IMIBUZO: Esi sifundo uhlolisise umphumo wokusetyenziswa koonobumba kwiibini ezithandwayo, kodwa zixutywa ngabantu ngabanye (ngobudlelwane, ubudala beminyaka yobudala be-28.5), kungekhona izibini (kunye). Ukongeza kokungabandakanyi abantu abangenalo ubudlelwane, akubandakanyi imibhangqwana apho intlanganiso yodliwano-ndlebe yathetha kuphela omnye iqabane lisetyenzisileyo. Oku kwakukho hayi isampuli esimeleyo,
njenge-75% yabathathi-nxaxheba bebhinqa, kwaye i-59% yabasetyhini basebenzisa i-pornography (ephakamileyo kakhulu kunamazinga okufundela amanqanaba). I-38% yalabo baphando babetshatile. Iziphumo:
Imibhangqwana, apho kungekho mntu wayesebenzisayo, yabika ukwaneliseka ngakumbi kolwalamano kunezo zibini ezinabasebenzisi ngabanye. Oku kuyahambelana nophando langaphambili (Cooper et al., 1999; Manning, 2006), Ukubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa wedwa kwezinto ezibonisa ngokucacileyo isondo kubangela iziphumo ezibi…. Abasebenzisi ngabanye babika ubungqina obusondeleyo kunye nokuzibophelela kwabo ubudlelwane babo kunokuba bangabasebenzisi nabasebenzisi ababelwana nabo.
Njengazinye iifundo, abasebenzisi bodwa baxela ubudlelwane obubi kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Uphononongo lwaluthi lube lukhulu umahluko phakathi kwezibini apho babini bebukela i-porn kunye kunye nezibini apho bengasetyenziswanga. Indlovu egumbini: Kuba olu ibiluvavanyo lomntu omnye kuphela kubudlelwane, hayi bobabini, sazi njani ukuba bobabini abantu "babengengabo abasebenzisi"? Ngokukodwa kuba i-86% "yabangengabo abasebenzisi" abaphendula kuvavanyo yayingabafazi.
Kubaluleke kangakanani ukuba umsebenzisi wezentlalo ubonise i-porn ebalulekileyo:
"Kukonke, ukuba umntu ujonga kangaphi izinto ezingamanyala ngokwesondo kunokuba nefuthe kwiziphumo zabasebenzisi. Uphononongo lwethu lufumanise ukuba abasebenzisi abakwizinga eliphezulu banamathuba amaninzi okuba nolwalamano olusezantsi nolwaneliseko kubudlelwane babo. ”
Okokugqibela, olu phononongo luvavanye iimpembelelo zoononophala kusetyenziswa i-PCES:
"Ngokubanzi, aBasebenzisi aBaphezulu abaPhezulu (HFU) baxele nemiphumo emihle ebonakalayo kunabaSebenzisi bamaRhoqo aPhantsi (LFU)
Ayothusi into yokuba ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn kukhokelele ekufumaneni "iziphumo ezibonakalayo ezintle," kuba isifundo siqeshe Iphonografi yokuSebenzisa umphumo (I-PCES). I-PCES ngumzekelo obalaseleyo weetrikhi zocwaningo lwezesondo. I-YBOP kunye noprofesa owaziwayo weengqondo wachaza i-PCES kwinto elapha: Iimpembelelo ezizimeleyo zoBonografi Ukusetyenziswa, i-Hald GM, i-Malamuth NM (2008). Uhlobo lwemibuzo ye-PCES kunye nendlela abafumene ngayo iziphumo zikhokelela kokumangalisayo (kunye nokuqonda okuchaseneyo) okufumanekayo njengale: Eyona nto ubukeleyo ubukela iphonografi, kokukhona uyakholelwa ukuba iphonografi iyenzeka, kwaye kokukhona uyiphulula amaphambili, Iziphumo ezintle kuzo zonke iindawo zobomi bakho. Ngoba? Ukuncitshiswa komgangatho wobomi, ukonakala kubudlelwane, kunye nobomi besini obungekhoyo, bakumgangatho olinganayo kwi-PCES ngokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokwabelana ngesondo ezimpundwini kunye nokuphuhlisa izimo zengqondo ezikhululekileyo ngokuziphatha ngokwesini. Ukufaka isicelo semibuzo ye-PCES kumntu-ukuba ungumntu oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala ovaliweyo ophulula amalungu esini ama-hardcore ama-5 amaxesha ngemini, iphonografi yenza igalelo elihle ebomini bakho!
Ngokomzekelo ocacileyo weendlela eziphosakeleyo i-PCES ngokwenene, uphando olukhoyo lufumene ukuba Abasebenzisi beSelula abaPhezulu beSatifikethi bafumana amanqaku aphezulu kwimibuzo eneempembelelo ezilungileyo ze-PCES (njengoko bekulindelekile), kodwa ubomi babo bokwenyani babungekho bukhulu kangako: Babenolwalamano olusezantsi nolwalamano olusenyongweni kubudlelwane babo bothando. Benzisa i Iphonografi yokuSebenzisa umphumo (PCES), uphononongo lufumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn kunxulumene nomsebenzi ohlwempuzekileyo wezesondo, iingxaki zesini ezingakumbi, kunye "nobomi obubi ngokwesondo". Isicatshulwa esichaza unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-PCES "Iziphumo ezibi" kwimibuzo "yoBomi boSondo" kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-porn:
Kwakungekho nantlukwano ebalulekileyo kwi-Negative Effect Dimension PCES kwixesha lokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo ngokwesini; Noko ke, kwakukho ukungafani okubalulekileyo kwi-Life Life subscale apho abaSebenzi abaPhezulu beSatifikethi abaPhezulu babika imiphumo emibi kakhulu kunabasebenzisi abancinci be-Frequency Porn.
Kulula nje, ngaphandle kwe-PCES amanqaku Ukubonisa izibonelelo ekubukeleni i-porn, ngakumbi i-porn ikhokelela kubomi obuhlwempuzekileyo bezesondo kunye neengxaki zesini. Usenokuzibuza umbuzo ocacileyo: Kwenzeka njani emhlabeni ukuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo obuphezulu kakhulu baphele ngobomi be-crappier, kodwa "babe neziphumo ezihle kakhulu" ekusebenziseni kwabo i-porn? Lowo ngumlingo we-PCES! (sifunde lethu nqaku)
J Behav Addict. 2016 Oct 27: 1-8.
Minarcik J1, I-Wetterneck CT2, Mfutshane MB3.
