadi olukhulayo, kubandakanya uphononongo olunqamlezayo, uphononongo lwepaneli, kunye nophando lokuvavanya, luveze iziphumo ezixubeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, abaphengululi abafikanga kwisivumelwano okanye kwisigqibo esigqibeleleyo ngendima yokusebenzisa amajelo osasazo ngokwesini ekukhuliseni ukuzithemba. Sijolise kuphando lwethu lwe-meta-analytic ekukhawulelaneni nale mfuno.
Ithiyori yokuJongwa
Ithiyori yokwenziwa kwamalungeloUFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997kunye neengxoxo malunga nokuziva komzimba ngokungalinganiyo (UMcKinley kunye noHyde, ngo-1996) basebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo yobufazi ukuze bacacisele amava abasetyhini ngokwabelana ngesondo kunye neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo-ntle yabasetyhini. Iingcali zembono zibonisa ukuba kwasebusheni, imizimba yabasetyhini ijongwa, kujongwa kuyo, kwaye kuvavanywe abanye. Amantombazana kunye nabasetyhini bafunda kumava kunye nokubona ukuzimela ngokwesondo ukuba (ngokwesondo) umtsalane ngumba ophambili wendima yesini sowesifazane, kwaye ke loo njongo kufuneka bazabalaze (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997). Ithiyori yokwenziwa kwesizathu iye yandiswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuya kubantu abahlukeneyo, kubandakanya amadoda, abantu abancinci ngesondo, kunye nobuzwe obuncinci (UFredrickson, uHendler, uNilsen, kunye no-O'Barr, ngo-2011).
Ukuzonwabisa ngokwesondo kuchazwa njengento yokujonga, ukusebenzisa, kunye / okanye ukuxabisa umntu njengento ethile (okt, into) enexabiso elisisiseko elisekwe kwinkangeleko yakhe yokwenyama neyokwabelana ngesondo (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997). Amava afanelekileyo ngokwesondo awisiyo kuphela ngokwesini kodwa ayabandakanya uxinzelelo lwentlalo ukudala, ukubakho, ukugcina, kunye nokusoloko kuphucula inkangeleko ekhangelekayo (okt, ilubhetyebhetye-ilungele abasetyhini; Moradi, 2010, 2011; I-Zurbriggen, 2013). Yiyo loo nto ukuzithemba ngokwesondo kunokubakho ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye kususela ekubonakalisweni kohlobo lomzimba olufanelekileyo, ukuya (kungafunekiyo) kuvavanyo lomzimba wakho (umzekelo, ukujonga imifanekiso, impempe, izimvo zesondo), okanye ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwesini (IKozee, iTylka, uAgasto-Horvath, kunye neDenchik, 2007; Moradi, 2011).
UFredrickson noRoberts (1997) Iphathwe ngocalucalulo ngokwesondo kunye nokwabelana ngesondo njengemigaqo eguqukayo. Ngokungqinelana noMsebenzi oSebenzayo ekwabelweni kwezesondo kwa mantombazana, sikhetha igama elithi ukwabelana ngesondo kuba kubandakanya ukuzikhethela ngokwesondo (APA, 2007). Ngokwe-APA, ukwabelana ngesondo kwenzeka ngalo lonke ixesha (a) ixabiso lomntu limiselwe ikakhulu okanye kuphela kwisibheno sakhe okanye indlela yokuziphatha, ekubekweni kwezinye iimpawu; (b) umntu ubanjelwe kumgangatho olingana ngokuthe ngqo nomtsalane wesimo esithandekayo kunye nokuba mnene; (c) umntu unesondo; okanye (d) ulwabelana ngesondo ngokungafanelekanga emntwini. Nayiphi na kwezi meko isebenza njengesalathiso sokwabelana ngesondo.
Imithombo yeendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboniseni imifanekiso yesondo, isicatshulwa, izandi kunye namava (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997). Iziphumo zohlalutyo lomxholo ezininzi zibonise ukuba isini sikhona kuluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo zeendaba zosasazo, njengomculo weTV (UAubrey kunye noFrisby, ngo-2011; IVandenbosch, iVervloessem, kunye ne-Eggermont, ngo-2013), Shicilela iimagazini (UStankiewicz kunye noRosselli, ngo-2008), iimidlalo yevidiyo (IBurgess, iStermer, kunye neBurgess, 2007), kunye neendawo zonxibelelwano zentlalo (IHolo, eNtshona, kunye neMcIntyre, 2012; IKapidzic kunye neHering, 2015).
Ukuzithethelela
I-Moradi (2011) Icacise ukuba amava okwabelana ngesondo akhokelela ekwaziseni ngaphakathi kokubaluleka kokubaluleka kokuba umntu abonakale njani kunye neenjongo ezintle, zona zikhokelela ekuzibonakaliseni. Ngokwethiyori (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997), iakhawunti yokuzibona ichaphazela indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo eguqula amava ezesondo kwinqanaba lenkcubeko ukuya kwiimpawu zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwinqanaba lempilo yengqondo (ICalogero, iTantleff-Dunn, kunye neThompson, ngo-2011; Moradi, 2010, 2011; UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008). Umzekelo, izifundo ezixhasayo zibonise ukuba ukuzimela kwangaphambili kuye kwaxela kwangaphambili ukuba nehlazo lomzimba kunye nokubonakala okukhulu koxinzelelo (UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008).
Ukwakhiwa kokuzijonga ngokwakho kuqinisekisiwe njengomfundi mfanelo (I-Calogero, i-2011). Nangona kunjalo, inokuphakanyiswa okwethutyana, njengokusebenzisa imithombo yeendaba, kwaye ingakhokelela kwi- Lumente UkuzibonaI-Calogero, i-2011, UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008). Kubekho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza ingxelo ngokwakho uphawu lokuzijonga kuba abaphandi bayayiqonda njengengcinga ebumbeneyo (I-Calogero, i-2011; UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, ngo-2012, 2013). Ukuzicingela ngokwakho kubandakanya izinto ezibonakalayo, njengokuxabisa ukubonakala ngaphezulu kobuchule (njengoko kuthelekiswa nePhepha lemibuzo lokuZijonga ngokwakho [SOQ]); I-Noll kunye noFredrickson, ngo-1998), kunye nezinto zokuziphatha, ezinjengokuthatha inxaxheba kweliso elibukhali lomzimba (njengoko kulinganiswe yiSurveillance subscale ye-Objecified body Consciousness Scale [OBCS]; UMcKinley kunye noHyde, ngo-1996). Inkxaso-mali ye-SOQ kunye ne-OBCS ibonakalise ulwalamano oluphakathi noluphakathi kunye (umz. UAubrey, 2006a; Calogero, Herbozo, & Thompson, 2009; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2015a). Ukujongwa komzimba, nangona kunjalo, kudityaniswe rhoqo kwiziphumo ezingalunganga, ezinje ngomfanekiso ombi womzimba kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo, xa kuthelekiswa nokuzithemba (UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008). Nangona zombini i-SOQ kunye ne-OBCS zinamanqanaba amkelekileyo okunyaniseka kunye nokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwiisampulu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ezi ziqulatho zimbini zokuzibona zenza ngaphezulu, azilingani (I-Calogero, i-2011; UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008).
Ngokwesiqhelo, kuphando lovavanyo, uyilo olwenziwe Chaza ukuzithemba kwakho ilinganiswe ngokufaka isicelo UFredrickson, uRoberts, uNoll, uQuinn, kunye noTwenge's (1998) Uvavanyo lweeNkcazo ezingama-20 (TST). Emva kolawulo lobuqhetseba, abaphenduli bagqibezela ukuya kwizivakalisi ze20 eziqala ngo "Ndinguye." Emva koko, iinkcazo ezinxulumene nembonakalo ziyakhowudi kwaye zichazwa njengokuzibona kukodwa kwesizwe. Nangona i-TST yayisisiqhelo esisetyenziswayo kuphando lovavanyo, ibinengxaki ngenxa yamanqanaba asezantsi okwahluka (umz. UAubrey, 2010; UAubrey, Henson, Hopper, kunye noSmith, 2009; IKarsay kunye neMatthes, 2016). Bacebisile ke ukuba basebenzise iinguqulelo eziguqulweyo ze-SOQ okanye i-OBCS subscale kuphando lovavanyo ukwenzela ukulinganisa iimeko zokuzibona zibanzi (I-Calogero, i-2011). Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, uphononongo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kweendaba zosasazo kunye nokuzibona unezifiso ezivakalayo. Kula macandelo alandelayo, sibonisa iziphumo zangoku malunga nolwalamano phakathi kokusebenzisa imithombo yeendaba ngokwesini kunye nokuzibona kukuziqhelanisa nokususwa kolungelelwaniso (umda wecandelo kunye nobude) kunye nophando lovavanyo. Ngaphandle kokuba kuqatshelwe ngenye indlela, sisebenzisa igama elithi ukuzicingela ukuba amanye ala manyathelo achazwe apha ngasentla ayasetyenziswa.
UPhando lwezeNdalo
Uninzi lwezifundo ezinxibelelanisa icandelo zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zesini zikamabonwakude kunye neemagazini kunye nokusetyenziswa kweewebhsayithi zokunxibelelana, ezifana ne-Facebook okanye i-Pinterest, zihambelana nokuzithemba phakathi kwabafazi kunye namadoda, kunye naphakathi kwamantombazana namakhwenkwe (UAubrey, 2007; Ngokukhawuleza, iDiedrichs, iVartanian, kunye neHalliwell, 2015; UFox noRooney, 2015; I-Kim, Seo, kunye neBaek, 2015; UManego et al., 2015; I-Nowatzki kunye neMorry, 2009; ITiggemann kunye neSlater, ngo-2014, 2015; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2015a). Nangona kunjalo, kukho okungafaniyo. Umzekelo, kwisifundo ngu Morry kunye neStars (2001), nokuba kusetyenziswe ubuhle okanye iimagazini zomzimba kwakudibene nokuzibona ngokwakho phakathi kwamadoda. Iziphumo ezixubeneyo ziye zafunyanwa zisetyenziselwa umabonakude womculo kunye neevidiyo zomculo; IFardouly, iDiedrichs, Vartanian, kunye neHalliwell (2015) akafumananga nto ngokunxulumene nokuzijonga ngokwakho kunye nevidiyo yomculo phakathi kwabafazi, kodwa abanye abaphandi (IGrabe kunye neHyde, ngo-2009; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2015a) ndenzele amantombazana namakhwenkwe. UMeier noGrey (2014) ibonise ukuba kuphela ezinxulumene nembonakalo, kodwa hayi ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Facebook kwakuhambelana kakuhle nokuzithemba kumantombazana.
