J Behav Addict. 2017 Oct 16: 1-12. i-doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.063.
I-Lewczuk K1, Szmyd J2, Skorko M3, Gola M3,4.
Abstract
Imvelaphi kunye neenjongo
Izifundo zangaphambili zivavanye iimeko zengqondo ezinxulumene nonyango olufuna ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi eyingxaki (PU) phakathi kwamadoda. Kolu phononongo, sigxile kwabasetyhini abafuna unyango lwe-PU enengxaki kwaye bathelekise kunye nabasebenzisi bephonografi abangenangxaki malunga nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki. Okwesibini, siphande ubudlelwane phakathi kolwakhiwo olubalulekileyo olunxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki kunye nendlela yokuhlalutya indlela, sigxininisa ukuqikelelwa kokufuna unyango phakathi kwabasetyhini. Siphinde sathelekisa iziphumo zethu kunye nezifundo zangaphambili zamadoda.
tindlela
Uphononongo lophando lwenziwe kwi-719 yabasetyhini baseCaucasian abathetha isiPolish, i-14-63 yeminyaka ubudala, kubandakanywa abafuna unyango lwe-39 ye-PU enengxaki.
iziphumo
Ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwesixa nje se-PU kunye nokufuna unyango kulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo emva kokwazisa ezinye izinto ezimbini zokuqikelela ukufuna unyango: inkolo kunye neempawu ezimbi ezinxulumene ne-PU. Le pateni yahlukile kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe kwizifundo zangaphambili zamadoda.
ingxoxo
Ngokwahlukileyo kwizifundo zangaphambili kwiisampulu zamadoda, uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba kwimeko yabasetyhini, isixa nje se-PU sinokunxulumana nokuziphatha kokufuna unyango nasemva kokubalwa kweempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene ne-PU. Ngaphaya koko, inkolo yinto ebalulekileyo yonyango olufunayo phakathi kwabasetyhini, olunokuthi lubonise ukuba kwimeko yabasetyhini, unyango olufuna iPU eyingxaki alukhuthazwa kuphela ziimpawu ezingezizo ezinamava zePU kodwa naziinkolelo zobuqu malunga nePU kunye nezithethe zentlalo.
isiphelo
Kwabasetyhini, iimpawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene ne-PU, inani le-PU kunye nenkolo inyanyaniswa nokufuna unyango. Ezo zinto zifanele ziqwalaselwe kunyango.
intshayelelo
Ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokwesondo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji, ngokwasengqondweni, ezentlalo, nezenkcubeko. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo sisini. Amadoda nabasetyhini bayahluka ngokwe-physiology kunye nepsychology ye-reactivity yesondo (Ciocca et al., 2015; Levin, 2005), izinto ezikhethwayo, kunye nomsebenzi (Hsu et al., 1994; I-Wilson, i-1987; UWilson & Lang, ngo-1981; Wood, McKay, Komarnicky, & Milhausen, 2016). Ngokomzekelo, makhe sithathe izigaba ezine ezilandelelanayo zeklasiki, ezifana ne-excitation, i-plateau, i-orgasm, kunye nesisombululo (Georgiadis & Kringelbach, 2012; Gola, Kowalewska, Wierzba, Wordecha, & Marchewka, 2015). Ezi zichaza umjikelo wokuphendula ngokwesondo ngokuchanekileyo kodwa kwafuneka zandiswe ukuchaza umjikelo wokuphendula ngokwesondo ngokuchaneka okufanayo (Basson, ngo-2000, 2005). Ngaphezu koko, inkanuko yesini yindoda ngokwesini, kanti inkanuko yesini yabasetyhini ibonakala ingaphezulu isini-ngangqalenga (abasetyhini kunokwenzeka ukuba bafumane ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo kuzo zombini izini) (Huberman & Chivers, 2015; Huberman, Maracle, & Chivers, 2015). Ukongeza, kukho iqela elikhulayo lophando elibonisa umahluko phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini ngokwemigaqo yokusetyenziswa koonografi (PU). Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kummeli wesampulu yaseDanish, kukho malunga namaxesha e-3.7 ambalwa rhoqo (isiseko seveki) abasebenzisi bezoonografi phakathi kwabasetyhini kunamadoda (18.3% vs. 67.6%) (Hayi, 2006). Idatha yamva nje eqokelelwe kwisampulu yabantu abadala baseScandinavia (Kvalem, Træen, Lewin, & Štulhofer, 2014) bonisa iziphumo ezifanayo: I-81% yamadoda kunye ne-18% yabasetyhini babika ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi ngeveki. Umlinganiselo ofanayo kakhulu unokubonwa phakathi kwabantu abafuna unyango lokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo (CSBs): i-19.6% yabasetyhini kunye ne-80.4% yamadoda (njengoko kuchazwe ngabagqirha be-47 abavela kuMbutho waseJamani woPhando lwezesondo; Klein, Rettenberger, & Briken, 2014). Ukongezelela, ukuvezwa kwexesha lokuphila kwi-pornography malunga ne-30% ephantsi, i-67% ngokuchasene ne-94% kwisampuli yaseNorway (UTræen & Daneback, 2013), kunye ne-62.1% ngokuchasene ne-93.2% kwisampulu yabemi base-US (USabina, iWolak, kunye neFinkelhor, 2008). Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba kuphela i-11.8% yee-episodes ze-PU ezihamba kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini phakathi kwabasetyhini abathandana nabasetyhini (i-23.9% phakathi kwama-gays kunye nama-lesbians), ngelixa i-42.2% phakathi kwamadoda angama-heterosexual (51.4% phakathi kwama-gays kunye nama-lesbians) (UTræen & Daneback, 2013). Ukongeza, kukho iyantlukwano yezesondo kwi-valence yokusabela ngokweemvakalelo kwisivuseleli esibonakalayo sohlobo oluthile (Wierzba et al., 2015).
Abaphandi babonisa ukuba iphonografi inokuba luncedo kubasetyhini ngeendlela ezininzi (I-Leiblum, i-2001) njengokuba kukwamadoda (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009; Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2015), nangona kukho ubungqina obukhulayo obubonisa ukuba iPU inokuba yingxaki yokuziphatha kwabanye abantu (IGola, iLebczuk, kunye neSkorko, 2016; IGola kunye nePotenza, ngo-2016; IGola, uLizwiecha, et al., 2017; IKraus, iMartino, kunye nePotenza, 2016; IKraus, Voon, kunye nePotenza, 2016; Ipaki et al., 2016; Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, kunye neKraus, 2017). Uphononongo lwakutsha nje luchonge iimpawu eziphambili zokuziphatha ngokwesondo ezahlula abantu abafuna unyango lwe-PU eyingxaki kwabo bangafuniyo unyango (UGola et al., 2016; UKraus, uMartino, et al., 2016). Ezi zifundo zibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga ne-PU eyingxaki (sicacisa ngoku ngakumbi kweli candelo), kodwa umda wabo kukuba bagxile kuphela kwiisampuli zamadoda. Sixoxa ukuba iziphumo zezi zifundo azinakwenziwa ngokubanzi kubantu basetyhini ngenxa yomahluko ocacileyo wokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye ne-PU phakathi kwesini kwaye ngenxa yoko sifuna uhlalutyo olwahlukileyo kwiisampulu zabasetyhini ezinokuthi zithathele ingqalelo ubunjani bokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yokunqongophala kophando lwangaphambili oluphanda ngokuqikelelwa konyango olufuna abantu ababhinqileyo, izifundo ezifanayo kwiisampulu zamadoda ezikhoyo zenza indawo yesalathiso eluncedo kuhlalutyo olutsha lwabasetyhini. Sijonge ukuzisebenzisa kanye ngale ndlela, kwaye ukwenza oku, siya kubonelela ngengcaciso emfutshane yophononongo lwethu lwangaphambili kwisampulu yamadoda eya kusebenza njengesiqalo sokuphanda nge-PU eyingxaki kwabasetyhini.
Kuphononongo olukhankanywe ngasentla (UGola et al., 2016), siye savavanya amadoda angama-132 athandana nesini esahlukileyo afuna unyango lwePU enengxaki. Ukuthelekisa nabo kunye nabasebenzisi be-pornography be-437 abangakhange bafune unyango, sijonge ukujongana nokuba inani nje le-PU (elilinganiswe ngenani leeyure / iveki) liqikelelwa ngokufuna unyango, okanye ukuba olu budlelwane budibene neempawu ezimbi ezinxulumene ne-PU. [ilinganiswe ngoVavanyo lokuHlolwa kweSexual Addiction Screening – ihlaziywe (SAST-R)] (IiCarnes, luhlaza, kunye neeCarnes, ngo-2010; Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017). Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba inani nje le-PU libuthathaka kuphela elinxulumene nokufuna unyango, kwaye olu nxulumano lulamlwa ngokupheleleyo sisixa seempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene ne-PU. Uguqulo lokugqibela lwalunxulumene kakhulu nokufuna unyango kunexabiso nje le-PU, kwaye yachaza i-42% yomahluko ekufuneni unyango. Siphinde saphonononga ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezazicingelwa ukuba zibalulekile kwi-PU eyingxaki kwizifundo zangaphambili, kubandakanya ukuqala kunye nenani leminyaka ye-PU, inkolo, ubudala, isenzo sesondo esine-dyadic, kunye nobume bobudlelwane (jonga umfanekiso. 1 kulonwabo lokuqala lwemilo yale modeli ukubonisa iPU eyingxaki yabasetyhini) (UGola et al., 2016).