Abstract
Imvelaphi kunye neenjongo
Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu abasebenzisa izixhobo ezicacileyo zesini (i-SEMs) zibikela iziphumo ezibi (Schneider, 2000b). Nangona kunjalo, iBridges (2008b) yafumanisa ukuba izibini ezisebenzisa i-SEM kunye zinobudlelwane obusenyongweni obuphezulu kunabo abasebenzisa i-SEM ngokuzimela. Uphando olongezelelweyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-SEM zisetyenziselwa ubudlelwane lungabonisa ukuba iSEM ihambelana njani neenkalo ezahlukeneyo zokwaneliseka kwesibini. Ngaloo ndlela, injongo yesifundo esilandelayo kukuba kuhlolwe impembelelo ye-SEM isebenzisana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobudlelwane.
tindlela
Uphononongo lwangoku lubandakanya ikholeji kunye nesampulu ye-Intanethi yabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-296 abahlulwe baba ngamaqela ngokusekwe kusetyenziso lwe-SEM kubudlelwane (okt, i-SEM yodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM kunye neqabane, kwaye akukho SEM isebenzisa).
iziphumo
Kwakukho umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwamaqela kubudlelwane bolwaneliseko [F (2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026], ukusondelana [F (2, 252) = 7.95, p = <.001], kunye nokuzibophelela [F (2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006]. Uhlalutyo lwe-post-hoc lubonakalise umahluko owongezelelweyo kulwaneliseko lobuhlobo [t (174) = 2.13, p = .035] kunye nokusondelelana [t (174) = 2.76, p = .006] ngokusekwe kubuninzi bokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM.
ingxoxo
Ukuphonononga okuqhubekayo kwe-SEM kusetyenziswa umsebenzi kwiibinibini kuya kunika ingqiqo enkulu kwendima yayo kwintsebenziswano yothando.
IINKCUKACHA: zibini; zoonografi; ulwalamano nolwaneliseko ubudlelwane obunothando; ukwaneliseka ngesondo; izinto ezicacileyo zesondo
PMID: 27784182
intshayelelo
Ukunyuka okubonakalayo kwimiba yecalografi [ngenjongo yesifundo, kuya kutshintshana ngezinto ezibhekiselele kwisondo (SEM)] kuye kwabangela abaphandi ukuba baphinde bahlolisise impembelelo yayo kubasebenzisi kunye nobudlelwane babantu (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Njengoko iteknoloji iphambili, ukuhanjiswa kwe-SEM kwakhona kuye kwatshintshela amafomathi amashishini amasha, okwandisa ukufumaneka nokufikelela. Okwangoku, kukho ii-4.2 ezizizigidi ze-pornography zewebhusayithi, kwaye nganye yesibini, ngaphezu kwe-$ 3,000 isetyenziswe kwi-SEM (Ropelato, 2010). I-"I-Injenge-Injini" yombono, ebonakala ngokufikelela ngokubanzi, ukukwazi ukufikelela, kunye nokungaziwa, ingaba i-akhawunti yokusetyenziswa kweSEM kwi-intanethi (Cooper, 1998).
Imiphumo emibi yokusetyenziswa kubantu ngabanye
Ukubukela i-pornography kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba nemiphumo emibi kumntu ngamnye, kubandakanywa ukungaphumeleli kokusebenza kwezemfundo kunye neengcali, uxinzelelo, ukunyanzeliswa ngokwesondo (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999; Manning, 2006), nobutshaba (UAllen, D'Alessio, kunye noBrezgel, ngo-1995; IDonnerstein, iDonnerstein, kunye ne-Evans, ngo-1975). Ngaphandle kweengxaki ezinxulumene nokuzimela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM kuye kwandisa ubunzima obusondeleyo ubudlelwane obusondeleyo (Yenza, 2007; I-Oddone-Paolucci, iGenuis, kunye neVolato, 2000). Ngokukhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa koononografi ngumntu ngokuqhelekileyo kukhokelela ekuhlalweni kobudlelwane kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo (Bridges, 2008a; Yenza, 2007; Schneider, 2000a, 2000b; UYucel kunye noGassanov, ngo-2010).
Xa uhlolisisa ubunzima bezobudlelwane, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM yiyona ndlela yokuqhelisa yokunciphisa umtshato kunye nolwalamano (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b) kunye negalelo elikhulu ekuhlukaniseni nasekuqhawuleni umtshato (Schneider, 2000b). Enyanisweni, imitshato kunye neengxaki zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo zihlala zinobudlelwane obuneliseko obuphantsi, kwaye amaqabane abo balamano baxela ukunyusa ekusithekeni, ukwahlukana, kunye nobudlelwane obunzima (Amakha, 1992; Schneider, 2000b; I-Wildmon-White kunye noMncinci, 2002). Ezi ngxaki zichazwe ngakumbi kwiibini ezithatyathwayo kuphela iqabane elilodwa lisebenza rhoqo kwi-SEM, ngokuqhelekileyo kubangele ukulahlekelwa ngumdla kwisini kunye nolwabelana ngesondo (Schneider, 2000b).
Impembelelo engebiyo yokusetyenziswa kumaqabane
Ngokubhekiselele kwimiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwamalingani, uZillmann noBryant (1984, 1988) ukufumanisa ukuba ukubukela iiporografi kwabangela ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka kumlingani wakho, ukunyuka kwamabhinqa kwandisa, ukuqonda okuphambene nokuziphatha ngokwesini, kunye nokuncipha kweemilinganiselo ezinxulumene nomtshato kunye nomtshato. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba ukujonga imifanekiso engcolileyo kwandisa isigwebo somntu ongeyena unogogo njengento eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha (Drake, 1994).
Ukongeza kwiziphumo kwiqabane, izifundo ziye zavavanya indlela abasetyhini abasabela ngayo ekusebenziseni kwe-SEM yeqabane lendoda. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM yamadoda kunokuvelisa iintlobo zeemvakalelo ezimbi (okt, ukungcatshwa, ukwaliwa, kunye nokushiya) kwabasetyhini, okuhlala kukhokelela ekuphelisweni kobudlelwane (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Abafazi, abafumanisa iifoto zabo zoononophala abafana babo, baqala ukuzijonga njengento engathandekiyo, abangenanto, ababuthathaka, nabangenangqondo (IBergner kunye neebhulorho, 2002).
Imiphumo emihle yokusetyenziswa kumaqabane
Ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi yecalografi, uphando oluthile lufumene ukuba izibini ezisebenzisa i-SEM ndawonye zingaba neziphumo ezintle kunabo abasebenzisa i-SEM ngokuzimela (Bridges, 2008b; Iibhlorho kunye neMorokoff, ngo-2010; Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Kwakhona, abantu ngabanye abajonga kuphela i-SEM kunye neqabane labo babika njengokwandiswa kokwaneliseka ngokwesini kunye nokuzinikezela kumlingane wabo xa kuthelekiswa nabangewona abasebenzisi. Ngokomzekelo, isibini, esabika ukwabelana nge-SEM, samkela amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu olwalamano kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo kunezibini ezingasisebenzisanga i-SEM ndawonye (Bridges, 2008b).