Bambalwa kuphela abaphandi abasebenzise ipaneli yophando (okt, ubude). UAubrey (2006a) ifumanise ukuba ukuvezwa kukwabelana ngesondo kumabonakude kuchazwe kwangaphambili kukuzijonga kwabo bobabini abantu basekholejini nabasetyhini, kodwa ukuvezwa kweendaba kuqikelela ukujongwa komzimba wamadoda kuphela. I-Doornwaard et al. (2014) ikwachonge umahluko wesini phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo se-Intanethi esibonakaliswa ngokwesondo kuxelwe kwangaphambili ukujongwa komzimba wamakhwenkwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukusetyenziswa kweendawo zokunxibelelana kwezentanethi kuqikelelwa ukuba kuhlolwe umzimba kuphela phakathi kwamantombazana. IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont (2015a) achonge umahluko phakathi kweentlobo zeendaba kodwa kungenjalo phakathi kwamantombazana namakhwenkwe. Ukusetyenziswa kweendaba ezikhulu zesini (umzekelo, iimagazini kunye nomabonwakude womculo) wakuxela kwangaphambili ukuzithethelela ngokwenziwa kweembonakalo zangaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwewebhu yokunxibelelana kwezentlalo khange kuqikelele ukuzikhethela phakathi kolutsha. Umlinganiso weendaba unokuba sisizathu esinokwenzeka sokuba kutheni izinto ezifunyenwe kwizifundo zokunxibelelana zahluka kakhulu. Nangona olunye uphando lubandakanya umlinganiso ongqwabalala, ongakhethwanga wokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba, abanye bahlolisisa imixholwana yohlobo oluthile lweendaba okanye umxholo weendaba.
Xa kuthelekiswa nophando olwenziwayo, inzuzo yovavanyo lwedatha kukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanyanzelekanga ukuba babukele okanye bafundele izinto ezosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo, kodwa kunoko baxele ukubonakaliswa kwabo beendaba. Nangona kunjalo, ukunqongophala kwamanyathelo athembekileyo nathembekileyo okuvezwa kweendaba kubonisa umngeni omkhulu kuphando lwempembelelo kwimithombo yeendaba ezinokuthi zikhokelele kwiziphumo ezincinci okanye ezingahambelani (I-Vreese kunye neNeijens, 2016; IValkenburg kunye noPeter, ngo-2013). Idatha ezizixelayo inokukhethwa ngenxa yokuqonda (umzekelo, inkumbulo engachanekanga) okanye izizathu ezishukumisayo (umz. IValkenburg kunye noPeter, ngo-2013).
Uphando lovavanyo
Uphando lovavanyo lukhokelela kwisiphelo sesiphelo malunga neziphumo zokuvezwa kweendaba kwimeko yokuzibona yeendaba ngenxa yolawulo loseto olwenziweyo kunye nolawulo olwenziwayo oluzimeleyo olwahlukileyo. Kwicala elingezantsi, ukongeza kwimiceli mngeni yokuziphatha yokwazisa abathathi-nxaxheba kwimixholo yezesondo, ulungelelwaniso lwelabhoratri luhlala lubandakanya indawo engeyiyo eyokusetyenziswa kweendaba. Ngaphaya koko, ukubhengeza imbonakalo yesini kwisifundo sokulinga imele iqaqobana lokufumana uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.
Izifundo ezininzi zovavanyo zichonge ukonyuka kokuzibona kufanelekile phakathi kwabasetyhini emva kokubhenciswa okufutshane kumxholo wemidiya. Ukuvezwa kwemifanekiso yabasetyhini ababelana ngesondo (UAubrey et al., 2009; U-Vries noPeter, ngo-2013; Grey et al., 2016; IHopper kunye neAubrey, 2016), iividiyo zomculo zesondo (UAubrey kunye neGerding, ngo-2015; IKarsay kunye neMatthes, 2015), kunye nee-avatas zomdlalo wesondo (Fox, Bailenson, kunye neTricase, 2013; I-Fox et al., 2015) ukwanda kokuzingca phakathi kwabafazi abancinci. Izifundo ezimbalwa zovavanyo eziye zaphanda amadoda zibonisa ukuba ukubhenca amadoda kwimifanekiso yesondo yamadoda akuzange kukwenze ukuzithemba (Kalodner, 1997; Michaels, Umzali, kunye noMoradi, 2013).
Izifundo ezimbalwa zovavanyo oluye lwenziwa kulutsha olukhokelele kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo. I-MA Miller (2007) akafumananga ziphumo emva kokuveza amantombazana kwimifanekiso yesondo, kodwa UDaniels (2009) bonakalisa isiphumo sokungenelela kobudala kunye neemeko zovavanyo, ezibonisa ukuba amantombazana atsaleleka kwimiphumo emibi yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini. Sichonge isifundo esinye kuphela kuvavanyo ngamakhwenkwe namantombazana akwishumi elivisayo njengabathathi-nxaxheba. IVandenbosch, iDriesmans, iTreels, kunye ne-Eggermont (2015) Ibonise ukuba ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo kunye ne-avatar eyabelana ngesondo kukhuthaza ukuzithemba phakathi kwabafikisayo. Isiphumo sasizimele kwisini sabakwishumi elivisayo.
Isifundo Soku
Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lunokukhanyisela ukukhanya kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokubala ubungakanani besiphumo esipheleleyo (I-O'Keefe, 2017). Ukongeza, intsingiselo yeziphumo ezixubeneyo ingacaciswa ngokongeza iimodareyitha ezinokubakho kuhlaziyo. Nangona inani lezifundo meta-analytic zokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kunye nomzimba womzimba zikhona (umzekelo, IBarlett, iiVowels, kunye neSaucier, 2008; IGrabe, iWadi, kunye neHyde, ngo-2008; IGroesz, uLevine, kunye neMurnen, 2002; Hausenblas et al., 2013; IHolmstrom, 2004; Ukufuna, i-2009), akukho luhlu lwe meta-analysis olucacisa gwenxa ifuthe losasazo lokusebenzisa ezosasazo ekusebenzeni ngokwakho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lunye kuphela uhlalutyo lwe-metaI-Grabe et al., 2008) kunye nohlalutyo lweembali ezimbini (ILópez-Guimerà, i-Levine, iSánchez-carracedo, kunye neFauquet, ngo-2010; Ward, 2016) bazise ukuzithemba-ubukhulu becala njengecandelo lokungoneliseki komzimba-kuhlalutyo. Sifuna ukufaka igalelo kuncwadi ngolu hlobo: Okokuqala, luluhlalutyo lokuqala lwe meta olwaluveza ngokucacileyo ubungqindilili bokuba ukusetyenziswa kweendaba zosasazo kuya kukhulisa ukuzithemba. Iwadi (2016) Ndibize uphando lwe meta-analytic oluvavanye olu lwalamano. Okwesibini, siquke lonke uluhlu loyilo lokuhlaziya kuhlalutyo lwethu, kuvavanywa umahluko okhoyo phakathi kwabo-umacandelo, iphaneli, kunye nezifundo zovavanyo. Okwesithathu, sifaka zonke izifundo ezikhoyo-ngaphandle kwemvelaphi yeendawo ezikuzo uhlalutyo, ukuba nje zazifumaneka ngesiNgesi. Ngenxa yoko, asikhange sinqande isampulu yethu kumazwe athetha isiNgesi, njengoko kuye kwanjalo nakwezinye iimeta-ukuhlaziywa (umz. I-Grabe et al., 2008). Okwesine, sisebenzise indlela yobuchule. Siye sabala imodeli ye-multilevel yokuthatha bonke ubungakanani bomphumo kwi-akhawunti ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kunye nokulahleka kolwazi (I-Cheung, i-2014; Intsimi, 2015). Le ndlela yokusebenza isivumele ukuba sivavanye isiphumo kunye neendima zeemodareyitha ezifanelekileyo ezifanelekileyo. Okokugqibela, sichonge izithuba ezifanelekileyo zophando ngokuhlaziya imeta ngoku. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zethu, siphakamise i-ajenda yophando lwexesha elizayo ukukhuthaza icandelo leziphumo zeendaba kunye nophando lomfanekiso womzimba.1
indlela yokwenza
Usesho lweencwadi
Umzobo 1 ibonisa ubuchule bethu bokukhangela kunye nenkqubo yokukhuphela ngaphandle amaphepha. Siqokelele amaphepha esi sifundo sangoku sivela kwiziseko ezibini eziphambili kwiinkalo zengqondo (PsycINFO) nonxibelelwano (Unxibelelwano kunye neMidiya eyiGqibeleleyo). Ukongeza, sikhangele iinkqubo zenkomfa yonyaka yoMbutho wezeMfundo kubuNjineli nakwimicimbi yoNxibelelwano oluninzi. Sikhawulele ukukhangela kwethu ezibhaliweyo ngesiNgesi kwaye sifumaneka ngoJuni 2016. Siphonononge ugcino lwedatha kusetyenziswa igama elithi concecququququ * ngaphandle nangokudibana namajelo osasazo * nakweyiphi na indawo yokukhangela efumanekayo. Kananjalo, sisebenzise amabinzana ukubekwa kweliso komzimba, ukuzihlola, ukubeka phambili *, kunye nokwenza isigqibo * ngokudibeneyo namajelo eendaba * ngokulandelelana. I-asterisk ivumela iimeko ukuba zibe nazo zonke iziphelo ezinokwenzeka. Ukuchonga uncwadi olongezelelweyo, sikhangele kwiijenali ezintathu (okt, Umfanekiso weBhunga, Imisebenzi yezesondo, yaye Psychology Yabafazi Qho ngekota), esiyiqwalasele ibaluleke kakhulu kuhlalutyo lwethu lwe meta. Sikwasebenzise nenkqubo yebhola ekhatywayo ngokukhangela kuluhlu oluninzi lwesalathiso esele sikhona, ngakumbi uluhlu lwezinto ekubhekiswa kuzo (umzekelo, I-Grabe et al., 2008; Ward, 2016). Siqwalasele amaphepha ashicilelweyo nashicilelweyo (okt amaphepha enkomfa, dissertations), kwaye oku kukhangela kukhokelele kwisampulu yamaphepha e-622.
