Indima ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi Sebenzisa kunye nokungathembeki kwi-Intanethi phakathi koBuntu, isiNxulumaniso, kunye neNtsapho kunye nokuNeliseka koTyala (2017)

Inethiwekhi yokuncokola
Vol.06 No.01 (2017), i-ID yeSiqendu: 72840,18 amaphepha
I-10.4236 / sn.2017.61001

Anik Ferron1, Yvan Lussier1*, uStéphane Sabourin2, Audrey Brassard3

KWI-ABSTRACT

Nangona abantu abadala abakubudlelwane bothando ngoku bebonisa ukuvuleleka ngakumbi kwindlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi [1] , ezi ziphatha noxa kunjalo zinokwandisa iingxabano zesibini kunye nokungazinzi [2] . Kuphononongo lwangoku, sivavanya indima yokulamla yokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-1) ubuntu kunye nokuncamathela, kunye ne-2) isibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Inani lilonke labathathi-nxaxheba be-779 kubudlelwane obubini (umyinge weminyaka = iminyaka eyi-29.9) bagqiba uluhlu lwemibuzo ye-intanethi. Ngokweempendulo zabo, i-65% yabathathi-nxaxheba baye batyelela indawo yabantu abadala ubuncinane kanye kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezandulela isifundo, ngelixa i-16.3% yenza amaxesha amaninzi ngeveki. Iziphumo zemodeli yendlela zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber yayingabalamli abalandelelanayo phakathi, kwelinye icala, ubuntu kunye nokuncamathela, kwaye kwelinye icala, isibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ingxoxo iqaqambisa ukubaluleka kokubhalwa ngokufanelekileyo kweendlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi ukuqonda ngcono iinyani ezitsha kunye nezinto eziguqukayo.

Internet: I-Intanethi, iphonografi, ukungathembeki kwi-cyber, ukwaneliseka kwabatshatileyo, ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo, ubuntu, ukuncamathela

  1. intshayelelo

Ukufikeleleka, ukungaziwa, kunye nokufikelelekayo ngamagama achaza ngokwaneleyo imboni yephonografi kwi-intanethi [3] . Nangona iphonografi iya yamkeleka ngakumbi kwiinkcubeko zaseNtshona [4] , ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokukuthabatha lula ukutshata nomntu omnye, kukhokelela ekubeni ungathembeki [1] [5] , kunciphisa ulwaneliseko ngokwesini, yaye kunciphisa umtsalane wesini kwiqabane likabani [6] [7] [8] . Ngaphezu koko, imbono yabasetyhini malunga nokusebenzisa iphonografi yamaqabane abo idityaniswe nokunganeliseki kwesibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo [9] . Nangona kunjalo, impilo-ntle ngokwesondo inokuphuculwa xa omabini amaqabane esebenzisa iphonografi [10] . Ngenxa yenani elikhulu leendawo zabantu abadala kunye nesibheno sabo esixhaphakileyo, abaphandi banomdla ngakumbi kwindima yabo phakathi kwezibini eziguqukayo [1] [2] [11] [12] [13].

Ukuthandwa koonografi kwi-intanethi yinto ebalulekileyo yokunganeliseki ngokwesondo kwabantu abadala. Uphando lwezentlalo lubonise ukuba amanqanaba okungoneliseki ngokwesondo anokufikelela kuma-60% [14] . Injongo yolu phononongo lwangoku yayikukujonga indima yephonografi ye-Intanethi1 ukusetyenziswa kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber (iinguqu zokulamla ezilandelelanayo) kwimibutho phakathi kwe-1) ubuntu kunye nokungakhuselekanga kokuncamathela (iinguqu zangaphandle), kunye ne-2) isibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo (iinguqu ze-endogenous).

Inkcazo yephonografi iyahluka kwinkcubeko nganye kwaye inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yentlalo, iinkolelo zomntu kunye namava ngabanye [15] . Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo okufana nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwakhiwe izikripthi zesondo eziye zafundwa ngonxibelelwano lwentlalo [16] . Imibhalo yezesondo yaseMntla yaseMelika ibonisa ukuba amadoda aneemfuno zesondo eziphuthumayo; indlela abaziphatha ngayo ngokwesondo ixatyiswe luluntu, kanti ukuba neentlobano zesini kwabasetyhini kunxulunyaniswa neemvakalelo nokuzibophelela. Kwimeko yaseMntla Melika, owasetyhini onesondo kakhulu unesimo esisezantsi sentlalo. Ezi zikripthi zesini ziyatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kubume bobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Ukuguqula okanye ukugcina imibhalo yezesondo yinkqubo esebenzayo ebandakanya umzamo omkhulu womntu [17] . Namhlanje, ukuhlukana nemibhalo yezesondo yemveli kunokufaka isandla ekwandiseni ukulingana ngokwesini kwaye kunikeze amathuba amaninzi okwaneliseka ngokwesondo [18].

UCarroll et al. [4] ichaza amanyala kwi-Intanethi njengemifanekiso ekwi-Intanethi kunye/okanye iividiyo ezibonisa ubunqunu obucacileyo ngenjongo yokukhulisa inkanuko yesini. Iphonografi ye-Intanethi inokubandakanya iividiyo ezivuselela inkanuko engagxili kakhulu kumalungu esini nangakumbi kwinkanuko. Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi kunokubandakanya kodwa kungaphelelanga ekubeni nenxalenye yeemvakalelo. Le misebenzi ye-intanethi inokwenziwa yodwa (ukubukela iphonografi kunye nokuphulula amaphambili) okanye phambi kwabanye nge-Intanethi (ikhamera yewebhu okanye incoko ephilayo) [19] . Ukuba umntu sele ebandakanyeka kubudlelwane bothando, ezi ziphatha zingathathwa njengezenzo zokungathembeki kwi-cyber.