Umxholo we-SEM usebenzise ngokuthandana
Ukubonelelwa ngemiphumo edibeneyo yophando oludlulileyo, kuyaqondakala ukuba ukusetyenziswa kunye kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-SEM kunzima. Enye into ehambelana nemiphumo yinkalo yokwabelana ngolwalamano olunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM. Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM ngobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunokuthi kubekwe kumntu omnye okanye bobabini ngabanye. Ukongezelela, xa uthatha ingqalelo yomlingani we-SEM phambi kwe-akhawunti, ngokubanzi, kukho amaqela amahlanu eSEM asetyenziswayo: abasebenzisi ngabanye, abasebenzisi abalingani, abasebenzisi abahlukeneyo, abasebenzisi ababelwanayo kunye nabangabasebenzisi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umntu omnye unokuba ngamaqela amaninzi e-SEM kubuhlobo. Xa uhlolisisa nganye yezi zinto, imiphumo yokusetyenziswa ingahluka kumntu ngamnye kwicandelo ngalinye. Ukuqonda ukuxakeka kokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM kungadibana nokusebenza kwe-SEM. Ukuqhubela phambili ukucacisa indima kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-SEM ekusebenzisaneni ngobudlelwane (kunye nesiphumo esilandelayo kwintlalontle echazwe), kunokunceda ukuhlolisisa ukwakhiwa kwamanqanaba anxulumene namanqanaba anelonwabo, njengobusondelene okanye ukuzinikela.
Kubaluleka komsebenzi we-SEM
Ukuchazwa kweqabane lomntu we-SEM kunokuchaphazela ubudlelwane kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesini. Enyanisweni, iBridges (2008a) ifumene ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweefayile kunye nemiphumo ye-SEM ihluke ngokubhekiselele kwisini, ingcinga yebambisene kunye nokusebenza kwe-SEM. Kwizibini apho amabhinqa asetyenziswa kwi-SEM, bobabini abalingani bavakalisa ukuba banesondo esiphezulu kunye nolwalamano oluxhatshaziweyo xa kuthelekiswa nezibini apho amabhinqa awazange asebenzise i-SEM. Kwiintsebenziswano apho amabhinqa angazange asebenzise i-SEM, ukusetyenziswa kwesilisa kwe-SEM kunamanqaku amaninzi okwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ukongeza koko, ukufunyaniswa kwafumaniswa ukuba umsebenzi osetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-SEM ukusetyenziswa kwabasetyhini wawuyingxenye yokwenza uthando, ngoxa abantu besetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengento yodwa, uncedo lwezemidlalo (Bridges, 2008a, iphe. 79).
Ngaphandle kwempembelelo kwintlalontle, ukuzinikela, isisondelelo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunokunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM. Kwisifundo esifanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuya kuba neempembelelo ezixubileyo kwizalwane ezixeliweyo.UBenjamin noTlusten, ngo-2010). Ngokomzekelo, amanye amabhinqa abikela ukubandakanya imifanekiso engamanyala kwaye ayisebenzise njengesixhobo sokuphucula uthando kunye neqabane lawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abafazi babika ukuba ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala yobudlelwane obusondeleyo kwabangela ukuba bahlukane ngokwezesini.
Uphononongo lwangoku lufuna ukuqhubeka nokuchaza imiphumo ye-SEM ekusebenziseni ubudlelwane obusondelene, ngokukodwa ubudlelwane phakathi komxholo we-SEM usetyenziswe ngokubhekiselele kumathenda othando (njengoko kulinganiswe ngongcamango ka-Sternberg), amanyathelo okwaneliseka kunye nemiphumo emibi yokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM. Ukuqwalasela impembelelo ye-SEM esetyenziswayo bobabini amaqabane olwalamano olusondeleyo yintsimi entsha; Ngaloo ndlela, olu phofu lwakhiwa kwiqela elitsha lophando.
Uphononongo lwangoku
Uphononongo lwangoku luhlolisise ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM ngobudlelwane bokuthandana njengoko kuchazwe ngumntu. Amanyathelo ahlolwe izinto ezizimeleyo ezinokuthi zihambelane nokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM kubandakanywa nemilinganiselo yothando (ulwalamano, inzondelelo, nokuzinikela (IPC)], ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane, ukwaneliseka ngokwesini kunye nemiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM. Uphononongo lwangoku luhlolisise ukungafani kwimiphumo ye-SEM phakathi kwamaqela abantu apho: (a) kuphela umntu othabatha inxaxheba esebenzisa i-SEM, (b) bobabini abalingani basebenzise i-SEM kunye, okanye (c) akukho qabane lisebenzisa iSEM. Bergner kunye neBridges (2002) ijongene nendlela abafazi abayifumana ngayo xa bethola iqabane labo lisetyenziselwa i-SEM, ebonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa i-SEM akusoloko kubonakaliswa kulwalamano. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abasebenzisi bomlingani kunye nabasebenzisi abahlukeneyo abafakiwe. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zifanele zijongane ukuba zihambelani kwaye ezinye iinkcukacha ezingalunganga ze-SEM zisetyenziswe ngumlingani ongasebenziyo.
tindlela
yokugaya
Abathathi-nxaxheba, iminyaka eyi-18 okanye ngaphezulu kunye nobudlelwane obusondelene nabo, babesetyenziselwa inkqubo ye-pool yokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-intanethi kwinqanaba leyunivesithi yaseTexas, izibhengezo zeklasi kwiyunivesithi efanayo, i-"snowball" ye-imeyile, iindlela zokukhangisa kwiwebhusayithi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwabalingani. Ukuqashwa ngokusebenzisa iintengiso zewebhusayithi kubandakanya ukuthumela izipapasho zezifundo kwiisayithi zentengiso, njengaye www.craigslist.com, www.backpage.com, yaye www.facebook.com.
Iqoqo leenkcukacha zenzeke kwiinyanga ze-6. Xa behamba kwindlela yophando lwe-intanethi, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bacebiswe ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kwaba ngokuzithandela kwaye banokurhoxisa kwisifundo nanini na. Ngenxa yobomi bemibuzo yokufunda, isayinwe yemvume yachithwa ukuba ihlale ingabonakali, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwe ukuba bahlole ibhokisi ebonisa imvume yabo, ngokuhambelana nenkqubo evunyiweyo ye-IRB. Emva kokuvuma ukuthatha inxaxheba, abathathi-nxaxheba bagqiba le mibuzo. Umbuzo wokuqala wolu vavanyo lubuzwe ukuba ubuhlobo bomtshato obandakanyekayo. Abo bavuma ukuba "abangatshatanga / abangenalo okwenene ubudlelwane obusondeleyo" baxelelwe ukuba abafanelekanga ukuthatha inxaxheba kwaye baphumelele kwisifundo.
