István Tóth-Király, Ibonisa uZsila, UMarko D. Griffiths, I-Zsolt Demetrovics & IGábor Orosz
Amaphepha 1-12 | Ipapashwe kwi-Intanethi: 06 Mar 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1291798
Abstract
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho sithuba sifutshane sikhoyo kunye nepropathi yengqondo eqinileyo enokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwengxaki yamanyala ngokubhekisele kwimvelaphi ethe tyaba. Injongo yesifundo esikhoyo yayikukuphuhlisa inqanaba elifutshane, iNkinga yokuPhonononga iiManyala, (PPCS), esekwe kwimodeli ye-Griffiths's (2005) yemixinzelelo enezinto ezi-6 ezinokuhlukanisa phakathi kokusebenzisa kakubi imifanekiso engamanyala. I-PPCS yaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa isampulu ekwi-intanethi yabaphenduli be-772 (abafazi be-390, abesilisa be-382; Mubudala = 22.56, SD = 4.98 iminyaka). Ukudalwa kwezinto kwakusekwe kwimicimbi engamanyala yokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neenkcazo zezinto ezazisenziwa kwimodeli kaGriffiths. Uhlalutyo lwezinto eziqinisekisayo (i-CFA) lwenziwa-kuba isikali sisekwe kwimodeli esekwe kakuhle yokhokelo-ekhokelela kulwakhiwo lwe-18 yento yesibini. Ukuthembeka kwe-PPCS kwakugqwesile, kwaye ukulinganiswa kokungqinwa kwamiselwa. Kwisampulu yangoku, i-3.6% yabasebenzisi yeqela elisemngciphekweni. Ngokusekwe kuvakalelo kunye nohlalutyo oluthile, sichonge ukusikwa okufanelekileyo ukwahlula phakathi kwabasebenzisi boonografi abanengxaki kunye nabangenangxaki. I-PPCS sisikali esineengxaki zokusebenzisa iphonografi kusetyenziswa isiseko esomeleleyo sethiyori esikwanazo neepropathi zekhemikhali ezomeleleyo ngokobume bezinto kunye nokuthembeka.
Injongo yeli phepha yayikukudala iphepha lemibuzo elinengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi. Kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa izixhobo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba amanqaku aphezulu kwi-questionnaire yokusebenzisa i-porn ahambelana nokwaneliseka ngokwesini. Ingqungquthela:
Ukuwaneliseka ngobomi bezesondo bekunobuthathaka kwaye bungahambelani kakubi kunye namanqaku e-PPCS
UKUSUSELA KWINGENISO
Ukwakhiwa kokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yangaphambili yokusetyenziswa kwengqondo kunye nezikali, iMultipimensional Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS) yaphuhliswa kwisiseko sethiyori yemodeli yeziyobisi yeGriffiths (IGriffiths, 2001, 2005). Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-PPCS yasekwa ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi, hayi umlutha, kuba umlutha awunakuvavanywa ngesiseko sokwenza ingxelo ngokwakho ngaphandle kodliwanondlebe lweklinikhi (Ross, Mansson, & Daneback, 2012).
Ngokuhambelana, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi kubandakanya izinto ezingundoqo ezintandathu. Into yokuqala kukungakhathali, kubhekisa ekubalulekeni okukhulu kwephonografi kubomi bomntu, kangangokuba ilawula indlela acinga ngayo, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha. Icandelo lesibini libhekisa kuguquko lweemvakalelo njengamava abonisa ukuba abasebenzisi babika njengesiphumo sokubukela iphonografi. La mava anokuvusa okanye aphumle ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yeemvakalelo ozifunayo. Inxalenye yesithathu kukungqubana, kubandakanya ukungavisisani phakathi kwabasebenzisi abanengxaki kunye nabanye ababalulekileyo, ukungqubana emsebenzini okanye kwezemfundo (kuxhomekeke kubudala bomntu), kunye neengxabano zangaphakathi (umzekelo, ukwazi ukuba lo msebenzi ubangela iingxaki kodwa uzive ungakwazi ukusika okanye uyeke) . Inqanaba lesine kukunyamezelana kwaye ibhekisa kwinkqubo apho inani elonyukayo lomsebenzi lifuneka ukufezekisa iziphumo ezifanayo zokuguqula imeko.