Ukuxhaphaka kunye nobudlelwane bobudlelwane bokusetyenziswa koonografi

Uphononongo lwakutsha nje eUnited States nguDoran kunye neXabiso [5] iphonononge ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi yamadoda nabafazi abangama-20,000 kubudlelwane bothando. Iziphumo zabo zibonise ukuba i-17% yamadoda kunye ne-3% yabasetyhini baye batyelela iindawo ezicacileyo ngesondo kwiintsuku ze-30 zokugqibela. Ezi ziphumo zixhasa iziphumo ezifanayo nguCarroll et al. [4] , oye wafumanisa ukuba, kubantu abancinci abancinci, i-27% yamadoda-kodwa kuphela i-2.2% yabasetyhini-bajonga imifanekiso engamanyala kanye okanye kabini ngeveki. Ke, amadoda adla ngokutya iphonografi kwaye enze njalo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo [20] [21] [22] . Abasetyhini baphinde baxela ukuvuseleleka okuncinci ngokwesondo xa bebukele izinto ezibonisa ngokwesondo [23] . Ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi yamadoda kuhlala kuyingxaki kwaye kunyanzelekile, abaphandi baye banikela ingqalelo encinci kwiipatheni zokusetyenziswa kwabasetyhini.

Abanye abaphandi baye bacinga ukusebenzisa iphonografi njengendlela yanamhlanje yokulutha ngokwesondo [24] [25] . Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abaye bazama ukubonisa indlela iimpawu zobuntu kunye nokungakhuselekanga kwabantu abasebenzisa iphonografi kwi-intanethi ezinxulumene nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, ulwaneliseko lwesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo phakathi kobudlelwane bothando lwabantu abadala.

Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba iimpawu zobuntu ezininzi (i-neuroticism, i-extroversion, ukuvuleleka kumava, ukuvuma, kunye nesazela) zinxulunyaniswa nokungoneliseki kwesibini (bona Malouff, Thorsteinsson, Schutte, Bhullar, & Rooke, [26] ukwenzela uphononongo), kwaye kunqabile ngokungoneliseki ngokwesondo [27] . Ezinye zezi mpawu zinokuphendula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwi-intanethi, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokungathembeki kwi-cyber. Ngapha koko, ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zinokuqikelela isibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le modeli ayizange ibe yingqwalasela yophando lobuchule.

Kuphononongo lukaEgan noParmer [28] , kuphela i-neuroticism, ukuvumeleka, kunye nokuba nesazela okunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yamadoda. Izulu et al. [29] ibe neziphumo ezifanayo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-altruism ephantsi (ukuvuma) kunye nokucinga okusebenzayo (ukuvuleka) kuhambelana nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Kolu phononongo lwangoku, silindele ukuba obu budlelwane nabo buya kufikelela ukubaluleka. UEmmers-Sommer, uHertlein, kunye noKennedy [30] yabonisa ukuba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi na isini, ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuhlobene nokukhululeka nenjongo yokungathembeki.

Izifundo ezimbalwa kakhulu ziye zaphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kobuntu kunye nokungathembeki kwi-cyber, kugxininise kakhulu ekungathembeki komntu [31] [32] . Amanqanaba aphantsi okuvuma kunye nokuba nesazela kunye nokugqithiswa zizinto eziphambili ezihambelana nokubandakanyeka kwesondo okungaqhelekanga. Uphononongo lwangoku ke lujolise ekuchongeni, kubasetyhini kunye namadoda, ukuba ezi mpawu zobuntu ezahlukeneyo zihambelana nokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber.

Uphononongo lubonise ukuba imiba emibini ephambili yokuncamathela-ixhala kunye nokungakhuseleki kokuphepha-inxulumene nokunganeliseki kwesibini [.33] nokungoneliseki ngokwesondo [34] . Kulwazi lwethu, ubudlelwane phakathi kokuncamathela, ukusetyenziswa koonografi, kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber akubhalwanga kakuhle [35] . Abantu abafumana amanqaku aphezulu kuxinzelelo olunxulumene nokuncamathisela kunye nokuphepha bafumana ukunganeliseki okukhulu kwesibini [36] kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo, kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi kunxulumene nomgangatho wobudlelwane bothando [35] . Kubonakala kufanelekileyo ukuqwalasela ukungakhuseleki kokuncamathiselwa kwabasebenzisi bephonografi ukuze baqonde ngcono ubudlelwane babo kunye nesondo.

Unxunguphalo olunxulumene nokuncamathela luphawulwa luloyiko oluzingileyo lokungathandwa nokungafunwa liqabane lakho. Abantu abathandana nexhala badla ngokufumana isini siqinisekisa kwaye siyanelisa ngokweemvakalelo [37] [38] . Ukuphepha okunxulumene nokuqhotyoshelwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubonakala ngokungahambi kakuhle kunye nokuxhomekeka kweemvakalelo. Abantu abancamatheleneyo banokuthi banelise iminqweno yabo yesini ngaphandle kokujonga ukuba oku kuya kulichaphazela njani iqabane labo [33] . Kuphononongo lwakhe loncwadi, uDewitte [39] icebise ukuba abaphandi babhale ngcono iindlela ezidibanisa ixhala kunye nokuphepha ukunganeliseki ngokwesondo.

Kuphononongo lwabo lokuphonononga izinto ezandulelayo kunye neziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yamadoda, uSzymanski noStewart-Richardson [35] ibonise ukuba ukungqubuzana kwendima yesini kumadoda kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nobudlelwane kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo, kodwa kwakhona kuhambelana ngokungangqalanga ngenxa yeziphumo ezilandelelanayo zokunamathisela kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, iziphumo ezingathanga ngqo zibonise ukuba indima yesini inxulunyaniswe ngokufanelekileyo nokuxhalaba okunxulumene nokuncamathela kunye nokuphepha, nto leyo ehambelana nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi. Kuphela ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi kwakunxulumene nesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. NgokukaSzymanski kunye noStewart-Richardson, abantu abanexhala elinxulumene nokuncamathela banokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala kuba baziva bengakhuselekanga kubudlelwane babo. Abantu abanezithintelo ezinxulumene nokuncamathisela akunakwenzeka ukuba babe neentlobano zesini nomntu othandana naye, kwaye imifanekiso engamanyala ibanceda banelise iimfuno zabo zesini. Nangona kunjalo, ababhali abakhankanywe ngasentla bafunde kuphela ukungakhuseleki kokuncamathela kwamadoda. Kwesi sifundo sikhoyo, siphonononga olu budlelwane phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini.

Ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane phakathi kokuqhotyoshelana kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, uphando lujolise ngokukodwa ekungathembeki komntu ngokuchasene nokungathembeki kwi-intanethi. Abantu abanokungakhuseleki kokuncamathela bathambekele ngakumbi ekufuneni ukudibana ngokwesondo ngaphandle kwe-extradyadic [32] [40] [41] [42] . Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwabo banexhala elinxungupheleyo [43] [44] [45] . Sicinga ukuba zombini imilinganiselo engakhuselekanga yokuncamathela inxulumene nokungathembeki kwi-intanethi.

Iphonografi kunye nokungathembeki

Uphando lubonise ukuba ukutyelela iisayithi ezicacileyo ngesondo kunxulumene nokunokwenzeka okukhulu kokungathembeki [1] [5] , ingakumbi emadodeni ebudeni beminyaka yokuqala yomtshato [5] . Kuphononongo lukaStack, uWasserman, noKern [46] , abantu abadala abaye basebenzisa iphonografi ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezithathu kwinyanga edlulileyo babenokuthi bangathembeki kunabantu abadala abangazange bachaze ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwe-extradyadic. UWysocky kunye nabantwana [47] babonise ukuba amadoda anamathuba aphindwe kahlanu okuba aphuhlise ubudlelwane bangaphandle komtshato kwi-intanethi ukuba aye abandakanyeka kwi-cybersex, ngelixa abasetyhini benethuba eliphindwe kathathu. Ngamafutshane, ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber yimiba ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa uphonononga ukwaneliseka kwesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo, kwaye ke ngoko kwakhethwa njengeenguqu zokulamla kwisifundo esikhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube ngoku, akukho sifundo sichaze isikhokelo sobudlelwane phakathi kwephonografi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Ngokusekwe kwizifundo zangaphambili, sicebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okongezelelekileyo ngokwesondo kwi-intanethi.

Iphonografi, ulwaneliseko lwesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo

Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunxulunyaniswa kakubi nokwaneliseka kwesibini [1] [2] [5] [8] [48] [49] . Willoughby et al. [12] baye bathi unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunganeliseki kwesibini kunokuchazwa ngokuba ndlongondlongo kwamadoda, ukungakhathali kwamabhinqa nokungancokoli kakuhle phakathi kwezibini. Muusses et al. [48] baye baxela ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwamadoda kuhambelana nokwaneliseka kwesibini esiphantsi kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo, okuxhasa ukufunyaniswa kwe-Landripet kunye ne-Štulhofer [50] . Ukusebenzisa kwamabhinqa imifanekiso engamanyala kunxulunyaniswa nokwaneliseka ngakumbi emtshatweni [11] kumaqabane omabini [2] . Iziphumo ezidibeneyo zezi zifundo zenza isiseko semodeli yangoku, ephakamisa ukuba i-pornography isetyenziswe ichaza isibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo ngokusebenzisa ukungathembeki kwe-cyber. Ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zangaphambili, olu budlelwane kufuneka bohluke ngokuxhomekeke kwisini somthathi-nxaxheba.

Ukungathembeki kwi-Cyber, ukwaneliseka kwesibini, kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kuye kwafundwa ngakumbi [51] [52] [53] . Imvumelwano iyonke kukuba ukungathembeki kwi-cyber kunokuba yingozi kwisibini [54] [55] . Kwezinye izifundo, ukuxhaphaka kokungathembeki kwe-cyber kufikelele kwi-63.6% [47] . Nangona kunjalo, le nkcazo-manani kufuneka ithathwe lula njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba baye bagaywa nge-Ashley Madison, indawo yenethiwekhi yoluntu yobudlelwane obungaphandle komtshato. Siphakamisa ukuba ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kunxulumene nesibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo. Ngenxa yokuba izinga lokungathembeki phakathi kwamadoda liyaziwa ukuba liphezulu kunabafazi [56] [57] [58] , isini kufuneka sijongwe xa sijonga ukungathembeki kwi-cyber.

iinjongo

Uphononongo lwangoku luphakamisa imodeli ye-cascade apho i-pornography isebenzisa kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber kuchaza imibutho phakathi, kwelinye icala, ubuntu kunye nokudibanisa, kwaye kwelinye icala, isibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Sicinga ukuba ubuntu kunye nokuncamathela okuguquguqukayo kuhambelana nokusetyenziswa koonografi, nto leyo ehambelana nokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Ekugqibeleni, siphakamisa ukuba ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kudibaniswa nesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ngapha koko, kuba abafazi kunye namadoda babonisa iipateni ezahlukileyo zokusetyenziswa koonografi (umzekelo, uHald & Mulya [21]), siqikelela ukuba imodeli iya kwahluka ngokwesini.