Emva kokugqitywa kweso sifundo, ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banqwenela ukungena umzobo we-raffle engama-50-dollar, bacofa ikhonkco ekhokelela kwifayile ehlukeneyo yedatha, eyathintela uphando lweempendulo ukuba ludibaniswe nokungena kwi-raffle. Abathathi-nxaxheba ababini, abaphumelele ukukhwabanisa, baqhagamshelana nge-imeyile ukuba bahlele ukuba babe nomrhumo wemali oyithunyelwe kubo. Abathathi-nxaxheba beyunivesiti banikezwa ithuba lokuthenga ngetyala lokuthatha inxaxheba endaweni yokungena kwi-raffle. Ukuba befuna ikhredithi eyongezelelweyo, bacofa ikhonkco ekhokelela kwifayili yedatha ehlukeneyo, apho bawashiya khona igama ukuze banikwe ikhredithi ethe xaxa.
nxaxheba
Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba bevela kwisampula engeyena umfundi (65%, n = 192). Abathathi-nxaxheba babandakanya abesilisa abangama-75 (25%) kunye nabasetyhini abangama-221 (75%) abaneminyaka eyi-18-87. Kuthetha ubudala babathathi-nxaxheba yayiyiminyaka engama-28.51 (SD = 9.40). Abantu kubudlelwane babo bangoku babehlangene kunye ne-avareji yeminyaka eyi-5.36 (SD = 6.60). Kwabathathi-nxaxheba, iipesenti ezingama-97 zazingabesini esahlukileyo kwaye iipesenti ezi-3 zazingamafanasini. Ngokumalunga nobuhlanga, le sampulu ubukhulu becala yayiyiCaucasian (65.2%), ilandelwa yi-Hispanic (18.9%), African American (7.4%), kunye nezinye (8.5%).
Ukuhlalutya, isimo somtshato sasicatshungulwa kwisitshati (38.1%) kwaye singatshatanga (62.9%). Abathathi-nxaxheba abatshadile batshatile umyinge we-3.47 iminyaka (SD = 7.11). Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba baxele ukuba kubudlelwane obukhethekileyo (i-85.2%), i-8.0% yayinobudlelwane obukhethekileyo, kwaye i-6.8% yayingabudlelwane obukhethekileyo. Phantse ama-92% abathathi-nxaxheba babesabelana ngesondo kwaye baxela ukuba babelana ngesondo kunye neqabane labo ngoku kwi-5.37 iminyaka (SD = 6.80).
Abathathi-nxaxheba bahlelwe ngamacandelo amathathu ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwe-SEM basebenzisana nolwalamano. Iqela lokuqala liyabasebenzisi ngabanye (n = 72-79; Jonga iTheyibhile 1), apho abathathi-nxaxheba bodwa kuphela umntu olwalamano olusebenzisa iSEM. Iqela lesibini labelwa ngabasebenzisi (n = 68-71), ngabathathi-nxaxheba abaye baxela ukuba omabini amaqabane asebenzisa i-SEM kubudlelwane kunye. Iqela lesithathu ngabantu abangasebenzisi (n = 93-108), ngabantu abathi baxele ukuba akukho SEM isetyenziswa nangubani na kubudlelwane.
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Ithebula 1. Kuthetha, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo, kunye nexesha lokuzithemba (95%) ngamacandelo amathathu kwisigxina ngasinye
| Abangabasebenzisi | Abasebenzisi ngabanye | Abasebenzisi abelwe ngabanye | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uhlobo n | 93-108 | 72-79 | 68-71 |
| Amadoda (%) | 13.9 | 43 | 35.2 |
| Uneliseko lobudlelwane | 25.22 (5.62) (24.15-26.30) | 23.19 (6.03) * (21.84-24.54) | 25.25 (4.89) (24.10-26.41) |
| Ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo | 20.54 (14.87) (17.48-23.60) | 23.07 (14.53) (19.68-26.43) | 21.46 (12.30) (18.53-24.39) |
| IPC | |||
| Ulwalamano | 6.22 (0.96) (6/03–6.40) | 5.56 (1.43) * (5.24-5.88) | 6.14 (0.93) * (5.92-6.36) |
| uwuthanda | 5.73 (1.34) (5.47-5.99) | 5.53 (1.29) (5.24-5.82) | 5.90 (1.17) (5.62-6.17) |
| ukuzibophelela | 6.25 (1.17) (5.52-5.83) | 5.70 (1.66) * (5.04-5.54) | 6.35 (1.01) * (5.50-5.84) |
| PCES | |||
| PED | - | 14.46 (6.30) (13.14-16.05) | 14.87 (6.15) (13.35-16.41) |
| SL | - | 3.05 (1.48) (2.73-3.43) | 3.33 (1.38) (3.01-3.69) |
| LG | - | 2.39 (1.31) (2.11-2.74) | 2.48 (1.32) (2.17-2.83) |
| IPATOG | - | 1.86 (1.19) (1.61-2.15) | 1.75 (1.18) (1.49-2.06) |
| ATS | - | 3.16 (1.40) (2.86-3.50) | 3.26 (1.42) (2.92-3.61) |
| SK | - | 4.00 (1.68) (3.64-4.37) | 4.05 (1.64) (3.66-4.45) |
| NED | - | 8.67 (2.86) (8.01-9.34) | 8.11 (3.34) (7.30-8.92) |
| SL | - | 2.26 (0.86) (2.07-2.48) | 2.18 (0.96) (1.94-2.42) |
| LG | - | 1.96 (0.86) * (1.76-2.16) | 1.68 (0.67) (1.53-1.86) |
| IPATOG | - | 2.63 (0.98) (2.40-2.87) | 2.53 (1.25) (2.24-2.84) |
| ATS | - | 1.81 (0.78) (1.63-2.00) | 1.71 (0.83) (1.53-1.93) |
Phawula. The n ngalinye iqela lihluka phakathi kwezinto ezixhomekeke kuzo ngenxa yokuphuma, idatha elahlekileyo, nokuba ingaba umntu ayenayo isondo. I-PED = umgangatho wempembelelo emihle, i-NED = imiphumo emibi yesimo, SL = ubomi besondo, i-LG = ubomi ngokubanzi, i-PATOG = ukujonga isimo sengqondo ngesini esahlukileyo, i-ATS = indlela yokujonga ngesondo, kunye ne-SK = ulwazi lwezesondo.
*p = .05.
Amanyathelo
Inqaku lemibuzo efundwayo lalibandakanya inani leendlela zokuzibika. Itheyibhuli 1 ubonisa iindlela kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kwinqanaba ngalinye kwisigxina ngasinye.
