Imodeli yokufunwa kwentetho yesondo kwiimfuno zabo zeendaba (2011)

J Sex Res. 2011 Jul;48(4):309-15. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2010.497985.

I-Bleakley A, NguHennessy M, Fishbein M.

imvelaphi

IZiko leMigaqo-nkqubo yoLuntu lwase-Annenberg, iSikolo i-Annenberg yoNxibelelwano, iYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, iPhiladelphia, PA19104, e-USA. [imeyile ikhuselwe]

Abstract

Eli phepha linika ingxelo malunga nengxelo yokuba ulutsha luxela Ukufuna umxholo wesondo ngenkuthalo kwimithombo yeendaba, ichonga ukuba yeyiphi imithombo yeendaba abaxela ukuba bayayifuna, balinganise unxibelelwano phakathi kokufuna ulwazi ngesondo kunye nokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kwaye ibonisa ukuba ukufuna okusebenzayo komxholo wesondo kwimithombo yeendaba kuchazwa ngenjongo yokufuna umxholo usebenzisa iModeli eDibeneyo yokuZiphatha. Uqikelelo, indlela yokucinga evakalayo. Tidatha yakhe isampulu yesizwe yokufikisa kwe810 yabantu abakwiminyaka ye-13-18. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba amashumi amahlanu epesenti yabakwishumi elivisayo baxela ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba bafumane umxholo wesini ekukhetheni imithombo yeendaba, ezibandakanya iimovie, umabonwakude, umculo, iisayithi zephonografi kwi-Intanethi, kunye neemagazini. Amadoda afuna umxholo wesini ngaphezulu kwabasetyhini kwaye ukwahluka kwesini kwakukhulu xa ufuna indawo zentengiso zamanyala kwi-intanethi, iimovie kunye nomabonwakude. Uhlalutyo lwendlela lubonisa ukuba ukufuna umxholo wesondo kuchazwe kwangaphambili ngeenjongo zokufuna kunye neenjongo ziqhutywa ngamandla oxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokufuna umxholo wesondo.

Impilo yezesondo nokukhula kolutsha e-United States ihlala ithathelwa ingqalelo yimingcipheko yosulelo olwabelana ngesondo, usulelo lwe-HIV kunye / okanye ukukhulelwa okungacwangciswanga. Ukuvezwa kwimidiya yezesondo yenye yezinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhuthaza indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi. Uluvo loluntu (UHennessy et al., 2008kunye nobungqina besayensi (UBleakley et al., 2008; Brown kunye al., 2006; I-Collins, 2005; UHennessy et al., 2009; L'Engle et al., 2006; I-Somers kunye neTynan, 2006) cebisa ukuba ukuvezwa komxholo wesondo kwimidiya kunxulunyaniswa nokwabelana ngesondo kwangoko kunye / okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwezesondo kunye nobungakanani kunye nexesha lokwabelana ngesondo (UAubrey et al., 2003) Uluhlu lwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo. (UBleakley et al., 2008; Brown kunye al., 2006; I-Collins, 2005; UHennessy et al., 2009; L'Engle et al., 2006; I-Somers kunye neTynan, 2006). Ukuveza umxholo wesini sikamabonwakude (umzekelo, iintlobo zesini okanye iinkqubo ezithile) kuyanxulunyaniswa nokulindelwe ngesondo, umbono malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwabalingane, kunye nezimvo ezivumayo malunga nezesondo (IQela loPhando lweMithombo yeendaba yase-Annenberg (AMERG), 2008; I-Ashby et al., 2006; UBrown kunye noMtsha, ngo-1991; Brown kunye al., 2006; UCollins et al., 2009; I-Pardun et al., 2005; Ward, 2002; Iwadi kunye noFriedman, 2006).

Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nezinto ezinefuthe ekuvezeni umxholo wesini. UBleakley et al. Ibonakalise ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokuchazelwa kumxholo wesini kunye nezokwabelana ngesondo kunokubonakaliswa luphawu lokuphendula: kokukhona abantu abakwishumi elivisayo bezibandakanyeka, kokukhona bafumana ithuba lokwabelana ngesondo kwimithombo yeendaba kwaye kokukhona bavezwa ngokwesini kwimidiya. , kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba babe nenkqubela phambili ngokwesondo labo (UBleakley et al., 2008). Ukugxila ngexesha elinye phakathi kwendlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuveza imeko kutshintsha uphando kuqikelelo lweziphumo zokuziphatha, imbono "yeendaba" eqhelekileyo, kunyango lokuvezwa komxholo weendaba zesondo njengokuziphatha ngokwendlela yayo (Isaladi, i-2007). Ke, ukubhengeza umxholo wemithombo yeendaba zesini yinkqubo eguqukayo ephantsi kolawulo lomntu ngamnye.

Iparadigm yokusebenzisa kunye nokwanelisa imbonakalo yophando inikezela isikhokelo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ukuba isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo kunye / okanye amava akuchaphazela njani ukubonakaliswa komxholo wesondo kunye nendlela ukufuna isondo ekukhetheni imithombo yeendaba ukukuchaphazela njani ukuzibandakanya komntwana oselula (Katz et al., 1974; IRuggiero, 2000). Enye yeengcinga zokusetyenziswa kunye nendlela yokwanelisa kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kuyinjongo kwaye kuyashukunyiswa: abantu bangamalungu abaphulaphuli abakhutheleyo abanyula imithombo yeendaba ethile kwaye bayisebenzisela ukwanelisa iimfuno zabo, umdla wabo kunye nezinto abazithandayo. Ukusuka kolu luvo, umahluko wokuxhomekeka komdla kukuziphatha konxibelelwano (okt. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba) ngokuchasene nokuziphatha (okokuziphatha ngokwesondo). Nangona ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwanelisa kungayingcaciso yethiyori njengokuba iyipadigm yophando, kukho umzimba woncwadi oxhasa ukufakwa kwemigaqo yawo kuphando lweziphumo zosasazo (Irubin, 2002). Uphengululo lwakwangoko (Katz et al., 1973kunye neengxelo zophando ngokusetyenziswa kukamabonakude wonqulo (UAbelman, 1987), i-intanethi (Ko et al., 2005), iinkqubo zeTVIPapacharissi kunye neMendelson, 2007), kunye noonomathotholo (I-Albarran et al., 2007), zonke zigxininisa ubunyani babaphulaphuli abasebenzayo ekukhetheni uluhlu lweendaba.

Njengoko isetyenziswa kwimixholo yezesondo, ukusetyenziswa kunye neparadigm yesimo sokuziphatha ithatha ukuba olunye ulutsha lufuna ngabom umxholo wesini ekukhetheni kwabo imidiya, olukhokelela ekwabonakalisweni kwesondo kwimidiya. Izifundo ezininzi zophando zibonakalisa ukuba abantu abadala abancinci baxela ukufumana ulwazi malunga ngesondo kwimithombo yeendaba. Umzekelo, uBradner et al. ndajonga idatha kwi-National Survey ye-Adolescent Males xa abaphenduli babeyi-22-26 iminyaka yobudala (UBradner et al., 2000). Iipesenti ezingamashumi amabini anambini anike ingxelo yokufumana ulwazi malunga ne-AIDS evela kumajelo osasazo (echaza umabonakude, iimagazini, okanye unomathotholo), i-59% ichaze ukuba isebenzisa amajelo eendaba ukufumana ulwazi malunga nee-STI, kunye ne-78% inike ingxelo kusetyenziswa amajelo eendaba ukufumana ulwazi malunga neekhondomu. Nangona kunjalo, akucacanga ukuba ingakanani ulwazi olufunyenwe kwimithombo yeendaba ngokuvela okusebenzayo okanye ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo. Kwesinye isifundo, i-57% yabakwishumi elivisayo abakwisampulu elula kwindawo yasePhiladelphia (N = 459) baxele ngokufunda ngesondo kwimidiya (UBleakley et al, 2009). Phakathi kwabo banike ingxelo besebenzisa amajelo eendaba njengomthombo wolwazi malunga nezesondo, umabonwakude kunye nemidlalo bhanyabhanya yacatshulwa njengeyona ilulwazi.