Umzobo 1. Uhlalutyo lwendlela yomfuziselo owandisiweyo obonisa umlinganiso wendlela emgangathweni ovavanyiweyo nokusetyenziswa kwe-95% yamathuba okuzithemba alungelelanisiweyo (**p ≤ .001; *p <.05). Amaxabiso kwizibiyeli zii-coefficients ezisemgangathweni zeziphumo ezithe ngqo phambi kokubalwa kweendlela ezingathanga ngqo. Iintolo ezibhalwe ngqindilili zibonisa ubudlelwane obunxulumene nengqikelelo yethu ephambili. Eminye yeendlela imele ucingelo lwesibini. PU egameni lezinto eziguquguqukayo zimele ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi. Imigca edawuniweyo ibonisa iindlela ebezingabandakanywanga kuhlobo lokugqibela lwemodeli yabasetyhini. Ubungakanani beesampulu zotshintsho ngalunye zidweliswe kwiTheyibhile 1
Ukuqwalasela umahluko omkhulu onxulumene nesondo kwi-PU, siqikelela ukuba umfanekiso wobudlelwane uya kujongeka ngokwahlukileyo kwisampulu yabasetyhini. Okokuqala, sicinga ukuba inani nje le-PU linokuthi linxibelelene kakhulu nokuziphatha kokufuna unyango kwabasetyhini kunamadoda, nasemva kokubalwa kweempawu ezimbi zePU. Njengoko kuphela i-18% yabasetyhini (phakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 kunye ne-30) bajonga imifanekiso engamanyala rhoqo ngeveki (Hayi, 2006), kunokubonwa njengokuziphatha okutenxileyo ngokungafaniyo namadoda, phakathi kwawo ukuziphatha okunjalo kunokubonwa njengento eqhelekileyo. Uninzi lwamadoda (i-67.6% -81% kwiminyaka eyi-18-30) isebenzisa i-pornography ngeveki.Hayi, 2006; Kvalem et al., 2014). Ke, lo ngowona mahluko uphambili onxulumene nesondo esinokuwulindela. Umahluko wesibini obalulekileyo unokunxulumana nefuthe lenkolo ekufuneni unyango. Kuphononongo lwabo lwakutsha nje, uMartyniuk, uDekker, uSehner, uRichter-Apelt, kunye noBriken (2015) ubonise intsebenziswano enomdla phakathi konqulo kunye nesini xa uqikelela ubungakanani bePU. Phakathi kwabasetyhini, inkolo ephezulu yayinxulumene kakubi nesixa sePU. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukuzichaza ngokwenkolo kwakunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nePU phakathi kwamadoda (UMartyniuk et al., ngo-2015) njengoko kwaphawulwa kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili (UGola et al., 2016). Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, kunye neLindberg (2016) ibonise ukuba inani le-PU (nangona lithelekiseka phakathi kwabantu benkolo nabangengabo abenkolo) kuluntu ngokubanzi lwamadoda nabasetyhini linxulumene nemizabalazo yokomoya ephezulu phakathi kwabantu benkolo kwaye inokukhokelela ekuziboneni ukuba likhoboka lephonografi. Ke ngoko, sicinga ukuba zombini iimpawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene ne-PU kunye nonqulo lunokuba luqikelelo olubalulekileyo lonyango olufuna iPU eyingxaki kwabasetyhini.
Ngamafutshane, sineenjongo eziphambili ezimbini kweli nqaku. Eyokuqala kukuthelekisa abafuna unyango kunye namaqela angafuni unyango lwabasetyhini ngokumalunga nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki. Okwesibini kukudala nokuvavanya imodeli yobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki, ngakumbi kugxilwe kwizinto ezinokubakho zokuqikelela unyango olufunayo phakathi kwabasetyhini. Ukufezekisa le njongo, asikwazanga ukuthembela ekuthelekisweni okulula kwemilinganiselo yonyango kunye nabangenalo unyango - le ndlela ayivumeli ukuvavanya i-mediations eyinkimbinkimbi eyayifakwe kwiincwadi kwaye kufuneka iqinisekiswe. Endaweni yoko, sisebenzise indlela yokuhlalutya imodeli kwaye sakha imodeli apho ukufuna unyango kuyeyona nto ixhomekeke kuthi (jonga "Iindlela" kunye "neZiphumo" amacandelo ukuze ufumane ingcaciso engaphezulu). Kule nxalenye yohlalutyo, siphathe imodeli yethu yangaphambili yamadoda njengendawo yokuqala (UGola et al., 2016). Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, senze utshintsho olubalulekileyo kule modeli ukuze ibonise iPU enengxaki yabasetyhini. Ngaphezu koko, kwicandelo elithi "Ingxoxo", sigxininise umahluko ophambili phakathi kolu phononongo kwisampulu yabasetyhini kunye nohlalutyo lwangaphambili kumadoda.
tindlela
Idatha iqokelelwe kwixesha eliphakathi kuka-Matshi 2014 kunye noSeptemba 2015 ukusuka kwisampuli yeCaucasian, abemi basePoland ngokusebenzisa uphando olusekelwe kwi-intanethi. Kuthathe phantse iinyanga ezili-18 ukufumana inani elaneleyo labasetyhini abafuna unyango lwePU enengxaki (N = 39). Ukwenza oku, sicele iingcali zokunyanga ezingama-23 (iingcali zengqondo ezili-17/iingcali zengqondo, iingcali zengqondo ezi-4, kunye neengcali zesondo ezi-2) ukuba zithumele abathengi abatsha ababhengeza iPU eyingxaki kuphando lwethu. Ngokufanayo nakwisifundo sethu sangaphambili (UGola et al., 2016), eyona ndlela iphambili yokubandakanywa yayifuna unyango lwe-PU eyingxaki kunye nokudibana ne-4 kwiikhrayitheriya ze-5 zokuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual disorder (ngoko Kafka, 2010). Iikhrayitheriya zokukhutshelwa ngaphandle yayiyi-comorbid bipolar disorder okanye mania, njengoko ivavanywa ngulo mbuzo ulandelayo: Ngaba wakha wafunyaniswa ukuba une-bipolar disorder? Abasetyhini abangafuneli unyango (N = 676) baye baqeshwa ngeentengiso zemidiya yoluntu. Ekungeneni kophando, abaphenduli bafumana ulwazi lwemvume enolwazi. Umyinge weminyaka yabathathi-nxaxheba yayiyi-26.5 (SD = 5.93), abangama-462 kubo babengabantu abathandana nabesini esahlukileyo, abangama-86 abathandana nabasetyhini, kwaye i-19 yayingamalesbian (i-152 ayizange ibonelele ngolwazi malunga nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo). Ukuqhelaniswa ngokwesondo kulinganiswa ngohlengahlengiso lwasePoland lweKinsey's Sexual Orientation Scale (Wierzba et al., 2015). Ukuqwalaselwa kwedatha elahlekileyo kwakungabandakanywanga ngababini (izinga lokuphendula ngokubanzi = 70%), ukubonelela ngenani elincinane lokugqibela labathathi-nxaxheba kwinguqu nganye, ukusuka kwi-39 ukuya kubathathi-nxaxheba be-15 kwiqela labafuna unyango (Itheyibhile 1). Ngokubhekiselele kuqhelaniso lwezesondo, kwisampulu yethu yabafuna unyango, besinabafazi abali-17 ababhengeza njengabantu abathandana nesini esahlukileyo, aba-6 besini esingafaniyo, kunye no-1 njengabafana besini esinye (abasetyhini abali-15 abaphendulanga). Kwiqela labantu abangafumani nyango, ama-444 abasetyhini abhengezwe njengabantu abathandana nesini esahlukileyo, abangama-80 njengabafana nabasetyhini, kunye ne-18 njengabafana besini esinye.
|
1 Table. Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo kunye nentsingiselo yothelekiso lwenqanaba (Mann–Whitney U uvavanyo, kunye nobukhulu besiphumo esihambelanayo) kwizinto eziguquguqukayo ezisetyenziswa kwiimodeli zethu, kuxhomekeke ekufuneni unyango (ewe/hayi) kubafazi
| N | Kuthetha | SD | uluhlu | η2 ubungakanani besiphumo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Igama eliguqukayo | Ewe | Hayi | Ewe | Hayi | Ewe | Hayi | Ewe | Hayi | |
| 1. Iimpawu ezingalunganga (0–20) | 29 | 589 | 11.34 | 3.99 | 4.71 | 3.15 | 18 | 20 | 0.081 ** |
| 2. Ukuphindaphinda ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi (imizuzu / iveki) | 13 | 265 | 639.92 | 103.02 | 857.85 | 218.19 | 2,384 | 2,398 | 0.031 ** |
| 3. Inkolo eyintloko (0–4) | 21 | 461 | 2.19 | 1.05 | 1.44 | 1.33 | 4 | 4 | 0.027 ** |
| 4. Imisebenzi yenkolo (imizuzu/iveki) | 15 | 185 | 339.93 | 87.70 | 298.31 | 95.73 | 1,140 | 540 | 0.115 ** |
| 5. Inani leminyaka yokusetyenziswa koonografi | 22 | 420 | 10.36 | 9.20 | 6.32 | 6.15 | 25 | 37 | 0.002 |
| 6. Ukuqala kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi (iminyaka) | 21 | 412 | 17.00 | 17.52 | 8.59 | 5.56 | 35 | 36 | 0.005 |
| 7. Ubudala | 39 | 651 | 27.38 | 26.43 | 8.72 | 5.57 | 27 | 49 | 0.000 |
| 8. Ixesha lidlulile ukususela kwisenzo sesondo sokugqibela se-dyadic (0-7) | 28 | 549 | 2.96 | 3.80 | 2.59 | 1.98 | 7 | 7 | 0.006 |
| 9. Elona nani likhulu lokuphulula amalungu esini ngexesha losuku olu-1 | 20 | 433 | 7.15 | 3.72 | 5.74 | 3.00 | 20 | 20 | 0.021 * |
| 10. Ixesha elide lokubukela iphonografi engayekiyo | 20 | 433 | 197.05 | 75.40 | 258.75 | 99.15 | 1,199 | 1,199 | 0.088 ** |
Phawula. Umahluko obonakalayo kumanqaku aphakathi phakathi kwamaqela, njengoko kuvavanyiwe nguMann–Whitney U uvavanyo. Ngokumalunga nokufuna unyango (0: hayi; 1: ewe). Ubume bobudlelwane (0: hayi kubudlelwane; 1: kubudlelwane) abuhlukanga ngokuxhomekeke ekufuneni unyango (ewe/hayi) njengoko kuhlolwe ngu-χ2 uvavanyo. χ2(1) = 1.87; p = .172; ubungakanani besiphumo: φ = 0.07.
*p < .05. **p <.001.
Yonke imilinganiselo yeziphumo yayifana ncam naleyo kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili (UGola et al., 2016), apho kunokufumaneka inkcazo ethe chatha. Owona mlinganiselo ungundoqo- Ukufuna unyango -yayiyeyona ndlela yokuziphatha yonyango efuna i-PU eyingxaki (ukunxibelelana nodokotela wezengqondo, ugqirha wengqondo, okanye i-sexologist eyahlola kwaye yalathisa isigulane kwisaveyi). Ngeenjongo zolawulo, kuphando lwabantu abangafuni unyango, sibuze ukuba ingaba abantu abakhe basebenzisa naluphi na uhlobo loncedo ngenxa yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Zazingekho iimeko ezinjalo.