  1. tindlela

nxaxheba

Isampulu yayiquka ama-779 aseFransi-abaseKhanada (abafazi abangama-524 kunye namadoda angama-255) ahlala eQuebec abasebenzisa ikhomputha kwaye ngoku babenobudlelwane besibini. Ekubeni uphando luqhutywe kwi-intanethi kwaye inani labathathi-nxaxheba liye laphuma phakathi, inani labathathi-nxaxheba litshintshile ukusuka kwi-questionnaire eguquguqukayo ukuya kwelinye. Phakathi kwabo banike ingxelo yokutyelela iindawo zabantu abadala kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo, ama-230 yayingamadoda kunye nama-272 ngabasetyhini. Iikhrayitheriya ezine zokubandakanywa zisetyenzisiwe: abathathi-nxaxheba babenobudlelwane obubini ekuqaleni kwesifundo, babephakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 kunye ne-65 ubudala, babenokufikelela kwi-Intanethi, kwaye bagqibe icandelo lemibuzo ye-intanethi malunga neendawo zabantu abadala. Ngokumalunga nemfundo yabathathi-nxaxheba, i-17.5% (n = 102) igqibe isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, i-6% (n = 35) inediploma yezifundo zobugcisa, i-36.9% (n = 215) inesidanga sasekholejini (eQuebec, imfundo yaseKholeji ngokubanzi. ithatha iminyaka emi-2 okanye emi-3 emva kwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kwaye yandulela izifundo zesidanga saseyunivesithi), i-25.3% (n = 147) inesidanga saseyunivesithi, kwaye i-14.9% (n = 87) inesidanga saseyunivesithi. Bebonke, abathathi-nxaxheba be-456 baqeshwe ngexesha lophando (79.4%). Abathathi-nxaxheba babengabantu abathandana besini esahlukileyo (91.4%), ngelixa i-3.1% yayingamafanasini kwaye i-5.5% yayingabantu abathandana nesini esinye. Ngokumalunga nobume bobudlelwane, i-14.8% yabathathi-nxaxheba bebekubudlelwane besibini kodwa bebengahlali kunye, i-36.2% ibitshatile, i-41.1% ibingamaqabane aqhelekileyo, kwaye i-7.9% yayahlukene okanye yoqhawulo-mtshato ngoku ebandakanyeka kubudlelwane besibini kunye neqabane elitsha. Umyinge weminyaka yabathathi-nxaxheba yayiyiminyaka eyi-29.85 (SD = 9.91) kwaye ubude obuphakathi kobudlelwane babo yiminyaka eyi-6.36 (SD = 6.57).

Procedure

Abathathi-nxaxheba baye bagaywa ngamaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, i-Facebook, iiforam zengxoxo, kunye nee-imeyile ezithunyelwe ukusuka ngoMatshi ukuya kuSeptemba 2011. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwafuneka batyelele iwebhusayithi ye-Survey Monkey baze bazalise i-questionnaire ye-intanethi. I-software yewebhusayithi iqinisekisa ukuba yimfihlo kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwaye ilandela imigangatho yokuziphatha engqongqo (kuquka ukufihlwa kwedatha). Abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwe ngenjongo yophando: ukuhlolisisa izinto zomntu ngamnye ezikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuvavanya impembelelo yabo kubudlelwane besibini. Abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba bagcwalise ifomu yemvume. Uphononongo lwavunywa yiBhodi yokuHlola iziko. Njengembuyekezo, izatifikethi zesipho ezihlanu zeedola ezili-100 zatsalwa ngokungalindelekanga kwaye zasasazwa kubathathi-nxaxheba abavumileyo ukwabelana ngedilesi yabo ye-imeyile.

Izixhobo

Abathathi-nxaxheba bazalise uluhlu lwemibuzo emininzi, kubandakanywa noluhlu lwemibuzo yabantu. Ngokomyinge, abathathi-nxaxheba bazalise iikhweshine ze-intanethi kwimizuzu engama-45.

Ubuntu. Ubuntu bavavanywa kusetyenziswa izinto ezili-15 [59] [60], elinganisa, kwisikali se-Likert esine-five-point, imilinganiselo ye-Five-Factor personality model [61] : i-neuroticism (uzinzo oluphantsi lweemvakalelo, amandla aphantsi okuguquguqukayo ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo; α = 0.79), i-extroversion (ibandakanyeka kakhulu kubudlelwane bomntu, ukuzithemba; α = 0.73), ukuvuleka kwamava (ukufuna ukwazi ihlabathi, abanomdla kumava ahlukeneyo; α = 0.63), ukuvuma (ubuhlobo, uvelwano, uncedo; α = 0.71) kunye nesazela (ukulawula kakhulu iimvakalelo kunye neempembelelo, ezicwangcisiweyo, ezithembekileyo; α = 0.79).

Isiqhoboshelo. Uluhlu lwemibuzo lokuqala oluvavanya ukuncamathela kubudlelwane bothando lwaluquka izinto ezingama-36 [62] [63] ukuvavanya imilinganiselo emibini: ukuxhalaba kunye nokuphepha. Ukuhambelana kwabo kwangaphakathi kuphezulu, kuhluka phakathi kwe-0.84 kunye ne-0.86. Lafontaine et al. [64] iphuhlise inguqulelo efinyeziweyo yekhweshine encamatheleyo. Kolu phononongo lwangoku, kugcinwe izinto ezilishumi. Imilinganiselo ye-alpha ye-alpha ye-Cronbach ye-alpha dimension ye-anxiety dimension (α = 0.86) kunye ne-infection dimension (α = 0.85) yayanele.

Ukwaneliseka kwezibini. Ukwaneliseka kwabatshatileyo kwavavanywa ngenguqu emfutshane yezinto ezine zeDyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Spanier [65] ), iphuhliswe nguSabourin, uValois, noLussier [66] . Sabourin et al. [66] ibonise ukuba inguqulelo efinyeziweyo isebenza kanye njengoguqulelo lwezinto ezingama-32 ekwahluleni phakathi kwezibini ezinxungupheleyo nezonwabileyo. Uguqulelo olufinyeziweyo lwalunokubambisana okwaneleyo kwangaphakathi (α = 0.84) kwisampuli yangoku.

Ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo kwavavanywa ngezinto ezintlanu (umz., “Ngaba wanelisekile zizinto ezahlukeneyo zesondo ozenza neqabane lakho langoku?” “Ngaba wanelisekile bubomi bakho bokwabelana ngesondo ngokubanzi?”) ilinganiswe kwisikali se-Likert esinamanqaku amathandathu. iphuhliswe nguNowinsky kunye neLopiccolo [67] . I-alpha coefficient ye-Cronbach yezinto ezintlanu ifikelele kwi-0.93.

Iindawo zabantu abadala. Enye into elinganiswe kwisikali esinamanqaku asixhenxe ibuze abaphenduli ukuba baye bandwendwela indawo yabantu abadala (iifoto ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ze-intanethi-amalungu angasese, amabele, okanye iimpundu-kunye/okanye iividiyo ze-XXX-isondo, cunnilingus, fellatio, isondo ezimpundu, njl.njl. yamadoda nabafazi abangaphezu kweminyaka eyi-18) kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo (1 = hayi ukuya ku-7 = yonke imihla).

