Uphuhliso kunye nokuQinisekiswa kweSikali se-Bergen-Yale ye-Sex Addiction Scale kunye neSampuli enkulu yeSizwe (2018)

Ingqondo yangaphambili. 2018; 9: 144.

Ipapashwe kwi-2018 ye-Mar 8. doi: I-10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00144

PMCID: PMC5852108

UCecilie S. Andreassen,^1,^* Ståle Pallesen,¹ UMarko D. Griffiths,² Torbjørn Torsheim,¹ kwaye URajita Sinha³

Abstract

Umbono wokuba ingxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokugqithisileyo ("umlutha wesondo") luhlobo lokuziphatha kakubi lufumene ukuthenjwa ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa kusekho impikiswano enkulu malunga nokusetyenziswa kombono. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwezifundo zangaphambili zixhomekeke kwiisampulu ezincinci zeklinikhi. Uphononongo lwangoku lubonisa indlela entsha yokuvavanya umlutha wesondo-i-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS)-ngokusekwe kumacandelo e-addiction (okt, ukunyaniseka / ukunqwenela, ukuguqulwa kwemo, ukunyamezela, ukurhoxiswa, ukungqubuzana / iingxaki, kunye nokubuyela kwakhona / ilahleko. yolawulo). Ukusebenzisa uphando olunqamlekileyo, i-BYSAS ilawulwa kwisampulu ebanzi yesizwe yabantu abadala be-23,533 baseNorway [abaneminyaka eyi-16-88 iminyaka; thetha (± SD) ubudala = 35.8 ± 13.3 iminyaka], kunye nemilinganiselo eqinisekisiweyo yeempawu zobuntu eziMkhulu eziHlanu, i-narcissism, ukuzithemba, kunye nomlinganiselo wokuziphatha okukhobokisa ngokwesondo. Zomibini i-exploratory and a confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.046, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.996) ixhase isisombululo esisodwa, nangona ukuxhomekeka kwendawo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini (Izinto 1 kunye ne-2) zifunyenwe. Ngaphezu koko, isikali sasinokubambisana okuhle kwangaphakathi (iCronbach's α = 0.83). I-BYSAS inxibelelene kakhulu nesikali sereferensi (r = 0.52), kwaye ubonise iipatheni ezifanayo zokunyaniseka kunye nocalucalulo. I-BYSAS yayinxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo ne-extroversion, neuroticism, ingqondo / ukucinga, kunye ne-narcissism, kwaye inxulumene kakubi nokuba nesazela, ukuvuma, kunye nokuzithemba. Amanqaku aphezulu kwi-BYSAS ayexhaphake kakhulu phakathi kwabo babengamadoda, abangatshatanga, ababudala obuncinane, kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo. I-BYSAS lifutshane, kwaye lithembekile ngokwasengqondweni kunye nomlinganiselo osebenzayo wokuvavanya ukuba likhoboka lesondo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqinisekiswa okungaphezulu kwe-BYSAS kuyafuneka kwamanye amazwe kunye neemeko.

Internet: hypersexuality, umlutha ngokwesondo, uphuhliso lokulinganisa, isikali se-psychometric, imodeli yezinto ezintlanu zobuntu, i-narcissism, ukuzithemba, ukubalwa kwabantu

intshayelelo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje uphando malunga nokuziphatha okuneengxaki zesondo eziqhubekayo kunye neziqhubekayo ziye zanda (Kraus et al., 2016). Oku kungalawulekiyo, kugqithise, kwaye kuyingxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kuye kwachazwa kusetyenziswa iilebhile ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya (phakathi kwezinye) ubulili obugqithisileyo, isinyanzelo ngokwesondo, ukungalawuleki ngokwesondo, i-erotomania, i-nymphomania (kwabasetyhini), i-satyriasis (emadodeni), umlutha wesondo, kunye nokuxhomekeka ngokwesondo (Kafka, 2010; UKarila et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015; UWéry kunye noBillieux, 2017). Kubekho ingxoxo enkulu kwiminyaka emininzi malunga nokuba le ndlela yokuziphatha ijongwa kakuhle na njengokuphazamiseka okunyanzelekileyo, ukuba likhoboka, okanye ukuphazamiseka kokulawula impembelelo (uKarila et al., 2014; I-Piquet-Pessôa et al., 2014), kwaye ngenxa yoko ichazwe ngokweemodeli ezahlukeneyo zeengcamango (uCampbell noStein, 2015; Kingston, 2015).

Ekuvukeni kophando olutsha olucebisa ukuba isondo sinamandla okulutha-mhlawumbi zidityaniswe ziisekethe zobuchopho kunye nee-neurotransmitters ezaziwa ngokuba zibandakanyeka kumava omvuzo kunye nolonwabo-umbono womdla kwi-hypersexuality njengomlutha ukhule ngokukhawuleza (Holstege et al., 2003; UHamann et al., 2004; Indaoda elungile, 2008; I-Griffiths, 2012; I-Kor et al., 2013; UKarila et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015). Kule meko, "umlutha wesondo” kunokuchazwa njengokubandakanyeka kakhulu kwimisebenzi yezesondo (umzekelo, ukucinga, ukuphulula amalungu esini, ukwabelana ngesondo, iphonografi) kumajelo ohlukeneyo osasazo (i-cybersex, isini ngefowuni, njl.njl.). Ngaphezu koko, abo banemeko babika ukuba ukukhuthaza kwabo ngokwesondo akulawuleki, kwaye bachitha ixesha elininzi becinga kwaye bebandakanyeka kwizenzo zesondo ezichaphazela kakubi ezinye iindawo ezininzi ebomini babo.

"Umlutha wesondo" okwangoku awudweliswanga kwi-taxonomy yengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, i Ulwahlulo lwamazwe ngamazwe lweZifo (ICD-10; IWorld Health Organization, 1992), kubandakanywa ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini ngokugqithisileyo njengokuxilongwa, okwahlulwe kwi-satyriasis (yamadoda) kunye ne-nymphomania (yabasetyhini), ngelixa "isondo esinyanzelekileyo" ngoku sithathelwa ingqalelo (njengengxaki yokulawula impembelelo) ukuba ifakwe kwi-izayo ICD-11 (Sibonelelo et al., 2014). Uhlelo lwamva nje (lwesihlanu) lwe I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (DSM-5; Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika, 2013) iye yandisa ukuqatshelwa kwayo kweziyobisi ezingekho yimichiza (uPetry, 2015) ngokubandakanywa kweGambling Disorder njengokuziphatha kakubi ngaphakathi kwesicatshulwa esiphambili kunye ne-Intanethi yeGaming Disorder kwicandelo leZiphumo zesihlomelo (umqathango wokufunda ngakumbi). Nangona umlutha wesondo (ngendlela ye "hypersexual disorder") yacetywayo (Kafka, 2010) kwaye ivavanywe yi DSM-5 iqela lomsebenzi, kunye neseti yeendlela ezivavanyiweyo (iKafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012), yanqatshwa ngenxa yokungabikho kophando kwiikhrayitheriya zokuxilonga kunye nombono ohlukeneyo malunga nendlela yokuqonda ingxaki (iKafka, 2013; UCampbell noStein, 2015).

Ngokuhambelana noku, umda wophando lwangaphambili kukungabikho kwemvumelwano ngokubanzi malunga nendlela umlutha wesondo omele ugqitywe ngayo, uqondwe, kwaye uvavanywe (Reid, 2016). Ngaloo ndlela, uqikelelo lokuxhaphaka olungathembekiyo phakathi kwabangewona ummeli (ukulungeleka okukhethiweyo) iisampulu ezisuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-17% (kunye nangaphezulu) ziye zabikwa. Ngokumalunga nokuguquguquka kwabantu, uphando lubonise ubudlelwane obungaguqukiyo phakathi kokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo kunye nobudala obuncinci, isini samadoda, isikhundla esingatshatanga, kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo (kuphononongo lwamva nje bona iKafka, 2010; USussman et al., 2011; UKarila et al., 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015; UWéry kunye noBillieux, 2017). Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwaxoxwa ukuba abafazi bebengamelwanga kakhulu kweli candelo lophando, kwaye ngenxa yoko kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nepateni yabo yokulutha ngokwesondo (UDhuffar kunye noGriffiths, 2014, 2015; UKlein et al., 2014).

Uphando lunxulumanise umlutha wesondo kunye nezinto zobuntu ezimele ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha eziluthayo (Karila et al., 2014), kubandakanywa amanqanaba aphezulu e-extroversion kunye neuroticism kunye namanqanaba aphantsi okuziphatha kunye nokuvuma (iSchmitt, 2004; Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; UWalton et al., 2017). Ezi mpawu zibhekiselele kubuntu obufuna kakhulu imvakalelo, intshukumo ngokweemvakalelo, ngokuzenzekela, nabangacingeliyo, ngokuchaseneyo nokuba neqhosha eliphantsi, ukuzinza ngokweemvakalelo, ukuzibamba, nokuxhalabela imvisiswano yoluntu. Uphando olulinganiselweyo olusebenzisa imodeli yezinto ezintlanu zobuntu (iCosta kunye noMcCrae, 1992; IiWiggins, 1996) kulo mxholo ufumene ukuvuleka komkhwa kumava ukuba ahambelani nokulutha ngokwesondo (Schmitt, 2004; Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; UWalton et al., 2017). Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi kunokwenzeka ukuba "ubuntu benkululeko" abaxabisa amava "asemdeni" basengozini enkulu yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, kunabantu bemveli, abasondeleyo kunye nabalumkileyo (umzekelo, Elmquist et al., 2016). Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo okukhobokisayo kukwahlala kunxulunyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo ne-narcissism (Omnyama et al., 1997; URaymond et al., 2003; Kafka, 2010; Kasper et al., 2015) kwaye inxulumene kakubi nokuzithemba (Cooper et al., 1999, 2004; Delmonico kunye neGriffin, 2008; I-Kor et al., 2014; Doornwaard et al., 2016).

Umdla okhulayo "kwikhoboka lezesondo" zombini ngokwengqiqo nangobuchule uye wakhatshwa kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezixhobo ezifana noVavanyo lokuHlolwa kweSexual Addiction Screening (SAST; Carnes, 1989) kunye ne-SAST–Ihlaziyiwe (SAST–R; Carnes et al., 2010), Uluhlu lwemibuzo olufutshane lwe-PROMIS–sex subscale (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003), UMENDO¹ (UCarnes et al., 2012), kunye novavanyo olufutshane lwe-Intanethi lwe-Addiction (Oluncinci, 1998) iguqulelwe kwimisebenzi yezesondo kwi-intanethi (s-IAT-sex; Laier et al., 2013; Pawlikowski et al., 2013; UWéry et al., 2016a). Ngelixa ezinye izikali eziqinisekisiweyo ziye zaphuhliswa, zivavanya kwaye zicinga "i-hypersexuality" njengento enyanzelekileyo, engxamisekileyo, kunye / okanye i-disregulation disorder disorder (umzekelo, uKalichman noRompa, 1995; Coleman et al., 2001; Reid et al., 2011).