Isixa sePU ilinganiswe njengenani elixeliweyo lemizuzu/iveki echithwe kwiPU kwinyanga ephelileyo. Iimpawu ezimbi zihlolwe yi-Polish adaptation ye-SAST-R [izinto ezingama-20 kunye no-ewe / akukho impendulo (Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017)], ukulinganisa (a) ukuzixakekisa, (b) ukuchaphazeleka kunye (c) nokuphazamiseka kobudlelwane ngendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye (d) nokuziva ungakwazi ukulawula indlela esiziphatha ngayo ngokwesini. Ngenxa yokuba uhlalutyo lwesakhiwo esifihlakeleyo seempawu zokusebenzisa iphonografi ibingeyonjongo yethu ngokuthe ngqo, siye saphatha amanqaku apheleleyo kwi-questionnaire ye-SAST-R njengento eguquguqukayo. Ukuhambelana kwangaphakathi kwe-questionnaire kulolu cwaningo kwakuphezulu kakhulu (i-Cronbach's α = .82).
ubudala yabaphenduli yachazwa kwiminyaka, Ukuqala kwePU yalinganiswa njengeminyaka echaziweyo apho abaphenduli baqala ukubukela imifanekiso yesondo ecacileyo okanye iividiyo, kunye Inani leminyaka yePU yabalwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwePU kunye nobudala bokwenene bommangalelwa. Inkolo ephantsi ilinganiswe kwisikali sohlobo lwe-Likert eneankile ku-0 (ngokuqinisekileyo hayi) kunye no-4 (ngokuqinisekileyo ewe) ngalo mbuzo ulandelayo: Ngaba uzigqala njengomntu wenkolo? Abantu ababhengeze amaxabiso amakhulu kuno-0 kwesi sikali babuzwa imibuzo eyongezelelweyo malunga nezabo Izenzo zonqulo, lilinganiswa ngomyinge oxeliweyo wexesha elichithwe (imizuzu/iveki) kwizinto zonqulo okanye zomoya, ezinjengomthandazo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkonzo/izithethe, ukufunda iincwadi zomoya, ulamlo, njl. njl. Ixesha lidlulile ukususela kumsebenzi wokugqibela wesondo we-dyadic, usebenzisa isikali se-ordinal ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-7 (0 - namhlanje; 1 - izolo; 2 - iintsuku ezi-3 zokugqibela; 3 - iintsuku ezi-7 zokugqibela; 4 - iintsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela; 5 - iinyanga ezi-3 ezidlulileyo; 6 - ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-90 ezidlulileyo; kunye ne-7 - andizange ndilale nomnye umntu). Izifundo zacelwa ukuba zikhethe eyona mpendulo ichanekileyo. Ubume bobudlelwanehi enye yalinganiswa njengesibhengezo sokuba kubudlelwane (ngokusesikweni okanye ngokungekho sikweni = 1 okanye hayi = 0). Utshintsho Elona nani likhulu lokuphulula amalungu esini ngosuku olunye I-self-ixelwe inani elikhulu lokuphulula amalungu esini phakathi kweentsuku ze-1, kunye nokuguquguquka Ixesha elide lokubukela iphonografi engayekiyo ichaza esona siganeko sinde, esingaphazanyiswanga sokubukela amanyala (ngemizuzu).
Kwinqanaba lokuqala, sithelekise amaxabiso aphakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki kunye nokufuna unyango ngokusetyenziswa kweMann-Whitney. U uvavanyo. Sisebenzise olu vavanyo ngenxa yobungakanani besampulu engalinganiyo phakathi kwamaqela athelekisekayo: abafuna unyango kunye nabangafuni unyango, kunye nokwahluka okungafaniyo kuwo omabini amaqela. Emva koko, sisebenzise uhlalutyo lwendlela yokuvavanya ukubaluleka kobudlelwane bethu obucingelwayo phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki. Sikhethe indlela yohlalutyo lomendo kuba isivumela ukuba sivavanye ubudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo, obunobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezininzi eziphuma ngaphandle kunye nezingapheliyo ngaphakathi kwemodeli enye. Kule nxalenye yohlalutyo, asizange siqhathanise namaqela afuna unyango kunye namaqela angafuni unyango, kodwa siqwalasela unyango olufunayo njengento exhomekeke kuyo kwaye ivavanye ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki njengezibikezelo zayo. IBM SPSS uAmosI-Arbuckle, 2013) uqikelelo olunokubakho luninzi lwasetyenziswa ukwenza uhlalutyo lwethu. Njengoko ezinye zezinto zethu eziguquguqukayo zingasasazwanga ngokuqhelekileyo, siqikelele ukubaluleka kwee-coefficients ezisemgangathweni kunye ne-5,000 ye-bootstrap iterations kwaye sasebenzisa i-matrix yokulungelelanisa njengegalelo. Ukubaluleka kweziphumo ezingathanga ngqo zavavanywa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-95% ye-bias-corrected i-bootstrapped intervals.MacKinnon, ngo-2008). Sivavanye ukulunga kokufaneleka kweemodeli zethu ngezibalo ezininzi ezisekwe kakuhle. Ukulingana okulungileyo kwaboniswa ngesiphumo esingabalulekanga se-χ2 uvavanyo, uthelekiso olufanelekileyo lwesalathiso (CFI) ixabiso elikhulu kuno 0.95, ingcambu ithetha imposiso yesikwere yoqikelelo (RMSEA) ngaphantsi kwe-0.06, kunye nengcambu esemgangathweni ithetha intsalela yesikwere (SRMR) ngaphantsi kwe-0.08 (Hu & Bentler, ngo-1999).
Izixhobo zokufunda kunye neprotocol zavunywa yiKomiti yezokuziphatha yeZiko lePsychology, i-Polish Academy of Sciences. Zonke izifundo zaziswe malunga nophononongo kwaye zonke zanikwa imvume enolwazi.
Siqale uhlalutyo lwethu ngokuthelekisa abafuna unyango lwabasetyhini kunye nabangafuni unyango ngokwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki. Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa iziphumo zeMann–Whitney engqinelanayo U iimvavanyo kunye nobukhulu besiphumo obuboniswe ngu-eta ophindwe kabini (η2) i-coefficient kunye neenkcukacha-manani ezichazayo kuwo omabini amaqela. Abafuna unyango, xa bethelekiswa nabangafuni unyango, bafumene amanqaku aphezulu ngokwenani leempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nePU kunye nesixa sePU. Ukongezelela, abafuna unyango babhengeze inani eliphezulu lokuphulula amalungu esini ngexesha losuku lwe-1 kunye neziqendu ezinde zokubukela iphonografi. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iqela labafuna unyango liphumelele amanqaku aphezulu kwizenzo zonqulo kunye ne-subjective religiosity.
Ekugqibeleni, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba amaqela afuna unyango kunye nalawo angafuniyo unyango awazange ahluke ngokwexesha eligqithileyo ukususela kumsebenzi wokugqibela wesondo we-dyadic, ubudala, ukuqala, kunye neminyaka yokusetyenziswa koonografi.
Okulandelayo, sivavanye ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki kunye nokufuna unyango lwabasetyhini, kusetyenziswa imodeli yohlalutyo lwendlela. Iingqikelelo esizivavanyeyo kwezi modeli zamiselwa ngokusekelwe kuncwadi olukhoyo (UKraus, uMartino, et al., 2016; Kraus, Voon, et al., 2016) kunye neziphumo zohlalutyo olufanayo esilwenzile ngaphambili kwisampuli yamadoda (UGola et al., 2016). Ngamanye amazwi, eli candelo aligxininisi ekuthelekiseni amaxabiso eentsingiselo eziguquguqukayo ezithile kumaqela onyango kunye nabangafuni unyango. Endaweni yoko, kule nxalenye yohlalutyo, siphande amandla obudlelwane phakathi kolwakhiwo olubalulekileyo olunxulumene ne-PU eyingxaki, kugxininiso olukhethekileyo kwizinto ezinokubakho zokufuna unyango.
I-Coefficients yokulungelelanisa kuzo zonke iinguqu ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiimodeli zethu zendlela ziboniswe kwiThebhile 2. Sisebenzise i-point-biserial coefficient coefficient ye-dummy-coded variables (ukufuna unyango kunye nesimo sobudlelwane) kunye ne-Pearson's coefficient coefficient for the rest.
|
2 Table. Izibalo ezichazayo kunye ne-coefficients yokulungelelanisa kuzo zonke iinguqu ezibandakanyiweyo kuhlalutyo lwabasetyhini
| Igama eliguqukayo | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Iimpawu ezingalunganga (0–20) | 1 | ||||||||||
| 2. Ukuphindaphinda ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi (imizuzu / iveki) | 0.45 ** | 1 | |||||||||
| 3. Inkolo eyintloko (0–4) | 0.09 * | 0.17 * | 1 | ||||||||
| 4. Imisebenzi yenkolo (imizuzu/iveki)a | 0.25 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.28 ** | 1 | |||||||
| 5. Inani leminyaka yokusetyenziswa koonografi | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.16 * | -0.06 | 1 | ||||||
| 6. Ukuqala kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi (iminyaka) | −0.14 * | -0.12 | 0.17 * | 0.07 | −0.53 ** | 1 | |||||
| 7. Ubudala | -0.01 | −0.15 * | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.46 ** | 0.45 ** | 1 | ||||
| 8. Ixesha lidlulile ukususela kwisenzo sesondo sokugqibela se-dyadic (0-7) | −0.09 * | 0.04 | 0.14 * | 0.10 | −0.14 * | 0.09 | -0.01 | 1 | |||
| 9. Ukufuna unyango (1: ewe; 0: hayi) | 0.43 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.49 * | 0.04 | -0.02 | 0.03 | 0.09 * | 1 | ||
| 10.Isimo sobudlelwane (1: kubudlelwane; 0: hayi kubudlelwane) | −0.10 * | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.12 | 0.16 ** | -0.02 | 0.07 | −0.57 ** | -0.05 | 1 | |
| 9. Elona nani likhulu lokuphulula amalungu esini ngexesha losuku olu-1 | 0.39 ** | 0.44 ** | -0.06 | 0.28 * | 0.14 * | -0.07 | 0.02 | -0.06 | 0.22 ** | 0.01 | 1 |
| 10. Ixesha elide lokubukela iphonografi engayekiyo | 0.39 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.03 | 0.37 ** | 0.17 * | −0.18 ** | -0.05 | 0.01 | 0.22 ** | -0.06 | 0.48 ** |
Phawula. aUmbuzo omalunga nezenzo zonqulo wabuzwa kuphela kwabo bathathi-nxaxheba, abathi bangamakholwa kumbuzo wangaphambili (ukholo lwento ethile).
*p < .05. **p <.001.
Siqale le nxalenye yohlalutyo lwethu lwamanani ngovavanyo lwengcinga yethu ephambili, echaza ukuba inani le-PU phakathi kwabasetyhini linokunxulumana kakhulu nonyango olufuna iPU eyingxaki. Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba olu lwalamano lwalubalulekile ngokwenene (uqikelelo = 0.38, p <.001).
Emva kokwazisa umlamli ocatshangelwayo (ubunzima beempawu ezimbi ezinxulumene ne-PU), amandla obudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi kwesixa se-PU kunye nokufuna unyango lwehla, kodwa lwahlala luhle kwaye lubalulekile [uqikelelo = 0.23 (i-95% i-bias-corrected interval = 0.15– 0.31); p <.001]. Indlela exoxiwe yolamlo iphinde yabonakala ibalulekile [0.15 (0.11-0.19)], enefuthe eliphakathi: κ2 = 0.130 (ikappa iphindwe kabini, njengoko icetywe ngu UMshumayeli kunye noKelley, ngo-2011). Ukuqukumbela, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ubukhali beempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene ne-PU kulamla ngokuyinxenye ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi kwesixa sePU kunye nokufuna unyango (Umfanekiso. 1).
Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, sazise ezine ezinokuthi ziqikelele iimpawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nePU (Umfanekiso 1): (a) ukuqala kunye (b) nenani leminyaka ye-PU, (c) ukuthobela ngokwenkolo, kunye (d) nezenzo zonqulo. Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba ukuqala kwe-PU kuphela kuqikelele ngokucacileyo ubunzima beempawu ezimbi ezinxulumene ne-PU [uqikelelo = -0.10, (i-95% i-bias-corrected interval = -0.18 ukuya -0.02); p = .002].
Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba iminyaka yayibaluleke kakhulu, inxulumene kakubi nenani le-PU [-0.15 (-0.23 ukuya -0.07)]. Abasetyhini abancinci basebenzisa iphonografi ngaphezu kwabasetyhini abadala. Ukongeza, abasetyhini ababesebudlelwaneni ngoku babhengeze ixesha elifutshane eligqithileyo ukusukela kwisenzo sesondo sokugqibela se-dyadic; uqikelelo = -0.57 (Umfanekiso 1). Nangona kunjalo, ixesha lidlulile ukususela ekubeni umsebenzi wokugqibela wesondo we-dyadic awuzange udibanise ubudlelwane phakathi kweminyaka yobudala kunye nenani le-PU (uqikelelo = 0.001, p = .259; ubungakanani besiphumo: κ2 = 0.001).
Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, sithelekise iinguqulelo ezinganyanzelwanga nezinyanzelwayo zemodeli yethu. Uguqulelo olunganyanzelwanga luqulethwe zizo zonke iindlela ezihlalutyiweyo. Kwinguqulelo ethintelweyo, silungise zonke iindlela ezingabalulekanga ukuya kwi-0 (zonke iindlela ezingabalulekanga ziyabonakala kuMfanekiso. 1). Ngokuthelekisa le mizekelo mibini, sakwazi ukujonga ukuba ezi ndlela zibonelela ngexabiso elibalulekileyo lolwazi kumzekelo (Byrne, 2009). Kweli nqanaba, izalathisi ezifanelekileyo zoguqulelo olunganyanzelwanga lomfuziselo bezi: χ2(34) = 2,424.45, p < .001; CFI = 0.215, RMSEA = 0.313, SRMR = 0.1733. Kuguqulelo oluthintelweyo: χ2(39) = 2,427.63, p < .001; CFI = 0.215, RMSEA = 0.292, SRMR = 0.1749. Ezi nguqulelo zimbini zomzekelo ekuxoxiwe ngazo azahlukanga kakhulu, χ2(5) = 3.179, p = .672. Ukulandela esi siphumo, sicime zonke iindlela ezingabalulekanga kwimodeli. Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, siphinde sacima indlela phakathi kwemeko yobudlelwane kunye nexesha eligqithileyo ukusukela kumdlalo wokugqibela wesondo. Le ndlela yaba yinto engafunekiyo ngenxa yokuba yayidityaniswe kuyo yonke imodeli kuphela ngenye yeendlela ezingabalulekanga eziye zasuswa kwisinyathelo sangaphambili. Zonke iindlela ezicinyiweyo ziphawulwe ngeentolo ezidayiziweyo kuMfanekiso 1.
Kweli nqanaba, izalathisi ezifanelekileyo bezi: χ2(6) = 174.20, p < .001; CFI = 0.687, RMSEA = 0.217, SRMR = 0.1231. Songeze i-covariance phakathi kwemigaqo yempazamo yobudala kunye nokuqala kwePU. Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba iminyaka yayinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nokuqala kwePU (r = .45): abafazi abadala baqala ukusebenzisa iphonografi kamva ebomini babo. Emva kokuqukwa kobu budlelwane imodeli yethu ifakwe ngokufanelekileyo: χ2(4) = 11.87, p = .018; CFI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.0317.
Le nguqulo yomzekelo ichaze i-23% yentlukwano ekufuneni unyango kwiqela labasetyhini. Uhlalutyo lwethu lwangaphambili lwemodeli efanayo yamadoda lubangele i-43% yokuhluka okuchazwe, okulixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu (UGola et al., 2016). Ke ngoko, ngokwembono yethu emiselweyo kunye nezifundo zamva nje (IGrubbs et al., 2016; UMartyniuk et al., ngo-2015; Štulhofer, Jurin, & Briken, 2016), sagqiba ekubeni sihlolisise ukuba inkolo ingaba yinto ebalulekileyo yokufuna unyango (okwenza ukuba kube yinto yesithathu yonyango olufunayo kwimodeli yethu, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso. 2). Siphinde sajonga ukuba yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi konqulo kunye nesixa sePU.
Umzobo 2. Uhlalutyo lwendlela yomfuziselo wokugqibela wabasetyhini ababonisa iindlela zokulinganisa ezisemgangathweni ezivavanywe kusetyenziswa i-95% yamathuba okuzithemba alungelelanisiweyo (**p ≤ .001; *p <.05). Amaxabiso kwizibiyeli zii-coefficients ezisemgangathweni zeziphumo ezithe ngqo phambi kokubalwa kweendlela ezingathanga ngqo. Iintolo ezingqiniweyo zimela ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokufuna unyango, kunye nolamlo lwayo ngeempawu ezimbi (umxholo we-hypothesis yethu ephambili). Eminye yeendlela (iintolo ezingezizo ngqindilili) imele i-hypothesis yethu yesibini. Iintolo ezidayiweyo zibonisa iindlela eziye zabaluleka emva kokufakwa komlamli okanye uqikelelo olongezelelweyo. Ubungakanani beesampulu zotshintsho ngalunye zidweliswe kwiTheyibhile 1
Uhlalutyo olwenziweyo lubonise ukuba izenzo zonqulo zibonakala ziyinto ebalulekileyo yonyango efuna abafazi (uqikelelo = 0.40, p <.001). Ngaphezu koko, yayiyeyona nto inamandla yokufuna unyango (nangona umahluko phakathi kwamandla okuqikelelwa phakathi kwezenzo zonqulo kunye neempawu ezimbi zazingabalulekanga). Emva kokuzisa i-predictor exoxiwe kwimodeli, ubudlelwane phakathi kwesixa se-PU kunye nokufuna unyango lwaba lungabalulekanga (uqikelelo = 0.01, ns). Njengomphumo wolu tshintsho, amandla okuxela kwangaphambili imodeli yethu aphuculwe, echaza i-34% yokwahluka kunyango olufunayo phakathi kwabasetyhini. Siphinde sabandakanya ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezenzo zonqulo kunye nenani le-PU kwimodeli (uqikelelo = 0.55); oku kucaciswa ngakumbi ngezantsi. Ngapha koko, songeze ixesha le-covariance phakathi kokuqala kwePU kunye nesixa sePU. Olu lwalamano lwalubuthathaka (uqikelelo = 0.10) kodwa lubalulekile (p = .006) - ukuvezwa kwangaphambili kwiphonografi kudibaniswa nenani eliphezulu lePU. Inguqulelo yethu yokugqibela yemodeli yabasetyhini (Umfanekiso 2) ibingena kakuhle: χ2(6) = 22.387, p < .001; CFI = 0.982, RMSEA = 0.062, SRMR = 0.0283.
Ukongezelela, sihlolisise ubudlelwane obuhle (uqikelelo = 0.55; N = 89) phakathi kwesixa sePU kunye nezenzo zonqulo. Sifumene ukuba amandla obu budlelwane benziwe phantse kuphela liqela elincinci (n = 6) abafuna unyango olunomlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu wokusetyenziswa koonografi (M = 1,091 min/iveki) kunye nenani eliphezulu lezenzo zonqulo (M = 480.83 min / iveki). Ubudlelwane obuxutyushwayo abuzange bufikelele ukubaluleka xa abafuna unyango bengabandakanywanga kuhlalutyo (uqikelelo = 0.15, p = .165, N = 83). Ukuqukumbela, olu dlelwane alubalulekanga phakathi kwabangafuni unyango kodwa lomelele ngokufanelekileyo kwiqela elifuna unyango.
ingxoxo
Ngokolwazi lwethu, eli lelinye lelona nani lilinganiselweyo lezifundo kwabasetyhini abafuna unyango lwe-PU enengxaki kunye neyokuqala ephanda izinto ezinxulumene nokuziphatha kokufuna unyango. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezifundo ezinje kwabasetyhini, sasebenzisa izifundo zethu zangaphambili kwiisampulu zamadoda njengendawo yokubhekisa kuhlalutyo lwethu. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukufana kunye nokwahlukana okucacileyo phakathi kweziphumo ze-PU yengxaki yabasetyhini kunye nezifundo zangaphambili kulo mbandela wamadoda (UGola et al., 2016; UKraus, uMartino, et al., 2016). Okokuqala, uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba abafazi abafuna unyango lwe-PU eyingxaki banamanqanaba aphezulu eempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene ne-PU kunye nezixa eziphezulu zokusebenzisa iphonografi kunabo bafuna unyango. Esi siphumo esithile asimangalisi, ngokuqwalasela iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwizifundo zangaphambili (UGola et al., 2016; UKraus, uMartino, et al., 2016). Nangona kunjalo, okunomdla ngakumbi, uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba abafazi abafuna unyango banokuthi bathambekele kumaxesha okukhutshwa kwe-disinhibition (esigqibo esiphezulu senani lokuphulula amalungu esini ngexesha le-1 kunye neziqephu ezinde zokubukela iphonografi engayekiyo). Kuncwadi olukhoyo, sinokufumana ubungqina bokuba imilinganiselo yentlalo eqinile kwezinye iimeko inokuba negalelo kwi-PU eyingxaki, kuba ikhuthaza amaxesha okuzikhwebula kwiphonografi, elandelwa lixesha lokuthintela kunye ne-PU egqithisileyo (Amakha, 1983; UKraus, uMartino, et al., 2016; ILizwiecha, iWilk, iKowalewska, iSkorko, kunye neGola, 2017). Ubungqina bokuqala obuqinisekisa le ngcaciso bunokufumaneka kwiiyantlukwano zonqulo phakathi kwabasetyhini abafunayo kwaye abafuni unyango. Iqela elifuna unyango lichaze amaxabiso aphezulu kuzo zombini iinkolo ezizimeleyo kunye nomyinge wesixa sezinto zonqulo phakathi evekini. Sicacisa ngendima enokwenzeka yezithethe zentlalo kunye nenkolo kwi-PU enengxaki yabasetyhini apha ngezantsi, sixoxa ngayo kunye neziphumo zezinye izifundo zamva nje.