Amanani abantu
Iimbali zafunyanwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye zibandakanya imibuzo malunga nobudala, isondo, ubuhlobo bentlalo, ubuhlanga, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunye nenkolo.
Uphando lwe-SEM
Eli nqanaba laphuhliswa ngenjongo yokufunda kwangoku. I-SEM ichazwe ngokuthi "nayiphi na into ebonisa abantu abadala abakhulu ababandakanyeka ngokukhawuleza ekusebenzisaneni okunonophelo, okungenobundlobongela, okungabonakaliyo, ngokwesondo." Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM yangoku kwalinganiswa kusetyenziswa ubude (iiyure ngenyanga, amaxesha asetyenziswa ngenyanga) kunye nemisebenzi okanye izizathu ze-SEM se benzisa. Ezinye iinguqu, ezifana nohlobo lweendaba ze-SEM ezisetyenziswayo kunye nomxholo weentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-SEM, zavanywa. Uluhlu olufanayo lwemibuzo labuzwa malunga nokusetyenziswa komlingani kunye nokusetyenziswa okwabelwana ngeSEM.
Isixa sokulungiswa kweDyadic (DAS-7)
I-DAS-7, ingcaciso encinci ye-original-item item 32, lemibuzo iqulethe izinto ezi-7 ze-Likert (UHunsley, oGqwesileyo, uLefebvre, kunye noVito, 2001). Izinto ezintathu zokuqala ziquka iinkcazo malunga nesivumelwano kwimibandela emithathu yehlabathi (ifilosofi, iinjongo kunye nexesha elichithwa kunye) apho abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa isiqinisekiso semali evela kwi-0 (Andivumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi) ku-5 (Njalo uyavumelana). Izinto zesithathu zintetho ziqulethwe ngeengxelo malunga nobukhulu bemi sebenzi emibini, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba babonise ukuvama kwezi zinto ezivela kwi-0 (Akunakuze) ukuya kwi-5 (Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kaninzi ngosuku). Into yokugqibela yintetho malunga nesigxina sonke solonwabo kwintsebenzo apho abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa isiqinisekiso sabo kwisiqendu se-7 esivela kwi-0 (kakhulu engonwabi) ukuya kwi-6 (epheleleyo). Ngokubanzi, amanqaku aphezulu athetha uxolo oluphezulu.
I-DAS-7 ibonise ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kwangaphakathi (iCronbach's α = 0.78), ngaphezu kwe-retest-reliest reliability ukusuka ku-α = 0.75 ukuya ku-0.80 (UHunsley et al., 2001). Iziqendu ukusuka kwi-0 (ixineke) ukuya kwi-36 (engeyixinzelelo). Uhlalutyo lokuthembeka kule sampuli lubonisa ukulungelelaniswa kakuhle (iCronbach's α = 0.82).
Inkcazo yokwaneliseka ngokwesini (ISS)
I-ISS yinqanaba le-25-into ehlola isantya soxhatshazo ngokwesini okanye ukunganeliseki ngaphakathi kobudlelwano (Hudson, Harrison, & Crosscup, 1981). Iimpendulo zivela kwi-1 (Ngokuqhelekileyo okanye ayikho na yexesha) kwi-5 (Ininzi okanye Yonke ixesha), kwaye igxininiswe kwizinto ze-25. Ngenxa yephutha lokulawula, isalathisi sento ye-24 esetyenzisiweyo; isifundo sokuqinisekisa sokuqala sichaza ukuba ukunyaniseka kokuthembeka nokuqinisekiswa kwesikali kugcinwa nokuba xa kukho imibuzo emibili ilahlekileyo (UHudson et al., 1981). Amanqaku aphezulu abonakalisa ukunganeliseki, kwaye i-cutoff yeklinikhi yi-30.
I-ISS ihambelanisekile ngaphakathi yangaphakathi yeCronbach α = 0.92 kunye nokuthembeka kokuvavanya kwe-α = 0.93 (UHudson et al., 1981). Ukongezelela, ukuchaneka kwamandla okuchaneka kwe-ISS kuphakamileyo (UHudson et al., 1981). Uhlalutyo lokuthembeka kule sampuli lubonisa ukulungelelaniswa kakuhle (iCronbach's α = 0.89).
I-pornography effect effect scale (PCES)
I-PCES yinkalo ye-47-into ehlola iimpendulo ezizimeleyo neziphumo ezibi zokusetyenziswa kwamanyalaIHald kunye neMalamuth, 2008). Lo mqathango unemiba ebini ebalulekileyo, kubandakanywa nesilinganiselo sempembelelo emihle (i-PED) kunye nesimo esibi sempembelelo (NED). Kukho neengcamango zengqungquthela, kubandakanya ubomi bobulili (SL), ubomi ngokubanzi (LG), imbono yesimo sengqondo malunga nesini esahlukileyo (PATOG), isimo sengqondo ngesini (ATS), nolwazi lwesini (SK).
I-PCES ayinawo amanqaku amanqaku, kunokuba isethi ye-11 subscales (i-1-7 ububanzi kuyo yonke i-subscales). Iimpendulo ezithatha inxaxheba zivela kwi-1 (Akukho Konke) ukuya kwi-7 (Kwi-Extenmely Large Extent). I-PED yehlabathi ifunyenwe ngamaxabiso e-27, kwaye i-NED yehlabathi iyifumana ngamaxabiso e-20. Izikolo eziphezulu zibonisa isivumelwano esiphezulu.
Ukunyaniseka okupheleleyo (okt, iCronbach's α) ye-PED yi-0.91 ngoqikelelo lokuthembeka lwe-0.91 (SL), 0.90 (SK), 0.90 (ATS), 0.87 (GL), kunye ne-0.73 (PATOG) kulwakhiwo ngalunye. Ukuthembakala okupheleleyo kwe-NED yi-0.82 ngoqikelelo lokuthembeka lwe-0.83 (GL), 0.81 (ATS), 0.71 (SL), kunye ne-0.72 (PATOG) kulwakhiwo ngalunye (IHald kunye neMalamuth, 2008). Uhlalutyo lokuthembeka lwe-PED ne-NED kule sampuli lubonise ukuhambelana okuhle (Cronbach's α = 0.95 kunye α = 0.92, ngokulandelanayo).