Ukukhetha amaphepha
Sisebenzise amanyathelo amathathu ngokulandelelana ukunciphisa uluhlu lwethu kuloo maphepha afanelekileyo kuhlalutyo lwe-meta. Okokuqala, umbhali wokuqala akabandakanyi lonke uphando olusemgangathweni, uphando lwe-theoretical, uhlalutyo lomxholo, uphando lwendlela, uphononongo, uphononongo lwencwadi, amagqabantshintshi, kunye nophando olungahambelani nesihloko (umz. I-anthropology, i-semiotic, ubugcisa) ngokujonga isihloko kunye nokuhanjwa iphepha ngalinye. Kwinyathelo lokuqala, sikhuphe amaphepha e-309.
Kwinyathelo lesibini, sisebenzise iindlela ezintathu zokufaka, ezifanelekileyo kumgangatho wokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba, umlinganiso wokuzibona, kunye nomxholo weendaba. Zontathu ezi zinto zixabisekileyo zichazwe apha ngezantsi njengenxalenye yohlalutyo lweemodareyitha: (1) Kwizifundo zangaphambili, abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa malunga, kungekuphela kokusebenzisa ingxelo yabo yeendaba, kodwa nembono yabo yokucinezelwa yimithombo yeendaba ukuhambelana nobuhle obukhoyo. imigangatho (umz., iiNgcaciso zezeNtlalontle eziJolise kwiNkcazo yeNkcubeko-3; UThompson, van den Berg, Roehrig, Guarda, kunye noHeinberg, 2004). Nangona kunjalo, sasinomdla kuphela kwikhonkco ngqo lokusebenzisa imidiya kunye nokuzibona; ke, sifaka kuphela ezo zifundo eziqokelele idatha kwinani labathathi-nxaxheba kunye nobuninzi bokusebenzisa isithuba. Sifaka kuphela izifundo zovavanyo ezibonisa ukhuthazo lweendaba kwimeko yovavanyo kunye nakwimeko yokulawula. (2) Ukuzibona kufanelekile kuye kwahluka kuxhomekeka kwizifundo zovavanyo. Kwizifundo ezidibeneyo, ukuzithemba komntu kwafuneka kuvavanywe njengenye yezinto eziguqulwayo. (3) Izifundo zovavanyo kuye kwafuneka ukuba ziqulathe amaqela avezwe nokuba kungumxholo wesini okanye imbonakalo yejelo losasazo. Xa iqela lokulinga laveza umxholo wemithombo yeendaba ngokubanzi kuphela, ubungakanani besiphumo esilinganiselweyo abuzange bube nekhowudi kwaye bungafakwanga kuhlalutyo. Imeko yolawulo inokubandakanya nokuba nemifanekiso engathandekiyo (okt, hayi, okanye iingcombolo zesini) okanye akukho bantu kwaphela. Ngeli nyathelo lesibini, asikhuphe amaphepha e-240.
Kwinqanaba lesithathu nelokugqibela, sikhuphe onke amaphepha achaze ungenelelo (umz. I-Choma et al., 2010; IHarrison kunye neHefner, ngo-2014; IVeldhuis, iKonijn, kunye neSeidell, 2014). Olu phando lusebenzise kwakhona naluphi na uphando olwalujolise ekuchaseni iimpembelelo zokuzibeka kwimeko yesiqhelo eendaba (umzekelo, ukuhambisa izixhobo zokufunda nokubhala ngaphambi kokuvezwa kweendaba). Ezinye izifundo zongenelelo ziqokelela isiseko (okt, ukungenelela kwangaphambili) kwidatha yosetyenziso lweendaba kunye neendlela zokulandela umkhondo (umzekelo, ukuzijonga ngokwakho) ukwenzela ukubonisa isampulu yabo ngokupheleleyo okanye ukuqwalasela iimodareyitha kuhlalutyo lweziphumo zongenelelo. Ezi datha beziya kufaneleka kuhlalutyo lwethu. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezifundo ezenzelwa ukungena kwisampulu yethu azange zisebenzise uyilo lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa kodwa zasebenzisa indlela yokuphela kwendawo endaweni yoko. Olunye uphononongo oluqhubayo alulinganisanga ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba ngeXesha 1 (tI-1) kwaye ezinye izifundo azizange zenze ingxelo malunga nokuhambelana okunokwenzeka. Ke ngoko, akukho lungelelwaniso luhambelana nohlalutyo lwe-meta lwalukho kwaye asizibandakanyi zonke zoyilo zokufunda ezithathwe kwisampula yethu.
Asifakwanga amaphepha angafumanekiyo (angafumaneki kwi-Intanethi) okanye esingabonelelanga ngolwazi lweenkcukacha-manani eziyimfuneko ukubala ubungakanani besiphumo. Saqhagamshelana nababhali abasibhozo ukufumana ikopi yeencwadi zabo kunye nababhali ababini ukufumana ulwazi olongezelelweyo ngobalo; ababhali abahlanu abaphendulanga kwaye kuye kwafuneka sishiya amaphepha amahlanu ngenxa yedatha elahlekileyo. Siphinde sazishiya zonke iimpinda. Oko kukuthi, amanye amaphepha ayefumaneka njenge-dissertation nanjengephepha elipapashiweyo (amaphepha) okanye njengamaphepha enkomfa nanjengemaphepha apapashiweyo. Kuzo zonke kodwa ezizezinye kwezi meko, siye safaka amaphepha ashicilelweyo. Ukuphela kwayo yayiliphepha nguAubrey noTaylor; sithathe isigqibo sokufaka ikhowudi iphepha lenkomfa (UAubrey kunye noTaylor, 2005) endaweni yephepha elipapashiweyo (UAubrey kunye noTaylor, 2009) kuba ibonelela ngobungakanani besiphumo sohlalutyo lwemeta. Inqanaba lesithathu nelokugqibela likhokelele ukukhutshwa kwamaphepha e-19.
Isampula yokugqibela yezifundo
Isampulu yethu yokugqibela ifake amaphepha e-54. La maphepha avelisa izifundo ezizimeleyo ze-50 (okt, iisampulu ezizimeleyo) kunye nenani labathathi-nxaxheba be15,100. Isampulu yethu yayiqukethe amanqaku avela kwiijenali ze-27, amaphepha enkomfa e-4, kunye ne-2 dissertations. 1 Table inika isishwankathelo sezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kunye eziguquguqukayo ekuhlaziyweni kweMeta. Inani lezifundo lalingaphantsi kunenani lamaphepha kuba amaphepha amaninzi ayexhomekeke kwisampula enye.2 Siziqwalasele iziphumo zamaphepha anjengalawo afunyenwe kwisifundo esinye; Oko kukuthi, sineefomathi zazo zesayizi kwaye emva koko zabaphatha njengabavela kwisifundo esinye (Guo, 2016). Ubungakanani besampulu yethu kunye nenani elipheleleyo labathathi-nxaxheba lalilungele ukuqhuba uvavanyo lwe-meta (jonga Ingulube, i-2012).
Izinto eziModareyitha
Sibe nomdla wokuba isampulu okanye uyilo lweempawu zokwenza uhlolo zinokulungelelanisa ubudlelwane obumiselweyo phakathi kokusebenzisa imithombo yeendaba ngokwesini kunye nokuzibona. Uhlalutyo lwethu lweemodareyitha ezinokubakho lwalunqunyelwe kwezo (a) zazifanelekile ngokwezifundo, (b) zibonelela ngenani elaneleyo lesiphumo sesiphumo, kwaye (c) zabonisa ukwahluka okwaneleyo kuvavanyo lokumodareyitha. Umzekelo, siquka isini njengemodareyitha kuba ithiyori (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997) sichaza ukuba kutheni abantu basetyhini bejamelana namava abalulekileyo ebomini babo bemihla ngemihla kunamadoda. Ke ngoko, ubungakanani bempembelelo yokuzibona unokulindeleka kubafazi xa kuthelekiswa namadoda. Amabanga aphezulu kunye nohlaza (2011) Kucetyiswe ukuba kuqwalaselwe uhlalutyo lwemodareyitha kuphela ukuba kukho i-10 okanye izifundo ezingaphezulu ezibandakanya iimodareyitha. Kwiimodareyitha zodidi (umzekelo, uhlobo lweendaba), kuphela ezo zigaba zokumodareyitha nezibini ezahlukeneyo izifundo zibandakanyiwe. Sahlula phakathi kweemodareyitha ngokubhekisele kwiimpawu zesampulu kunye neempawu zoyilo lokufunda.
Iimpawu Zesampulu
Siphande ukuba ngaba iminyaka yabathathi-nxaxheba imodareyithishe iziphumo okanye zeminyaka, akunjalo. Kwaye sabandakanya ukuhanjiswa ngokwesini ngaphakathi kwisampulu nganye, eyayibhalwe ikhowudi (i-0), ixutywe (1), okanye ibhinqa (2), njengemodareyitha. Ubuhlanga, ipesenti yabathathi-nxaxheba abaMhlophe okanye baseCaucasian, babekhowudi kuzo zonke izifundo ezenziwa eMelika. Siphinde saquka i-dichotomous variable ebonakalisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba ikakhulu ngabafundi (1) okanye hayi (0).
Iimpawu zoYilo zoFundo
Sifake ezi zinto zintandathu zemodareyitha eziguquguqukayo kwiimpawu zokwenza uyilo:
Imilinganiselo yokuzibona
Ngokusekwe kwindlela yokubonisa (I-Calogero, i-2011; UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008) kunye nohlalutyo lwe meta U-Grabe et al. (2008), sibandakanya awona manyathelo aqhelekileyo okuzijonga ngokwakho. Sikhuphe ikhowudi ye-TST (1) kunye neenguqulelo eziguqulweyo ze-TST ezilandela umgaqo ofanayo wokudweliswa kwinkangeleko-ezinxulumene (ngokuchasene nonappearance-related) iinkcazo. Sikwakhuphe ikhowudi kwi-SOQ (2), i-OBCS ye-surveillance subsidale (3), inkxaso-mali yokuhlolwa kwelungu le-Objecified Body Consciousness Scale-Youth (4; OBCS-Y; ILindberg, iHyde, kunye neMcKinley, ngo-2006), iNkxaso-mali kaRhulumente yokuZilolonga-yoLuntu ye-Umbuzo weCustom-Consciousness (5; BSC; U-LC Miller, uMurphy, kunye noBuss, ngo-1981), kunye nezinye (= ukujonga ubuso; i-6). Sifaka ne-BSC kuba isikali siphonononga imeko yokuziva ngokwakho xa ufaka isicelo emzimbeni kwaye ngaloo ndlela sibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuzithemba (UMcKinley kunye noHyde, ngo-1996). Sineakhowudi enye yokufunda esebenzisa ubungakanani bokujonga kobuso (UKim et al., 2015) kuba imele uhlobo oluchaziweyo lokuzithethelela.