Inxalenye yesibini yohlalutyo lwethu lwalusekwe kwimodeli yamanani obudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene nokufuna unyango kunye ne-PU eyingxaki. Ngokuhambelana neziphumo ezininzi zangaphambili ezibonisa umahluko onxulumene nesondo ekusebenzeni ngokwesondo, iziphumo ezifunyenwe kolu phononongo kwisampulu yabasetyhini ziyahluka kwizifundo zangaphambili kwiisampulu zamadoda. Ngaphambi kokushwankathela iziphumo zethu kuhlalutyo lwangoku kwisampulu yabasetyhini, singathanda ukukhumbuza isiphelo esiphambili kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili malunga namadoda (UGola et al., 2016). Sibonise ukuba: (a) inani nje le-PU liyi-predictor ebuthathaka kakhulu yokufuna unyango kodwa (b) inxulumene nobukhulu beempawu ezingalunganga (ezilinganiswa yi-SAST-R), kwaye le nto ichaza ukuziphatha kokufuna unyango. . Ngaphandle koko, (c) phakathi kwamadoda, ubudala abuhambelani nobungakanani be-PU kwaye (d) ukuqala kwePU akubonisi ubukhali beempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nePU. Ngokufanayo, (e) isixa sezenzo zonqulo azibikezeli ukufuna unyango okanye ubuzaza beempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nePU (UGola et al., 2016).
Njengoko sasicingela, kubafazi, inani nje le-PU lalinxulumene kakhulu nonyango olufuna iPU eyingxaki. Isixa sePU sasinxulumene nobunzima beempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nazo (Umfanekiso 1), kunye nobukhulu beempawu ezihambelanayo zihambelana nokufuna unyango. Ubudlelwane bokugqibela babubuthathaka kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda (ad. b). Ngaphezu koko, ngokwahlukileyo kuhlalutyo lwethu lwamadoda, ubudlelwane phakathi kwesixa se-PU kunye nokufuna unyango phakathi kwabasetyhini luhlala lubalulekile, naxa kubalwa ulamlo ngobunzima beempawu ezimbi. Esi siphumo sinomdla sibonisa ukuba abafazi abane-PU eyingxaki mhlawumbi bafuna unyango kungekuphela nje ngenxa yefuthe elibi le-PU ebomini babo kodwa nangenxa yobuninzi be-PU (ngelixa kwizifundo zangaphambili zijolise kwiisampulu zamadoda, le nto yokugqibela ayibalulekanga. ). Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo malunga nengcaciso enokwenzeka yokuba kutheni inyani nje ye-PU eqhelekileyo inokubonwa njengengxaki phakathi kwabasetyhini. Esona sizathu sinokwenzeka kukuba i-PU eqhelekileyo inokubonwa luninzi lwabasetyhini njengokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kunokuba kunjalo phakathi kwamadoda. Phakathi kwamadoda, i-PU yeveki ibonakala iyinto eqhelekileyo (malunga ne-70% -80% yamadoda phakathi kweminyaka eyi-18-30), kanti phakathi kwabasetyhini, ngaphantsi kwe-20% basebenzisa i-pornography ngeveki (njengoko kuboniswe kwisiDanish esikhulu kunye neScandinavian. izifundo: Hayi, 2006; Kvalem et al., 2014). Lo mahluko unokubumba inkolelo (phakathi kwabasetyhini) yokuba rhoqo i-PU luhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha okutenxileyo ngokwahlukileyo kumadoda, apho ukuziphatha okufanayo kunokubonwa njengento eqhelekileyo. Ke, inyani nje ye-PU eqhelekileyo inokubangela uluvo lokuba abafazi abathile bohluka kuninzi lwabasetyhini, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekutolikweni kwePU eqhelekileyo njengengxaki yokuziphatha efuna unyango. Ukuba olutoliko luchanekile, uluvo oluzimeleyo lokufumana iingxaki ezinxulumene ne-PU phakathi kwabasetyhini lunokwandiswa ngokuziphatha okanye iinkolelo zonqulo malunga nephonografi kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje kubantu ngokubanzi lubonise ukuba inkolo inokunxulunyaniswa notyekelo oluphezulu lokuzibona "umlutha wephonografi" (IGrubbs et al., 2016) okanye ingxelo yeziphumo ezibi zokwabelana ngesondo rhoqo (Štulhofer et al., 2016). Siye savavanya ukuba inkolo inokunxulumana na nokufuna unyango (Figure 2) (intengiso. e) ngokubandakanya ubungakanani bezenzo zonqulo njengento ebonisa unyango olufunayo, ngeli lixa kuphanda ngokunxulumana kwayo nesixa sePU. Ngokwenene, isixa sezenzo zonqulo sesona sizathu sinamandla sokuziphatha kokufuna unyango phakathi kwabasetyhini abane-PU eyingxaki (ngelixa yayingabalulekanga kuhlalutyo oluhambelanayo lwamadoda; UGola et al., 2016). Ngaphezu koko, uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba emva kokwazisa izenzo zonqulo kwimodeli, ubudlelwane phakathi kwesixa nje se-PU kunye nonyango olufunayo luphulukene nokubaluleka kwalo (Umfanekiso. 2). Ukufunyaniswa okunjalo kuhambelana nezifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba ubulili babasetyhini buhlala bunxulumene kakhulu nenkcubeko kunye nentlalontle kunaphakathi kwamadoda (Adams & Turner, 1985; UBarry noSchlegel, ngo-1984; Baumeister, 2000; Christensen & Carpenter, ngo-1962; Earle & Perricone, 1986; Ford & Norris, ngo-1993). Apha, mhlawumbi sinokuthi le miba yenkcubeko inegalelo ekutolikweni okuzimeleyo kwePU eqhelekileyo njengengxaki kwaye ikhokelela ekufuneni unyango.
Kwimodeli yethu, umlinganiselo wezenzo zonqulo wawunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nokusetyenziswa koonografi (uqikelelo = 0.55). Nangona kunjalo, lo mbutho ubonakale ubalulekile kuphela kubantu abafuna unyango, kwaye awubalulekanga kwiqela elingafuni unyango. Oku kubonisa ukuba ulwalamano olunjalo lubonakala luphawu lweqela leklinikhi kwaye alukho kuluntu jikelele. Ukongezelela, kuyafaneleka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba inani leephonografi ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nezenzo zonqulo (ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwezithethe zonqulo) zaziphezulu phakathi kwabafuna unyango. Enye inkcazo enokwenzeka yezi ziphumo kukuba kwabanye abantu abafuna unyango, ukubandakanyeka kokuziphatha kwindlela yokuziphatha exhasa imilinganiselo yenkolo (izenzo zonqulo) ingaba sisixhobo sokulawula iimvakalelo ezimbi ezibangelwa ukubandakanyeka kwangaphambili ekuziphatheni okuphula le migaqo (ukusetyenziswa koonografi). Enye indlela enokuthi iphakanyiswe kukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokubandakanyeka kwizenzo zonqulo kunokubonwa njengesiphumo sokunyuka kwamandla eempembelelo zokubukela iphonografi phakathi kwabafuna unyango. Ngaloo ndlela, ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala kusenokuba luphawu lokuyekelela kwiminqweno kabani, yaye izenzo zonqulo zinokujongwa njengendlela yokuhlangabezana nazo. Ukuba le meko iyinyani, zombini isixa se-PU kunye nezenzo zonqulo ziya kunxulunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo, nangona obu budlelwane buya kumiselwa yinto esisiseko efana nokunqwenela iPU.
Olunye utoliko olunokwenzeka lonxulumano oluphezulu phakathi kwePU kunye nezenzo zonqulo phakathi kwabantu abafuna unyango lunokwenziwa ngokwemigaqo yenkqubo ephoxayo yethiyori yokulawula ingqondo.Wegner, ngo-1994). Izithethe zenkolo eziphakamileyo nezingqongqo zinokukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okuthintela ukuziphatha (okanye iingcinga ezinxulumene nokuziphatha) ezibonwa njengezingangqinelaniyo nale migaqo (umz., ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala). Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwizifundo ezininzi zengqondo (bona Abramowitz, Tolin, & Street Street, 2001 uphononongo) kwezinye iimeko, inhibition inokuba nempembelelo ephazamisayo, ekhokelela kumaxesha amaninzi okuziphatha aphula isiqhelo. Oku kunokwenza isiqhelo ngokwaso sibonakale kwaye siphakamise izinga lokuziphatha elixhasa isiqhelo - kule meko - izenzo zonqulo. Ke ngoko, naluphi na uhlobo lokuziphatha olunyanzelisa izithethe ezingqongqo zonqulo, kunye nokuziphatha okwaphula le siqhelo kunokuxhasana, nokuba injongo yomntu ngamnye ijolise kwiziphumo ezichaseneyo ngokupheleleyo. Nangona izifundo zangaphambili malunga neziphumo eziphazamisayo zoxinzelelo zigxile kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwengcinga (Abramowitz et al., 2001), sinobungqina bokuba ukucinezelwa kweemvakalelo kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezifanayo, eziphoxayo (Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012). Ukongeza, abanye abaphandi bacetyisa indima yempembelelo ye-paradoxical yoxinzelelo ekuphuhliseni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okufana ne-obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; Purdon, 2004), kunye neekliniki ezininzi zikhomba ukufana phakathi kwe-CSB kunye ne-OCD (bona Ngo-2016; Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013 uphononongo). Zonke iindlela ezichazwe ngasentla ziyi-hypothetical kwaye azikwazi ukuqinisekiswa ngesiseko sedatha yethu kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, sikholelwa ukuba bafanele ukuphanda kwizifundo ezizayo eziya kujoliswa ekucaciseni ubunjani bobudlelwane phakathi konqulo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi phakathi kwabafuna unyango lwe-PU eyingxaki.
Ukongezelela, uhlalutyo lwethu lwandisa kwiziphumo zezifundo zangaphambili malunga nobudlelwane phakathi konqulo kunye nobukhulu beempawu ezimbi ezinamava (IGrubbs et al., 2016; Štulhofer et al., 2016). Xa siqwalasela kuphela ubudlelwane be-bivariate phakathi kwezi zintlukwano ezimbini, iziphumo zethu ziqinisekisa izigqibo ezivela kwizifundo zangaphambili kwaye zibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane obuchaphazelekayo bubuhle kwaye bubalulekile (r = .25 kwizenzo zonqulo kunye r = .09 kunqulo oluzimeleyo; Itheyibhile 2). Nangona kunjalo, xa inani le-PU libandakanyiwe njenge-predictor eyongezelelweyo yeempawu ezimbi, inkolo ayisadibani nokuguquguquka kokugqibela, ngelixa isala i-predictor enamandla yokufuna unyango (Umfanekiso. 2).