IPC
I-IPC yinkalo ye-19 yezinto ezintathu ezibandakanya inkolelo ye-triangular yothando (Sternberg, 1986): ukuthandana (i-7-izinto), umonde (i-8-izinto), nokuzinikela (izinto ze-8, I-Lemieux kunye neHale, 2000). I-IPC ayinawo amanqaku apheleleyo, kunokuba isethi yee-subscales ezintathu (i-7-49 ububanzi bokuthandana, kunye ne-8-56 uluhlu lwezinto ezithandayo kunye nokuzibophezela ukuzibophezela). Iimpendulo ezithatha inxaxheba zivela kwi-1 (ayivumelani kakhulu) kuya kwi-7 (ivumelane kakhulu). Amanqaku aphakamileyo alingana nokuvunyelwa okuphezulu kwento. Ukuxhomekeka kokulingana okulungileyo kufunyenwe kuzo zonke iintlawulo ezintathu: ulwalamano (α = 0.89), inzondo (α = 0.94), nokuzibophezela (α = 0.89). Izilinganiso ze-IPC zinemeko efanelekileyo yokuguqulwa kunye nolwalamano lweneliseko (α = 0.96). Uhlalutyo lokuthembeka kwee-IPC zokubhalela kule sampuli kubonise ukuhambelana okuhle (Cronbach's α = 0.91, α = 0.94, kunye α = 0.92, ngokulandelanayo).
Uhlalutya
Idatha yahlaziywa isebenzisa i-SPSS 16.0. Ukuhlalutya isatisti kugxininise ukungafani kweqela phakathi kwamabasebenzisi ngabanye, abasebenzisi abelana ngokuhlanganyela kunye kunye nabangewona abasebenzisi. Imilinganiselo yokuhlalutya imodeli ye-covariance yasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ukuba kukho ukungafani okwakuboniswe kwi-DAS-7 kunye ne-ISS phakathi kwamacandelo amathathu e-SEM asetyenziswayo. Uphando olunikeziweyo lubonise ukuhlukana kokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM ngobulili, ubulili buye kwafakwa njengesiqulatho sesibini esizimeleyo ukuphonononga iziphumo ezinokumodareyitha njengexesha lokusebenzisana. Nawuphi na ulwahluko olubalulekileyop <.05) kuhlalutyo lokwahluka (ANOVA) kwaqhubekeka nokulandelwa kuvavanyo lwamva lweTukey oluthembekileyo ngokuBalulekileyo olusebenzisa inqanaba le-.05. Uthotho lwee-ANOVA zaqhutywa ukukhangela umahluko weqela le-SEM yeziphumo ezibonakalayo kumaqela amabini asebenzise i-SEM.
Ukuhlalutya kweposi emva kokujonga ubukhulu be-SEM basebenzisiwe ukuba babone ukuba olu tshintsho luchaphazele iziphumo. t-Iimvavanyo zazisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuba isantya sokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM sisebenzise ulwalamano nolwaneliseko, ukoneliseka ngokwesondo, kunye nemiphumo yokusebenzisa. Amaqela ahlulelwe kubasebenzisi abanoxinzelelo oluphezulu (ii-HFUs; okt, ngaphezulu kwe-1 hr ngenyanga) kunye nabasebenzisi bexesha eliphantsi (ii-LFUs; okt, ngaphantsi kwe-1 hr ngenyanga) ngokusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezisetyenziswe kufundo lwangaphambili (Bridges, 2008a).
Zokuziphatha
Olu pho nonongo luvunyiwe yiBhodi yeSixeko sokuHlola iHunston-Clear Clear. Ngenxa yobomi bemibuzo yokufunda, isayinwe yemvume yachithwa ukuba igcinwe ukungaziwa, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwe ukuba bajonge ibhokisi ebonisa imvume yabo. Emva kokuvuma ukuthatha inxaxheba, abathathi-nxaxheba bagqiba le mibuzo.
iziphumo
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani kunye ne-SEM
Gender
Amadoda ayenokwenzeka kakhulu ukusebenzisa iSEM ebuhlotsheni babo (80%) xa kuthelekiswa nabesifazane (59%) [χ2 (1) = 17.25, p <.001]. Ukujonga iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzisi be-SEM, bekukho iyantlukwano ngokwesini [χ2 (2) = 20.99, p <.001]. Amadoda ayesengozini enkulu yokuba ngabasebenzisi ngabanye (p = .008) kwaye ubuncinci kakhulu kunqabile ukuba ungasebenzisi umsebenzisi (p = .002).
Ukujonga iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zeqela le-SEM, kwakungekho nantlukwano enkulu phakathi kwabatshatileyo kunye nabangatshatanga [χ]2 (2) = .957, p = .620].
Ngokubanzi, kwakukho inani leenqobo ezibonakalayo phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zohlobo lwe-SEM, kunye neThebula 2 ibonisa ukungqamaniso kwimiba engalinganiyo (ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane kunye ne-IPC) ngohlobo lwesini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM. Ngaphezu koko, abasebenzisi ngabanye banamanqaku amancinane anxulumene nolwaneliseko lobuhlobo, ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nokuzibophelela xa kuthelekiswa nabangewona abasebenzisi. Ukongeza, abasebenzisi ngabanye babika amanqaku aphantsi kakhulu ekuthandaneni nokuzinikela kunokuba ubudlelwane kunye nokusetyenziswa okwabelwanayo. Kwakukho umbandela wokwahlukana okwesini ngesini ngeseliseko sezesondo, F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068, kunye namadoda abonisa amanqanaba asezantsi okwoneliseka kunabasetyhini.
|
Ithebula 2. Iindlela kunye nokuthelekiswa kweenguqu ezixhomekeke kumntu ngesini kunye nohlobo lwe-SEM lisetyenzisane
| Uneliseko lobudlelwane | Ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo | Ulwalamano | uwuthanda | ukuzibophelela | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuthetha | F kwaye p inani | Kuthetha | F kwaye p inani | Kuthetha | F kwaye p inani | Kuthetha | F kwaye p inani | Kuthetha | F kwaye p inani | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Amadoda | 25.14 | F(1, 252) = 1.06, p = .305 | 24.34 | F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068 * | 5.94 | F(1, 252) = 0.19, p = .661 | 5.67 | F(1, 252) = 0.46, p = .499 | 5.61 | F(1, 252) = 0.41, p = .551 |
| Abafazi | 24.31 | 20.38 | 6.02 | 5.79 | 5.53 | |||||
| SEM zisebenzisa | ||||||||||
| Umsebenzisi ngamnye | 23.24 | F(2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026 ** | 23.29 | F(2, 230) = 0.21, p = .812 | 5.54 | F(2, 252) = 7.95, p ≤ .001 *** | 5.50 | F(2, 252) = 1.67, p = .191 | 5.29 | F(2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006 ** |
| Umsebenzisi owabelweyo | 25.39 | 22.05 | 6.14 | 5.87 | 5.69 | |||||
| Ongasebenzisi | 25.55 | 21.74 | 6.23 | 5.81 | 5.74 | |||||
| Ukuxoxa | F(2, 252) = 0.01, p = .992 | F(2, 230) = 0.03, p = .973 | F(2, 252) = 0.64, p = .531 | F(2, 252) = 0.96, p = .386 | F(2, 252) = 0.41, p = .666 | |||||
*p = .10, **p = .05, ***p = .001.