Kwisifundo esikhoyo, ngokufanayo nakwezinye izinto ezivuselelayo zokuziphatha, ubuninzi kunye nenqanaba lokunyamezelana bekuyeyona nto kugxilwe kuyo. Ubungakanani bokubhekisa kubhekisa kwinani elikhulayo lokusebenzisa amanyala ngaphaya kwexesha, ngelixa umxholo obalulekileyo ubhekisa ekusetyenzisweni komxholo wemifanekiso engamanyala nangakumbi.
NgokukaZimbardo noDuncan (2012), le nkalo yomgangatho wokuziphatha okumanyumnyezi inxulumene nokufuna inoveli rhoqo kunye nomxholo omangalisayo. Kwimeko yamanyala le nto inokuhambelana nokuhamba kwimifanekiso engamanyala ethambileyo isiya kwiifom zayo ezibalaseleyo, ezinzima.
Ubungakanani besihlanu sesihlanu sinxulumene nokubuyela umva kwaye lutyekelo lokubuyela umva ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiipateni zangaphambili zoononografi ezisetyenziswayo kwaye ubuyele kuzo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuyeka okanye ukulawula. Into yesithandathu kukurhoxa, kubhekisa kwiimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo kunye neemvakalelo zengqondo ezithi zenzeke xa umsebenzi othile unqunyanyisiwe okanye uncitshiswe ngesiquphe. Njengoko ukurhoxa nokunyamezelana kuhlala kuqondwa njengesiphumo “sokuxhomekeka” (u-O'Brien, uVolkow, noLi, 2006), umlutha lulwakhiwo olubanzi olubandakanya onke amacandelo amathandathu achaziweyo, ngokuhambelana neendlela zokuqonda ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi elisetyenziswa kule mihla yengqondo ( Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika, 2013; Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, 1992). Njengoko ukuxhomekeka kunye neziyobisi zihlala zijongwa njengezinto ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi kunye nexesha elichithwe besenza umsebenzi wedwa alinakuthathelwa ingqalelo njengenkcazo eyonelisayo yokulutha iphonografi. Kungenzeka ukuba abanye abantu batyelele iiwebhusayithi ezingamanyala kwi-Intanethi rhoqo, kodwa banokuwumisa lo msebenzi xa kukho imfuneko kwaye babe namava ambalwa, ukuba kukho naziphi na, iziphumo ezibi okanye eziyingozi (Kor et al., 2014). Uphando lwakutsha nje lukuqinisekisile oku, kuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwexesha kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuziphatha okuyingxaki ngokwalo kulungile kodwa kumodareyitha kuphela (umzekelo, Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015; Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009). Iziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki zizinto ezigqithileyo ngokuqhubeka ngokufanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa igama ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki endaweni yokuba likhoboka, xa ubungqina bezonyango bokwenyani bungenakubonelelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwedatha yokuzixela (URoss et al., 2012).
KUSUKA KUCELWA
Isifundo esikhoyo esijolise ekuphuhliseni ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi enobunzima obusekwe ngokuqinileyo kwizakhiwo zepropathi yengqondo. Izikali zangaphambili ezivavanya ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-ponografi enengxaki nokuba yayingenazimpawu zengqondo zinamandla okanye zazinemodeli eyamkelekileyo yemodeli, kodwa umxholo wezinto uphakamise imibuzo (I-Grubbs et al., 2015; Kor et al., 2014).