Zimbini kuphela izifundo ezixela ukubonwa kolutsha kumxholo weendaba. Isifundo esenziwe nguKim et al. ndafumanisa ukuba ukubhengeza okungakumbi kumxholo wesondo kuyanyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo nokuhluka okufana nokuvunyelwa kwabahlobo ngokwesini, ukungabi nantlonelo ngokwesini, ukuba nomabonwakude kwigumbi lokulala, ixesha elingalawulwayo emva kwesikolo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezemidlalo, ukubukela umabonwakude, ukubukela umabonakude ophakathi, ukukhuthaza ukuya funda kumabonakude, kunye neempawu zedemokhrasi ezinje ngobudala, ubuhlanga, kunye nesini (UKim et al., 2006). Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphando lwesibini olusebenzise izinto eziguquguqukayo zengqondo nezasekuhlaleni njengezinto eziqikelelayo bezihambelana nezi ziphumo, nangona ingezizo zonke iziphumo eziye zaphindwa (UBleakley et al., 2008). Ngaphandle kwezi zifundo zibini, abaphandi bazi kuncinci malunga nokuchazwa komxholo wemidiya wesini njenge ukuziphatha kwaye nangaphantsi malunga nokufuna ngokukhethekileyo umxholo wesondo njengomntu ochaza yonke into ebonisa ukuba uyabelana ngesondo.

Ukuxela phambili kwiinjongo zokuKhangela imixholo yeendaba zeSondo

Imodeli eDibeneyo yoQeqololo lweSimilo esisetyenziswe apha ukuqonda kunye nokuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha okwenziwa ngumntu okwishumi elivisayo yokufuna umxholo kwezosasazo eendaba.Intlanzi kunye neAjzen, 2010). Ngokomfuziselo, indlela yokuziphatha imiselwa ikakhulu ziinjongo, nangona enye inokungahlali ikwenza oko ngenxa yeenjongo zezendalo kunye nokungabikho kwezakhono kunye nobuchule obunokubangela ukuba umsebenzi ube nzima nokuba kungenakwenzeka. Injongo yokwenza isenzo esithile ngumsebenzi wokuthandeka okanye ukungathandeki ekwenzeni isimilo (okt, izimo zengqondo), iimbono malunga noko abanye bacinga nabakwenzayo malunga nokwenza isimilo (okt, uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo), kunye neenkolelo malunga nokukwazi komntu ukwenza yenza isimilo phambi kobukho bezithintelo zokwenza njalo (okt. ukusebenza ngokwakho). Isishwankathelo, iModeli yokuHlanganisa iqikelela ukuba ngokukuko ekufuneni umxholo wesondo kuya kuqikelelwa ngeenjongo zokuba isimo sengqondo, uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nokusebenza ngokuzimelayo ekwenzeni isimilo kuya kuba ngcono ukucacisa injongo yommangalelwa yokufuna iziqulatho zesondo ngenkuthalo. Eli phepha (i-1) libonelela ngedatha ngokomgangatho wengxelo yolutsha Ukufuna umxholo wesondo ngenkuthalo kwimithombo yeendaba, (2) ichonga ukuba yeyiphi imithombo yeendaba abaxela ukuba ifuna, (i-3) iqikelela umanyano phakathi kokufuna umxholo wesini kunye nokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kwaye (i-4) ichaza indlela esebenzayo yokufuna umxholo wesondo kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yeendaba ichazwa ngu injongo yokufuna umxholo.