Izikali ezikhankanywe ngasentla zahluka kakhulu ngokwenkqubo yophuhliso, ubume bento, amanqaku asikiweyo, kunye neempawu zengqondo (Hook et al., 2010; UKarila et al., 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015; UWéry kunye noBillieux, 2017), kwaye ziye zaphandwa ngokuyinhloko kwiikliniki ezincinci ezingameli kunye neesampuli ezijoliswe kuzo (uKarila et al., 2014). Abanye baxhomekeke kakhulu kuluntu (umzekelo, indoda, ibhinqa, i-gay; Carnes, 1991; O'Hara kunye neCarnes, 2000; Carnes kunye ne-Weiss, 2002), ngelixa ezinye zijolise kakhulu kumxholo (umzekelo, ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-intanethi; Carnes et al., 2010; UWéry et al., 2016a). Izikali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu (umz., SAST-R, PATHOS) zikwabandakanya izinto ezingafanelekanga ngokubhekisele ekuchazeni ukuba likhoboka lesondo [okt, “Ngaba wakha waxhatshazwa ngokwesini usengumntwana okanye ukwishumi elivisayo?, ""Ngaba abazali bakho babenengxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesini?” (SAST; Carnes, 1989, iphepha 218–219), “Ngaba ukhe walufuna uncedo lwezesondo ongazithandiyo?” (I-PATHOS; Carnes et al., 2012, iphe. 11)]. I-SAST-R (Carnes et al., 2010) kunye ne-PATHOS (Carnes et al., 2012) sebenzisa ifomathi yokuphendula eyi-dichotomous ewe/hayi, ngelixa uphando olunamandla lucebisa ukuba uvavanyo oluyingxaki / oluqhubekayo lokuziphatha okunengxaki ngokwesondo kufuneka kube yinxalenye yovavanyo lwezonyango (Winters et al., 2010; Walters et al., 2011; UCarvalho et al., 2015). Izikali zangoku ezivavanya ukuziphatha okunengxaki ngokwesondo zidla ngokuba zinde. Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, Womack et al. (2013) ingxelo malunga nezinto ezingama-32.5 (SD = 34.2) xa uhlaziywa ngokucwangcisiweyo i-24 self-report imilinganiselo ye-hypersexuality. Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo asebenzayo kufuneka anelise iikhrayitheriya eziphambili (ezifana nobufutshane; Koronczai et al., 2011), ngakumbi phakathi kwabantu abangxamisekileyo abanokuthi baxabise kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yexesha elifutshane.

Umda omkhulu ngokuphikisanayo wemilinganiselo yangoku kukuba izinto ezivavanya indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ekhobokisayo azibonisi izinto eziphambili zokulutha (Brown, 1993; I-Griffiths, 2005). Ezo ndlela zisetyenzisiwe njengesakhelo sokuphuhlisa inani lezikali zengqondo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ezibandakanya umlutha womsebenzi (Andreassen et al., 2012a), ukuba likhoboka lemidlalo (uLemmens et al., 2009), umlutha wokuthenga (uAndreassen et al., 2015), ukusebenzisa umlutha (Terry et al., 2004), kunye nokulutha kwimidiya yoluntu (uAndreassen et al., 2016). Ngokuphathelele kumlutha wesondo, ezi mpawu ziya kuba: ubuchule / ukuthanda-Ukukhathazeka ngesondo okanye ukufunana ngesondo, ukuguquka kwemizweloUkuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokugqithisileyo kubangele utshintsho kwimoya, unyamezeloInani elincinci lezesondo emva kwexesha, ukurhoxisa-iimpawu ezingathandekiyo zomzwelo / zomzimba xa ungalalwanga ngesondo, ngqu zulwanoIingxaki zangaphakathi / ezingenasithandabuzo njengesiphumo esiqinileyo sesini, kwakhona-Buyisela kwiipateni zangaphambili emva kwexesha ngokuziyeka / ukulawula, kunye iingxakiImpilo enempilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo.

Izikali zangoku zikholisa ukubamba ezinye zezi mpawu zikhankanywe ngasentla, kodwa ungazigubungeli zonke (umz., PATHOS kunye ne-SAST-R). Esinye isizathu soku kukuba izikali eziye zaphuhliswa ngaphambili ziphefumlelwe iiseti ezintathu ezibalaseleyo zeendlela ezicetywayo ezichongiweyo kwiincwadi. Ezi zezi (i) Carnes' 1991 Iikhrayitheriya ezingabandakanyi ukurhoxa kunye nokuqina, (ii) uGoodman's (1998) iindlela ezingabandakanyi ukuguqulwa kwemo, kunye (iii) neenqobo zikaKafka (2010, 2013) ezingabandakanyi unyamezelo, ukuguqulwa kwemo, ukuqina, kunye nokurhoxa (uWéry noBillieux, 2017). Isikali se-s-IAT-sex (Laier et al., 2013; Pawlikowski et al., 2013; UWéry et al., 2016a) ibandakanya zonke iindlela ezingundoqo zokulutha, kodwa yaphuhliswa ngokukodwa ukuvavanya umlutha wesini kwi-intanethi kuphela. Ngelixa izicelo zale mihla ze-Intanethi zinokuququzelela kwaye ziphucule ukuvela kokuziphatha ngokwesondo okukhobokisayo ngenxa yezinto ezinje lula, ukungaziwa, ukufikeleleka, kunye nokungathinteli (Griffiths, 2012; UWéry kunye noBillieux, 2017), kukho imfuneko yovavanyo olufutshane kunye nolwengqondo lwengqondo olumisela ukuba likhoboka lesondo ngaphandle kwendawo, umxholo kunye nabemi.

Ukunika iziphumo ezikhankanywe ngasentla kunye neengxoxo-mpikiswano ebaleni, uphononongo lwangoku luphonononge iimpawu zengqondo zendlela entsha yokulutha ngokwesondo, iBergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS), equlathe izinto ezakhiwe ngokwesiseko seendlela eziphambili ezigxininisiweyo. kuyo yonke imikhwa eliqela yokuziphatha kwaye isebenzisa izikhokelo zokulutha ezimiselweyo ukuqaqambisa ubunyani bomxholo (Brown, 1993; I-Griffiths, 2005; Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika, 2013; UAndreassen et al., 2013). Bekulindeleke ukuba isixhobo esitsha sinxulunyaniswe nolwakhiwo olufanayo (okt, ukunyaniseka okuguquguqukayo) kwaye sinxibelelane kakubi kunye nolwakhiwo olungafaniyo (okt, ukuchaneka kocalucalulo; Nunnally kunye noBernstein, 1994). Iingcamango ezintandathu zavavanywa. Ezi yayizezi:

I-Hypothesis 1. I-BYSAS inokwakheka kwento enye enomthwalo ophezulu wokulayisha (> 0.60) kuzo zonke izinto zesikali, kunye nazo zonke izalathi (ingcambu ithetha imposiso yesikwere yoqikelelo [RMSEA] <0.06, isalathisi esilungeleyo esithelekisayo [CFI] kunye nesalathisi sikaTucker-Lewis [TLI] ] > 0.95; 1999) ebonisa ukufaneleka kwedatha elungileyo.
I-Hypothesis 2. I-BYSAS inongqinelwano oluphezulu lwangaphakathi (Cronbach's alpha > 0.80).
I-Hypothesis 3. I-BYSAS inxibelelana kakuhle nomnye umlinganiselo wokuziphatha okukhobokisayo ngokwesondo (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003).
I-Hypothesis 4. Amanqaku e-BYSAS anxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo nokuba yindoda, ungatshatanga kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo, kwaye ngokuphambeneyo ezinxulumene nobudala.
I-Hypothesis 5. Amanqaku e-BYSAS anxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo ne-neuroticism, extroversion, kunye nokuvuleleka, kwaye anxulumene kakubi nokuvuma kunye nokuba nesazela.
I-Hypothesis 6. Amanqaku e-BYSAS anxulumene ngokufanelekileyo ne-narcissism kwaye anxulumene kakubi nokuzithemba.

Impahla nenkqubo

Procedure

Idatha yaqokelelwa nge-web-based cross-sectional survey yokuvavanya ukuziphatha okugqithisileyo. Uphando lwasasazwa kuhlelo lwe-intanethi lwamaphephandaba amahlanu ahlukeneyo esizwe saseNorway ngexesha lentwasahlobo ka-2014. Ukuze bathathe inxaxheba, abaphenduli bayalelwa ukuba bacofe kwikhonkco elikwi-intanethi. Bonke abaphenduliweyo kufuneka babe neminyaka eyi-16 ubuncinane. Ulwazi malunga nophononongo lunikezelwe kwiphepha lewebhu. Abaphenduli baxelelwa ukuba baya kufumana ingxelo eyenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo ngokusekelwe kumanqaku abo kunye nokutolikwa okunxulumene nezikali ezininzi ekugqityweni kophando. Akukho nkuthazo yempahla/yemali inikezelweyo. Yonke idatha igcinwe kwiseva ebanjwe yinkampani elawula uphando olunjalo kubaphandi (www.surveyxact.no). Kwiveki enye emva kokuqaliswa kokufunda, yonke idatha eqokelelweyo yathunyelwa kwiqela lophando.

Bebonke, abantu abayi-23,533 bagqiba zonke izinto zovavanyo (kwaye zagcinwa ukuhlalutya). Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwakungokuzithandela, kungaziwa, kuyimfihlo, kunye nokungangeneleli, kwaye kwalandela izikhokelo zokuziphatha ze-Helsinki Declaration kunye noMthetho woPhando lwezeMpilo waseNorway. IBhodi yokuHlola yeZiko yeFaculty ye-Psychology, iYunivesithi yaseBergen, ivume isifundo.

nxaxheba

Ubudala obuphakathi babathathi-nxaxheba (N = 23,533) yayiyiminyaka eyi-35.8 (SD = 13.3), ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya kwi-88 iminyaka. Ngokubhekiselele kumaqela obudala afakiweyo, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba babeneminyaka eyi-16-30 (40.7%) elandelwa ngabaneminyaka engama-31-45 (35%), iminyaka engama-46-60 (19.8%), kunye nangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-60 (4.5%). %). Isampulu iqulethwe ngabasetyhini abayi-15,299 (65%) kunye namadoda angama-8,234 (35%). Ngokwemeko yobudlelwane, i-15,373 (65.3%) bebekubudlelwane ngoku (okt, betshatile, iqabane lomthetho, iqabane, isoka, okanye intombi) kunye nama-8,160 (34.7%) bebengengabo (okt, abangatshatanga, boqhawulo-mtshato, bohlukene, abahlolokazi. , okanye umhlolo). Ngokumalunga nemfundo, abangama-2,350 bagqibe isikolo esinyanzelekileyo (10%), abayi-5,949 bagqibe amabanga aphakamileyo (25.3%), abangama-3,989 bagqibe isikolo semisebenzi yezandla (17%), abangama-7,630 baneSidanga sokuQala (32.4%), abangama-3,343 baneSidanga seMasters. (14.2%), kunye nama-272 anezidanga zePhD (1.2%).

Amanyathelo

Amanani abantu

Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe imilinganiselo yento enye yeedemographics (okt, ubudala, isini, ubume bobudlelwane, imfundo ephakamileyo) ngokusebenzisa ifomathi yokuphendula evaliweyo.