Ngokwezibalo ezichazayo, umndli-nxaxheba ophakathi kwesi sifundo sabukela iividiyo ezinxulumene nokubukela iphonografi rhoqo ngeveki, kwaye yena uchithe i-16 ukuya kwimizuzu ye-30 ebukela izinto ezingamanyala ngokwesini ngasinye. Amanqaku e-PPCS ayebuthathaka ngokuhambelana nexesha elichithwe ukubukela iphonografi kodwa ngokumodareyitha nokuhamba rhoqo kokujonga iividiyo ezingamanyala.
Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezikhoyo zibonisa Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala kunxulumene kakhulu nokuxhaphakileyo kokubukela iividiyo ezingamanyala kunexesha elichithwe kwisigqibo ngasinye. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweephonografi kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusebenzisa iphonografi enengxaki, uburharha bodwa abunakujongwa njengengcaciso eyoneleyo yale nto
Uphando lwakutsha nje luqinisekisile lo mbono, kuba ubudlelwane phakathi kobunqamle kunye nobude bokusetyenziswa kunye nengxaki yokuziphatha ngokwayo kukuhle kodwa kuphela komndilili (umzekelo, uBr. Et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015; Doublehig et al., 2009) . Ke ngoko, ukufaka iilebheli abantu njengabasebenzisi bengxaki bokubukela iphonografi kusekwe kuphela kubude okanye kubungakanani.
Ngapha koko, ngokubhekisele kwindlela yokwenza izinto ezibonisa amanyala, imbonakalo yevidiyo ebonisa amanyala yayihambelana ngakumbi namanqaku e-PPCS kunokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala okanye ukufunda amabali abonisa amanyala kwaye ngokuhambelana neziphumo zangaphambili (Brand et al., 2011). Ukuxhaphaka kokuphulula amalungu esini kwakhona kwakumalunga nokuziphatha okunesidima. Amandla obu budlelwane babonakala bomelele ngakumbi kunobudlelwane obuphakathi kwamanqaku e-PPCS kunye nokuxhaphaka kokujonga iphonografi ngexesha lokuphulula amalungu esini.
Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, inqanaba eliphezulu lokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunokuba yinto eyandulelayo yokusebenzisa iphonografi enengxaki, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba zombini ingxaki zokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuhambisa amalungu esondo rhoqo zizo zombini iziphumo zoxinzelelo. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki yephonografi kunengxaki kunokuvela phantsi kwe-ambrela ye-hypersexourse ngokufanayo nokuhamba ngokuphulula amalungu esini rhoqo, ukuya kwiiklabhu ezikwi-strip, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwisondo lefowuni kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-cybersex (Kafka, 2010
Aba bantu banamanqaku aphezulu kwicandelo ngalinye le-PPCS. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba omathathu la maqela abenamanqaku asezantsi kwinto yongquzulwano. ANgokucacileyo, ukusebenzisa iphonografi okuyingxaki akubonakali njengezinye iindlela zokuziphatha eziyingxaki okanye iziyobisi (ezinje ngokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi okanye ukusela utywala). Ke ngoko, ukungqubana phakathi kwabantu akupheleli njengakwimeko yezinye iindlela ezinokubakho zokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iqela elisemngciphekweni libukele iphonografi rhoqo kwaye lichithe ixesha elininzi lizibandakanya kulo sihlandlo ngasinye, umahluko phakathi kwamaqela asemngciphekweni ophantsi kunye nowokubeka umngcipheko yayizinto ekuphela kwazo.
Ubuntununtunu kunye nohlalutyo oluchaziweyo lubonakalise ukusikwa okufanelekileyo kwamanqaku e-76 okufumanisa ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nezifundo ezizayo ze-PPCS kufuneka iqhubeke nokuqinisekisa oku kunqunyulwa kwisampulu yeklinikhi yokudibanisa iziphumo ezikhoyo. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezikali kunqunyelwe xa kuqeshwe njengesalathiso sokuqala sokuqonda, kuba kuphela zizifundo zodliwanondlebe ezisekwe eklinikhi ezifanelekileyo ukufumanisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ethile inengxaki yokwenene okanye isifo somntu othile (Maraz, Király, Kunye neDemetrovics, 2015).
I-PPCS
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