Iziphumo ezibhekiselele kubudlelwane bonqulo kwiimpawu ezingalunganga kunye nonyango olufuna iPU eyingxaki lunomdla ngakumbi kumxholo obanzi wobudlelwane phakathi konqulo kunye nezinye iindlela zengqondo. Kuphando lwangaphambili, inqanaba eliphezulu lenkolo libonakaliswe ukuba lihambelana kakuhle nempilo yengqondo (Dilmaghani, ngo-2017; Ismail & Desmukh, 2012; Joshi, Kumari, & Jain, 2008), ulwaneliseko lobomi (UPfeifer kunye noWaelty, ngo-1995), kwaye inxulumene ngokungafaniyo ne-psychopathology kwizigulane zeklinikhi (Gupta, Avasthi, & Kumar, 2011; USharma et al., 2017). Kwelinye icala, uphando oluthile (McConnell, Pergament, Ellison, & Flannelly, 2006) icebisa ukuba inqanaba eliphezulu lemizabalazo yokomoya inokunxulunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo ethile ye-psychopathology (ixhala, ukuxhalaba kwe-phobic, ukudakumba, imbono ye-paranoid, ukunyanzeliswa-ukunyanzeliswa, kunye ne-somatization). Ukongeza, siye sangqina ukuba ubuncinci ezinye iimvaba zenkolo zinokunxulunyaniswa namanqanaba aphezulu eempawu ze-OCD (UAbramowitz, uMdikoni, uWoods, kunye noTolin, ngo-2004; Gonsalvez, Hains, & Stoyles, 2010). Oku kubonisa ukuba impembelelo yeenkolelo zonqulo kwi-psychopathology inokumodareyithwa ngohlobo lwe-psychopathology kunye neempawu zenkolelo yenkolo. Ukongeza, njengoko sibonisile kwimodeli yethu yokugqibela, kwimeko ethile ye-PU eyingxaki phakathi kwabasetyhini, inkolo ibonakala inxulumene nokufuna unyango kunokuba iimpawu ze-psychopathological. Apha, iziphumo zethu zihambelana nezifundo zangaphambili ezibonisa ukuba amandla eenkolelo zonqulo kunye nomlinganiselo wezenzo zonqulo zihambelana ngokuqinisekileyo nokusetyenziswa kwenkonzo yengqondo (UPickard, ngo-2006).
Okubangela umdla kukuba, kwabasetyhini, ubudala budlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiPU; oku kubandakanya iminyaka yobudala besifundo (isikhangiso. c) kunye neminyaka yobudala bokuqala kwePU (i-ad. d), ngelixa akukho nanye kwezi ziguquko zibalulekileyo kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili kumadoda (UGola et al., 2016). Abasetyhini abancinci babhengeza ukusebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo kunabantu abadala, kwaye abo baqala ukusebenzisa iphonografi besebancinci badla ngokuxela ubuqatha obuphezulu beempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nePU. Ingcaciso yoku kufunyaniswayo ngokuqinisekileyo ifuna uphando olongezelelweyo. Uphando olunjalo lunokujongana nemibuzo emibini enomdla: (Q1) Ngaba ukuthandwa kwePU kuyanda phakathi kwezizukulwana eziselula zabasetyhini? (Q2) Ngaba ingqondo yowesifazane isengozini ngakumbi kwimeko yohlobo oluthile lwesini esichukumisayo kunengqondo yendoda?
(Q1) Ngokolwazi lwethu, akukho datha yelongitudinal esivumela ukuba siphendule lo mbuzo. Okubangela umdla kukuba, idatha yophando yamva nje evela e-UK (Uphando lwe-Opinium, ngo-2014) ibonisa ukuba xa uneminyaka eyi-18, ukubukela iphonografi kwakuxhaphakile yaye kuqhelekile kumakhwenkwe namantombazana angama-98%. Isiphumo esinjalo sinokucebisa ukuba i-PU phakathi kwamantombazana yonyukile kule minyaka idlulileyo (mhlawumbi ngenxa yokufumaneka kwe-Intanethi) kwaye yalingana phakathi kwamakhwenkwe, njengoko izifundo ezindala zibonise umahluko onxulumene nesondo kwi-PU. Ngokomzekelo, uSabina et al. (2008) ingxelo yokuba phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji zaseMelika, i-93.2% yamadoda kunye ne-62.1% yabasetyhini babukela iphonografi ye-intanethi nge-18 yobudala, kanti i-Træen, i-Spitznogle, ne-Beverfjord (2004) ingxelo yokuba phakathi kwesampula esimele abantu baseNorway, ngexesha lobomi babo bonke, i-87.9% yamadoda kunye ne-62.9% yabasetyhini babone iphephancwadi loonografi, i-77.2% ngokuchasene ne-55% ibukele i-movie engamanyala, kwaye kuphela i-36.6% ngokubhekiselele kwi-8.9% ibukele i-pornography. i-intanethi. Ezinye iinkcukacha zibonisa ukuba iprofayili yomsebenzi we-hypersexual phakathi kwabasetyhini inokuthi itshintshile kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. UBriken, uHabermann, uBerner, kunye noHill (2007) ingxelo yokuba eyona nto ilawula ukuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabasetyhini abafuna unyango kwakuyingozi yokwabelana ngesondo ngokungaqhelekanga (phakathi kwamadoda, kwakuyi-PU kunye ne-masturbation), kanti iqela uKlein et al. (2014) ingxelo yePU njengeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuziphatha phakathi kwabasetyhini abafumana amanqaku aphezulu kwi-Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (Reid, Garos, kunye noMchweli, ngo-2011). Ngokombono wethu, i-hypothesis malunga nokunyuka komlinganiselo wabasebenzisi bephonografi yabasetyhini ifanelwe ukufundisisa ngokucophelela. Kuya kuba nomdla kwakhona ukujonga ukuba iipateni zeendlela eziphambili zesenzo sesondo zitshintsha njani phakathi kwabasetyhini abafuna unyango.
(Q2) Kwizifundo ezininzi malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (Grant & Dawson, 1998), ukuqala kokusetyenziswa yinto ebalulekileyo ehambelana nobukhulu beempawu. Kwizifundo zethu zamadoda (UGola et al., 2016), besilindele ukubona ubudlelwane obunjalo ngokuqala kwePU. Okumangalisayo kukuba, asizange senze njalo. Kodwa phakathi kwabasetyhini, ukuqala kwe-PU kunxulumene kakhulu nobukhali beempawu ezingalunganga ezinxulumeneyo kunye nesixa sePU. Kuyenzeka ukuba ubulili babasetyhini buchaphazeleke kakhulu ekufundeni (Baumeister, 2000). Ukuba kunjalo, umbuzo malunga nokwanda kokuthandwa kwe-PU phakathi kwabasetyhini abancinci (Q1) unokubaluleka ngakumbi ukuba ufunde.
Ngaphandle kwezi ziphumo zixoxiwe ngasentla, sikwaphawule ukungalingani okukhulu kumlinganiselo wamadoda nabasetyhini abafuna unyango lwe-PU eyingxaki. Inkqubo yethu yokugaya yayifana ncam kumadoda nabasetyhini. Kwimeko yamadoda, kwasithatha iinyanga ezili-12 ukufumana abantu abafuna unyango abali-132, ngoxa phakathi kwamabhinqa, kwafuneka iinyanga ezili-18 sifumane abantu abangama-39. Oku kubonisa ukuba amadoda afuna unyango ngenxa ye-PU 5.07 eyingxaki amaxesha amaninzi kunabasetyhini. Esi siphumo sibonelela ngoqinisekiso lobungqina bomlinganiselo we-5:1 ebeqikelelwa ngaphambili nguKuzma noBlack (2008), kwaye ihambelana nezifundo zangaphambili ezibonisa umlinganiselo we-4: 1 (Briken et al., 2007).
Ngokombono wethu, iziphumo eziveziweyo zibonisa ukuba kubalulekile ukuxoxa ngendima yeenkolelo zomntu malunga noonografi kunye nezithethe zonqulo kwimeko yabasetyhini abafuna unyango lwe-PU eyingxaki, njengoko le migaqo ibonakala iyinto ebalulekileyo yokwenza isigqibo kunyango. Iinkolelo zomntu, ezinxulumene nenkolo zinokudlala indima yenkxaso ngexesha lonyango. Lo mba ufanelwe yingxoxo enzulu. Okwesibini, into efanele ukuxoxwa ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe lweklinikhi kukuqala kwePU. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukuqala kwangoko kwe-PU kunxulumene neempawu ezimbi kakhulu phakathi kwabasetyhini (okwakungenjalo phakathi kwamadoda; Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017). Ukuqala kwePU kufanelekile ukuba kufundwe njengento enokubakho yeziphumo zonyango phakathi kwabasetyhini.
Ekugqibeleni, njengoko uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ngoku uqwalasela ukubandakanywa kwengxaki ye-CSB kwi-ICD-11 classification ezayo (I-World Health Organization, i-2017), singathanda ukucebisa iingxoxo zexesha elizayo malunga nezikhokelo zonyango lwabasetyhini kunye namadoda aqwalasela ukungafani okunxulumene nesini kumfanekiso wekliniki we-CSB (Briken et al., 2007; Reid, Dhuffar, Parhami, & Fong, 2012) kunye nezinto ezikhokelela ekufuneni unyango.
Imida
Ngaphandle kokubonelela ngengqiqo entsha kwizinto ezikhokelela ekufuneni unyango phakathi kwabasetyhini abane-PU enengxaki, olu phononongo lunemida embalwa ebalulekileyo ekufuneka ikhankanye. Okokuqala, sinenani elincinci labathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela elifuna unyango. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqokelela inani elikhulu labasetyhini abafuna unyango kunzima kakhulu, njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili. Sikholelwa ukuba obu bunzima bukwasona sizathu sokuba olu pho nonongo lunye lwezifundo ezimbalwa ezenziwe kubasetyhini abafuna unyango ngokwenene kunye neyokuqala ephanda izinto ezikhokelela ekufuneni unyango, njengoko izifundo zangaphambili zijolise ekuxilongeni (ukuxilonga)Briken et al., 2007) kunye nokwahlukana kobuntu phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini abafuna unyango (Reid et al., 2012), kunye nendima yehlazo (UDhuffar kunye noGriffiths, ngo-2014) kunye nobunzima ekufumaneni unyango (UDhuffar kunye noGriffiths, ngo-2016). Ngenxa yolu mbandela wenoveli, uhlalutyo lwethu lwaluphonononga kwaye asizange sisebenzise ukulungiswa kobuninzi, okunokuphakamisa amathuba okuba nokwenzeka kwempazamo yohlobo lwe-1. Le miba ibonisa isidingo sokuphindaphinda kwixesha elizayo kwisampulu enkulu yabasetyhini abafuna unyango. Ngapha koko, ukusebenzisa uhlalutyo olufanayo kubemi beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ubunyani benkcubeko yeziphumo zethu, njengoko isampulu yethu yafunyanwa ngokupheleleyo ePoland-ilizwe elibonwa njengelinolondolozo kunye nenkolo. Njengoko sixoxile ngaphambili, imiba yenkcubeko (phakathi kwayo yonqulo) inokuba nefuthe elinamandla kwabasetyhini ekuchazeni ukuziphatha okugqithisileyo njengengxaki okanye eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane obufanayo phakathi konqulo kunye nokuzibona unengxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwaboniswa eMelika (IGrubbs et al., 2016) kunye nesiCroatia (Štulhofer et al., 2016) abantu.
Siyathemba ukuba iziphumo zethu ziya kuba luncedo njengendawo yesalathiso kuphando lwexesha elizayo, kunye noogqirha abasebenza nabasetyhini abafuna unyango lwePU enengxaki.