Isampulu kunye neendlela

Isampula yabafundi abakwishumi elivisayo (N = 810) iminyaka ye-13-18 yeminyaka ubudala igqibe uvavanyo lwe-intanethi lwe-15-20. Isampulu yaqeshwa kwakhona kusetyenziswa inkampani yophando (iNethiwekhi yeNgcaciso) esetyenziselwa indlela yokutsala amanani afnekeneyo ukufumana iphaneli yabameli belizwe. Isakhelo sesampulu, esihlaziywa qho ngekota, yayingumnxeba waseUnited States. Indlela yokusebenza ichazwe kwenye indawo (Inethiwekhi yoLwazi, i-2008). Kolu fundo lulutsha oluthathe inxaxheba lwaqeshwa ziiNethiwekhi zokwazi iindlela ngeendlela ezintathu. Okokuqala, abaphenduli abaneminyaka yobudala be-18 ababengamaqela kwipaneli emele ilizwe (bemiselwe ngokuchwetheza ngokungahleliwe) bafumene uhlolo (n = 335) kwaye yagqitywa nge-52%. Okwesibini, iiNethiwekhi zoLwazi zigcina iphaneli yabameli beminyaka ye-13-17 (n = 792) abaye bafumana isaveyi, apho i-70% yagqitywa. Okokugqibela, ulutsha olungekho kwiphaneli kodwa lwalusendlini yelungu lephaneli endala nalo lacelwa ukuba luzalise isaveyi (n = 491); I-16.8% igqibe uphando. Abaphenduli babeneminyaka yobudala be-16 iminyaka (SD: 1.58), i-52% yayingamabhinqa kwaye i-75% imhlophe.

Ukuchaza umxholo wesondo

Abaphenduli banikwe le nkcazo ilandelayo yomxholo wezesondo: “Kolu phando, imixholo yesondo ichazwa njengokuthetha malunga nokubonisa okanye ukubonisa; iimpahla ze-sexy; ubuze; ngokwesondo (ngomlomo, ngesondo, okanye kwilungu lobufazi); isondo elikhuselekileyo (iikhondomu, ulawulo lokuzalwa njlnjl); ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesondo (udlwengulo) okanye ubungqingili (abathandana okanye abathandana besini esinye). ”Emva kokufumana le nkcazo abaphenduli babuzwa:“ Ngoku singathanda ukwazi malunga nendlela oyisebenzisa ngayo imithombo yeendaba ukufunda ngesondo. Ukucinga malunga neentsuku ze-30 ezidlulileyo: ulindele kangakanani ukufumana umxholo wezesondo kuyo yonke le mithombo yeendaba zilandelayo? "Iindidi zokuphendula zazinguye" Akukho, "Kancinci," "Abanye," kunye "Kakhulu." Uluhlu Amajelo osasazo abandakanya imiboniso bhanyabhanya, umculo okanye iividiyo zomculo, iimagazini ezinjengePlaygirl okanye i-Playboy, ezinye iintlobo zamaphephabhuku, iimovie, iwebhusayithi yezempilo ngokwesondo, iiwebhusayithi ezingamanyala, amagumbi engxoxo kwi-intanethi, kunye neepodcasts.

Ukufuna indlela yokuziphatha

Ukufuna umxholo wokwabelana ngesondo kwenziwa ngokushwankathela inani leemithombo apho umphenduli abonise ukuba ufuna umxholo wesondo (okt. Umphendulisi uxele ngokufuna okuncinci, okuthile, okanye okuninzi xa kuthelekiswa nokungafumani nto). Amaxabiso asusela kwi-0 (efunwa ngaphandle kwemithombo / engafunanga) kwi9 (efunwe kuyo yonke imithombo). I-dichotomised version yolutshintsho yenziwa ukuba ixabiso le "0" limele ukungafakwanga okusebenzayo, kunye nexabiso le- "1" emelwe ukukhangela kwi-1 ubuncinci kwezi zinto zingasentla (Ithetha = .51, SD = .50) .