Ukungathembeki kwi-Cyber. Izinto ezimbini ezisekelwe kwisikali se-dichotomous zaphuhliswa ukuvavanya ukuba ukungathembeki ngokweemvakalelo okanye ngokwesondo kwenzeke kwi-Intanethi: 1) "Ngaba wakha wabandakanyeka ngokweemvakalelo nomntu ongelilo iqabane lakho elithandana naye kwi-Intanethi ngelixa ubunobudlelwane obuzinzileyo besibini? (umzekelo, ukwenza izinto ezihendayo, ukuvakalisa okanye ukuziva iimvakalelo zothando, ukunconywa)” 2) “Ngaba wakha wabelana ngesondo nomntu ongelilo iqabane lakho othandana nalo kwi-Intanethi ngoxa nikubudlelwane obuzinzileyo? (umzekelo, ubukele umntu ezivuselela ngokwesondo)”. I-coefficient yangaphakathi yokuhambelana yayiyi-KD = 0.56.

Omnye umbuzo waphuhliswa ukuqonda ngcono indlela abathathi-nxaxheba abachaza ngayo ukungathembeki kwe-cyber. Iimeko ezintandathu zaboniswa kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba bakhethe abo bachaza isenzo sokungathembeki: ukutyelela iisayithi zabantu abadala, ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi lomntu ngengxoxo ephilayo, ukwabelana ngesondo ngekhamera yewebhu, ukuba notshintshiselwano ngesondo ngaphandle kwekhamera yewebhu, ukuba lilungu lesayithi labantu abadala, kunye ukwenza i-cybersex ngekhamera yewebhu.

  1. iziphumo

Uhlalutyo oluchazayo

Ngokumalunga nokuphindaphinda kokusetyenziswa koonografi, iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-35.6% (n = 277) yabathathi-nxaxheba abazange batyelele indawo yabantu abadala, i-15.8% (n = 123) yayiye kanye kuphela, i-12.1% (n = 94) yahamba kanye ngenyanga, I-6.8% (n = 53) kabini ngenyanga, i-11.2% (n = 87) kanye ngeveki, kunye ne-16.3% (n = 127) ngamaxesha amaninzi ngeveki. Kuphela yi-2.3% (n = 18) etyelela iindawo zabantu abadala yonke imihla. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-t (t (777) = 19.30, p <0.001) zibonise ukuba amadoda (M = 4.68, SD = 1.7) atyelela iindawo zabantu abadala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunabasetyhini (M = 2.18, SD = 1.5). Ubungakanani bempembelelo yayiyi-1.52 (Cohen's d), eyimpembelelo enamandla. Ipesenti yabathathi-nxaxheba abakhethe enye okanye ngaphezulu kweemeko ezintandathu ezichaza ukuziphatha okunokwenzeka kokungathembeki kwaba: 12.1% (n = 94) ukutyelela iindawo zabantu abadala, i-30.3% (n = 236) yokutshintshiselana ngolwazi lomntu ngengxoxo ephilayo, i-82.9% (n = 646) ngokuba neentlobano zesini ngekhamera yewebhu, i-76.9% (n = 599) yokwabelana ngesondo ngaphandle kwekhamera yewebhu, i-27.3% (n = 213) yokuba ilungu lesayithi labantu abadala, kunye ne-90.1% (n = 702) ngokuba i-cybersex ngekhamera yewebhu.

Uhlalutyo lokuqala

Ulungelelwaniso lwe-bivariate phakathi kweempawu zobuntu, ukuncamathela, ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber, ukwaneliseka kwesibini, kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo kubonisiwe 1 Table.

Imodeli yendlela

Imodeli yendlela yavavanywa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lolamlo, olusekwe kwiinkqubo ezicetywe nguMshumayeli, uRucker, noHayes [68] . Imodeli iqinisekisile ubukho beziphumo zokulamla ezilandelelanayo, ezithetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber ngabalamli bobudlelwane phakathi kwe-1)

Itheyibhile 1. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi, ubuqu, ubudlelwane, kunye neenguqu zesini (n = 779).

Qaphela: SS = ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo. SC = isibini ukwaneliseka. *p <0.05. **p <0.01.

Unyana kunye nokunamathela (iinguqu zangaphandle), kunye ne-2) isibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo (ezixhomekeke okanye ezingapheliyo). Imodeli yendlela yaqikelelwa kusetyenziswa iMplus [69] . Idatha engekhoyo yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa uqikelelo olupheleleyo lolwazi olunokwenzeka (FIML), esebenzisa ubuninzi bokunokwenzeka ukuqikelela iparameters zemodeli kusetyenziswa idatha ekrwada eninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka [70] . Izalathisi ezintathu zisetyenziselwe ukungqinisisa ukufaneleka komzekelo: i-comparative fit index (CFI), i-Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), kunye nengcambu ye-square yempazamo yoqikelelo (RMSEA). Hoyle [71[72].

Izalathisi ezicetywayo zemodeli yolamlo zibonise ukuba imodeli yethiyori yobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo yayifanelekile kwidatha (χ2(3) = 1.547, p = 0.67, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.02, RMSEA = 0.000 [95% CI = 0.000, 0.047]). Indlela ye-Bootstrap yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukubaluleka kweempembelelo ezingathanga ngqo okanye zokulamla (usebenzisa i-5000 iisampulu ezingahleliwe, kunye nokutshintshwa kwisampulu yokuqala) ukuze kwakhiwe amaxesha okuzithemba achanekileyo. Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba zonke iziphumo zazibalulekile kwi-p <0.05.

Umzobo 1 ibonisa ukuba i-neuroticism, isazela, ixhala elinxulumene nokuncamathela, kunye nokuphepha okunxulumene nokuncamathela kwakunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokungoneliseki kwesibini. Ukuphepha kwakhona kwaba nonxulumano olubi ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukuphepha kuchaza isibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo ngokusebenzisa iphonografi elandelwa kukungathembeki kwe-cyber, okanye ngokulula ngokungathembeki kwe-cyber (iziphumo ezithe ngqo nezingathanga ngqo).