UMG ufumene inkxaso-mali yolu phando. I-MG, KL, kunye ne-MS ziyilwe, zaqhuba uphononongo, kwaye zabhala iprotocol yokuqala. I-JS kunye ne-MG baqhube uphando lweencwadi kwaye banikezela ngezishwankathelo zezifundo zophando zangaphambili. I-KL yenze uhlalutyo lwamanani. UMG, KL, kunye noJS babhale uyilo lokuqala lombhalo-ngqangi. Bonke ababhali babe negalelo kwaye bavumile inguqulelo yokugqibela yombhalo-ngqangi. Bonke ababhali babenokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuyo yonke idatha kwisifundo kwaye bathathe uxanduva lokuthembeka kwedatha kunye nokuchaneka kohlalutyo lwedatha.
Ababhali baxela ukuba akukho ngquzulwano yomdla.
Imibulelo
Ababhali bangathanda ukubulela zonke ii-psychotherapist, i-sexologists, kunye neengcali zengqondo eziqondise izigulane zabo kwi-intanethi yethu yophando, ngakumbi, uDkt. Michał Lew-Starowicz, uGqr Paweł Holas, uDorota Baran, uDaniel Cysarz, uJoanna Santura, kunye neqela le-Ogrody. Zmian (www.ogrodyzmian.pl). Bakwabulela kwiqela le www.onanizm.pl ukukhuthaza izifundo zethu.
Ucaphulo
| Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., Woods, C. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2004). Unxulumano phakathi konqulo lwamaProtestanti kunye neempawu ezinyanzelekileyo kunye nokuqonda. Ukuxinezeleka kunye nokuxhalaba, i-20 (2), i-70-76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20021 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Abramowitz, J. S., Tolin, D. F., & Street, G. P. (2001). Iimpembelelo eziphazamisayo zokucinezelwa kwengcinga: Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwezifundo ezilawulwayo. Uphononongo lwePsychology yeKlinikhi, i-21 (5), i-683-703. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00057-X Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Adams, C., & Turner, B. (1985). Utshintsho oluxeliweyo kwisini ukusuka kubuntu obudala ukuya ebudaleni. Ijenali yoPhando lwezesondo, i-21 (2), i-126-141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498509551254 Crossref | |
| Arbuckle, J. L. (2013). IBM SPSS Amos 22 isikhokelo somsebenzisi. Umbutho woPhuhliso luka-Amosi. Ifunyenwe kwi http://www.sussex.ac.uk/its/pdfs/SPSS_Amos_User_Guide_22.pdf | |
| Barry, H., & Schlegel, A. (1984). Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwesondo yabafikisayo kwisampulu esemgangathweni yoluntu. I-Ethnology, 23 (4), 315-329. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3773508 Crossref | |
| Basson, R. (2000). Impendulo yesondo yabasetyhini: Imodeli eyahlukileyo. Ijenali yezesondo kunye noNyango lomtshato, i-26 (1), i-51-65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/009262300278641 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Basson, R. (2005). Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezesondo kwabasetyhini: iinkcazo ezihlaziyiweyo nezandisiweyo. I-Canadian Medical Association Journal, i-172 (10), i-1327-1333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1020174 Crossref | |
| Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Umahluko ngokwesini kwiplastikhi evuselela inkanuko: Isini sasetyhini siqhuba njengento ebhetyebhetye ngokwasentlalweni kwaye iyaphendula. I-Bulletin yeNgqondo, i-126 (3), i-347-374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.347 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Briken, P., Habermann, N., Berner, W., & Hill, A. (2007). Ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kweziyobisi ngokwesondo: Uphando phakathi kweengcali zesini zaseJamani. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzeliswa, 14(2), 131–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10720160701310450 Crossref | |
| Byrne, B. M. (2009). Imodeli ye-equation yesakhiwo kunye ne-AMOS: Iingqikelelo ezisisiseko, usetyenziso, kunye nenkqubo (2nd ed.). ENew York, NY: Routledge. | |
| I-Carnes, P. (1983). Ngaphandle kwamathunzi: Ukuqonda ukulutha ngokwesini. IMinneapolis, MN: UkuKhathala. | |
| Carnes, P., Green, B., & Carnes, S. (2010). Okufanayo kodwa okwahlukileyo: Ukuqwalasela kwakhona uvavanyo lwe-Sexual Addiction Screening (SAST) ukubonisa ukuziqhelanisa kunye nesini. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzeliswa, 17(1), 7–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10720161003604087 Crossref | |
| Christensen, H., & Carpenter, G. (1962). Ukungahambelani kwexabiso lokuziphatha malunga nokuhlalisana kwangaphambi komtshato kwiinkcubeko ezintathu zasentshona. Uphononongo lwezeNtlalo yaseMelika, i-27 (1), i-66-74. Ifunyenwe kwi http://www.jstor.org/stable/2089719 | |
| Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Di Tommaso, S., Mollaioli, D., Gravina, G. L., Marcozzi, A., Tullii, A., Carosa, E., Di Sante, S., Gianfrilli, D. , Lenzi, A., & Jannini, E. A. (2015). Izitayile zokuncamathisela kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo: isifundo solawulo lwezesondo zabasetyhini kunye nendoda. Ijenali yeZizwe ngezizwe yoPhando lokungabi namandla, i-27 (3), i-81-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2014.33 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| UDhuffar, M., & Griffiths, M. (2014). Ukuqonda indima yehlazo kunye neziphumo zayo kukuziphatha kwabasetyhini kwi-hypersexual: Uphononongo lokulinga. Ijenali yokuziphatha kakubi, i-3 (4), i-231-237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.4.4 ikhonkco | |
| UDhuffar, M. K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Izithintelo kunyango lokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini e-UK. Ijenali yokuziphatha kakubi, i-5 (4), i-562-567. doi:https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.072 ikhonkco | |
| Dilmaghani, M. (2017). Ukubaluleka kwenkolo okanye ngokomoya kunye nempilo yengqondo eCanada. Ijenali yeNkolo kunye neMpilo. Ukupapashwa kwangaphambili kwi-intanethi. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0385-1 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Earle, J., & Perricone, P. (1986). Ukwabelana ngesondo ngaphambi komtshato: Uphononongo lweminyaka elishumi lwezimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwikhampasi encinci yeyunivesithi. Ijenali yoPhando lwezesondo, i-22 (3), i-304-310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498609551310 Crossref | |
| Ford, K., & Norris, A. (1993). Ulutsha lwase-Urban Hispanic kunye nabantu abadala abancinci: Ubudlelwane bokuqhelana nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali yoPhando lwezesondo, 30 (4), 316-323. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551718 Crossref | |
| Georgiadis, J. R., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). Umjikelo wokuphendula ngokwesondo komntu: Ubungqina bokucinga ngengqondo obudibanisa ukwabelana ngesondo nolunye ulonwabo. Inkqubela phambili kwi-Neurobiology, i-98 (1), i-49-81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Gola, M. (2016). Iinkqubo, hayi nje iimpawu: Iingcebiso zokusebenza nabantu abafuna unyango lokuziphatha ngokwesini esigqithisileyo. Ukusuka kwimbono yeklinikhi kunye neuroscience. Przegląd Seksuologiczny, 2(46), 2–18. | |
| Gola, M., Kowalewska, E., Wierzba, M., Wordecha, M., & Marchewka, A. (2015). Uhlengahlengiso lwasePoland lwe-Sexual Arousability Inventory SAI-PL kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwamadoda. I-Psychiatria, i-12, i-245-254. | |
| Gola, M., Lewczuk, K., & Skorko, M. (2016). Yintoni ebalulekileyo: Ubungakanani okanye umgangatho wokusetyenziswa kwephonografi? Imiba yengqondo kunye nokuziphatha yokufuna unyango lokusetyenziswa kwephonografi eyingxaki. Ijenali yoNyango lwezesondo, i-13 (5), i-815-824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.169 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| UGola, M., kunye noPotenza, M. N. (2016). Unyango lweparoxetine yokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala: Uluhlu lwamatyala. Ijenali yeziyobisi, 5 (3), 529-532. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.046 ikhonkco | |
| Gola, M., Skorko, M., Kowalewska, E., Kołodziej, A., Sikora, M., Wodyk, M., Wodyk, Z., & Dobrowolski, P. (2017). Ulungelelwaniso lwasePoland loVavanyo lokuHlolwa kweSexual Addiction Screening - luhlaziywe. I-Polish Psychiatry, i-51 (1), i-95-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/61414 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| UGola, M., Wordecha, M., Sescousse, G., Lew-Starowicz, M., Kossowski, B., Wypych, M., Makeig, S., Potenza, M.N, kunye neMarchewka, A. (2017). Ngaba iphonografi inokuba ngumlutha? Isifundo se-fMRI samadoda afuna unyango lokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala. I-Neuropsychopharmacology, 42 (10), 2021-2031. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.78 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Gonsalvez, C. J., Hains, A. R., & Stoyles, G. (2010). Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkolo kunye neziganeko ezixhalabisayo. I-Australian Journal ye-Psychology, i-62 (2), i-93-102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530902887859 Crossref | |
| Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1998). Ubudala bokuqala bokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokudibanisa kunye ne-DSM-IV yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokuxhomekeka: Iziphumo ezivela kwi-National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Ijenali yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, i-10 (2), i-163-173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)80131-X Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Volk, F., & Lindberg, M. J. (2016). Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi, umlutha obonwayo, kunye nemizabalazo yezenkolo/yokomoya. IiNdawo ezigciniweyo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo, 46(6), 1733–1745. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0772-9 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Gupta, S., Avasthi, A., & Kumar, S. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkolo kunye ne-psychopathology kwizigulana ezinoxinzelelo. I-Indian Journal ye-Psychiatry, i-53 (4), i-330-335. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.91907 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Häggström-Nordin, E., Tydén, T., Hanson, U., & Larsson, M. (2009). Amava kunye nesimo sengqondo malunga nephonografi phakathi kweqela labafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseSweden. I-European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 14 (4), 277-284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13625180903028171 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Isiqingatha, G. M. (2006). Umahluko ngokwesini ekusebenziseni iphonografi phakathi kwabantu abadala abancinci baseDanish. Oovimba abagcina izinto zesini, 35 (5), 577-585. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9064-0 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Hsu, B., Kling, A., Kessler, C., Knapke, K., Diefenbach, P., & Elias, J. E. (1994). Umahluko ngokwesini kwingcinga yezesondo kunye nokuziphatha kuluntu lwasekholejini: Ukuphindaphindwa kweminyaka elishumi. Ijenali yezesondo kunye noNyango lomtshato, i-20 (2), i-103-118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00926239408403421 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Hu, L.T, kunye noBentler, P. M. (1999). Iikhrayitheriya ze-cutoff zesalathiso esifanelekileyo kuhlalutyo lolwakhiwo lwe-covariance: Iikhrayitheriya eziqhelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela. Ulwakhiwo lweModeli yokuLingana: Ijenali eyahlukeneyo, i-6 (1), 1-55. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 Crossref | |