I-Behaviors yangaphambi koQeqololo kunye neNtsapho

Sikhuphe uluhlu lwezinto eziziphetheyo zangaphambi kobunye bomtshato ezisekwe kuphando lwangaphambili (UJakobsen, 1997; U-O'Donnell L. et al., 2006; O'Sullivan et al., 2007). Ukusuka kwezi zinto, iseti ephantsi yezi ndlela zokuziphatha zangaphambi kokubumbana ihlelwe kakuhle kumgangatho omiselweyo wokusetyenziswa kweKR20 alpha coefflication (IStreiner, i-2003) kunye nobunzima bokuyalela (umzekelo, isikali sikaGuttman) kusetyenziswa uLovinger's H. H ngumlinganiso wobunqamle obuchazwe zizinto ezi-odolwe kunye nobunzima "obunzima" obungafakwanga bokuba zonke izinto emva kwentsilelo yokuqala nazo zasilela kunye nazo zonke izinto ngaphambi kokudlula kwentsilelo yokuqala (I-Ringdal et al., 1999). Ukuba izinto zilinganisa ukusebenzisa le nkcazo, ke amanqaku ezalathiso axhasayo ahambelana nokudlula kwenani lezinto ezinobunzima obudweliswe ngaphantsi okanye lilingana nenqaku elibonisiweyo kunye nokusilela kwazo zonke izinto ezinobunzima obukhulu ngaphezu kwexabiso lwenqaku. Njengoko nguRanddal et al. (1999, iphepha 27) shwankathela, "…H Kutolikwa njengesalathiso kumgangatho wezifundo ezinoku-odolwa ngokuchanekileyo ngazo k izinto. "

Izinto zazinzima ngokulinganayo kumadoda nabasetyhini, kwaye ngokolandelelwano lobunzima ezazikho: wagoba, wabamba izandla, wancamisa, wabopha, wachukumisa iingubo, wachukumisa amabele / amabele achukunyisiwe, wachukumisa amalungu abucala, wabona uhamba ze, yayinqunu naye. Isalathiso ukusuka ku-0 ukuya kwi-9, kunye nexabiso eliphakathi lamadoda yi-4.03 (SD = 3.06) kwaye kwabasetyhini yayiyi-4.54. (SD = 3.06), umahluko ngokwezibalo phakathi kwendlela. (Ngokomndilili, abafazi kwisampulu emalunga nesiqingatha sonyaka ubudala kunamadoda). Ukongeza, i-19.6% yesampulu echaziweyo eyabelana ngesondo lobufazi. Iipesenti ezingama-85 zolu lutsha olwabelana ngesondo phakathi kweminyaka ye-16-18.

Iindlela zokuziphatha kubudlelwane bezothando

Isalathiso sobudlelwane bezothando sakhiwe kwakhona ukulinganisa umdla kubantu abakwishumi elivisayo. Sisebenzise izinto ezivela kwizifundo ezifanayo eziphawuliwe apha ngasentla kunye nezinto zibalwe kakuhle kwiseyile (isebenzisa i-KR20 alpha) kunye nembono yobunzima obuyalelweyo (sisebenzisa uLoovinger's H). Uku-odola bekungafani phakathi kwabesilisa nabasetyhini kunye nezinto malunga nobunzima obukhulayo yile: ubumthanda umntu othandana, ucinga ngesiqu sakho njengabantu abatshatileyo, otshintshiselana izipho, uvakalise uthando omnye komnye, okwangoku uneqabane lokuthandana, kwaye udibene nabazali bomntu otshate naye. Esi salathisi sasisusela kwi-0 ukuya kwi-6 kwaye umndilili wamadoda yi-2. I-86 (SD = 1.89) kwaye i-avareji yabafazi yayiyi-3.29 (SD = 1.98); ezi ndlela zaye zabonwa njengamanani.