Uhlobo loyilo
Silufumene uhlobo loyilo lokufunda njengoyilo loyilo (0), uphononongo olunqamlezayo (1), okanye iphaneli yophando (2). Sineebhokisi zobungakanani besiphumo esenziwe kwizifundo zovavanyo njengoyilo loyilo; ubungakanani besiphumo obonisa idatha yovavanyo oluvela kwi-1 point in time (umz tI-1 kunye nokuzibona ngokwakho tI-1) zazineekhowudi njengophononongo lwamacandelo; ubungakanani besiphumo obonisa idatha yovavanyo oluvela kumanqaku e-2 ngexesha, oko kukuthi, ulwazi olufakelweyo (umz. tI-1 kunye nexesha lokuzilungiselela ngokwakho 2 [tI-2]), zazineekhowudi njengophando lwephaneli.
Uhlobo lweendaba
Besifuna ukwazi ukuba okanye uhlobo lodidi oluphakathi olusezantsi lwempembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba ekuziqondeni ngokwakho. Sikwakusebenzisa ikhowudi yokusetyenziswa komabonwakude ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezithile zikamabonwakude okanye iinkqubo zemiboniso (umz., Ii-satcoms, iividiyo zomculo), kunye nokuboniswa kwezixhobo zokumamela kwizifundo zovavanyo (umz. Iiklip zevidiyo, intengiso kamabonakude) kudidi lweTV. Xa kwakuhlolwa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba eprintayo okanye xa abathathi-nxaxheba babevezwa iifoto okanye bepapasha iintengiso kwiimvavanyo (nokuba isifundo sasiqhutywa kwi-Intanethi), safaka ikhowudi phakathi njengoshicilelo (i-0). Ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi okanye iisayithi zokunxibelelana nabantu zazenziwe amakhowudi njenge-Intanethi (1). Sineekhowudi zokubukela okanye ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo njengomdlalo wevidiyo (2). Ukumamela umculo kwakubhalwe kumculo (3).
Umxholo wemidiya
Sivavanye umxholo weendaba njengokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokubonakala kugxilwe (0), imbonakalo ijolise (hayi ngesondo; 1), okanye ngokubanzi (2). Ukuthintela ukudideka, sibhekisa kwintsalela yenqaku kwicandelo lokuqala njengo "ukwenza ngokwesondo." Sichonge umxholo weendaba njengezokwabelana ngesondo xa ukuhambelana kwazo. I-APA (2007) Inkcazo yesini. Ukwenza ikhowudi kwizifundo zovavanyo, sifunda ngononophelo inkcazo yenkuthazo kwaye, ukuba ibonelelwe, yajonga imifanekiso yezinto ezikhuthazayo. Kwizifundo ezinxulumene nolwalamano, sichaze le mithombo yeendaba zilandelayo njengezesondo: iphonografi, ebizwa ngokuba "yimithombo yeendaba zasekhaya" (okt, imithombo yeendaba ejolise ngqo kubaphulaphuli abangamadoda njenge Maxim or FHM), iividiyo zomculo, umabonwakude womculo, umabonwakude wokwenyani, kunye nefashoni, ubuhle, kunye neemagazini zolutsha (APA, 2007; UKlaassen kunye noPeter, 2015; UStankiewicz kunye noRosselli, ngo-2008; IVandenbosch et al., 2013). Kwizifundo ezithile (umzekelo, UAubrey, 2006a, 2006b; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, ngo-2013), Ababhali basebenzise inkqubo yokuchaza ubunzima obungakumbi kwimithombo yeendaba ethathwa njengolwabelana ngesondo ngakumbi. Abaphenduli kuqala babonakalise ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zosasazo kunye nohlobo. Emva kokuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha, i-jury ezimeleyo yalinganisa imithombo yeendaba ngokubhekisele kubuninzi bayo kunye nobunzulu bokwabelana ngesondo. Ngokusekwe kuvavanyo lwe-jury, amanqaku esini abalwa kwisithuba ngasinye kwaye asetyenziswa ukulinganisa amanyathelo eendaba (kwinkcazo eyongezelelweyo yenkqubo, jonga IZurbriggen, iRamsey, kunye neJaworski, ngo-2011). Siphathe amanyathelo asindayo eendaba njengesixhobo sokusasaza ngokwesini. Abanye abaphandi babandakanyiwe kwizifundo zabo zosasazo lweendaba ezazingezizo ezesini okanye ngokubanzi (umzekelo, UAubrey, 2010; UHarrison noFredrickson, 2003; IMeier kunye neGrey, ngo-2014) kodwa yayisafanelekile kufundo. Sikwenze ingxelo malunga nokuqulatha umxholo weendaba ngokuwuchaza njengokujonga okujolise ngqo (Moradi, 2010; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2015a). Umzekelo, ukubukela okanye ukuthumela iifoto kuFacebook (IMeier kunye neGrey, ngo-2014) yahlulwe ngokweziqulatho ezijolise kwinkangeleko. Iimeko zovavanyo ezichaza abathathi-nxaxheba kumanqaku anezakhelo zokubonakala, ngokwahlukileyo kwisakhelo sezempilo, zazineekhowudi njengomxholo ojolise kwinkangeleko (UAubrey, 2010). Okokugqibela, sichaze ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, iisayithi zokunxibelelana nabantu, okanye umabonwakude, kunye nokusebenzisa iindaba kunye nemithombo yeendaba, njengokuchazwa kwemidiya ngokubanzi.
Indawo yokufunda nonyaka yokupapasha
Sasineekhowudi kwindawo yokufundisisa esekwe kwilizwekazi apho bekuqhutywa khona isifundo: I-North America (1), iYurophu (2), i-Asia (3), ne-Australia ne-Oceania (4). Ukuba ilizwekazi okanye ilizwe alikhange lichazwe ngokucacileyo, ukudityaniswa kwababhali kwakusebenza njengesalathiso. Kwaye sabandakanya unyaka wokupapashwa njengomodareyitha onokubakho kuhlalutyo.
Ukuxhomekeka kwe-Intercoder
Ukuvavanya ukuthembeka phakathi kwe-coder, ii-coders ezimbini (eyokuqala kunye neyesibini umbhali) zineekhowudi zobungakanani besiphumo se-36. I-Krippendorff's (2004) I-α yayigqibelele (α = 1.0) kuzo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo, ngaphandle komgangatho womodareyitha wokuzibona (α = .92). Izinto ezingahambelaniyo zisonjululwe ngengxoxo emva kokuphononongwa kwesifundo esichaphazelekayo. Emva koko, ezi khowudi zineekhodi zonke eziguquguqukayo ngokusekwe kulwazi olufumanekayo kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo.
Imodeli yeNkcazo-manani kunye nokuBala kokuBalwa kweSiphumo
Imodeli yeenkcukacha-manani
Izifundo ezininzi zichaze iziphumo ezisenze ukuba sikwazi ukwenza ikhowudi ngaphezulu kwesayizi enye yesiphumo kufundo ngalunye. Ukwenza uhlalutyo lwe-meta kwezi zifundo kuya kuphula umgaqo wokuzimela weesayizi zesiphumo kwaye unika umthwalo ongaphezulu kwizifundo ezivelisa ubungakanani besiphumo esinye. Kutshanje abaphandi bacebisile ukunyanga ngohlalutyo lwe-meta njengemodeli ye-multilevel ukulungisa le micimbi (umz. I-Cheung, i-2014; Intsimi, 2015; I-Konstantopoulos, 2011). Umbono osisiseko uthoba ubungakanani besiphumo (inqanaba lokuqala) ngaphakathi kwezifundo (inqanaba lesibini; I-Konstantopoulos, 2011; ngolwazi oluthe kratya, bona Intsimi, 2015). Ubungakanani besiphumo esivela kwisifundo esinye bafumana iziphumo ezifanayo, ngelixa ubungakanani bempembelelo kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo bafumana iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezingahleliwe. Ke, ukuxhomekeka okanye ukuzimela kweesayizi zesiphumo kuchazwe ngokucacileyo ngokunika isiphumo esichanekileyo (I-Konstantopoulos, 2011; IViechtbauer, 2015). Ngenxa yoko, bonke ubungakanani besiphumo bunokuthathelwa ingqalelo ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kunye nokulahleka kolwazi. Le nkqubo ibaluleke ngakumbi xa isiza kuhlalutyo lwemodareyitha kuba ubukhulu bempembelelo ezininzi ngaphakathi kwezifundo zihlala zixhunyiwe kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo okwahluka kwemodareyitha. Iziphumo zazithelekiswa xa kubalwa ngokulula endaweni yeemodeli ezininzi zokuphinda ziphindwe.
Sineakhowudi yolwazi ngephepha ngalinye: (a) bonke ubungakanani besiphumo, kubandakanya ukungafani kweqela, iindlela, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo, kunye neempazamo ezisemgangathweni kuphando lovavanyo. Ukuba iimeko ezininzi zihambelana neemfuno zeqela lolawulo, sibandakanya ubukhulu besiphumo seqela ngalinye lolawulo. Kwizifundo zokunxibelelanisa, safaka amakhowudi ePearson r; Ukuba uphando lophononongo luphononongo lwepaneli, sinazo zonke iisayizi zesiphumo esikhoyo, ukuba nje ukuzicingela ngokwakho akubanga ngaphambili kokusebenzisa amajelo eendaba (okt, ukusetyenziswa kweendaba tI-1 kunye nokuzibona ngokwakho tI-1, ukusetyenziswa kweendaba tI-1 kunye nokuzibona ngokwakho tI-2, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemidiya tI-2 kunye nokuzibona ngokwakho tI-2 zazineekhowudi). Kwaye (sin) sinazo (b) zonke iimodareyitha.
Ubungakanani besiphumo sobalo
Sisebenzise iiPearson's r ngokobungakanani bomphumo kuba unokutolikwa ngokulula ngokubaluleka kokusebenza. Ubungakanani bayo buqala ngokugqibeleleyo ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-1 (IRosenthal kunye neDiMatteo, 2001). Isiphumo r ibonisa ukuba njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kusanda, ukuzithemba kukonyuka. Kwizifundo zokunxibelelana, sathatha r ngokuthe ngqo kumanqaku. Kwimeko enye (I-Doornwaard et al., 2014), sifumene iikhowudi ehambelana nayo yohlengahlengiso endaweni yoko, kwaye sayiguqula yaba r ngokwefomyula ebonelelwe ngu UPeterson noBrown (2005). Kwizifundo zovavanyo, sibala r ngokwefomula ebonelelwe yi I-Lipsey kunye neWilson (2001). Ngaphambi kokwenza ii-syntheses, siguqule ii-coefficients zokuhambelana (r) kwiFisher's z isikali (Zr; IBorenstein, iHedges, iHiggins, kunye neRothstein, ngo-2009; I-Lipsey kunye neWilson, ngo-2001). Lilonke, sifumene ubungakanani besiphumo se261.