Isikali se-Bergen-yale somlutha wesondo (BYSAS)

I-BYSAS yaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezintandathu zokulutha ezigxininiswe nguBrown (1993), Griffiths (2005), kunye ne-American Psychiatric Association (2013) okubandakanya ukunyaniseka, ukuguqulwa kwemo, ukunyamezela, iimpawu zokuyeka, iingxabano kunye nokubuyela emva / ukulahlekelwa kolawulo. Into enye yenziwe kwikhrayitheriya nganye. Ngokukodwa, iikhrayitheriya zibandakanya izinto ezinxulumene ne-salience / inkanuko (okt, ukuzixakekisa ngesondo / ukuphulula amalungu esini), ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo (oko kukuthi, isondo / i-masturbation iphucula isimo sengqondo), ukunyamezela (okt, isondo esingaphezulu / i-masturbation iyadingeka ukuze ukwaneliseke) , iimpawu zokuhoxiswa (oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa okanye ukukhutshwa kwesondo / ukuphulula amalungu esini kubangela ukungazinzi kunye neemvakalelo ezingathandekiyo), ingxabano / iingxaki (oko kukuthi, isondo / i-masturbation idala iingxabano kwaye ibangele uhlobo oluthile lwengxaki), kunye nokubuyela kwakhona / ukulahlekelwa kolawulo (okt, ukubuyela iipateni zakudala zesini / i-masturbation emva kwexesha lokulawula okanye ukungabikho). Amagama athile ezinto kunye neendlela ezizezinye zokuphendula zazisekwe kumagama kunye neendlela zokuphendula ezisetyenziswa kwizikali zokuvavanya ezinye iziyobisi zokuziphatha (Andreassen et al., 2012b). Ixesha elimiselweyo elichaphazelekayo kunyaka odlulileyo usebenzisa ifomathi yempendulo ye-5-point Likert (0 = kunqabile, 1 = nqabile, 2 = ngamaxesha athile, 3 = rhoqo, kunye no-4 = qho; ukubona Isihlomelo A uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto kunye neefomathi zokuphendula ze-BYSAS), inika amanqaku ahlanganisiweyo e-BYSAS ukusuka ku-0 ukuya kuma-24 (jonga kwiThebhile Itheyibhile1) .1). Ukuze usebenze ngokusebenza njenge "khoboka lesondo" kwisifundo esikhoyo, iimpawu kufuneka zibekho kwinqanaba elithile / ubukhulu [obuchazwa njengobuncinci be-3 (rhoqo) okanye 4 (qho)]. Oku kuhambelana nendlela yokunqunyulwa okuye kwasetyenziswa kwezinye izikali ezivavanya umlutha wokuziphatha (umzekelo, uLemmens et al., 2009; UAndreassen et al., 2012b). Ukongeza, inani elithile leenqobo (kaninzi ngaphezu kwesiqingatha) kwafuneka ukuba livunywe (apha "kaninzi" okanye "kaninzi kakhulu") ukuba lihlelwe njengomlutha (uMbutho weNgqondo waseMelika, 2013). Kule meko ubuncinci izinto ezine kwezintandathu ze-BYSAS ziye zavunywa ukuze kuthathwe umthathi-nxaxheba njengekhoboka lesondo. Ukufumana i-0 kumanqaku ahlanganisiweyo e-BYSAS achazwa ngokuthi "akukho mlutha wesondo" okubonakala kusengqiqweni njengoko aba bathathi-nxaxheba bephendula ngokuthi "akazange" kuzo zonke izinto ezintandathu. Amanqaku adityanisiweyo phakathi kwesi-1 kunye nesi-6 achazwa “njengengozi ephantsi yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo” njengoko aba bathathi-nxaxheba benokufumana amanqaku ngaphezulu kokusikwa kwizinto ezimbini kwezintandathu. Abo banamanqaku adityanisiweyo esi-7 okanye ngaphezulu kodwa abangayizalisekisi imilinganiselo yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo bachazwa ngokuba “nomngcipheko ophakathi wokulutha ngokwesondo”. Le leyibhile ibonakala ifanelekile njengoko ilingana nenqaku eliphakathi ngaphezulu kwe-1 kuzo zonke izinto ezintandathu.

1 Table

Ulwabiwo lwamanqaku, amanqaku aphakathi kunye nokutenxa okusemgangathweni (SD) kwizinto ezintandathu zeBergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) yamadoda (♂, n = 8,234), abafazi (♀, n = 15,299), kunye nesampulu epheleleyo (=) (N = 23,533).

izinto			Ukuphindaphinda (%)					Kuthetha	SD
Kukangaphi kulo nyaka uphelileyo...			0	1	2	3	4
1.	Uchithe ixesha elininzi ucinga ngesondo / i-masturbation okanye isondo esicwangcisiweyo? [BYSAS1 kubulumko—umnqweno]	♂ ♀ =	20.5 52.6 41.4	19.0 20.1 19.7	31.7 19.4 23.7	20.0 6.1 11.0	8.7 1.7 4.2	1.78 0.84 1.17	1.23 1.05 1.20
2.	Ngaba uziva unqwenela ukwenza i-masturbate / ukwabelana ngesondo ngakumbi nangakumbi? [BYSAS2 ngonyamezelo]	♂ ♀ =	26.4 58.7 47.4	24.3 19.9 21.4	28.4 15.4 20.0	14.8 4.7 8.3	6.1 1.3 3.0	1.50 0.70 0.98	1.20 0.98 1.13
3.	Usebenzisa isondo / i-masturbation ukuze ulibale malunga / ubaleke kwiingxaki zomntu? [BYSAS3 malunga nokulungiswa kwemo]	♂ ♀ =	59.3 76.6 70.6	17.5 11.8 13.8	14.4 8.4 10.5	5.7 2.4 3.5	3.1 0.8 1.6	0.76 0.39 0.52	1.09 0.80 0.93
4.	Wazama ukunciphisa isondo / i-masturbation ngaphandle kwempumelelo? [BYSAS4 ekubuyeleni-ukulahlekelwa lulawulo]	♂ ♀ =	67.0 92.2 83.4	16.3 5.3 9.2	10.6 1.6 4.7	4.2 0.6 1.8	1.9 0.3 0.9	0.58 0.11 0.28	0.97 0.45 0.71
5.	Ngaba ungaphumli okanye ukhathazeke ukuba uthintelwe kwisondo / ukuphulula amalungu esini? [BYSAS5 kwiimpawu zokurhoxa]	♂ ♀ =	53.0 81.5 71.5	21.0 10.1 13.9	16.4 6.0 9.6	6.8 1.8 3.5	2.8 0.6 1.4	0.85 0.29 0.49	1.10 0.71 0.91
6.	Ngaba uye wabelana ngesondo kakhulu kangangokuba kube nefuthe elibi kubudlelwane bakho babucala, uqoqosho, impilo okanye umsebenzi, izifundo? [BYSAS6 kungquzulwano-iingxaki]	♂ ♀ =	87.1 96.3 93.0	7.8 2.5 4.4	3.3 0.8 1.7	1.0 0.3 0.5	0.9 0.1 0.4	0.21 0.05 0.11	0.63 0.31 0.46

Vula kwifestile eyahlukileyo

Isikali sasisusela ku-0—“kunqabile kakhulu” ukuya kwisi-4—“kaninzi kakhulu.” Amanqaku adibeneyo adibeneyo kwisampuli yonke yi-3.54 (SD = 4.14). Uluhlu lwamanqaku ahlanganisiweyo 0–24.

Ikhweshine emfutshane ye-PROMIS—i-sex subscale

Uxwebhu lwemibuzo olufutshane lwe-PROMIS [SPQ; UChristo et al., 2003 (Iphepha lemibuzo le-PROMIS; Lefever, 1988)] ngumlinganiselo we-psychometrically oqinisekisiweyo we-16 (imichiza kunye ne-non-chemical) ukuziphatha okukhobokisayo, kubandakanywa nesondo (umzekelo, uHaylett et al., 2004; UPallanti et al., 2006; MacLaren kunye neNgcono, 2010, 2013). Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe i-sex subscale ye-SPQ usebenzisa isikali se-6-point [0 = andithandi tu kunye ne-5 = abaninzi abafana nam; Izinto ezili-10: M = 13.44, SD = 7.14, α = 0.90; isampula into: "Bendizakuthatha ithuba lolala ngesondo nangona bendikhe ndalala nomnye umntu”(Yabona Isihlomelo B kuluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto)]. I-sex subscale ye-SPQ (emva koku ebizwa ngokuba yi-SPQ-S) ivavanya imiba ethile yokufuna umvuzo kunye nokunyanzeliswa, kubandakanya nokuziphatha okunokubakho kunye neempawu zokuphazamiseka ngokwesondo. Nangona kunjalo, ivavanya kuphela utyekelo lokulutha kwiintlobano zesini / imisebenzi (kunye nabanye), kwaye ayibandakanyi iindlela eziphambili zokulutha. Izinto ze-10 ze-SPQ-S zaguqulelwa kwisiNgesi ukuya kwisiNorway ngokwahlukileyo ngababhali baseNorway besifundo esikhoyo.

Isihlanu esikhulu

I-Mini-International Personality Item Pool (i-Mini-IPIP; uDonnelan et al., 2006) yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubuntu, kwaye iyinto eyamkelekileyo ngokwasengqondweni kunye nomlinganiselo omfutshane oluncedo kwiBig Five factor (iCosta noMcCrae, 1992; IiWiggins, 1996). Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe i-20-item Mini-IPIP usebenzisa isikali se-5-point (1 = ayichanekanga kakhulu kunye ne-5 = echanileyo)—izinto ezine zezinga ngalinye kula alandelayo: i-extroversion (umz., “Thetha nabantu abaninzi abohlukeneyo emathekweni"; M = 14.47, SD = 3.65, α = 0.81), ukuvumelana (umz., “Zive iimvakalelo zabanye"; M = 16.32, SD = 2.95, α = 0.76), isazela (umz., “Njengomyalelo"; M = 14.90, SD = 3.22, α = 0.70), i-neuroticism (umz., “Ucaphuka ngokulula"; M = 11.81, SD = 3.54, α = 0.73), kunye nengqondo/intelekelelo (umz., “Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ocacileyo"; M = 14.26, SD = 3.14, α = 0.69), le yokugqibela ifana nokuvuleka kokwakha.

I-Narcissism

I-Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 [NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006 (NPI; Raskin noTerry, 1988)] ngumlinganiselo osebenzayo ngokwasengqondweni we-subclinical narcissism (umzekelo, uKonrath et al., 2014). Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe i-NPI-16 ngokusebenzisa i-5-point Likert scale (1 = vu melani kunye ne-5 = Ndivuma kakhulu; Izinto ezili-16 [umz., “Ndiyakwazi ukuqhayisa ukuba ndilifumene ithuba”]: M = 44.12, SD = 10.11, α = 0.89). Okukhona amanqaku aphezulu, kokukhona umntu enarcissistic. Amanqaku ewonke aye adityaniswa kakhulu kunye nokulinganisa kweengcali ze-narcissistic personality disorder (uMiller noCampbell, 2008).

Ubuwena

I-Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) sisixhobo esisebenzayo ngokwasengqondweni kuvavanyo lokuzithemba (umzekelo, uHuang noDong, 2012). Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe i-RSES ngokusebenzisa i-4-point Likert scale (0 = Ndivuma kakhulu kunye ne-3 = vu melani; Izinto ezili-10 [umz., “Lilonke, ndityekele ekuziboneni ndisilele","Ndiyakwazi ukwenza izinto njengabanye abantu abaninzi”]: M = 29.23, SD = 5.34, α = 0.89). I-RSES ivavanya ukuzithemba njengolwakhiwo olunye, kwaye yenzelwe ukumela umlinganiselo wehlabathi wokuzixabisa komthathi-nxaxheba. Ilinganisa zombini iimvakalelo ezintle kunye nezingalunganga malunga nesiqu sakho. Ezi ngxelo zintlanu zincomekayo zaphinda zabhalwa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amanqaku adityanisiweyo aphezulu abonakalisa ukuzithemba okuphezulu.