| Huberman, J. S., & Chivers, M. L. (2015). Ukuphonononga ukuchaneka kwesini kwimpendulo yezesondo kunye ne-thermography efanayo kunye ne-plethysmography. I-Psychophysiology, i-52 (10), i-1382-1395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12466 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Huberman, J. S., Maracle, A. C., & Chivers, M. L. (2015). Ukujonga ngokwesini kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda ukuzixela ngokwawo ekuvuseleleni ngokwesondo. Ijenali yoPhando lwezesondo, i-52 (9), i-983-995. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.951424 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Ismail, Z., & Desmukh, S. (2012). Inkolo kunye nokuba sempilweni ngokwasengqondweni. Ijenali yeHlabathi yezoShishino kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo, i-3 (11), i-20-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701700529 | |
| Joshi, S., Kumari, S., & Jain, M. (2008). Inkolelo yenkolo kunye nobudlelwane bayo nempilo yengqondo. Ijenali ye-Indian Academy ye-Applied Psychology, i-34 (2), i-345-354. | |
| IKafka, M. P. (2010). Ingxaki yoxhatshazo ngokwesini: Uvavanyo olucetywayo lwe-DSM-V. Oovimba abagcina izinto zesini, 39 (2), 377-400. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Klein, V., Rettenberger, M., & Briken, P. (2014). Izalathisi ezizixeliweyo ze-hypersexuality kunye nokuhambelana kwayo kwisampulu yabasetyhini kwi-intanethi. Ijenali yezoNyango lwezesondo, i-11 (8), i-1974-1981. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12602 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Kor, A., Fogel, Y. A., Reid, R., & Potenza, MN (2013). Ngaba ukuphazamiseka koxinzelelo lwehypersexual kudweliswe njengomlutha? Ukunyanzelwa ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelwa, 20 (1-2), 27-47. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2013.768132 | |
| Kraus, S. W., Martino, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Iimpawu zeklinikhi zamadoda anomdla wokufuna unyango lokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ijenali yokuziphatha kakubi, i-5 (2), i-169-178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.036 ikhonkco | |
| IKraus, S. W., Voon, V., kunye nePotenza, M. N. (2016). Ngaba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokunyanzelekileyo inokuthathwa njengesiyobisi? Iziyobisi, 111 (12), 2097-2106. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13297 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Kuzma, J. M., & Black, D. W. (2008). I-Epidemiology, ukuxhaphaka, kunye nembali yendalo yokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo. Iiklinikhi zengqondo zaseNyakatho Melika, i-31 (4), i-603-611. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.005 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Kvalem, I. L., Træen, B., Lewin, B., & Štulhofer, A. (2014). Iziphumo zokuzibona ngokwakho zokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi, ukwaneliseka kwembonakalo yesini, kunye nokuzithemba ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantu abadala baseScandinavia. I-Cyberpsychology: Ijenali yoPhando lwePsychosocial kwi-Cyberspace, 8(4), inqaku lesi-4. doi:https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2014-4-4 Crossref | |
| Leiblum, S. R. (2001). Abasetyhini, isondo kunye ne-Intanethi. UNyango lwezesondo kunye noBudlelwane, 16(4), 389–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990126954 Crossref | |
| Levin, R. J. (2005). Ukuvuswa ngokwesondo-Iindima zayo ngokwasemzimbeni ekuzaleni kwabantu. Uphononongo loNyaka loPhando lwezesondo, i-16 (1), i-154-189. I-Medline | |
| MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Intshayelelo yohlalutyo lolamlo lwamanani. ENew York, NY: Routledge. | |
| Martyniuk, U., Dekker, A., Sehner, S., Richter-Appelt, H., & Briken, P. (2015). Inkolo, iintsomi zesini, i-taboos yesini, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi: Uthelekiso lwelizwe lonke lwabafundi baseyunivesithi basePoland nabaseJamani. I-Cyberpsychology: Ijenali yoPhando lwePsychosocial kwi-Cyberspace, 9(2), inqaku lesi-4. doi:https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2015-2-4 Crossref | |
| McConnell, K., Pergament, K. I., Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2006). Ukuphonononga amakhonkco phakathi komzabalazo wokomoya kunye neempawu ze-psychopathology kwisampulu yesizwe. Ijenali ye-Clinical Psychology, i-62 (12), i-1469-1484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20325 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Uphando lwe-Opinium. (2014). Udliwano-ndlebe lwe-500 kwi-intanethi phakathi kwabantu abadala base-UK abaneminyaka eyi-18. London, UK: Iziko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu. Ifunyenwe ngoFebruwari 3, 2017, ukusuka http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/publications/attachments/OP4391-IPPR-Data-Tables.pdf | |
| Park, B. Y., Wilson, G., Berger, J., Christman, M., Reina, B., Bishop, F., Klam, W. P., & Doan, A. P. (2016). Ngaba iphonografi ye-Intanethi ibangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo? Uphononongo ngeengxelo zeklinikhi. IiNzululwazi ngokuziphatha, 6(3), 17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6030017 Crossref | |
| Pfeifer, S., & Waelty, U. (1995). I-Psychopathology kunye nokuzibophelela kwezenkolo-Isifundo esilawulwayo. I-Psychopathology, i-28 (2), i-70-77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000284903 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| UPickard, J. G. (2006). Ubudlelwane bonqulo kusetyenziso lwenkonzo yempilo yengqondo yabantu abadala. Ukuguga kunye nempilo yengqondo, 10 (3), 290-297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500409641 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Potenza, M. N., Gola, M., Voon, V., Kor, A., & Kraus, S. W. (2017). Ngaba ukuziphatha kakhulu ngokwesondo kukuphazamiseka kokukhobokisa? ILancet Psychiatry, 4(9), 663-664. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30316-4 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Umshumayeli, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Imilinganiselo yobungakanani besiphumo kwiimodeli zolamlo: Izicwangciso zobungakanani bokunxibelelana neziphumo ezingathanga ngqo. Iindlela zengqondo, i-16 (2), i-93-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Purdon, C. (2004). Uphando olunamandla lokucinezelwa kwengcinga kwi-OCD. Ijenali yoNyango lokuziphatha kunye noVavanyo lweNgqondo, i-35 (2), i-121-136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.004 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Reid, R. C., Dhuffar, M. K., Parhami, I., & Fong, T. W. (2012). Ukuphonononga iinkalo zobuntu kwisampulu yesigulana yabasetyhini abane-hypersexual xa kuthelekiswa namadoda alalanayo. Ijenali ye-Psychiatric Practice, i-18 (4), i-262-268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000416016.37968.eb Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Reid, R. C., Garos, S., kunye noMchweli, B. N. (2011). Ukunyaniseka, ukunyaniseka, kunye nokukhula kwengqondo kwi-Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory kwisampulu yamadoda angaphandle. Ukunyanzelwa ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelwa, 18 (1), 30-51. yenza:https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2011.555709 Crossref | |
| Rothman, E. F., Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., Jansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). "Ngaphandle kwe-Porn ... Ngekhe Ndiyazi Isiqingatha Sezinto Endizaziyo Ngoku": Uphononongo olufanelekileyo lokusetyenziswa koonografi phakathi kwesampulu yolutsha lwasezidolophini, olunomvuzo ophantsi, oluMnyama nolwaseSpanishi. Ijenali yoPhando lwezesondo, i-52 (7), i-736-746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.960908 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). Ubume kunye namandla okuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, i-11 (6), i-691-693. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0179 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Sharma, V., Marin, D. B., Koenig, H. K., Feder, A., Iacoviello, B. M., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). Inkolo, ngokomoya, kunye nempilo yengqondo yamagqala omkhosi wase-US: Iziphumo ezisuka kwiMpilo yeSizwe kunye noKunyamezeka kwiSifundo seVeterans. Ijenali yeengxaki ezichaphazelekayo, 217, 197-204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.071 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Štulhofer, A., Jurin, T., & Briken, P. (2016). Ngaba umnqweno wokwabelana ngesondo ophezulu ngomnye wamadoda? Iziphumo ezivela kwisifundo se-intanethi. Ijenali yezesondo kunye noNyango lomtshato, 42 (8), 665-680. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2015.1113585 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Træen, B., & Daneback, K. (2013). Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi baseNorway abahlukeneyo ngokwesini. Sexologies, 22 (2), e41-e48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2012.03.001 Crossref | |
| Træen, B., Spitznogle, K., & Beverfjord, A. (2004). Izimo zengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi kubantu baseNorway 2002. Ijenali yoPhando lwezesondo, 41 (2), 193-200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552227 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Ukujongana nemvakalelo: Uhlalutyo lwemeta yokusebenza kwezicwangciso ezisuka kumzekelo wenkqubo yokulawulwa kweemvakalelo. I-Bulletin yeNgqondo, i-138 (4), i-775-808. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Wegner, D. M. (1994). Iinkqubo ezimangalisayo zokulawula ingqondo. Ukuphononongwa kwengqondo, i-101 (1), i-34-52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| Wierzba, M., Riegel, M., Pucz, A., Leśniewska, Z., Dragan, W. Ł., Gola, M., Jednoróg, K., & Marchewka, A. (2015). I-erotic subset ye-Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS ERO): Uphononongo oluthelekisayo ngokwesondo. Imida kwiPsychology, 6, 1336. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01336 Crossref, I-Medline | |
| UWilson, G. D. (1987). Iiyantlukwano zamadoda nabasetyhini kwimisebenzi yezesondo, ulonwabo kunye neengcinga. Ubuntu kunye noMahluko woMntu ngamnye, 8(1), 125–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87)90019-5 Crossref | |
| UWilson, G. D., & Lang, R. J. (1981). Iiyantlukwano zesini kwiipatheni zeengcamango zesini. Ubuntu kunye noMahluko woMntu ngamnye, 2(4), 343–346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(81)90093-3 Crossref | |
| Wood, J. R., McKay, A., Komarnicky, T., & Milhausen, R. R. (2016). Ibilungile nakuwe? Uhlalutyo lweeyantlukwano zesini kwizenzo zokwabelana ngesondo ngomlomo kunye nemilinganiselo yolonwabo phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi baseCanada abanesini esingafaniyo. Ijenali yaseKhanada yezoSondo loLuntu, i-25 (1), i-21-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.251-A2 Crossref | |
| Wordecha, M., Wilk, M., Kowalewska, E., Skorko, M., & Gola, M. (2017). I-OP-125: Iyantlukwano yezonyango phakathi kwamadoda afuna unyango lokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo. Uphononongo olusemgangathweni olulandelwa luvavanyo lwedayari yeeveki ezili-10. Ijenali yeZinto zokuziphatha, 6(S1), 60–61. | |
| I-World Health Organization. (2017). I-ICD-11 (i-Beta Draft) - Ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngokwesondo okunyanzelekileyo. Ifunyenwe kwi http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/f/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1630268048 |
;