Njengoko i-hypothesized, uhlalutyo lwemiphumo engathanga ngqo lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi akuzange kuchaze ngokuthe ngqo isibini okanye ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo; kunokuba, ubudlelwane kwalamlwa ukungathembeki Cyber. Ke, i-neuroticism ephantsi, ukuvuleka okuphezulu, ukuba nesazela esiphantsi, kunye nexhala eliphakamileyo okanye ukuphepha ukuncamathela okuchaza iphonografi.

Umzobo 1. Imodeli yokudibanisa ubuntu, ukungaqiniseki kokuncamathisela, ukusetyenziswa koonografi, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber, ukwaneliseka kwesibini, kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Kubalulekile kuphela (p <0.05) i-coefficients yobuyiselo olusemgangathweni (β) ibonisiwe. I-covariance phakathi kweenguqu zangaphandle zaqikelelwa. Amakhonkco phakathi kwezi zintlukwano aziboniswanga ukwenza lula umzobo.

ukusetyenziswa, okwaxela kwangaphambili ukungathembeki kwe-cyber, okwathi kwaqikelelwa isibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo. Ngokubhekiselele kubudlelwane besibini obungathanga ngqo, ukuxhalaba okunxulumene nokuncamathela kunye nokuphepha kunxulunyaniswa nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, okwaxela kwangaphambili isibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo.

Ukuvavanya i-hypothesis yesibini, imodeli yaqikelelwa ngokwahlukileyo kumadoda nabasetyhini. Iziphumo zibonise umahluko obonakalayo kuzo zonke izini (c2 (6) = 56.38, p = 0.007). Izalathisi zolamlo lwemodeli emadodeni zibonise ukuba imodeli yethiyori yobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo yayifanelekile kwidatha (χ2(2) = 0.64, p = 0.73, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.11, RMSEA = 0.000 [95% CI = 0.000, 0.088]). Ngokuphathelele iimpawu zobuntu, kuphela isazela esiphantsi sasinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi. Kwakukho ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi kokuphepha okuphantsi kunye nokwaneliseka kwesibini. Ukuxhalaba okunxulumene nokunamathisela kunye nokuphepha kwakudityaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, kodwa kwakungahambelani nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwakuhambelana ngokuqinisekileyo nokungathembeki kwe-cyber kwaye kuhambelana kakubi nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ekugqibeleni, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kwakunxulumene kakubi kuphela nokwaneliseka kwesibini. Kwakungekho budlelwane bubalulekileyo phakathi kokungathembeki kwe-cyber kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ipesenti yokuhluka okuchazwe yayincinci ukuya kumodareyitha: ukujonga imifanekiso engamanyala = 5%, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber = 10%, ukwaneliseka komtshato = 30%, kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo = 16%.

Izalathisi zolamlo lwemodeli kwabasetyhini zibonise ukuba imodeli yethiyori yobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo yayifanelekile kwidatha (χ2(2) = 4.91, p = 0.09, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.931, RMSEA = 0.05 [95% CI = 0.000, 0.114]). Ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zemodeli zazifana nezo zemodeli kuquka bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, ngaphandle kwemibutho emithandathu. Ukuxhalaba okuhambelana nokuqhotyoshela kwakudityaniswe ngokuqinisekileyo nokusetyenziswa koonografi, ngelixa kwimodeli jikelele, kwakuhambelana ngokuqinisekileyo nokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Ukuphepha okunxulumene nokuqhotyoshelwa kwakungasadibani kakhulu nokusetyenziswa koonografi. I-extroversion yabasetyhini yayinxulunyaniswa kakubi nokwaneliseka kwesibini sabo, ngelixa olu lwalamano lwalungabalulekanga kumzekelo jikelele. I-Neuroticism yayinxulumene kakubi nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo, ngelixa kwimodeli equlethe bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, yayinxulumene nokwaneliseka kwesibini. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-neuroticism yabasetyhini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabo kwephonografi kwakungabalulekanga. Ngaphaya koko, ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabasetyhini kwakunxibelelene ngokuqinisekileyo nokwaneliseka kwabo ngokwesondo. Olu nxulumano oluhle aluzange lubonakale kumzekelo jikelele. Ukwahluka okuchazwe kwakuncinci ukuya kumodareyitha: ukujonga iphonografi = 12%, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber = 10%, ukwaneliseka komtshato = 39%, kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo = 23%.

  1. ingxoxo

Abaphandi abaninzi kunye neeklinikhi baye bazama ukuchonga izichaso ezinxulumene nolwaneliseko lwesini kunye nolonwabo. Abanye baye bagxininisa ngobuntu [26] [27], abanye kwikhonkco [33], ngokwesini [34], iimbambano, ubundlobongela, ukungabikho kokuzinikela [73] , kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuziphatha okutsha okujikeleze itekhnoloji yekhompyuter, ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, yimiba yentlalo, yenkcubeko, kunye nobudlelwane, kwaye kufuneka ifakwe kwiimodeli ezintsha ezichazayo. Iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunxulumene nesibini kunye nobunzima bezesondo ngokunyuka kokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Ezi ziphumo zangaphambili ziqinisekisa ubukho beendlela "zanamhlanje" zokungathembeki. Ngelixa uphononongo lwangaphambili lucebise ukuba olu lwalamano lwenyani alumeli "inyani" yokwephulwa kwemithetho yesibini okanye ukungcatshwa kweqabane likabani [55], idatha yethu yobungqina bubungqina obuchasene noko.

Ukungathembeki kwi-Cyber ​​likhonkco eliphambili kwikhonkco le-causal eliyinkimbinkimbi echaza ukuhluka kobudlelwane bobudlelwane. Ngelixa abaphandi abaninzi sele bebonisile ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwandisa amathuba okuba umntu abelane ngesondo ngaphandle kwe-extradyadic [5] [46] [47], ukungathembeki kwi-cyber sesinye isiphumo esinokubakho. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka ziphonononge ubume bobudlelwane phakathi kokungathembeki kwe-cyber kunye nokungathembeki komntu. Iindlela zokuziphatha ezikwi-Intanethi zinokwahluka ngokuqhubekayo, ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kwephonografi ukuya kwincoko ephilayo ukuya kutshintshiselwano ngokweemvakalelo nangesondo ngekhamera yewebhu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lujongane nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngokubanzi (i-imeyile, inethiwekhi zentlalo, iisayithi ezicacileyo ngesondo, njl.njl.) ukuqonda ukuba iimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-intanethi zinokuchaphazela njani ukuphuhliswa kokungathembeki kwe-cyber.