Uhlalutyo lwedatha

Ubukhulu be-BYSAS bavavanywa ngokudityaniswa kokuhlola (EFA) kunye nohlalutyo lwento eqinisekisayo (CFA), oluqhutywe ngokwahlukileyo kulwahlulo olungakhethiyo lwesampulu epheleleyo. Injongo yohlalutyo lophononongo yayikukuvavanya ulwakhiwo lulonke lwezinto ezibandakanyiweyo, kugxininise ngakumbi ekufumaneni ukutenxa kulwakhiwo olulindelekileyo olungenamda jikelele. Injongo ye-CFA yayikukuvavanya ukulunga kokulingana kwemodeli yomlinganiselo olinganayo we-BYSAS. Kwi-EFA, iikhrayitheriya zokukhutshwa kwezinto zazilula kakhulu (VSS) (i-Revelle kunye ne-Rocklin, 1979), kunye neVelicer (1976) ubuncinci be-avareji yeenkcukacha-manani (MAP). Ukujikeleza kwe-bifactor (uJennrich noBentler, 2011) yasetyenziswa. Ukujikeleza kwe-bifactor kwenza ukuhlukana kwezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezinto ezithile. Njengoko kuphawuliwe nguReise et al. (2007), imodeli ye-bifactor iluncedo ngokukhethekileyo njengendlela yokufumanisa ukuphulwa kokungahambelani. Kumxholo wokuvavanya iimodeli zokulinganisa unidimensional, ubukho bezinto ezithile kwimodeli ye-bifactor luphawu lokuxhomekeka kwendawo ngaphakathi kwendawo. Imiba ethile enjalo inokuba nomdla omkhulu, kodwa imele ukunyhashwa komlinganiselo omnye.

Iziphumo ezivela kwi-EFA-isampulu zondliwa kuvavanyo lwe-CFA lwemodeli engafaniyo kulwahlulo lwesibini lwesampulu. Eyona njongo iphambili ye-CFA yayikukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwemodeli yomlinganiselo ongeyonxalenye ye-BYSAS, kunye nokuvavanya ucalucalulo kunye nolwazi olusuka kwiseti yezinto ezibandakanyiweyo. Ulungelelwaniso lwemodeli yehlabathi luvavanyiwe ngeMplus robust enobunzima obuncinane boqikelelo lwesikwere. Ingcambu ye-square ye-square ye-approximation (RMSEA), i-comparative fit index (CFI) kunye ne-Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) isetyenziswe njengezalathi ze-global model fit. Ukulingana kakuhle, la maxabiso kufuneka abe <0.06,> 0.95, kunye> 0.95, ngokulandelanayo (uHu kunye noBentler, 1999). Sithelekise iiklasi ezimbini zethiyori yempendulo yento engadityaniswanga (IRT): Imodeli yetyala yeRasch (iiMasters, 1982), kunye nemodeli yempendulo ehleliweyo (Samejima, 1997). Ukuvavanya into efanelekile kwimodeli yetyala leRasch, siye savavanya ukufaneleka kunye nempahla yesikwere (iWright kunye neeMasters, 1982). Ngokwemigangatho eqhelekileyo yophando lophando, i-infit, kunye ne-outfit mean squares (MSQ) kufuneka ibe kuluhlu lwe-0.6 ukuya ku-1.4 (Wright kunye neLinacre, 1994), kodwa namanani kuluhlu lwe-0.5 ukuya kwi-1.5 inokubonwa "njengemveliso yokulinganisa" (i-Linacre, 2002). Ixabiso elingaphantsi kwe-1 lithetha ukuba iimpendulo zento ziqikeleleke kakhulu (i-overfit), kanti ixabiso elingentla kwe-1 lithetha ukuba iimpendulo zedatha azikhethi (underfit). I-infit MSQ ilinganiselwa ukuba ulwazi olusondeleyo kwinto ekujoliswe kuyo okanye umntu afumane ubunzima obuninzi.

Ukuvavanya ukungaguquguquki, ukusebenza kwento eyahlukileyo (i-DIF) kuwo wonke isini kunye namaqela eminyaka yavavanywa kusetyenziswa indlela enyanzelweyo yokwehla, njengoko iphunyeziwe kwiphakheji ye-R mirt (Chalmers, 2012). Kuhlalutyo lwe-DIF izinto bezinyanzelwa ekuqaleni ukuba zibe nocalucalulo olulinganayo kunye nemigangatho kumaqela onke. Izithintelo ngokweenkcukacha-manani zaye zakhululwa ngokulandelelanayo, kusetyenziswa izinto eziseleyo njengezinto ze-ankile. Le nkqubo yokwehla ngokulandelelanayo yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwisini, ukuphatha amadoda njengeqela eligxininisekileyo, kunye nabasetyhini njengeqela lereferensi. Inkqubo efanayo yaphindwa kumaqela eminyaka ubudala, ukuphatha abantu abadala bokuqala (i-16-39 iminyaka) njengeqela lokubhekisela kunye nomdala ophakathi / osekupheleni kwexesha (iminyaka eyi-40-88) njengeqela eligxininisekileyo. Ulwahlulo lweqela lobudala lwenziwa njengolungelelwano phakathi koluhlu lweminyaka yobudala (i-24 vs. 49 iminyaka) kunye nenani labathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela (61.8% vs. 38.2%). Ekugqibeleni, impembelelo ye-DIF yamanqaku ovavanyo yavavanywa ngokusebenza kovavanyo oluhlukeneyo (DTF) njengoko kuchazwe nguMeade (2010), kwaye iphunyezwe nguChalmers et al. (2015).

Olunye uhlalutyo lwenziwe nge-SPSS, inguqulo 22. I-BYSAS yavavanywa ngokwemiqathango yokuvumelana kwangaphakathi (i-alpha coefficient kaCronbach) kwaye yalungisa ulungelelwaniso lwento yonke, emva kokuguqula izinto eziguquguqukayo zibe ngamanqanaba ukuze kuthintelwe iziphumo eziphenjelelwa kukutyeba (Greer). okqhubekayo., 2006). I-Correlation coefficients ibalwe ukuze kuhlolwe unxulumano phakathi kwazo zonke izifundo eziguquguqukayo; r ngaphezulu kwe-0.1, 0.3, kunye ne-0.5 zatolikwa njengeempembelelo ezincinci, eziphakathi kunye nobukhulu obukhulu, ngokulandelanayo (Cohen, 1988). Umahluko kumanqaku aphakathi kwezinto ze-BYSAS phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini zibaliwe; Cohen's d amaxabiso e-0.2, 0.5, kunye ne-0.8 achazwe njengeempembelelo ezincinci, eziphakathi kunye nezikhulu, ngokulandelanayo (Cohen, 1988).

Ekuphandeni izinto ezinxulumene nokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, uhlalutyo lwe-regression multinomial lwenziwa ngokusekwe kwinqanaba elithi "akukho mlutha wesondo" (amanqaku e-zero) udidi (33.8% yesampulu) njengesalathiso. "Umngcipheko ophantsi wokulutha ngokwesondo" (amanqaku e-1-6) ubandakanya udidi lwesibini (i-46.3% yesampulu), "umngcipheko wokulutha ngokwesondo ophakathi" (amanqaku esi-7 okanye ngaphezulu) ubandakanya udidi lwesithathu (19.1% yesampulu), kunye "nomlutha wesondo" (amanqaku e-3 okanye e-4 ubuncinane kwiikhrayitheriya ezintandathu ze-BYSAS) zibandakanya udidi lwesine (0.7% yesampulu). Izinto ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo zazibandakanya isini, ubudala, isimo sobudlelwane, inqanaba lemfundo, i-five personality subscales ye-Mini-IPIP, kunye namanqaku kwi-NPI-16 kunye ne-RSES. Imfundo yafakwa kwikhowudi ebonisa ukuba elona candelo likhulu (okt, isidanga seBachelor) libe necandelo lereferensi. Kuhlalutyo, uguquko oluzimeleyo ngalunye lufakwe ngaxeshanye. Xa i-95% i-interval yokuzithemba (CI) ingabandakanyi i-1.00, umphumo uthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo.

Yiya e:

iziphumo

Ukwakhiwa kunye nophuhliso lwesikali

itafile Table11 ibonisa iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zeempendulo kwizinto ezintandathu ze-BYSAS. Amanqaku aphakathi kwisampulu yayiyi-3.54 ngaphandle kwe-24 (SD = 4.14). Amanqaku 1 (BYSAS₁: ukunyameka/ukufuna) kunye no-2 (BYSAS₂: ukunyamezela) ziye zavunywa rhoqo kudidi oluphezulu lokulinganisa kunezinye izinto. Amadoda afumene amanqaku aphezulu kunabasetyhini kuzo zonke izinto ezintandathu ze-BYSAS, kunye nobungakanani besiphumo (Cohen's d) Umahluko kwinqaku elithetha amanqaku phakathi kwesini laliyi-0.84 ye-salience / inkanuko (enkulu), i-0.75 yokunyamezela (inkulu), i-0.41 yokuguqulwa kwemood (ephakathi-encinci), i-0.69 yokubuyela kwakhona / ukulahlekelwa kolawulo (oluphakathi-olukhulu), I-0.65 yokuhoxiswa (ephakathi-enkulu), kunye ne-0.36 yeengxabano / iingxaki (eziphakathi-ezincinci).

I-EFA icebise ukutsalwa kwento enye ngokwekhrayitheriya ye-VSS, kodwa izinto ezimbini ngokwekhrayitheriya ye-MAP yeVelicer. Ukujikeleza kwe-bifactor yesisombululo sezinto ezimbini kutyhile into eyomeleleyo ngokubanzi kuzo zonke izinto ezintandathu ezinokulayisha kuluhlu lwe-0.70 (BYSAS₁) ukuya ku-0.86 (BYSAS₄ kunye ne-BYSAS₆) kunye nenye into eyongezelelweyo evela kwi-BYSAS₁ kunye ne-BYSAS₂. Umba othile unokutolikwa njengokuxhomekeka kwendawo phakathi kwe-BYSAS₁ kunye ne-BYSAS₂, kwaye imele ukwaphulwa kwe-unidimensionality.

Ngokuhambelana neziphumo ezivela kwi-EFA, imodeli yento enye enemigaqo yempazamo ehambelanayo ye-BYSAS¹ kunye ne-BYSAS² yavavanywa kwi-CFA kunye ne-Mplus robust enobunzima obuncinci boqikelelo lwedatha yoluhlu. Ulwazi olulinganiselweyo olufanelekileyo lweenkcukacha-manani olusuka kwi-Mplus robust olunobuncinci loqikelelo lwesikweri lubonise i-RMSEA ye-0.046 [90% CI = 0.041, 0.051], i-CFI ye-0.998, kunye ne-TLI ye-0.996, ebonisa ukulunga okuphezulu phakathi kwemodeli yomba omnye. kunye nedatha. Umzobo Umfanekiso11 ibonisa ulayisho olusekwe kwisampulu eqinisekisayo (n = 11,766).

Ifayile yangaphandle ephethe umfanekiso, umzekeliso, njl njl. Igama le-fpsyg-09-00144-g0001.jpg

Vula kwifestile eyahlukileyo

Umzobo 1

Ubume bemeko yeBergen–Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) ebonisa ukulayisha okusemgangathweni kwesampulu yeCFA (n = 11,766).

Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukudibana phakathi kwe-BYSAS₁ kunye ne-BYSAS₂ kwiimodeli ze-IRT ezingaqhelekanga, uvavanyo lwesambuku se-BYSAS₁ kunye ne-BYSAS₂ yakhiwa. Njengoko izinto zangoku bezigqwethekile kakhulu, uqikelelo lwetheta lwalusekwe kwindlela ye-histogram yobugcisa (uWoods, 2007). Itafile Table22 ibonisa i-infit kunye ne-outfit mean squares (MSQ) ukusuka kwimodeli yokuthenga ngetyala. Zonke i-infit mean squares zazikuluhlu olufunwayo lwe-0.6 ukuya kwi-1.4 (Wright kunye neLinacre, 1994; Bond kunye Fox, 2015). Impahla eqatshelweyo ye-MSQ yezinto ezintathu yayingaphantsi kunoluhlu olumiselweyo lwe-0.6 ukuya kwi-1.4 kuphando lophando, kodwa lwalusekuluhlu oluthathwa ngokuba "lunemveliso yokulinganisa" (Linacre, 2002). Impahla yokuvavanya i-MSQ yayiyi-0.46. Isinxibo somda amaxabiso eMSQ anokubonisa iqondo elithile lokungafuneki komxholo kwi-testlet. Oko kukuthi, kwinqanaba elinikiweyo lamanqaku, kukho ukungaguquguquki okuphezulu kuzo zonke izinto ngababini, kunye neempendulo "ezingalindelekanga" ezimbalwa kakhulu. Ixabiso le-MSQ elingenalo liqhelekileyo lisondele kwixabiso elilindelekileyo le-1, kwaye lingabonakalisa ukuba, nangona iimpendulo zihambelana kakhulu, azizange zinqume kwingqiqo ye-Guttman yokulandelelana ngokungqongqo kweempendulo zezinto kulo lonke uphawu. Uluhlu oluqatshelweyo lwamaxabiso okufaneleka kunye nempahla lubonise ukuba izinto ze-BYSAS zihambelana ngokufanelekileyo nezo ziqikelelwe yimodeli yetyala eyinxenye yeRasch. Sekunjalo, imodeli efanelekileyo yayingcono ngeengcinga ezikhululekileyo zemodeli yempendulo ehleliweyo, xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli yekhredithi ye-Rasch (i-Akaikes ulwazi lwekhrayitheriya ye-PCM = 95155; imodeli yolwazi ye-Akaikes imodeli yempendulo yomgangatho = 94843).

2 Table

Amanani afanelekileyo ento esuka kwimodeli yetyala elingaphelelanga leRasch.

umcimbi	Ingena MSQ	z.okungafanelekanga	Isinxibo seMSQ	z.isinxibo
NGENXA YE3	0.937	-3.430	0.696	-6.951
NGENXA YE4	0.942	-2.326	0.556	-7.082
NGENXA YE5	0.809	-10.684	0.575	-10.284
NGENXA YE6	0.916	-2.063	0.502	-6.545
Testlet BYSAS1 kunye 2	0.647	-26.029	0.459	-34.167

I-BYSAS, i-Bergen-Yale i-Sex Addiction Scale; MSQ, ithetha isikwere.

itafile Table33 ibonisa iziphumo zovavanyo lokusebenza kwezinto ezahlukeneyo (DIF), kunye nefuthe eliqikelelweyo le-DIF kumanqaku ento kunye namanqaku ewonke alindelekileyo (uvavanyo olusebenzayo; DTF). Uluhlu lokuqala lubonisa utshintsho kwi-chi-square xa ukhulula iingqikelelo zemithambeka engaguquguqukiyo kunye nezithinteli. Uvavanyo lokwehla olulandelelanayo lwento esebenzayo ngokwesini lubonise ukuba i-BYSAS₃ kunye ne-BYSAS₄ isebenze ngokwahlukileyo kumadoda nabasetyhini, ngokuhla okubalulekileyo kwi-chi-square xa kukhulula imiqobo engaguqukiyo [BYSAS₃: Chi-square (5) = 314.08, p < 0.001; I-BYSAS₄: Chi-square (5) = 228.36, p < 0.001]. I-DIF ngokweqela lobudala ichongiwe BYSAS₃ kunye ne-BYSAS₄ njengezinto ezisebenza ngokwahlukileyo ngokwamaqela obudala [BYSAS₃: I-Chi-square (5) = 67.28; I-BYSAS₄: I-Chi-square (5) = 54.33]. Kwezinye izinto, imiqobo yemodeli yayingabalulekanga, ebonisa ukuba ukucinga ngokungafaniyo kwezi zinto kwakuhambelana neenkcukacha. Ngoko ke, i-BYSAS yanelisa uqikelelo lwe ukulingana kwe-scalar ngokuyinxenye ngokwesini kunye namaqela obudala.

3 Table

Uvavanyo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusebenza kovavanyo olwahlukileyo.

	LRT DIF	df	SIDS/STDS	ESSD/ETSSD
ISINI (REF. REF.)
NGENXA YE3	314.083	5	-0.281	-0.360
NGENXA YE4	228.358	5	0.193	0.335
Amanqaku apheleleyo empembelelo			-0.088	-0.022
IQELA LABADALA (ABADALA ABADALA IREF.)
NGENXA YE3	67.289	5	0.022	0.04
NGENXA YE4	54.334	5	-0.018	-0.05
Amanqaku apheleleyo empembelelo			0.004	0.001

LRT, uvavanyo lokunokwenzeka-umyinge; DIF, ukusebenza kwento eyahlukileyo; I-SIDS, umahluko wento esayiniweyo kwisampulu; STDS, umahluko wovavanyo esayiniweyo kwisampulu; I-ESSD, amanqaku alindelekileyo umahluko osemgangathweni; ETSSD, amanqaku ovavanyo olulindelekileyo umahluko osemgangathweni.

Ikholamu yesithathu neyesine yeTheyibhile Table33 ibonisa ubungakanani besiphumo se-DIF kunye ne-DTF ye-BYSAS₃ kunye ne-BYSAS₄, ishwankathelwe ngomahluko wento esayiniweyo kwisampulu (SIDS/STDS) kunye nomlinganiselo olindelekileyo wamanqaku asemgangathweni (ESSD/ETSSD). Kwinqanaba elifanayo lophawu, umndilili weyunithi umahluko phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini yayingu--0.36 ye-BYSAS₃ kunye ne-0.335 ye-BYSAS₄. Kwinqanaba lovavanyo, ezi ziphumo zichaseneyo ziye zarhoxisa enye kwenye, kunye novavanyo olungafaniyo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto olulindelekileyo lwamanqaku ashwankathelweyo. Ngokufanayo, kwi-DIF ngokweqela lobudala, isiphumo se-BYSAS₃ kunye ne-BYSAS₄ bezikwicala elahlukileyo, zirhoxisa isiphumo sisonke. Abantu abadala abancinci bafumene amanqaku angama-0.04 aphezulu kwi-BYSAS₃, kunye neeyunithi ezisemgangathweni eziyi-0.05 ezisezantsi kwi-BYSAS₄ xa kuthelekiswa neqela labantu abadala eliphakathi/lasemva kwexesha. Kwinqanaba lovavanyo, impembelelo ye-DIF yayiyi-0.0001 kuphela iyunithi eqhelekileyo, ecebisa ukuba i-DIF eqatshelweyo ye-BYSAS₃ kunye ne-BYSAS₄ khange ibenampembelelo kwinqanaba lilonke lamanqaku. Ukushwankathela, nangona i-DIF yajongwa kwizinto ezimbini, impembelelo kwinqanaba lovavanyo (DTF) yayincinci kakhulu okanye ingahoywa. Iigophe zolwazi lovavanyo lwamadoda nabafazi zibonisiwe kuMfanekiso Umfanekiso2.2. Eli nani libonisa ukuba i-BYSAS yayinolwazi oluninzi kumanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu okukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo (theta) yamadoda nabasetyhini, kodwa ulwazi oluncinci kakhulu kumanqanaba asezantsi okukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo.

Umzobo 2

Iigophe zolwazi lovavanyo ukusuka kwimodeli yempendulo yoqikelelo lweBergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (n = 11,766).

Ukuthembeka kunye nokuhambelana kwangaphakathi kwe-BYSAS

I-alpha ye-Cronbach ye-BYSAS yayiyi-0.83, kwaye i-team-total coefficients yokulungelelaniswa kwento ku-1 ukuya ku-6 yayiyi-0.69 (BYSAS₁: ubuqili/umnqweno), 0.74 (BYSAS₂: ukunyamezela), 0.62 (BYSAS₃: ukuguqulwa kwemo), 0.57 (BYSAS₄: ukubuyela kwakhona / ukulahlekelwa kolawulo), 0.66 (BYSAS₅: iimpawu zokurhoxisa), kunye ne-0.42 (BYSAS₆: impixano/iingxaki), ngokulandelelanayo.

Ukuqinisekiswa okuguquguqukayo kunye nocalucalulo

I-coefficient yonxulumano phakathi kwamanqaku ahlanganisiweyo e-BYSAS kunye ne-sex subscale ye-SPQ yayingu-0.52. Itheyibhile Table44 ibonisa ukuba zombini izikali zibonise iipateni ezifanayo ezihambelanayo kunye nezinye iinguqu ezihlolwe kuphononongo. I-zero-order coefficients coefficients phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zokufunda ukusuka ku--0.53 (phakathi kokuzithemba kunye neuroticism) ukuya kwi-0.52 (phakathi kwe-BYSAS kunye ne-SPQ-S).

4 Table

I-Zero-order coefficients coefficients (i-Pearson product-moment corelation, point-biserial corelation, phi-coefficient) phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo.

	Iintlobo	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1	I-BYSAS	-
2	SPQ–S	0.519
3	Gender _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	-0.377	-0.252
4	ubudala	-0.190	-0.086	0.031
5	Ulwalamano^a	0.090	0.078	-0.065	-0.218
6	Isikolo samabanga aphantsi	0.046	0.014	-0.028	-0.205	0.149
7	Isikolo esiphakamileyo	0.036	0.027	0.015	-0.197	0.094	-0.194
8	Ikhefu lesikolo	0.028	0.028	-0.123	0.138	-0.049	-0.150	-0.263
9	isidanga sebhatshela	-0.051	-0.032	0.095	0.118	-0.081	-0.231	-0.403	-0.313
10	Isidanga semasters	-0.040	-0.029	0.015	0.097	-0.073	-0.136	-0.237	-0.184	-0.282
11	PhD degree	-0.014	-0.010	-0.018	0.057	-0.035	-0.036	-0.063	-0.049	-0.075	-0.044
12	Ukuxubusha	0.014	0.091	0.088	0.013	-0.064	-0.050	-0.019	-0.021	0.049	0.024	-0.001
13	Ukungqinelana	-0.151	-0.147	0.343	0.048	-0.048	-0.049	-0.017	-0.060	0.073	0.031	0.001	0.296
14	Unembeza	-0.208	-0.155	0.143	0.200	-0.130	-0.085	-0.052	0.052	0.033	0.041	-0.010	0.093	0.131
15	nezigulo	0.086	0.025	0.234	-0.116	-0.005	0.059	0.041	-0.021	-0.024	-0.041	-0.022	-0.098	0.093	-0.157
16	Ubukrelekrele/intelekelelo	0.093	0.075	-0.105	-0.036	0.043	-0.045	-0.042	-0.066	0.026	0.109	0.062	0.163	0.116	-0.116	-0.003
17	I-Narcissism	0.213	0.213	-0.219	-0.125	-0.003	-0.023	-0.039	-0.049	0.034	0.067	0.009	0.370	-0.075	0.026	-0.150	0.196
18	Ubuwena	-0.092	-0.016	-0.140	0.154	-0.125	-0.124	-0.104	0.017	0.072	0.109	0.037	0.315	0.055	0.296	-0.530	0.113	0.416

Vula kwifestile eyahlukileyo

N = 23,533. I-BYSAS, iBergen–Yale iSikali sokuXhumeka ngokweSini; I-SPQ-S, i-Questionnaire emfutshane ye-PROMIS-Isikali sesondo.