Siqhube uhlalutyo lwe-meta ngokusebenzisa iphakheji ye-metafor (IViechtbauer, 2010). Sisekeleze uqikelelo kwiimodeli eziziphumo ezingekho mthethweni. Iimodeli ezineziphumo ezingaqhelekanga zibonakalise ukwahluka kwesayizi yempembelelo eyahlukileyo, umzekelo, ngenxa yabathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo okanye unyango. Ukongeza, iziphumo ezinokubakho ngokuzenzekelayo zinokubanzi ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwezifundo ezibandakanywe kuhlalutyo kuba izifundo eziphononongiweyo zithathwa njengento ephantsi kwesininzi sabantu abakhulu bokufunda (IHedges kunye neVevea, 1998). Uhlalutyo lweemodareyitha lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-rma.mv () umsebenzi wephakheji ye-metafor ye-R, eyenze ukuba ingqikelelo yeemodeli ezinefuthe lomxube we-multilevel (IViechtbauer, 2010). Senze isiphumo esipheleleyo kwaye sipapashe ucalucalulo ngesiphumo esilinganiswe ngaphakathi kwizifundo kusetyenziswa umsebenzi we-rma (). Le ndlela inceda uqikelelo lweemodeli ezizodwa ezingajonganga imodeli (IViechtbauer, 2010; yabona I-Pearce kunye ne-Field, ngo-2016, ngendlela efanayo). Sisebenzise umlinganiso onokwenzeka.
Njengoko izifundo zibonise umahluko omkhulu kubungakanani besampula, kwaye ezinye zivelise ubungakanani besiphumo esipheleleyo, silinganise ubungakanani besiphumo ngosayizi wesampula kunye nenani leesayizi zobunzima kwisifundo ngasinye. Izifundo ezikhulu kwaye ke ngoko zichanekileyo ngakumbi zifumene ubunzima obukhulu. Kwaye nezifundo ezixela ubungakanani bempembelelo ezininzi azifumananga ubunzima obungaphezulu kunezifundo ezichaza ubungakanani bunye besiphumo. Ngokuhambelana, silinganise iziphumo zobungakanani ngokubala ubungakanani besampula yohlobo lwesampulu kwinani leesayizi ezifakwe amakhowudi ukusuka kufundo (Umzingeli kunye noSchmidt, 2004). Umzekelo, ukuba i-1 yoFundo yayinabathathi-nxaxheba be-200 kwaye yavelisa isayizi enye yesiphumo, obu bukhulu bempembelelo babelwa ubunzima be-200 / 1 = 200. Ukuba i-Study 2 yayinabathathi-nxaxheba be-200 kwaye yavelisa isayizi ezine zesiphumo, nganye nganye isayizi yesiphumo yabelwa ubunzima be-200 / 4 = 50. Ukubala ubungakanani besiphumo sesiphumo, u-1 woFundo wafumana ubunzima be-200, ngelixa u-2 wokuFunda wafumana ubunzima be-4 × 50, ubangela ubunzima obufanayo.
iziphumo
Uhlalutyo lwempembelelo ngokubanzi
1 Table izisa bonke ubungakanani bempembelelo yomntu ngamnye. Uhlalutyo lwempembelelo zizonke zivelise isiphumo esincomekayo, esincinci esilinganiselweyo sokusebenzisa imidiya ekuzenzakaliseni (r = .19, Zr = .19). Iziphumo zazibalulekile, i-95% CI [.15, .23], p <.0001. Ukulandela IRosenthal (1979), sibalile uhlalutyo olubizwa ngokuba yidrawer yeefayile, ethe yajongana nenkxalabo yokuba kungakho izifundo ezongezelelekileyo ezingafakwanga kuhlalutyo olungapapashwa ngenxa yokuba ubungakanani bempembelelo yazo ibingabizi zero, okanye ubuncinci buncinci. Ukuwabandakanya kuhlalutyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubangelwe sisiphumo esingaxakekanga (I-Borenstein et al., 2009). Ukujongana nale nkxalabo, IRosenthal (1979) Ucebise indlela yokubala inani lezifundo ze-zero eziziphumo zokwenza isiphumo esifumeneyo (I-Borenstein et al., 2009). Uhlalutyo lubonakalise ukusilela okukhuselekileyo N ye7,816. Ke ngoko, isiphumo esibonakalayo sinamandla kakhulu.
Ukongeza, sifumene i-heterogeneity ebalulekileyo phakathi kobukhulu besiphumo, Q(49) = 213.72, p <.0001. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ubukhulu beziphumo ziyahluka kakhulu ngenxa yomahluko phakathi kokufunda. Inkqubo ye- I 2 amanani-ubungakanani bohluka ngokupheleleyo (isampulu yokwahluka + heterogeneity) enokuthi ibonwe kwi-heterogeneity phakathi kweziphumo eziyinyani (IHiggins kunye noThompson, 2002-Iboniswe ngakumbi kukuqonda. Malunga ne-75% yokungafani konke kunokubangelwa kukwahluka phakathi kwesifundo (I 2 = 75.03). Kubonakala ngathi iimodareyitha zethu zinokucacisa lo mahluko ((IHuedo-Medina, iSánchez-Meca, iMarín-Martínez, kunye neBotella, ngo-2006).
Uhlalutyo lweModareyitha
Sivavanye iziphumo ezimodareyithayo ngokubala i-meta-regressions (imodeli yemveliso ezixutywayo ze-multilevel). Imodareyitha nganye, sibalwe ngokwahluka-hlukana kweemeta. Iimodareyitha zodidi (okt, isini, umlinganiso, uhlobo loyilo, udidi lweendaba, umxholo weendaba, kunye nendawo yokufunda) zazingamakhowudi. Saziphatha ezona ntlobo zihlala zinamakhowudi njengeendidi ekubhekiswa kuzo. Ii-coefficients zoqwalaselo zibonisa utshintsho kubungakanani besiphumo ngokweenguqu kumanqanaba emodareyitha. I χ2 Uvavanyo lweenkcukacha-manani lubonakalise ukuba imodareyitha, ethathwe xa iyonke, ichaphazele ubungakanani besiphumo (Q uvavanyo; I-Borenstein et al., 2009). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i z Uvavanyo lweenkcukacha-manani lubonakalise ukuba okanye hayi inqanaba elithile lesimo sokumodareyitha bahluke kakhulu kudidi lwesalathiso lwale modareyitha (Z uvavanyo; I-Borenstein et al., 2009). Iitheyibhile i-2 kunye ne-3 zibonisa zonke iziphumo.
Ejonge e 2 Table (iimpawu ezikwisampuli), kwakungekho zimpembelelo zibalulekileyo zokumodareyitha. Oko kukuthi, isiphumo sokusebenzisa imidiya ekuzicingeleni ngokwaso kwabonakala ngathi sizimeleyo kubathathi-nxaxheba, isini kunye nobuhlanga, kunye nokuzimela nokuba abathathi-nxaxheba babengabafundi okanye akunjalo.
Ejonge e 3 Table (uhlolo loyilo lokufunda), udidi lwee-media moder ubungakanani besiphumo, χ2(3) = 7.65, p = .05. Ubungakanani besiphumo Zr yayi .11 (z = 2.13, p <.05), ebonisa isiphumo esomeleleyo xa abathathi-nxaxheba basebenzisa imithombo yeendaba kwi-Intanethi endaweni kamabonwakude. Ukongeza, ubungakanani besiphumo yayingu-.18, yomelele xa abathathi-nxaxheba basebenzisa imidlalo yevidiyo endaweni yomabonwakude (z = 2.24, p <.05). Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba yokuprinta akuzange kukhokelele nakuphi na umahluko, nokuba kuthelekiswa nomabonwakude okanye xa kuthelekiswa nemithombo yeendaba ekwi-intanethi okanye imidlalo yevidiyo. Iimpawu ezisalele zoyilo lokufunda azichaphazelanga ubungakanani besiphumo. Oko kukuthi, isiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba ekuchaseni ngokwakho kubonakala kukuzimela kuhlobo lomlinganiso wokuchasa ngokwakho, uyilo lokufunda, kunye nomxholo wemithombo yeendaba. Kwakukho imeko ebonisa ukuba indawo yokufunda ibimodareyitha ubungakanani besiphumo, χ2(3) = 6.60, p = .09. Ngokukodwa, ubukhulu besiphumo Zr yezifundo zase-Yuropa yayinkulu .12 inkulu xa ithelekiswa nezifundo ezivela eNyakatho Melika (z = 2.53, p <.05). Ngokwahlukileyo, akukho zifundo zaseAsia okanye zaseAustralia ezahluke kakhulu kwizifundo zaseNyakatho Melika, kwaye zazingafani nezifundo zaseYurophu. Unyaka wokupapashwa awukhange ubulinganise ubungakanani besiphumo.
Sakhangela neziphumo zokunxibelelana phakathi kweemodareyitha. Ngokukodwa, sicinga ukuba amadoda kunye nabasetyhini (isini), abancinci kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abadala (ubudala), okanye abafundi kunye nabangabalulekanga (isampulu yomfundi) baya kuphendula ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwisini, imbonakalo-ejolise, kunye nomxholo weendaba ngokubanzi (umxholo). Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho nxibelelwano lubalulekileyo phakathi kohlobo lomxholo kunye nomnye weemodareyitha ezintathu: Isini = Umxholo: χ2(2) = .12, p = .94; Umxholo × Umxholo::2(2) = .30, p = .86; Isampulu yabafundi × Umxholo: χ2(2) = 1.02, p = .60. Ukuqukumbela, isiphumo sokusebenzisa imidiya ekuzicingeleni ngokwaso kwabonakala ngathi sinamandla. Ngaphandle kwempembelelo yendawo yokufunda kunye nodidi lweendaba, ukuzicingela ukuba ngubani na kungachaphazeleka yimeko ehlaziyiweyo yomda.