Iziphumo zemodeli yendlela zibonakalise ubudlelwane obunomdla obuninzi, ngakumbi kwi-neuroticism, ukuphepha ukusondelana, kunye nolamlo olulandelelanayo. I-neuroticism ephezulu yayinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokwaneliseka kwesibini esisezantsi. Ngapha koko, i-neuroticism yayinxulumene ngokungathanga ngqo nokungathembeki kwe-cyber ngobudlelwane bayo obubi nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Emva koko, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kwakudityaniswa nesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ezi ziphumo ziqinisekisa iziphumo zophando zangaphambili ezibonisa ukuba i-neuroticism inxulumene kakhulu nokunganeliseki kwesibini [26] [74] [75] . Nangona kunjalo, ngokuchasene noEgan noParmer [28], iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba i-neuroticism ephantsi inxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ngamanye amazwi, uphononongo lwethu lucebisa ukuba abantu abazolileyo nabaphumlileyo badla ngokubukela iphonografi. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka zizame uvavanyo olupheleleyo ngakumbi lweempawu ze-neuroticism ukuqonda ngcono esi siphumo siphikisayo. Isazela esiphantsi sasinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi, ekwaxhasa oko kufunyaniswe nguEgan noParmer. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kulumke xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ukususela ekubeni uphando lwangoku alukhawulelwanga kubantu abaxhomekeke kwimifanekiso engamanyala. Kuphela i-2.3% yabathathi-nxaxheba basebenzisa i-pornography yonke imihla. Uphononongo olwenziwe nguWidiger noMullins-Sweatt [76] yabonisa ukuba ukuba nesazela okuphantsi kudla ngokubonakala kukungalungelelani nokungakhathali, yaye imilinganiselo ephantsi kakhulu yokuba nesazela isenokubonakala ngokungxama nokungakhathali. Ke, umntu onesazela esiphantsi unokubonisa indlela etenxileyo okanye enyanzelekileyo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuvuleka kwakunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ezi ziphumo zixhasa iziphumo zika-Emmers-Sommer et al. [30] , oye wafumanisa ukuba abasebenzisi bezithombe zoonografi babengaphantsi kolondolozo xa befika kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye nezulu et al. [29], owafumanisa ukuba ukucinga okusebenzayo kwakunxulumene nomnqweno wokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kubonakala kuchazwa ngeempawu ezingaqhelekanga, ezibonisa umdla, ukucinga, kunye nokulindela okungenangqondo [76] . Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-extroversion yayingeyonto ibalulekileyo kwimodeli yangoku, nangona izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba luphawu oluchazayo lwabantu abasebenzisa iiwebhusayithi zentlalo yoluntu.77] [78] [79] , isimilo sokuthumela imiyalezo [80] , ukuba neentlobano zesini ngaphandle komtshato, nokusebenzisa amanyala [81] . Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka zicacise ezi ziphumo zingangqinelaniyo.

Ukungathembeki kwe-Cyber ​​kwachazwa kwakhona ngokungakhuselekanga kwe-attachment. Izifundo zangaphambili ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukuphepha okunxulumene nokuncamathisela kuqikelela ukunganeliseki kwesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo [33] . Kuphononongo lwangoku, iziphumo zethu zicebise ukuba bobabini abalamli-ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi-kungabonakalisa ukungabikho kokuzibophezela kubudlelwane, kunye nomnqweno wokufuna ubudlelwane obunye, bobabini abaqhelekileyo kubantu abaphephayo. Ngaphaya koko, ukuba sicinga ukuba abantu abathintela ukusondelelana bayazingca xa kufikwa kwiimfuno zabo zesini, njengoMikulincer kunye noShaver [33] baye bacebisa, ayimangalisi into yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuyinxalenye yerepertoire yabo yesondo [35] . Kwezi meko, i-Intanethi iba yindawo ekhuselekileyo, ekhusela abantu abakuphephayo kuzo zonke iindlela zokuzibophelela.

Ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi koxinzelelo olunxulumene nokuncamathela kunye nokwaneliseka kwesibini akumangalisi, ngenxa yezifundo ezininzi malunga nokwaneliseka kwesibini kunye nokungakhuseleki kokuncamathisela [33] . Ngokubhekiselele kubudlelwane obungathanga ngqo phakathi kokuxhalaba kunye nesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo nge-cyber infidelity, izifundo ezininzi ezigxile ekungathembekeni komntu sele zibonisile ukuba ezi ziguquko zimbini ziyazalana [32] [40] [41] [42] . Iziphumo zolu phononongo lwangoku zicebisa ukuba ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuncamathela kunxulunyaniswa nomnqweno wamava abonakalayo ngokweemvakalelo nangokwesondo, awanelisa imfuno yabantu abaxhalabileyo yothando. La mava nawo aneziphumo ezibi kwisibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ngokungathembeki kwi-cyber, abantu bafuna isiqinisekiso esisilelayo kubudlelwane babo bangoku. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luphonononge ukuba ukuzalisekisa imfuno yabo yokhuseleko ngokusebenzisa ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kuyabanelisa ngokweemvakalelo abantu abaxhalabileyo.