^a1 = kubudlelwane, 2 = hayi kubudlelwane.

−0.012 ≤ r ≤ 0.012—ns, −0.016 ≤ r ≤ −0.013 okanye 0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.016—p <0.05, −0.017 ≥ −0.017 ≥0.01 - .

Ubudlelwane nedemographics, ezinkulu ezintlanu, narcissism, kunye nokuzithemba

Iinguqu ezizimeleyo zichaze i-23.0% (ifomula ye-Cox-Snell) yomahluko kumngcipheko wokulutha ngokwesondo (26.0% ngokwefomula yeNagelkerke; bona iTheyibhile Itheyibhile5) .5). Amathuba okuba yinxalenye "yengozi ephantsi yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo", "umngcipheko ophakathi wokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo" kunye neendidi "zokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo" zaziphezulu emadodeni kunabasetyhini. Ubudala babunxulumene ngokungafaniyo nenqanaba lokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo. Ukungabi kubudlelwane kuye kwandisa amathuba okuba yinxalenye “yemingcipheko yesondo ephakathi”. Imfundo yamabanga aphantsi iwathobe amathuba okuba "kwingozi ephantsi yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo" kunye neendidi "zomngcipheko wokwabelana ngesondo ophakathi". Ukuba nesidanga se-Master's kwehlise amathuba okuba yinxalenye "yomngcipheko ophakathi wokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo" ngelixa unesidanga se-PhD sonyusa amathuba okuba yinxalenye "yokukhotyokiswa sisini". I-Extroversion yonyusa amathuba okuba yinxalenye yamacandelo amathathu aphezulu okukhotyokiswa ngokwesini, ngelixa ukuba nesazela kuyehlisa amathuba ahambelanayo. Imvumelwano yehlise amathuba okuba yinxalenye yodidi “lokukhotyokiswa sisini”. I-Neuroticism yonyusa amathuba okuba yinxalenye "yemingcipheko yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo ephakathi" kunye neendidi "zokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo". Ubukrelekrele/intelekelelo yayanyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo nokuba "kwingozi ephantsi yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo" kunye neendidi "zomngcipheko wokwabelana ngesondo ophakathi". Ukuzithemba kwakunxulumene ngokungafaniyo neendidi zokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo. Okokugqibela, i-narcissism yayinxulunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo nokuba yinxalenye yamacandelo amathathu aphezulu omlutha wesini.

5 Table

I-multinomial logistic regression ye-sex addiction (udidi lwereferensi: inqaku le-BYSAS le-0; OR = 1.00; n = 7,962).

	Umngcipheko ophantsi wokuba likhoboka lesondo (BYSAS amanqaku 1–6; n = 10,907)	Umngcipheko wokuba likhoboka lesondo eliphakathi (≥ 7/< 4 imilinganiselo izalisekile; n = 4,490)	Umngcipheko ophezulu wokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo-ukukhotyokiswa sisini (Ukuzalisekisa iikhrayitheriya ezi-4–6; n = 174)
Ukuhluka okuzimeleyo	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Gender _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	0.272 (0.250 - 0.295)	0.081 (0.073 - 0.090)	0.035 (0.023 - 0.051)
ubudala	0.982 (0.980 - 0.985)	0.968 (0.965 - 0.972)	0.956 (0.941 - 0.972)
Ulwalamano _{(1 = in, 2 = a ngekho)}	1.045 (0.977 - 1.118)	1.105 (1.010 - 1.210)	1.030 (0.738 - 1.437)
Education _{(ireferensi=Isidanga)}
Isikolo samabanga aphantsi	0.752 (0.669 - 0.845)	0.694 (0.595 - 0.809)	1.238 (0.740 - 2.071)
Isikolo esiphakamileyo	0.984 (0.906 - 1.069)	0.964 (0.860 - 1.080)	1.083 (0.680 - 1.727)
ikhefu lesikolo	1.034 (0.942 - 1.136)	1.066 (0.940 - 1.210)	1.299 (0.782 - 2.158)
Isidanga semasters	0.953 (0.867 - 1.047)	0.848 (0.740 - 0.971)	1.022 (0.554 - 1.884)
PhD degree	0.777 (0.587 - 1.030)	0.737 (0.493 - 1.102)	3.229 (1.071 - 9.734)
Ukuxubusha	1.030 (1.020 - 1.040)	1.045 (1.031 - 1.059)	1.059 (1.010 - 1.111)
Ukungqinelana	1.008 (0.995 - 1.020)	0.988 (0.973 - 1.004)	0.946 (0.900 - 0.995)
Unembeza	0.958 (0.948 - 0.969)	0.915 (0.903 - 0.928)	0.886 (0.844 - 0.930)
nezigulo	1.010 (0.999 - 1.021)	1.097 (1.081 - 1.113)	1.249 (1.183 - 1.319)
Ubukrelekrele/intelekelelo	1.015 (1.004 - 1.025)	1.025 (1.010 - 1.039)	1.002 (0.951 - 1.055)
Ubuwena	0.976 (0.968 - 0.984)	0.928 (0.918 - 0.939)	0.858 (0.829 - 0.888)
I-Narcissism	1.027 (1.023 - 1.030)	1.059 (1.054 - 1.065)	1.091 (1.072 - 1.111)

Vula kwifestile eyahlukileyo

Iziphumo ezibalulekileyo ezibhalwe ngqindilili. OKANYE, umlinganiselo wokungalingani; CI, ixesha lokuzithemba; I-BYSAS, i-Bergen-Yale isikali sokuXhuba ngokweSini.

Yiya e:

ingxoxo

Nangona ukuziphatha ngokwesondo okunengxaki kuye kwaxoxwa njengokumela ukuphazamiseka kokulutha, izixhobo zokuhlola eziphuhliswe ngaphambili ezivavanya ingxaki azibandakanyanga iindlela zokulutha. Ngenxa yoko, i-BYSAS yaphuhliswa ukuze koyiswe lo mda kwaye iimpawu zayo zengqondo ziye zavavanywa kwisampulu enkulu yesizwe. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komxholo, inkqubo yokwakha yayisekwe kumacandelo abonisa ngokwethiyori yonke imilinganiselo engundoqo yokulutha. Uhlalutyo olungqongqo lubonise ukuba i-BYSAS inee-psychometrics ezilungileyo, kwaye kuxoxwa ngayo apha ngezantsi.

Imodeli yento enye enonxibelelwano oluthile olongeziweyo phakathi kobunzima (BYSAS₁) kunye nokunyamezelana (BYSAS₂) amagama eempazamo azuze ukulunga okuphezulu kwidatha eboniweyo. Ngokwalo mzekelo, ukonyuka komlutha wesondo kwandisa amathuba okuba kuvumeleke uphawu ngalunye lweempawu eziphambili zokulutha, kwaye ukulayishwa kwezinto eziphezulu kubonise ukuba isalathisi ngasinye sicofa ulwazi malunga nokulutha. Ngelixa ucebisa into enye elawulayo, ukuxhomekeka kwendawo phakathi kokuqina kunye nokunyamezela kufuna ingqalelo ethile. Ukuthathela ingqalelo umxholo wezi zinto zimbini, ulungelelwaniso olushiyekileyo alukho malunga nokungaguquguquki okusengqiqweni, kodwa kunokubonakalisa ukudibana okuthe ngqo kwenkuthazo, kuba ubukrelekrele bunokuba negalelo ekwandeni kwenkanuko yesini. Kumxholo wolawulo lwesikali esisebenzayo, ukuxhomekeka kwendawo akubalulekanga kangako, njengoko isixa sezinto sibonisa ubukhulu becala. Ukulunga okuphezulu kokufaneleka kwemodeli yomba omnye kunye nokulayishwa kwezinto eziphezulu ezifanayo kucetyiswe ukuba i-BYSAS ibonise isakhiwo esinye. Ngenxa yoko, i-Hypothesis 1 kunye ne-2 zixhaswa ziziphumo zohlalutyo lwedatha. Ngokohlalutyo lwe-DIF amadoda afumene amanqaku aphezulu kunamabhinqa kwi-BYSAS₄ kwaye isezantsi kwi-BYSAS₃ ngelixa abantu abadala abancinci (i-16-39 iminyaka) bafumene amanqaku aphezulu kwi-BYSAS₃ kwaye isezantsi kwi-BYSAS₄ xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala abadala (i-40 ukuya kwi-88 iminyaka). Kwinqanaba lovavanyo ezi ziphumo zizonke ziye zarhoxiswa enye kwenye, ngoko ke impembelelo kwinqanaba lovavanyo yayingahoywa.

Kwakukho unxulumano olubalulekileyo nolulungileyo (0.52) phakathi kwamanqaku kwi-BYSAS kunye ne-SPQ-S (Christo et al., 2003). Olu lungelelwaniso luphezulu lubonisa ukunyaniseka kwe-BYSAS okuguquguqukayo kwaye ibonelela ngenkxaso kwi-Hypothesis 3. Iziphumo zikwabonise ukuba i-BYSAS kunye ne-SPQ-S zibonise ulungelelwaniso olufanayo kunye nezinye iinguqu ezihlolwe kuphononongo lwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo olongezelelweyo oluvavanya ukuba semthethweni kokuguqulwa kunye nokuthembeka kovavanyo kwakhona lwe-BYSAS luyafuneka. Ukuhanjiswa kwamanqaku e-BYSAS kwajikelelwa ngamandla ekhohlo (okt, amanqaku aphantsi), njengoko kulindelekile kuba i-BYSAS ivavanye iimpawu zokulutha ngokwesondo kwisampulu enkulu engakhethwanga esekwe kubemi. Ukunyaniseka / ukunqwenela kunye nokunyamezela kwakusoloko kuvunyelwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokulinganisa kunezinye izinto, kwaye ezi zinto zineyona nto iphezulu yokulayisha. Oku kubonakala kusengqiqweni njengoko oku kubonakalisa iimpawu ezingenamandla (umzekelo, umbuzo malunga nokudakumba: abantu bafumana amanqaku aphezulu xa beziva bedakumbile, emva koko baceba ukuzibulala). Oku kunokuphinda kubonise umahluko phakathi kokuzibandakanya kunye nokulutha (okuhlala kubonwa kwibala lokulutha umdlalo) -apho izinto zicofa ulwazi malunga nokuqina, ukunqwenela, ukunyamezelana, kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemood kuyaphikiswana ngayo ukubonisa ukubandakanyeka, ngelixa izinto zicofa ukurhoxa, ukuphinda ubuyele kwaye ungquzulwano ngakumbi. umlutha. Enye ingcaciso inokuba kukuba ubukhalipha, ukunqwenela, kunye nokunyamezelana kunokufaneleka ngakumbi kwaye kubonakale kumlutha wokuziphatha kunokurhoxa kunye nokuphinda ubuyele.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-demographics, iziphumo ezivela kuhlalutyo lwe-multivariate zihambelana neziphumo ezivela kwizifundo zangaphambili (iKafka, 2010; UKarila et al., 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015; UWéry et al., 2016a; UWéry kunye noBillieux, 2017), kunye ne-Hypothesis exhaswayo 4. Amanqaku aphezulu kwi-BYSAS anxulunyaniswa nokuba yindoda kunye namadoda afumene amanqaku aphezulu kunabasetyhini kuzo zonke izinto ezintandathu ze-BYSAS, ezibonisa ukuba amadoda asemngciphekweni kunabasetyhini ekuphuhliseni umlutha wesondo. Oku kukwangqamana nenyani yokuba uninzi lwabantu abafuna uncedo lobuchwephesha ekuziphatheni ngokwesondo okukhobokisayo ngamadoda (Kafka, 2010; Griffiths kunye noDhuffar, 2014; UCampbell noStein, 2015). Ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, oku kungabonakalisa ukuba abasetyhini ngokwenqanaba elingaphantsi beza ngaphambili ngenxa yebala elinokubakho ngakumbi ekuhlaleni kunye nehlazo langaphakathi kunamadoda (Gilliland et al., 2011; Dhuffar kunye noGriffiths, 2014, 2015). Iminyaka yobudala yayinxulumene ngokungafaniyo nokulutha ngokwesondo, kwaye ihambelana nobungqina obubonisa ukuba ubuncinci buyinto esichengeni sokuphuhlisa nokugcina umlutha ngokubanzi (IiChambers et al., 2003). Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuba ezinye iintlobo zesondo esigqithisileyo zinokufuna ngokwasemzimbeni kwaye i-libido yesondo ithande ukuncipha njengoko abantu besiya bekhula, mhlawumbi ayimangalisi into yokuba umlutha wesondo unxulunyaniswa nobudala obuncinci.