Uhlalutyo lwebhayibhile yoPapasho
Okokugqibela, sijongile ukupapashwa kokukhetha. Sivavanye ukuba ngaba iisifundo ezincinci kunye neesampulu ezincinci kunye nobungakanani bemiphumela encinci aziphumelelanga ukupapashwa. Sisebenzise iyelenqe lokuzonwabisa kunye novavanyo lokubhalwa kwakhona kwe-Egger kulungiselelwa isixhobo somculoU-Egger, uSmith, uSchneider, kunye noMinder, ngo-1997). Njengoko kucetyisiwe kuncwadi, sisebenzise impazamo esemgangathweni njengesalathiso sobungakanani besampula (I-Borenstein et al., 2009). Ukujonga iyelenqe lokuzonwabisa (Umzobo 2), bekukho ubungqina obuncinci bokupapashwa kobuhlanga ngokwezifundo ezincinci ezinobukhulu obuncinci bokuphulukana nekona esezantsi kwikona. Nangona kunjalo, le patheni yabuyiselwa umva xa kujongwa icala eliphakathi lomzobo (izifundo ezineesayizi ezinkulu zefomathi ezingekho), bephikisana ngokuchasene nokwazisa. Ngaphaya koko, uvavanyo lokubhalwa kwakhona kwe-Egger alubalulekanga, t(48) = −1.00, p = .33, ichaze ukuba ukupapashwa kwesicelo akuqinisekiswanga.
ingxoxo
Ukuzibona sisimo esibonakalayo esikhula ngokubaluleka kuphando lweziphumo zosasazo. Ukuchukunyiswa ngumsebenzi wokucacisa ii-theorists (umz. UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997; UMcKinley kunye noHyde, ngo-1996), kwizifundo ezininzi ezixhasayo, abaphengululi baphanda ngefuthe losasazo lweendaba zesini ngokuzilolonga. Ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo lwe-meta oluquka izifundo ze50 (ubukhulu bempembelelo ye-261), ezibandakanya iintlobo ezintathu zoyilo lophando, sikwazile ukubonisa kwisifundo sangoku ukuba, kwiindidi zonke zosasazo oluninzi olubonisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwabelana ngesondo, kukho Impembelelo elungileyo yokwabelana ngesondo kusetyenziso ekuzimiseleni ngokwakho (r = .19). Njengokubhaliweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yemithombo yeendaba kwandise ukuzithemba kwabo basetyhini kunye namadoda. Iziphumo zazinamandla kwaye zincinci ukuya kumodareyitha ngokobukhulu (I-Lipsey kunye neWilson, ngo-2001).
Iimpawu Zesampulu
Akukho nanye yeempawu zesampula (ubudala, isini, ubuhlanga, kunye nesampulu yabafundi) evavanye isiphumo. UFredrickson noRoberts (1997) kucelwe ukuba abantu basetyhini bayo yonke iminyaka yobudala banokwazi. Kuyaphikiswa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba abantu abancinci banokuchaphazeleka kwimicimbi yeendaba zesini (I-Fortenberry, i-2013). Ukanti uhlalutyo lwethu lwe meta alubonisanga mpembelelo yokuvavanywa kobudala obutyebileyo kwaye ayixhasanga oku. Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe, nangona kunjalo, ukuba uluhlu lweesampulu zethu lwalunqabile, lubandakanya phantse ulutsha kunye nabantu abadala abasakhulayo. Sixoxa ngakumbi ngalo mbandela kwicandelo loMda.
Ngaphaya koko, asifumananga ukumodareyitha ngokwesini kwisiphumo sokusebenzisa ezosasazo ngendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Inkcazo enokwenzeka kukuba imeko yemithombo yeendaba itshintshile. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphando lwangaphambi kokuhlalutya umxholo zibonisa ukuba amadoda ajongana nengqondo eyandayo yokuhlangana nemiboniso yamadoda (ngokwesondo)Gill, 2009; IHatton kunye neTrautner, ngo-2011; URicciardelli, uClow, kunye noMhlophe, ngo-2010; I-Rohlinger, 2002). Nangona ukwabelana ngesondo kwamadoda nabafazi kuneentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, ekugqibeleni, umzimba owabelana ngesondo uba yinto ekohlwaywayo, yokuxhaphaza, neyokukrokrelwa ngabantu (I-Rohlinger, 2002), ekhokelela ekuzibonakaliseni komntu phakathi kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda. Oku kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni amadoda, ethelekiswa nabasetyhini, abonise iimpembelelo ezifanayo zosetyenziso lweendaba ngokwesini ngokuzikhethela. Isiphumo sethu sihambelana nophando lwangaphambili oluchonge ukufana ngokwesini kulwalamano phakathi kokuzibona unembeko kunye nokuqaqanjelwa komzimba okanye ihlazo lomzimba (UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008). Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka siqwalasele iimpembelelo zemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yenkcubeko esetyenziselwa abasetyhini kunye namadoda. Inkcubeko elungele ukutsala umdla wamadoda ibandakanya amandla, izihlunu kunye nolawulo, ngelixa inkcubeko efanelekileyo yokutsala umdla wabasetyhini ijikeleze ukuthobeka kunye nokuba semngciphekweni (Moradi, 2010). Ke, ukufumanisa kwethu akufuneki kuyifihle into yokuba ubudlelwane bamandla kunye nocalucalulo ziyenziwa (Moradi, 2010). Ukongeza, abasetyhini bathambekele, kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa lonke ixesha lokuphila, ukufumana ulwazi ngakumbi ngesondo, izimvo, okanye iintshukumo kunamadoda (umzekelo, Qubha, iHyers, iCohen, kunye neFerguson, 2001).
Asifumananga mgangatho wokumodareyitha kohlanga lwabathathi-nxaxheba. Izifundo esizibandakanyileyo zasivumela ukuba sahlule kuphela phakathi kwabamhlophe / eCaucasian kunye nabo nabangengobamhlophe / ezinye izizwe. Ukudibanisa ubuhlanga obahlukeneyo kungakhokelela ekungaqwalaseleni iiyantlukwano ezinokubakho kuba elinye iqela linokurhoxisa iziphumo zolunye. Umzekelo, uphononongo olude lubonise ukuba amantombazana ase-Afrika aseMelika axele ukungoneliseki komzimba kuyo yonke iminyaka yamabanga aphakamileyo ahambelana namanye amantombazana. Amantombazana aseAsia, nangona kunjalo, axele ukwanda ukungoneliseki komzimba xa kuthelekiswa namantombazana ase-Afrika aseMelika, amantombazana eLatina, kunye namantombazana eentlobo ezahlukeneyo (de Guzman kunye neNishina, 2014). Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwe-meta kubuhlanga kunye nokungoneliseki komzimba okubandakanya i-Asiya, iMelika, iNtsundu, i-Hispanic, kunye nabafazi abaMhlophe bafumana kuphela umahluko omncinci ekungonelisekini komzimba kubasetyhini abamhlophe xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini abamnyama (IGrabe kunye neHyde, ngo-2006). Enye ingcaciso inokufumaneka kumxholo weendaba. Abaphandi bangaphambili baqaphele ukuba abafazi abantsundu bakhetha abameli be-silhouettes bomzimba we-curvier endaweni yeyona nto ithambileyo-efanelekileyo eboniswe kwimidiya (ICapodilupo kunye neKim, 2015; Ngaphezulu, iQuinn, kunye neAgocha, ngo-2010). Ukusilela kokumelwa kwabasetyhini abambalwa kumajelo osasazo kunokubangela iziphumo ezifanayo kwabasetyhini bemibala kunye nabamhlophe abamhlophe, kuba akukho qela libonakalayo kwimifanekiso ebamelele ngokuchanekileyo. Lo mbandela uxutyushwa ngakumbi kwicandelo lophando lwexesha elizayo.
Iimpawu zoFundo
Sifumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo kunye / okanye imithombo yeendaba kwi-intanethi kukhokelele kwimiphumo yokuziqaqambisa xa uthelekisa nokusebenzisa umabonwakude. Iinkcazo ezininzi zinokuqwalaselwa malunga nesiphumo. Zombini ezi ntlobo zosasazo ziphawulwa ngamanqanaba aphezulu okusebenza kunye nolawulo (I-Eveland, 2003). Ngamanye amagama, ngelixa umntu enokujonga umabonakude ngokulula kwaye enze into engadibaniyo ngexesha elinye, oku kunzima ngakumbi kwimidlalo yevidiyo kwaye, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, kunzima nangamajelo eendaba akwi-Intanethi. Imidlalo yevidiyo inokukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu amava okusebenza kwengqondo kubukho, oko kukuthi, imvakalelo yokuba kwindawo yesimo seendaba (I-Weibel, iWissmath, kunye neMast, ngo-2011; Ukuzalwa et al., 2007). Ngapha koko, imidlalo yevidiyo iyaziwa ngokuboniswa ngokwesini kwabalinganiswa bomdlalo wabasetyhini nabesilisa (umzekelo, I-Burgess et al., 2007; ILynch, iTompkins, van Driel, kunye noFritz, 2016), kunye nemidlalo emininzi yenza ukuba umntu ngamnye adlale umlinganiswa onomzimba owahlukileyo, okodidi lomzimba olunge ngakumbi kunodidi lomzimba lomntu. Iiwebhusayithi zokuncokola ziyimithombo yeendaba ezikwi-Intanethi eziboniswa ngokwazo, izinto ezibonakalayo ezijikeleze isiqu sakho. Iividiyo ezifanelekileyo kunye nemifanekiso yomntu, oontanga bakhe, kunye nabanye abantu banokukhuthaza ukuthelekiswa koluntu kunye nokubekwa ngaphakathi kweembonakalo zembonakalo, kwaye, kunokukhulisa ukuzithemba phakathi kwabantu (I-Perloff, i-2014).
Asifumananga mpembelelo ibalulekileyo yokumodareyitha yohlobo lokujonga ngokwakho. Kwelinye icala, esi siphumo sicebisa ukuba onke amanyathelo abandakanyiweyo kufundo lwangoku abonakale esebenza ngokufezekileyo ekufumaniseni iziphumo zeendaba ngokuzibona. Kwelinye icala, kunokucingelwa ukuba isiphumo sokusasaza ngesondo somelele ngokwamalungu omzimba ngokuziqonda nangokuziphatha, kuba amanyathelo okuqonda (umzekelo, i-SOQ) kunye neendlela zokuziphatha (umzekelo, inkxaso ye-OBCS) ibandakanyiwe kuhlalutyo. . Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi baveze ukuba ukuzijonga ngokwakho kunye nokujonga lomzimba kuyahambelana kodwa akulingani (I-Calogero, i-2011; UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008). Olunye uphando luyafuneka ukuze kufikelelwe kwisigqibo sokugqibela malunga nefuthe losasazo lweendaba ngesondo kunye nolwahluko phakathi kwamanyathelo akhoyo okuzimisela.