Okokugqibela, ubunjani kunye namandla obudlelwane phakathi kobuntu, ukuncamathela, ukusetyenziswa koonografi, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber, kunye nesibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo kwahluka phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisini, ubudlelwane obubandakanya ubuntu okanye ukuncamathela ngamanye amaxesha bungabalulekanga kangako okanye bunyamalale ngokupheleleyo. Ngokufanayo, ngokuxhomekeke kwisini, i-trajectory yempembelelo ngamanye amaxesha iya kudlula ekusebenziseni iphonografi okanye ukutsiba eli nyathelo ngokupheleleyo. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kwaba yikhonkco phakathi kwe-1) ukudibanisa kunye nobuntu, kunye ne-2) isibini kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwakunxulumene kakubi nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo kumadoda, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kubasetyhini. Lo mahluko kufuneka ugxininiswe. Olunye uphononongo lukwabonise ukuba ukusebenzisa kwabasetyhini iphonografi kunokuba luncedo ekwanelisekeni kwabo ngokwesondo [1] [11] . Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba abafazi bayanelisa iminqweno yabo yesini kunye neengcinga zabo ngokusebenzisa iphonografi. Emmers-Sommer et al. [30] baye babonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabasetyhini kunciphisa izithintelo zokwabelana ngesondo, kuyaphucula ukusebenza ngokwesondo, kwaye kwandisa ukusondelelana kwezibini. Emadodeni, ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunxulunyaniswa nomnqweno ophakamileyo wesondo, ukuvuselela kunye nokwaneliseka. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziphumo zinokukhokelela ekunciphiseni umnqweno wesondo kwiqabane labo kunye nokuncipha kokwaneliseka ngokwesondo phakathi kwesibini. Le yantlukwano yesini inokutyhila iipatheni ezahlukileyo zentshukumisa yokusetyenziswa kwephonografi: ngelixa amadoda efuna ukunyusa inkanuko yesini ngokuphulula amalungu esini, abafazi bafuna ukuphucula umgangatho wobudlelwane babo ngokwesondo kunye neqabane labo [11] . Ukuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo kwezizathu ezisisiseko zokusetyenziswa koonografi kumadoda nabasetyhini kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya le ngcamango.

  1. Imida

Uphononongo lwangoku luzise ekukhanyeni indima enokubakho yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwi-intanethi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuguquguquka komntu kunye nobudlelwane. Nangona kunjalo, kunikwe uhlobo olunqamlezileyo lwesifundo, isilumkiso kufuneka sisetyenziswe xa kutolika iziphumo. Izifundo zexesha elizayo zinokuthi zithathele ingqalelo uyilo lwexesha elide kusetyenziswa imodeli yokuxhomekeka kwe-actor-partner (APIM; Kenny et al.)82] ) ukuqonda ngcono ukuba yintoni ekhuthaza ukusebenzisa iphonografi yamaqabane omabini. Ngokuphathelele ulwalathiso lwe-causal phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luhlolisise iimeko zokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, kwaye icacise ukuba ingaba yimbangela okanye umphumo wesibini kunye nokunganeliseki ngokwesondo. Ngaphaya koko, isicwangciso sethu sesampulu sokugaya sinokuthi sisithintele isifundo. Ezinye iintlobo zeesampulu kufuneka zivavanywe ukwenza iimodeli ngokubanzi.

Olunye umda yayiyingcamango yokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuguquguquka kokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Inkcazelo yokunganyaniseki yangqineka ingacacanga. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bacinga ukuba ukusebenzisa iphonografi kusisenzo sokungathembeki, ngelixa abanye bengenjalo. Ngaphezu koko, izinto zibonise ukuthembeka okuphantsi. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka zikuchaze ngcono ukungathembeki ngokweemvakalelo ngokubandakanya, umzekelo, iimpawu ezithile zokuziphatha (umzekelo, ukuncoma umntu ngenjongo yokumhenda). Izifundo kufuneka zicacise uhlobo lwekhonkco phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Ngapha koko, uvavanyo olunzulu ngakumbi lweempawu zobuntu zabasebenzisi bephonografi [76] inokuba zisulungekisile iziphumo zethu. Umzekelo, i-neuroticism ephezulu ibonakala kuloyiko, ukungazithembi, kunye nokuxhalaba, ngelixa i-neuroticism ephantsi ibonisa ukungayinaki ingozi kunye nokungakhathali. Oku kugabadela kunokuba yingozi kubasebenzisi be-Intanethi. Uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lweempawu zobuntu (umzekelo, ukukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, ukwaneliseka kwangoko kwiimfuno zomntu, ukunyanzeliswa, iimfuno zesondo eziphezulu, ulawulo loxinzelelo) kunokukhokelela ekuqondeni ngcono izinto ezikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abantu bayisebenzisa kangakanani na.

  1. Iziphumo ezifanelekileyo

Njengoko imboni yezoonografi iqhubeka ikhula, oogqirha babika ukuba inani elonyukayo labantu lifuna uncedo lokujongana nobunzima besondo kunye nobudlelwane obunxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi [5] [50] [83] . Ukongeza, imiba yobudlelwane ehambelana nokungathembeki kwi-cyber ibonakala ikhula [53] . Izibini kufuneka zikwazi ukuchaza ukunganyaniseki phambi kokuba zibeke imithetho ecacileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi [49] . Abanyangi kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo ukubaluleka kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bothando, kwaye kufuneka baqaphele indlela yokuziphatha enokuthi iqikelele ukungathembeki, njengokusebenzisa iphonografi [84] . Iindlela zokuziphatha ezikwi-Intanethi kufuneka zivavanywe ngokuqhubekayo, ukusukela kulonwabo olulula kwi-intanethi, ukuya kwi-intanethi, ukuya kumlutha we-cyber.53] . Isixhobo sovavanyo esaneleyo, esifana neso saphuhliswa nguRosenberg noKrauss [25[] Ngokufumana ukuqonda okugcweleyo malunga nokuba kutheni abantu besebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kunokuqondwa ngcono. Iinzame ezongeziweyo kufuneka zenziwe ukuphuhlisa unyango olufanelekileyo lokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-cyber kwaye ke kuthintelwe ukungoneliseki kwesibini.

Chaza eli phepha

UFerron, A., Lussier, Y., Sabourin, S. kunye noBrassard, A. (2017) Indima ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yokusebenzisa i-Pornography kunye ne-Cyber ​​Infidelity kwiiNdibaniselwano phakathi koBuntu, i-Attachment, kunye ne-Couple kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo. I-Social Networking, i-6, i-1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sn.2017.61001

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