Ekubeni eli phenduleli livavanya iinjongo ezibonakalayo ezilungileyo kunye nezibi zokusetyenziswa kwamanyala, zanikwa kuphela kubasebenzisi ngabanye kunye nabasebenzisi ababelwana nabo.
Ezizimeleyo t-iyona nkcazo yePES i-PED ibonisa ukuba akukho mvelaphi ephawulekayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi ngabanye kunye nabasebenzisi abelwe, t(70) = -0.063, p > .05. Ngaphaya koko, akukho nanye kwi-PED's subscales eveze umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwala maqela mathathu.
Ngokufanayo, ezizimeleyo t-iyona nkcazo ye-PCES ye-NED ayizange ibonise ukungafani kweqela, t(70) = -0.194, p > .05. Kwenye yeenkxaso-mali ze-NED, i-LG, ezimeleyo tUkuthelekiswa okugqithisileyo kubonakalisa iimpembelelo ezingalunganga ezivela kubasebenzisi ngabanye (M = 1.68) kunabasebenzisi ekwabelwana ngabo [M = 1.96; t(138) = -2.10, p = .036].
Ngokubanzi, iindlela kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kufakwe kwiThebhile 3, kwaye ezi zichazayo zagqitywa kwakhona ngezinga lokusetyenziswa (i-HFU neLFU).
|
Ithebula 3. Kuthetha, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo, kunye nexesha lokuzithemba (95%) ngamacandelo amabini kwisigxina ngasinye
| Umsebenzisi osezantsi | Umsebenzisi ophezulu | |
|---|---|---|
| Uhlobo n | 75-84 | 65-92 |
| Amadoda (%) | 32.1 | 34.8 |
| Uneliseko lobudlelwane | 25.18 (5.72) ** (24.01-26.51) | 23.28 (5.47) (22.78-25.02) |
| Ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo | 21.06 (12.91) (18.45-23.95) | 23.37 (14.08) (11.90-16.06) |
| IPC | ||
| Ulwalamano | 6.08 (0.99) ** (5.85-6.28) | 5.57 (1.43) (5.47-6.03) |
| uwuthanda | 5.87 (1.12) * (5.62-6.10) | 5.52 (1.35) (5.37-5.94) |
| ukuzibophelela | 6.20 (1.31) * (5.41-5.78) | 5.88 (1.46) (5.20-5.59) |
| PCES | ||
| PED | 13.70 (6.33) * (12.27-15.16) | 15.74 (5.98) (14.26-17.29) |
| SL | 2.96 (1.47) ** (2.63-3.33) | 3.45 (1.37) (3.11-3.80) |
| LG | 2.24 (1.30) (1.96-2.55) * | 2.65 (1.31) (2.33-2.98) |
| IPATOG | 1.75 (1.13) (1.49-2.00) | 1.87 (1.25) (1.56-2.18) |
| ATS | 2.90 (1.42) * (2.66-3.32) | 3.45 (1.36) (3.11-3.80) |
| SK | 3.75 (1.73) (3.38-4.14) ** | 4.33 (1.52) (3.97-4.71) |
| NED | 7.94 (3.35) * (7.22-8.71) | 8.90 (2.75) (8.22-9.59) |
| SL | 2.04 (0.89) ** (1.85-2.24) | 2.43 (0.90) (2.20-2.64) |
| LG | 1.72 (0.77) * (1.55-1.90) | 1.95 (0.78) (1.76-2.15) |
| IPATOG | 2.46 (1.18) (2.21-2.72) | 2.72 (1.04) (1.6-2.18) |
| ATS | 1.73 (0.91) (1.5-1.94) | 1.81 (0.66) (1.65-1.97) |
Phawula. The n ngalinye iqela lihluka phakathi kwezinto ezixhomekeke kuzo ngenxa yokuphuma, idatha elahlekileyo, nokuba ingaba umntu ayenayo isondo. I-PED = umgangatho wempembelelo emihle, i-NED = imiphumo emibi yesimo, SL = ubomi besondo, i-LG = ubomi ngokubanzi, i-PATOG = ukujonga isimo sengqondo ngesini esahlukileyo, i-ATS = indlela yokujonga ngesondo, kunye ne-SK = ulwazi lwezesondo.
*p = .10, **p = .05.
Ngokubanzi, i-LFU ibike iziphumo ezingcono kune-HFUs. I-LFU inamanqaku aphezulu olwalamano nolwaneliseko [t(174) = 2.13, p = .035] kunye namanqaku okusondelelana aphezulu [t(174) = 2.76, p = .006] kune-HFU. Kwakungekho nantlukwano ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo, ukuthanda, kunye nokuzibophelela kwixesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM.
Ngokubanzi, iHFU (M = 15.74) uxele iziphumo ezibonakalayo ezintle kuneLFU [M = 13.70; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053]. Kwakukho umahluko obonakalayo kunye nangokubalulekiyo obalulekileyo kwezi nkxaso zilandelayo zilungileyo: SL [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.96; t(138) = -2.02, p = .045], ATS [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.99; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053], kunye ne-SK [HFU M = 4.33; LFU M = 3.75; t(138) = -2.08, p = .040]. Kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na enye inkxaso.
Kwakungekho nantlukwano ephawulekayo kwi-NED PCES kuwo onke amaninzi okusetyenziswa kwe-SEM; Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwi-SL ekuhlaleni apho i-HFUs (M = 2.43) uxele iziphumo ezibi kakhulu kuneLFU [M = 2.04; t(138) = -2.57, p = .011]. Kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na enye inkxaso.
ingxoxo
Olu phononongo luvavanye indlela ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM kwizibini ezitshatileyo kunxulumene nobudlelwane kunye nokwoneliseka ngokwesondo, iziphumo ezibonakalayo zokusebenzisa, kunye nolwakhiwo lobudlelwane (umzekelo, IPC). Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM kwakuhambelana nolwalamano nolwaneliseko, kodwa aluhambelani nolwaneliseko ngokwesondo. Ngokukodwa, izibini, apho kungekho mntu wasebenzisa khona, zichaze ukwaneliseka kobudlelwane ngakumbi kunezo zibini zazinabasebenzisi ngabanye. Oku kuyahambelana nophando lwangaphambili (Cooper et al., 1999; Manning, 2006), ebonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwedwa kweSEM kubangelwa kwimiphumo emibi. Ngaloo ndlela, mhlawumbi ukuba izibini zibuhlungu xa umntu okanye bobabini bodwa basebenzisa iSEM. Nangona kunjalo, kunikezelwe ukuba izibini ezabelwana ngokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM azizange zihluke kwabangewona abasebenzisi okanye ngabasebenzisi ngabanye, kungaba ngcono kwiimeko ukuba izibini zithintela ukusebenzisa iSEM, kwaye ukuba zifuna ukusebenzisa i-SEM, zimele zisebenzise ubuncinane njengesiqabane, endaweni yomntu ngamnye.