Asichonganga mpembelelo ibalulekileyo kuhlobo loyilo: uphononongo olunamacandelo anqabileyo, uphononongo lwepaneli, kunye nezifundo zovavanyo ezivelise iziphumo ezifanayo; Oko kukuthi, asichongi mahluko obalulekileyo ngokweesayizi zesiphumo. Umxholo wemidiya nawo awunantsingiselo. Uninzi lwezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo apha ziphonononge ukubonakaliswa komxholo wemidiya ngokwesondo. Ke, sinokucinga ukuba olu hlobo oluthile lomxholo lungakhokelela kwiingcamango zokuziphatha okanye indlela ozijonga ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukujonga ngqo-ukujonga (ukuthoba) kunye nomxholo wemidiya ngokubanzi kuye kwaxela kwangaphambili ukuzimela kwisifundo sethu. Oku kumodareyitha okungenamsebenzi kunokuchazwa yithiyori yokulima (umzekelo, IGerbner, 1998). Ubukho obugcweleyo bokwabelana ngesondo kuzo zonke iintlobo zosasazo olukhulu (umzekelo, UAubrey kunye noFrisby, ngo-2011; I-Burgess et al., 2007; I-Lynch et al., 2016; UStankiewicz kunye noRosselli, ngo-2008; IVandenbosch et al., 2013) inokuba nenkuthazo kunye nokuqinisa amandla okuziqinisa phakathi kwabantu. Nangona kunjalo, ukucinga kwempembelelo yemithombo yeendaba enkulu ayihoywanga (umzekelo, IBilandzic kunye neRössler, 2004). Iziphumo zophando ezinxulumene neendaba zosasazo zichaze ukuba ukusetyenziswa komxholo othile weendaba kuchaze ukungoneliseki komzimba, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kweendaba ngokubanzi akubanga (U-Levine kunye noMurnen, ngo-2009; IMeier kunye neGrey, ngo-2014). Ngokuhambelana nesi sizathu, UAndrew, Tiggemann, noClark (2016) kutsha nje kubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba engafezekanga, njengomboniso osekwe kulwazi, amaxwebhu, kunye neendaba, bekuhambelana kakubi nokuzithemba. Ke, asikholelwa ukuba nawuphi na umxholo wemidiya uya ngokuzenzekelayo ukhokelela ekuzimiseleni ngokwakho (U-Levine kunye noMurnen, ngo-2009). Endaweni yoko, imithombo yeendaba egxile-ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile - kwimbonakalo yangaphandle ifanele ibe nefuthe. Ngapha koko, sikholelwa ekubeni ukusilela kokumodareyithwa komxholo weendaba kusenokubonisa umda ngeendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye neentlobo zedatha eqokelelwe kwizifundo ezihlalutyiweyo. Siwuxoxa kakhulu lo mbandela kwicandelo lezomda.
Sifumene umkhwa omncinci wokufunda njengendawo yokumodareyitha: Iziphumo kwizifundo zaseYurophu zaziphezulu xa zithelekiswa nezifundo ezivela eNyakatho Melika. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba esi siphumo sishukunyiswa ikakhulu sisifundo I-Doornwaard et al. (2014). The I-Doornwaard et al. (2014) uphononongo lwaluphakathi kwezimbalwa kakhulu ezaziphanda ngeziphumo zenkcubeko ebeka esini kakhulu, oko kukuthi, iphonografi. Ngaphezu koko, isampulu enkulu (N = 1132) yabakwishumi elivisayo ukuba I-Doornwaard et al. (2014) esetyenziswa kufundo lwabo yanika isisindo esongezelelekileyo kubungakanani bempembelelo yethu kuhlalutyo lwethu. Xa kuqhutywa uhlalutyo lweemodareyitha ngaphandle kwesifundo, iziphumo zokumodareyitha zendawo yokufunda zazingabalulekanga, ezixhasa inkcazo yethu.
Ngokubanzi, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba isiphumo sokusebenzisa ezesini ngokuzisebenzisa kakhulu ekuzimiseleni. Kubalulekile ukuba uxinzelelo lokuba sifumanise ukuba akukho miphumo yezi zinto zingenelelayo, nangona inani lezifundo kunye nobungakanani besampulu babenele ngokwaneleyo ukuqhuba uhlalutyo lomodareyitha.
Izithintelo kunye ne-Ajenda yoPhando lwexa elizayo
Kula macandelo alandelayo, sijongana nokusikelwa umda kolu phando kunye nezithuba zophando kwicandelo lokuphanda ngemifanekiso yomzimba kunye nophando ngeziphumo zosasazo kwaye sinika i-ajenda yophando elizayo. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sibandakanya kuphela amaphepha awayefumaneka ngesiNgesi. Nangona kunjalo uhlalutyo lweedrowa lwefayile lubonise isiphumo esimbaxa. Ukongeza, siyayazi into yokuba ukufaka iikhowudi kwindawo yophando kwilizwekazi kungangabi nakho ukubamba ngokwaneleyo umahluko wokungangqinelani okubangelwa yimvelaphi yenkcubeko yabantu; Amazwe kwilizwekazi ngalinye kunokwenzeka ukuba ahluka kwiindidi zazo zemifanekiso yesondo eboniswe kwimithombo yeendaba (umz. I-Collins, 2011). Okokugqibela, nangona senze uphando olucokisekileyo loncwadi ngohlalutyo lwe-meta, asinakuyalela ukuba izifundo ezizodwa zaphoswa, ngakumbi ezo zazingashicilelwanga okanye zingafumaneki kwi-Intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, sikholelwa ukuba oku kusikelwa umda akunciphisi iziphumo zethu njengoko sisebenzise imodeli yeziphumo ezingekho mthethweni kuhlalutyo lwe-meta. Ke ngoko, kuhlalutyo lwethu, uphando olwenziweyo lwaphathwa njengento esezantsi yabantu abancinci bokufunda (IHedges kunye neVevea, 1998). Asifumananga bungqina bupapashi.
Indawo yokuphanda esiyihlolileyo ikwanemida. Oku kubandakanya iindlela ezinqumlayo ngokubhekisele kwiisampulu eziphandiweyo, ukunqongophala kwezifundo ezide, kunye nokuguquguquka okungaphelelanga.
Iifutshane ezimfutshane iisampuli eziphandiweyo
Iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba uphando kwimithombo yeendaba kunye nokuqinisekisa okwenziwe ngaphandle kwamazwe aseNtshona okanye aseNtshona kunqabile. Nangona eli thando libonakalayo licacisiwe ngaphambili (UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008), iyachukumisa. Iipesenti ezingama-90 (n = 48) kwizifundo eziphandiweyo esizichonge zivela eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, okanye eOstreliya naseOceania. Zimbini kuphela izifundo ezazivela eAsia (IBarzoki, Mohtasham, Shahidi, kunye neTavakol, 2016; UKim et al., 2015), kwaye akukho nanye eyayivela eLatin America okanye eAfrika.
Ngapha koko, uninzi lwezifundo zokuzibona zijolise kwabasetyhini. Kuhlalutyo lwethu lwe meta, isibini kwisithathu (n = 33) yezifundo eziphononongwa ngokukodwa kubasetyhini. Abafazi bajamelana ngakumbi namava athandanayo ngokwesini xa kuthelekiswa namadoda (Swim et al., 2001), kwaye abantu basetyhini banokwabelana ngesondo kuluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo zeendaba (UAubrey kunye noFrisby, ngo-2011; I-Burgess et al., 2007; UStankiewicz kunye noRosselli, ngo-2008; IVandenbosch et al., 2013). Kwaye abasetyhini baxela amanqanaba aphezulu okuzibona kunamadoda (umzekelo, UAubrey, 2006a; ILindberg et al., 2006; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2015b; Iwadi, Seabrook, Manago, kunye neRed, 2015). Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ifuthe leendaba kwimicimbi yokuzibona iyafana nakumadoda namabhinqa. Ke, kubalulekile ukuba ubandakanye bobabini ababhinqileyo kunye nabesilisa kuphando lokuzibona.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo inyani yokuba isilinganiselo esilinganiselweyo seminyaka sabathathi-nxaxheba abaphandwayo yayiyiminyaka ye-19.67, uphando phakathi kwabantu abancinci nabadala luyafuneka. Ukusukela amava okwabelana ngesondo kunye nokuzibona kuqala kwinqanaba elincinci kakhulu, abaphandi basandula ukuphanda ngokwabelana ngesondo, kunye nokuzithemba phakathi kwabantwana (umzekelo, uE. IHolland kunye neHaslam, 2016; UJongenelis, uByrne, kunye noPettigrew, ngo-2014; ISlater kunye neTiggemann, 2016). Kukwabalulekile ukubandakanya abantu abadala kuba ukuzimela kungatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997).
Okokugqibela, uphando kubuhlanga obahlukileyo abukho. Umzekelo, kolona lwazi lwethu, sisifundo esinye kuphela sovavanyo esaphanda iziphumo zokuvezwa kwimithombo yeendaba malunga nokuzicingela phakathi kwamantombazana amhlophe namantombazana ombala (UHarrison noFredrickson, 2003). Kuya kulandela ukuba uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lubandakanye bobabini ababhinqileyo kunye namadoda kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo obomi ngaphandle kwe "bubble yaseNtshona" ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwenkcubeko yenkcubeko kwizikhokelo zenkcazo, njengethiyori yokujonga izinto (UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008).
Sicebisa ukuba kwixesha elizayo, abaphandi kufuneka baphande ukuba bangakanani na abantwana, abakwishumi elivisayo, kunye / okanye abadala abasakhasayo bobuzwe obahlukileyo kumanani ahlukeneyo omxholo wesini. Ngapha koko, sicebisa ukuba abaphandi kumazwe ahlukeneyo, anjengeNgilani, iJamani ne-Australia, kufuneka balumke ngakumbi kwaye banonophele ekuqokeleleni ulwazi malunga nobuzwe.
Ukunqongophala kwezifundo ezide
Sichonge inani elabiweyo lokusasaza uyilo loyilo kunye noyilo lwecandelo lomjikelo kwizifundo esizibandakanyileyo. Nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa izifundo ezenziwa ngovavanyo olude; Sichonge isampulu ezintathu ezizimeleyo kuphela ezisebenzisa le ndlela (UAubrey, 2006a, 2006b; UAubrey kunye noTaylor, 2005; I-Doornwaard et al., 2014; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, ngo-2014, 2015a, 2015b). Uphando olude kakhulu luyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngakumbi okuya kubakho, kwaye ngenxa yoko kunokwenzeka, iziphumo ngokuqikelela ubudlelwane obunobunkunkqele kunye notshintsho lomntu obonakalayo kuseto lwangaphandle olusebenzayo (G. IHolland kunye neTiggemann, 2016; IValkenburg kunye noPeter, ngo-2013).