Ukungabi kubudlelwane kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokuba likhoboka lezesondo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba abantu abangatshatanga bakhuthazeka ngakumbi ekwaneliseni iimfuno zesondo ezingafezekiyo kunabo bakubudlelwane obuzinzile (uBallester-Arnal et al., 2014; Ilanga et al., 2014). Enye inkcazo inokuba "amakhoboka esondo" anobunzima ekusekeni nasekugcineni ubudlelwane (umzekelo, ukwenzakala kwasebuntwaneni, ukuncamathela okungakhuselekanga, njl.; Dhuffar kunye noGriffiths, 2015; Weinstein et al., 2015). Iziphumo zangoku zikwabonise ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa nodidi lwezalathiso (abanesidanga sokuqala), abo banemfundo ephakamileyo (okt, abanePhD) kunokwenzeka ukuba babe namanqaku aphezulu e-BYSAS. Ngenxa yokuba imfundo inxulumene nenqanaba eliphezulu lentlalontle, kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu abanjalo bafikelele kumathuba amaninzi ngokwesondo, ngakumbi emadodeni (Buss, 1998). Nangona kunjalo, siye saphonononga iziphumo zentsebenziswano (iSini x PhD), akukho nanye ethe yabonakala ibalulekile (iGender x Bachelor njengokwahlukileyo; iziphumo aziboniswanga). Sekunjalo, izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka zihlolisise i-Gender x Imfundo yokusebenzisana malunga nokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo.

Amanqaku kwi-BYSAS ayenobudlelwane obuhle kunye ne-neuroticism, i-extroversion, kunye nengqondo / ukucinga, kunye nonxulumano olubi kunye nokuvuma kunye nokuba nesazela. Ngokubanzi, iziphumo ezivela kuhlalutyo lwe-multivariate zazilindelekile, kwaye zixhasa ukunyaniseka kocalucalulo lwe-BYSAS (Hypothesis 5). Ubudlelwane obuhle kunye ne-extroversion bunokubonisa umkhwa wokufuna ukuvuselela kwinkampani yabanye, kunye nenkxalabo yabo malunga nokubonakala komntu ngamnye kunye nokwandiswa komtsalane wobuqu (iCosta kunye neWidiger, 2002). Ubume babo bentlalo nabo bunokwandisa amathuba okuba namathuba amaninzi okwabelana ngesondo (umzekelo, ukonwaba emathekweni, kwimisitho yolonwabo, njl. njl.). Ubudlelwane obuhle kunye ne-neuroticism bukwaxhasa iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo zangaphambili (uPinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; UWalton et al., 2017), kwaye ihambelana nengcamango yokuba isondo sinempembelelo ye-anxiolytic (uColeman, 1992), kwaye ukuzibandakanya kwimicimbi yezesondo kunokusebenza njengokubaleka kwiimvakalelo zedysphoric (O'Brien kunye noDeLongis, 1996; Dhuffar et al., 2015; UWéry et al., 2016b). Ubukrelekrele/intelekelelo nayo yayinobudlelwane obuhle kunye nokuziphatha okukhobokisayo ngokwesondo. Oku kunokubonakalisa into yokuba abantu abafumana amanqaku aphezulu kulo mkhwa badla ngokufuna ukuzenzela ngokwabo ngokufuna amava anzulu, angaqhelekanga, kunye/okanye achwayitisayo, afana nokuziphatha okuthe ngqo kwezesondo-kunye nokubamba kwabo inkqubo yenkolelo yenkululeko (iCosta kunye neWidiger, 2002). Ukuba nesazela kunye nokwamkeleka kwakunxulumene ngokunxamnye nokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, nto leyo enokuchazwa kukuba ezi mpawu zibonisa iimpawu ezifana nokuzeyisa kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nezilingo, nokubeka ezinye izinto esinomdla kuzo phambi kwezakhe, nokuba novelwano nokuba nobuntu. Zithathiwe kunye, iziphumo zangoku zixhasa uluvo lokuba ukuvuma kunye nokuba nesazela (ngokubanzi) kuyakhusela ngokuchasene neziyobisi, ngelixa i-extroversion kunye ne-neuroticism (Bambalwa et al., 2014) ziququzelele—izinto ezifunyenweyo eziye zaxelwa kwenye indawo (umz., Hill et al., 2000; Kotov et al., 2010; UMaclaren et al., 2011; UAndreassen et al., 2013; UWalton et al., 2017).

Uphononongo lwangoku lukwafumanise ukuba umlutha wesondo unxulunyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo ne-narcissism, kwaye inxulunyaniswe kakubi nokuzithemba, ukuxhasa zombini i-Hypothesis 6 kunye nezifundo zangaphambili (Kafka, 2010; I-Kor et al., 2014; Kasper et al., 2015; Doornwaard et al., 2016). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo inokuba yindlela yokuchasa ukuzithemba okuphantsi kunye nokuphucula ukuzithemba okuphezulu (umzekelo, iziphumo ezinxulumene nokwabelana ngesondo kubandakanya iimvakalelo zokuthandwa, ukufumana izincomo, iimvakalelo zokuba namandla onke xa usabelana ngesondo, ukunikwa. ingqalelo ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo, njl.njl.), ukubaleka kwiimvakalelo eziphantsi zokungazithembi, okanye ukuba isini esikhobokisayo kunciphisa ukuzithemba. Imikhwa ye-Narcissistic kunye nokulutha ngokwesondo kuye kwahluka ngokuqhubekayo kwizifundo zangaphambili (Omnyama et al., 1997; URaymond et al., 2003; Kafka, 2010; MacLaren kunye neNgcono, 2013; Kasper et al., 2015), kwaye inokubonisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo yimbonakaliso yeempawu ze-narcissistic (umzekelo, umnqweno wokuhoywa, ukunconywa, kunye namandla, ukuxhaphaza kunye nokuba nelungelo, njl. njl.). Enye into enokwenzeka kukuba ukuziphatha okugqithisileyo kwezesondo kukhuthaza iimpawu ze-narcissistic phakathi kwabo banamanani aphezulu amaqabane ngesondo.

Unyino kunye namandla esi sifundo sangoku

Uphononongo lwangoku lukhawulelwe kuzo zonke iintsilelo eziqhelekileyo zedatha yokuzixela kunye nendlela yokukhetha isampuli (umzekelo, ukuzikhethela ukukhetha, izinga lokuphendula elingaziwayo, kunye nokungabikho kolwazi malunga nabangaphenduliyo). Njengoko amanqaku kwi-BYSAS ebenonikezelo oluthe tye oluchanekileyo, umngcipheko weziphumo zomgangatho ophembelela iziphumo (umzekelo, ukuthoba ubudlelwane phakathi kolwakhiwo) ubukhona. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamanqaku kuzo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zibonakaliswe kwidatha, eyomeleza ukunyaniseka kobudlelwane obuqikelelweyo phakathi kolwakhiwo oluphandiweyo. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba malunga nekota enye yokwahluka kuhlalutyo lwe-multinomial regression lucaciswe ngabaguquguqukayo abazimeleyo. Ukwenziwa kweendidi ezine zamanqanaba omlutha wesondo owenziwe kuphononongo lwangoku kufuneka kuthatyathwe njengento ebambekayo ngenxa yokuba akukho zithintelo zichazwe kakuhle okanye ekuvunyelwene ngazo kwiikhrayitheriya zokuxilonga. Oku kusithintele ekusebenziseni uhlalutyo lweempawu zokusebenzisa umamkeli apho izithintelo zinokuvavanywa ngokwemigaqo yobuntununtunu kunye neenkcukacha ngokuchasene "nomgangatho wegolide." Uyilo lophononongo olunqamlezileyo lunokuba nefuthe kwiziphumo ngenxa yezinto ezinje ngendlela eqhelekileyo yokucalucalulwa, ngaloo ndlela kudala ubudlelwane obunyukayo phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo eziphononongwe kolu phononongo lwangoku (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Ngaphaya koko, ngenxa yobungakanani besampulu enkulu enika amandla kuhlalutyo, ulungelelwaniso oluninzi oluncinci lunokuthi lube lukhulu. Nangona ezinye zeziphumo ezibalulekileyo zingabonisa ubudlelwane obungenamsebenzi ngenxa yobukhulu besampulu, ubungakanani obuthile besiphumo kuhlalutyo lokulungelelaniswa buphakathi ukuya kubukhulu obubonisa ubudlelwane obuninzi kunye obunentsingiselo phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zokufunda (Cohen, 1988).

Nangona ukugqitywa kovavanyo bekungaziwa, ukunika ingxelo ngokuziphatha okunengxaki ngokwesondo kunokunxulunyaniswa neentloni kunye ne-taboo (uDhuffar kunye noGriffiths, 2014), kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubangele iimpendulo ezinqwenelekayo eluntwini. Kwakhona, ukuphendula ngokuzithandela kwinqaku lephephandaba elikwi-intanethi malunga nokuziphatha okugqithisileyo kunokuba nomtsalane kwiintlobo ezithile zomntu (umzekelo, abo basebenzise i-Intanethi ngokugqithisileyo, abantu abancinci). Nangona kunjalo, ukutsala abantu abanjalo kunokuba luncedo kuba ukuba nabantu kwisampulu abaneengxaki zokukhobokisa kunokuba kukomeleza ukunyaniseka kwesikali sokusetyenziswa kwiimeko zeklinikhi. Uphononongo olongezelelweyo oluvavanya ngokwengqondo iipropathi ze-BYSAS ziyafuneka, ngakumbi malunga nokuthembeka kovavanyo kwakhona kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokuziqhelanisa nenkcubeko kunye nokufezekiswa ngokubanzi.