Isishwankathelo, ubudlelwane obakhelwe njenge-IPC bahluka ngokusekelwe kwi-SEM basebenzisene nolwalamano. Ngenxa yesini esithintekayo rhoqo, abasebenzisi ngabanye babika ubungqina obusondeleyo kunye nokuzibophelela kobudlelwane babo kunabasebenzisi abangabasebenzisi kunye nabasebenzisi ababelwana nabo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ukunciphisa ubuhlobo kunye nokuzibophezela kunye nokuba khona kwe-SEM yedwa kulwalamano lunokuthi lugwenywe ukuba ngaba bobabini abalingani basebenzise i-SEM. Idatha ibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane apho bobabini abasebenzisana nabo basebenzise i-SEM okanye apho bobabini abalingani ababengahlali kwi-SEM basebenamanqanaba afanayo okuthandana, ukuzinikela kunye nolwaneliseko lwentsapho olukhoyo. Ubudlelwane phakathi kolwalamano olwakhayo (njengobusondelene nokuzibophelela) lunokuthi lunxulumene nendlela esebenzisa ngayo i-SEM ifakwe kulwalamano. Ngokomzekelo, abo abanamazinga aphantsi okanye abazinikeleyo bangakhetha ukujonga i-SEM ngabanye, ngelixa abo abanamazinga aphezulu bangakhetha ukuyeka ukusebenzisa okanye bajonga i-SEM ndawonye. Enye inkcazo kukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-SEM kunokutshintsha iimfuno zesondo kunye nokwandisa umnqweno wabo wokuvuselela ngesondo. Ngokukodwa, ukusebenzisa i-SEM ephindaphindiweyo ingabi yinto efiselekayo okanye inoveli.
Ngokubanzi, ukuba umntu ojonga i-SEM kaninzi unokufumana njani impembelelo kwimiphumo yabasebenzisi. Uphononongo lwethu lufumene ukuba i-HFU inokuthi ibe nolwalamano oluncinci nolwalamano olusenyongweni lwabo lobuhlobo. Nangona kunjalo, i-HFU ibhengeze kakhulu imiphumo emihle yokusetyenziswa, kwiindawo ezininzi, ngaphandle kwe-LFU, ngelixa zivakalisa nemiphumo embi engafanelekanga. Oku kungaphakamisa ukuba abo basebenzisa i-SEM ngokuphindaphindiweyo batyala imali kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-HFU ibangelwa ukunciphisa ubuhlobo obusondeleyo okanye ulwalamano olwenelisayo, okanye iinguqu zokugqibela zikhokelela ekusebenziseni okukhulu kwe-SEM, utyalo-mali kusebenziso lwe-SEM lubonakala lukhokelela ekuthandaneni kwabo thandana. Ukongezelela, mhlawumbi ngenxa yolu luleko-mali, abasebenzisi banakho ukukhetha imemori ekhethiweyo yokusebenzisa kwabo.
Olu phofu lubandakanya amandla amaninzi. Okokuqala, kwakuyi-sampuli edibeneyo yabafundi beekholeji kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuba ininzi yesampula (i-65%) ivela kubathathi-nxaxheba abaphakamisa ukwandisa. Okwesibini, kwakungomnye wezifundo zokuqala ukuhlola iimpawu ezininzi kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-SEM ezisetyenziswa kwizibini, ezenza ngcono ukuqonda kwethu imiphumo ye-SEM esetyenziswa kwizibini. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho inani lokunciphisa xa sichaza iziphumo zesifundo sethu. Olu phando luqokelelwe kwi-intanethi kwaye izihloko ezivezwe kulolu hlolisiso ziluncedo kuluntu; ngoko, kukho ithuba lokuzikhethela ukuzikhethela. Kwakhona, mhlawumbi ubungakanani besayizi esampulu kunye namandla amakhulu kunokuvumela ukuba kukho naziphi na iintlobo ezikhoyo eziphakanyisiweyo zokuzikhanyisa. Ekugqibeleni, sasingakwazi ukuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM komntu omnye ngaphakathi kobudlelwane obudityanisiweyo. Kukho ukuphazamiseka kweenguqu kwi sampuli, njengokuthi okanye ingekho iqabane lingaboniyo i-SEM.
Ucwaningo lwexesha elizayo luya kuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM yamabini amaqabane ukuba anike ulwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nemimandla echaphazelekayo. Ekubeni i-SEM isebenzisa ngokuqhelekileyo iquka ukukhohlisa, iifundo ezizayo kufuneka zihlolisise amaqabane omabini kulwalamano, ukuze kufikelelwe imiphumo ye-SEM ekusebenzisaneni ngobudlelwane, xa usebenziso lomlingane luyimfihlo. Ukongezelela, ngokunikezwa kwecandelo lokulinga, ulawulo lwesiphumo alukwazanga ukumiselwa. Ukongezelela, kunokubakho abalamlamli kunye neemodareyitha ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa, kwaye ezi ziza kuhlolwa. Ucwaningo lwexesha elizayo kunye noyilo olude luya kuba nakho ukuvavanya ezi ziguquko ngamaxesha amaninzi, okuza kubaluleka ekuphuculeni ukuqonda kwethu kwe-SEM ekuthandaneni. Ukuqonda izinto ezichaziweyo ezibeka iziphumo ezintle nezimbi ezibini kunye nokuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM kunye nohlobo lwezinto ezinxulumene nazo ziya kuba ngamanyathelo abalulekileyo alandelayo.
Igalelo labalobi
Bonke abalobi babandakanyeka kuzo zonke iindawo zezifundo. Le ngqangi yimbalo yokugqibela ye-thesis ye-JM. Ngaloo ndlela, wayebandakanyeke kuzo zonke iinkalo zophando kuquka ukuqulunqwa kweengcamango, ukuyila, ukuqokelela idatha kunye nokuhlalutya, kunye nophuhliso lwemibhalo. I-CTW ne-MBS igadile kwaye iqeqesha i-JM kuzo zonke iinkalo zale ngqangi. Ngaphezu koko, bobabini bancedisa ekuphuhlisweni nasekuhlelweni kombhalo wesandla wokugqibela. Bonke abalobi baye bavuma isicatshulwa sokugqibela.
Akukho namnye wabalobi kufuneka abhengeze nayiphi na ingxabano ekhoyo okanye enokubakho inxaxheba. Akukho nto ingqubanayo okanye inokuthi ingqubana nomdla.
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