Uphononongo olungafanelekanga ngokungafanelekanga
Ukufakwa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kweenjongo zokubonakala yinto ephambili engabandakanywanga kuhlalutyo lwethu. Sikholelwa ukuba kuya kuluncedo ukuyijonga ngakumbi le nto. UFredrickson noRoberts (1997) Cacisa gca ukubekwa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kweembonakalo njengendlela yokuchaza ekhokelela ekuzimiseleni ngokwakho. Bona kunye nabanye banoluvo lokuba amava okanye into ebekulindelwe ukuba bayazi ukuba bayabelana nayo ngesondo ikhokelela ekubekeni ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kweembonakalo, ezithi ziphumele kwiingcinga eziziphetheyo okanye kwindlela oziphethe ngayo (UFredrickson kunye noRoberts, ngo-1997; Moradi, 2010; UMoradi kunye noHuang, ngo-2008). Abaphandi baphindaphinde ukubonisa ukuba ukusebenza ngaphakathi njengommlamli phakathi kokusebenzisa amajelo osasazo ngesondo kunye nokuzibonaITiggemann kunye neSlater, ngo-2014; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, ngo-2012, 2013, 2014). Nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphandi abafumananga nkxaso yesiphumo sokulamla sangaphakathiI-Aubrey, 2006b; IKarsay kunye neMatthes, 2015). Uphando luyafuneka kulungelelwaniso lwangaphakathi lweempawu zenkangeleko ukuze kukhanye ukukhanya kwezi zinto ziphikisanayo.
Ukongeza, ezi zinto zimbini zimbini zingafundiswanga kufuneka ziphononongwe kwixesha elizayo: imeko yezentlalo nezoqoqosho kunye nembono yendima yesini. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto zimbini eziguquguqukayo azifanisi uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto eziguqulelweyo ezingafundiswanga. Uphando lwangaphambili lokungoneliseki komzimba lubonakalisile ukuba imeko ephezulu yezentlalo inxulumana nokungoneliseki komzimba kunye nokuqhuba kwesonda phakathi kwabafazi (I-Swami et al., 2010). Ke ngoko, kubonakala kunokwenzeka ukuba imeko yezentlalo noqoqosho idlala indima ekuzimiseleni wena ngokwakho. Ukongeza, umahluko phakathi kwesini, njengokujonga indima yesini, kufuneka kuphandwe ngakumbi kuba ukuqhelanisa ne-hypergender kunxulumene nokusebenzisa isondo media, ukuzijonga, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini (I-Nowatzki kunye neMorry, 2009; van Oosten, Peter, & Boot, 2015).
Sichonge izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifundwe ngokungafanelekanga ngokubhekisele kusetyenziso lweendaba. Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kweendaba ngokwengxelo eyenzelwe wena kuye kwangqinwa ngokungafanelekanga kuphando lokuhambelana. Ngelixa ezinye izifundo ziye zavavanya ukusetyenziswa kweendaba ngendlela eyahlukileyo (umzekelo, U-Andrew et al., 2016; UFardouly et al., 2015), ezinye izifundo zibandakanya imilinganiselo yemetrikhi ngokubuza abathathi-nxaxheba malunga nexesha elithile abalusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile losasazo (umz. Barzoki et al., 2016).
Iziphumo ezixhasayo ezisekwe kwisakhelo sokuncamathelisa imithombo yeendaba zibonakalise ukuba ubunzulu benkqubela phambili yemithombo yeendaba inefuthe kumandla eendaba (umzekelo, I-Arendt, 2013). Ke ngoko, kwizifundo zovavanyo, ekuqaleni sinika ikhowudi kunye nexesha lokufumana inxaxheba kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwimidiya. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezininzi ziye zasilela ukuchaza le datha kwaye umahluko wedatha eneekhowudi yayisezantsi kakhulu. Ke, ngekhe sibandakanye imvamisa kunye nexesha lokuvezwa kweendaba njengemodareyitha kuhlalutyo lokugqibela. Ukongeza, bambalwa kuphela abaphononongo abakhe baphanda ngokunxulumene nomxholo wemidiya ocacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuzithemba (umz. I-Tylka, 2015; I-Doornwaard et al., 2014), nangona kubonisiwe ukuba umxholo wephonografi unemiboniso emininzi ebonakalayo (UKlaassen kunye noPeter, 2015). La manyathelo ahlukeneyo (kunye nongekhoyo) osetyenziso losasazo lunokuphendula (a) ngeziphumo eziphuthileyo kunye ezixutyiweyo kwicandelo kunye (b) nolwahluko omkhulu phakathi kokufunda phakathi kwesifundo esisifumene kuhlalutyo lwethu lwe meta. Siphakamisa ukuba abaphandi bajonge kakhulu kumxholo weendaba, uhlobo, kunye nezihloko xa kuphandwa ubudlelwane bokusebenzisa imidiya kunye nokuzibona. Ngapha koko, abaphandi kufuneka baxele uhlobo oluthile lomxholo, iintlobo, okanye izihloko abazifundayo (jonga kwakhona IValkenburg kunye noPeter, ngo-2013). Oku kuya kunceda ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi imixholo enefuthe lokuzibona kwaye yeyiphi imixholo engavumi. Abaphandi bexesha elizayo banokuphanda kwakhona ukujongana okunokwenzeka phakathi kohlobo lweendaba kunye nomxholo weendaba. Umzekelo, imidlalo yevidiyo iyaziwa ngokwabelana ngesondo (umz. I-Burgess et al., 2007) kwaye, ngaxeshanye, imidlalo yevidiyo inokukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu wobukho, obunokukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okuzithemba.
Okokugqibela, njengoko UMoradi noHuang (2008) sele ugxininisile, kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwempawu kunye nesigama sikarhulumente xa kuxoxwa ngesiqu sakho. Kuphela yi-16 yezifundo ze-50 eziveze umahluko phakathi kwempawu kunye nokuzibona kukodwa. Okusondele kakhulu kumcimbi wokulinganisa, ezinye iikhonsepthi ezinxulumene nokuzibona kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kuphando lwamva, ezifana I-Piran's (2015, 2016) Ukwakhiwa kwe-disembodiment okanye UTolman noPorche's (2000) ubudlelwane obunomda kunye nomzimba womntu.
Iziphumo zokuziQhelanisa
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-meta yangoku zinokwazisa ukuthintela kunye nokungenelela kwimizamo yeklinikhi kunye nemfundo. Umzekelo, abanyangi kunye nabacebisi banokubakhuthaza abathengi babo ukuba babonakalise ukusebenzisa kwabo ukuba babelane ngesondo kunye nemithombo yeendaba ejolise kwinkcubeko. Amaziko okufundisa anokuthatha into yokumodareyitha imidlalo yevidiyo kunye nemithombo yeendaba kwi-Intanethi ukwandisa ulwazi phakathi kwabafundi babo, kuba zombini iintlobo zosasazo zaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantwana nakwishumi elivisayo. Abafundisi-ntsapho kunye nootitshala banokufundisa abafundi ukuba bangayifumana njani into yokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokubonakala okujolise kwimithombo yeendaba kunye nokuchaza iimpembelelo ezimbi ezinokubakho kukuzibona ngokwakho kunye neminye imiba enxulumene nezempilo, enjengehlazo lomzimba, ukungoneliseki komzimba kunye nengxaki yokutya. Zombini izifundiswa kunye neengcali zinokusebenzela kwiindlela zongenelelo ukuthintela okanye ukunciphisa imiba yeendaba kwimicimbi yokuzibona. Ngokubanzi, iingcali kunye nabaphengululi ababandakanyeka kwimixholo yemifanekiso yomzimba kunye nempilo yabasetyhini banakho ukuxhamla kuphononongo loncwadi olunamandla kunye nokuchongwa kwe-ajenda yophando elizayo.
izigqibo
Sizamile ukucacisa ifuthe lokusebenzisa ezesondo ngendlela efanelekileyo yokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-meta-analytic. Iziphumo zabonisa incinci ukuya kumodareyitha jikelele. Sifumene imodareyitha yohlobo losasazo, iphakamisa ukuba isiphumo sichaziwe kubathathi-nxaxheba besebenzisa ividiyo yevidiyo okanye imidiya ye-intanethi. Ngaphaya koko, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ifuthe losetyenziso lweendaba kwimicimbi yokuzibona ichaphazela ngokulinganayo abesilisa nabasetyhini, abathathi-nxaxheba abadala nabancinci, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba bezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Sifuna uphando lwexesha elizayo ukuba libandakanye bobabini abesilisa nabasetyhini kuwo onke amabakala obomi kunye nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi, ukuphumeza uyilo lobude, ukuphanda ngakumbi ngokubekwa ngaphakathi kweenjongo zokubonakala, kunye nokunika ingxelo ebanzi ngamanyathelo ngokubhekisele kusetyenziso lweendaba. Sinethemba lokuba iziphumo zophando lwethu ziya kukhuthaza abaphandi ukuba baqwalasele izikhewu zophando ezichaziweyo kuphando lwabo lwexesha elizayo. Ngaphaya koko, siyathemba ukuba inqaku liza kukhuthaza iingcali kunye nabazali ukuba babonisane ngendima yokusebenzisa isondo kwezosasazo kuphuhliso lokuzibona kwabantu.
amaNqaku
1.Idatha inokufunyanwa kumbhali wokuqala xa uceliwe.
2. UAubrey (2006a), UAubrey (2006b), Kunye UAubrey noTaylor (2005) zisekwe kwisampulu efanayo. Ngokukwanjalo, I-Tiggemann kunye ne-Slater (2013) kwaye Isaladi kunye neTiggemann (2015) zisekwe kwisampulu efanayo. Okokugqibela, IVandenbosch ne-Eggermont (2012), IVandenbosch ne-Eggermont (2013), IVandenbosch ne-Eggermont (2014), IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont (2015a), Kunye IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont (2015b) zikwisampulu enye.
Imihlathi
Isibhengezo seMinqweno yeNgqobhoko: Umbhali (s) ubhengeze ukuba akukho kungqubana kwezinto ezinokubangela umdla malunga nophando, umbhali kunye / okanye ukupapashwa kweli nqaku.
Inkxaso: Umbhali (s) akafumananga nkxaso yemali yophando, ukubhala kunye / okanye ukupapashwa kweli nqaku.
Ucaphulo
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