Ukhetho lwamanyathelo lunokuthi luthintele uphononongo lwangoku, kuba ezinye izikali ezisebenzayo ngokwengqondo ezivavanya isondo esinengxaki azizange zisetyenziswe xa kuthelekiswa ne-BYSAS. Ngokomzekelo, i-Questionnaire ye-Hypersexual Disorder (HDQ; Reid et al., 2012) ngumlinganiselo wovavanyo olubanzi olubandakanya iindlela zokuxilonga ezicetywayo ze-hypersexual disorder (Kafka, 2010). Nangona kunjalo, isiphakamiso DSM-5 Iikhrayitheriya azibonakalisi ngokupheleleyo izinto eziphambili zokulutha ezinjengokunyamezelana, ukurhoxa, kunye nokuguqulwa kwemo. Ke, kwabonwa kufanelekile ngakumbi ukuthelekisa i-BYSAS kwisikali esiphuhliswe kusetyenziswa ithiyori yokulutha kunye neendlela.

Ubungakanani besampulu enkulu kakhulu kuphononongo lwangoku lelinye lamandla aphambili ekuboneleleni ngamandla ezibalo ngokunxulumene nalo lonke uhlalutyo olwenziwe. Izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zincedisana nophononongo lwangaphambili olukwizinga eliphantsi elincinane kunye nabemi beli lizwe. Amanye amandla esi sifundo sangoku kukubandakanywa kwemigaqo ethile kunye nengundoqo yokulutha kwinkqubo yokwakha kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo olufanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Kwakhona, i-BYSAS ithathela ingqalelo ingqikelelo yokunqwenela (ukufuna / ukunqwenela imeko), eyongezwe ngoku DSM-5 (Umbutho waseMelika weeNgqondo, 2013) njengophawu lokulutha. Ukongeza, i-BYSAS ingaphezulu kwesixhobo sokuhlola umlutha wesondo, kuba ayigxininisi kumaqela athile abantu (umzekelo, indoda, i-gay) okanye ephakathi (umzekelo, isini se-intanethi). Ngenxa yoko, i-BYSAS inokusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya zombini i-intanethi kunye nezenzo zesondo ezingaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ifaneleke ngakumbi ukuvavanya indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo yangoku. Enye amandla abalulekileyo yayikukuba uphononongo lwapapashwa kuzwelonke endaweni yendawo (kushicilelo lwesizwe). Umshicileli wesizwe eNorway waziwa ngokuba nabaphulaphuli abaninzi xa kuthelekiswa noshicilelo lwasekhaya. Ke ngoko, isampulu mhlawumbi imele ngakumbi kubemi baseNorway kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo imele ngakumbi kunezinye izifundo zisebenzisa iisampulu ezikhethiweyo. Esi sesinye sezifundo ezimbalwa kweli candelo elijolise kubemi ngokubanzi, kwaye libandakanya umlinganiselo omkhulu wabasetyhini ngokunjalo. Ngaphaya koko, ubufutshane besi sikali sitsha buyenza ifaneleke ukuqukwa kuphando lwendawo enyiniweyo.

izigqibo

Kwesi sifundo sikhoyo isikali esitsha sokuvavanya indlela yokuziphatha kwesondo ekhobokisayo, i-BYSAS, yaphuhliswa. Ukuthembeka kunye ne-BYSAS zasekwa ngesampulu yesizwe yabantu abadala abangama-23,533 baseNorway. Isakhiwo esicatshangelwayo sento enye siqinisekiswe yi-EFA kunye neCFA, kwaye ukuhambelana kwangaphakathi kwakuphezulu. Ngokubandakanya izinto ezigubungela zonke iimpawu zokulutha, ukuqinisekiswa komxholo kwaqinisekiswa. I-BYSAS yaqinisekiswa ngokuchasene nenye indlela yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, kunye nemilinganiselo yedemografi, ubuntu, kunye nokuzithemba; kunye nenqaku elisikiweyo elisikiweyo liyacetywa. Ngokubanzi, i-BYSAS sisixhobo esivakalayo ngokwasengqondweni kunye nesisebenzayo sokulinganisa ukukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, esinokuthi sisetyenziswe ngokukhululekileyo ngabaphandi kunye neengcali kwizifundo ze-epidemiological kunye noseto zonyango.

Igalelo lababhali

I-CA: Igalelo ekuqulunqweni nasekuyilweni komsebenzi, ukufunyanwa, ukuhlalutya, kunye nokutolikwa kwedatha; TT: Igalelo kuhlalutyo; I-SP, MG, TT, kunye ne-RS: Igalelo ekutolikweni kwedatha yomsebenzi; CA: Yawubhala umsebenzi; Bonke ababhali bahlaziywe ngokunzulu umsebenzi ngokubhekiselele kumxholo obalulekileyo wobukrelekrele; Bonke ababhali bavumile inguqulelo yokugqibela kwaye banoxanduva kuyo yonke imiba yomsebenzi ngokwemigaqo yokuqinisekisa ukuba imibuzo enxulumene nokuchaneka okanye ingqibelelo yayo nayiphi na inxalenye yomsebenzi iphandwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye yasonjululwa.

Ukungquzulana kwintetho yomdla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

Isihlomelo A

Isikali seBergen-yale somlutha wesondo

Ngezantsi kukho imibuzo malunga nobudlelwane bakho nesondo / ukuphulula amalungu esini. (QAPHELA! Ngokwabelana ngesondo apha kuthetha iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zesini, ukukhuthaza kunye nokuziphatha okufana nokuphulula amalungu esini, imifanekiso engamanyala, izenzo zesondo kunye nabantu abadala abavumayo, i-cybersex, ukwabelana ngesondo ngomnxeba, iiklabhu zokukhulula, kunye nokunye okunjalo). Khetha enye impendulo yombuzo ngamnye ekuchaza ngcono.

	Kukangaphi kulo nyaka uphelileyo ube nawe...	Kunqabile	Ngokuqhelekileyo	Ngamaxesha athile	Ngokuqhelekileyo	Qho
1.	Uchithe ixesha elininzi ucinga ngesondo / i-masturbation okanye isondo esicwangcisiweyo?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Ngaba uziva unqwenela ukwenza i-masturbate / ukwabelana ngesondo ngakumbi nangakumbi?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	Usebenzisa isondo / i-masturbation ukuze ulibale malunga / ubaleke kwiingxaki zomntu?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	Wazama ukunciphisa isondo / i-masturbation ngaphandle kwempumelelo?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	Ngaba ungaphumli okanye ukhathazeke ukuba uthintelwe kwisondo / ukuphulula amalungu esini?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Ngaba wabelana ngesondo kakhulu kangangokuba kube nefuthe elibi kubudlelwane bakho babucala, uqoqosho, impilo, kunye / okanye umsebenzi / izifundo?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Zonke izinto zikoriwa ngokwesikali silandelayo: 0 = Kunqabile kakhulu, 1 = Kunqabile, 2 = Ngamanye amaxesha, 3 = Rhoqo, 4 = Rhoqo kakhulu.

Yiya e:

Isihlomelo B

Ikhweshine emfutshane ye-PROMIS – isikali sokwabelana ngesondo

Ngezantsi kukho imibuzo malunga nobudlelwane bakho nesondo. Khetha enye impendulo yombuzo ngamnye ekuchaza ngcono^a

Iimpendulo kufuneka zinikezelwe kusetyenziso lwamaxesha obomi endaweni yosetyenziso lwamva nje okt, ukhe...		Andifani nam kwaphela					Abaninzi abafana nam
		0	1	2	3	4	5
1.	Ndikufumanisa kunzima ukugqitha ithuba lokwabelana ngesondo nomntu ongathandani naye okanye ongekho mthethweni	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Abanye baye bavakalisa inkxalabo enzulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngehambo yam yesini	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	Ndiyazingca ngesantya endikwazi ngaso ukulala nomntu kwaye ndifumanise ukuba ukulala nomntu endingamaziyo kuyavuselela.	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	Bendizakuthatha ithuba lolala ngesondo nangona bendikhe ndalala nomnye umntu	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	Ndifumanisa ukuba ukwenza uloyiso ngokwesondo kundenza ndilahlekelwe ngumdla kwelo qabane kwaye kundikhokelela ekubeni ndiqalise ukukhangela elinye	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Ndihlala ndiqinisekisa ukuba ndilalana nolunye uhlobo okanye olunye kunokuba ndilinde iqabane lam eliqhelekileyo ukuba lifumaneke kwakhona emva kokugula okanye ukungabikho.	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
7.	Ndiye ndaba nemicimbi ephindaphindiweyo nangona ndandithandana rhoqo	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
8.	Ndiye ndanabalingane abathathu okanye ngaphezulu abaqhelekileyo ngesondo ngexesha elinye	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
9.	Ndiye ndalala ngokuzithandela nomntu endingamthandiyo	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
10.	Ndithanda ukutshintsha amaqabane ukuba ukwabelana ngesondo kuyaphindaphinda	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Vula kwifestile eyahlukileyo

Umthombo: Ukusuka kwiNdlela yokuchonga i-Addictive Behaviour ngu-R. Lefever, ngo-1988, eLondon, e-UK: I-PROMIS Publishing. [Le yireferensi yomthombo wekhweshine ye-PROMIS, ekuthathwe kuyo izinto ze-sex subscale.]. Ilungelo lokushicilela kwiiklinikhi ze-PROMIS. Iphinde ishicilelwe ngemvume yobubele evela kuR. Lefever (unxibelelwano lomntu, ngoMatshi 14, 2017).

^aAmagama omyalelo asetyenziswe kuphononongo lwangoku, kwaye hayi ukusuka kwiSPQ.

Imihlathi

¹Isethi yemilinganiselo (Ukukhathazeka, Ukuhlazeka, Unyango, Ukulimaza abanye, Ukungalawuleki, Okubuhlungu) kusekelwe kwi-Acronym PATHOS, apho amaGrike asetyenziselwa "ukubandezeleka".

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Uphuhliso kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale ngeSampula enkulu yeSizwe (2018)

Abstract

intshayelelo

Impahla nenkqubo

Procedure

nxaxheba

Amanyathelo

Amanani abantu

Isikali se-Bergen-yale somlutha wesondo (BYSAS)

1 Table

Ikhweshine emfutshane ye-PROMIS—i-sex subscale

Isihlanu esikhulu

I-Narcissism

Ubuwena

Uhlalutyo lwedatha

iziphumo

Ukwakhiwa kunye nophuhliso lwesikali

2 Table

3 Table

Ukuthembeka kunye nokuhambelana kwangaphakathi kwe-BYSAS

Ukuqinisekiswa okuguquguqukayo kunye nocalucalulo

4 Table

Ubudlelwane nedemographics, ezinkulu ezintlanu, narcissism, kunye nokuzithemba

5 Table

ingxoxo

Unyino kunye namandla esi sifundo sangoku

izigqibo

Igalelo lababhali

Ukungquzulana kwintetho yomdla

Isihlomelo A

Isikali seBergen-yale somlutha wesondo

Isihlomelo B

Ikhweshine emfutshane ye-PROMIS – isikali sokwabelana ngesondo

Imihlathi

Ucaphulo

Izixhumanisi ezikhawulezayo