Amanyathelo oMzekelo oHlanganisiweyo wokuKhangela iMxholo weSondo

Amanyathelo theorethi awathi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Iinjongo: Ngaba kunokwenzeka njani ukuba ukhangele umxholo wesondo kwimithombo yeendaba ngeentsuku ezili-30 ezilandelayo?, Ezinekhowudi njenge- "−3" = akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukuba "3" = kungenzeka kakhulu (Chaza: −1.71; SD: 1.83). Iimpawu: "Ngaba ucinga ukuba ujonge umxholo wesini kumajelo eendaba kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezizayo uza kuba ngu ..." kwaye iingxelo ezivavanyiweyo zizinto ezahlukileyo zeSemantic ezilula / ezinzima, ezimbi / ezilungileyo, Ubudenge / ubulumko, Ukungathandeki / ukuthandeka, Ayonwabisi / ayonwabisi, Inzima / ilula, kwaye Inobungozi / iluncedo, zonke zinekhowudi ukusuka ku-−3 "ukuya ku" 3 "( Ithetha: -0.26; SD: 1.38; Alpha = 0.84). Uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo: Uninzi lwabantu ababalulekileyo kum bacinga ukuba ndifanele / ndingahlali ndikhangele umxholo wezesondo kwiintsuku ezizayo ze-30, ezibhalwe kwi ““3” = Ayifanelanga ukuba ngu- “3” = Ngaba kufanelekile, abantu abaninzi abathanda kum / iya kujonga ngokukhuselekileyo umxholo wesondo kwimidiya kwiintsuku ezizayo ze-30, ebhalwe "−3" = Ayiyi kujonga ngokukuko i- "3" = Iya kujonga ngokukuko, kwaye uninzi lwabantu njengam alukhange lusebenze / lujongile umxholo wesondo. kwimithombo yeendaba kwiinyanga ezi-6 ezidlulileyo, ezibhalwe njenge- "1" = Ungafaki "7" = Unazo (thetha: −1.17; SD: 1.61; Alpha = 0.81). Ukuziqhelanisa: Ukuba bendikufuna nyani, ndiqinisekile ukuba ndingakhangela kumxholo wezesondo kwiintsuku ezizayo ze-30, ebhalwe "−3" = Ngokuqinisekileyo andikwazi ukuba "3" = Ngokuqinisekileyo ndiya (kuthetha: 1.42; I-SD: 2.10).

Uhlalutyo lweSatisati

Uhlalutyo oluchazayo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-Chi-mraba lokuvavanya umahluko kubuninzi bokufuna ngokomxholo wesondo ngokweminyaka nangokwesini. Uhlalutyo oluhambelana nokuziphatha malunga nokuziphatha kwiziphumo zethu zesini. Olu nxibelelaniso luboniswa ngeminyaka ngenxa yokwahluka okunxulumene nobudala, umzekelo indlela isondo elixhaphake kakhulu phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo. Okokugqibela, uhlahlelo lwendlela lwalusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya uMzekelo oDibeneyo ngokufuna ngenkuthalo imxholo yeendaba zesini njengokuziphatha. Ukuhlaziywa kweqela kwenziwa ukuze kuphandwe intsebenzo yobudala kunye nesini. I-Mplus yayisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwendlela kuba ivumela imodeli ngokudibeneyo kunye nokuqhubeka kokulamla kunye nokuxhomekeka okuguquguqukayo.

iziphumo

Ukufuna indlela yokuziphatha

Amashumi amahlanu ananye eepesenti kwisampulu ebikwe ngokuchanekileyo efuna umxholo wesini okungenani komthombo othile weendaba. Njengoko kuboniswe kuyo 1 TableUmthombo okhankanyiweyo kaninzi kwii-movie, kulandele umabonwakude, umculo, iiwebhusayithi ezingamanyala, iimagazini, iwebhusayithi yezempilo ngokwesondo, iimagazini ezinjenge-Playgirl / i-Playboy, amagumbi okuncokola kwi-intanethi, kunye neepodcasts. Amadoda ayethubeni lokufuna kuwo nawuphi na umthombo kunabafazi (63.4% kunye 39.5% ngokwahlukeneyo; χ2= 45.99, p <.05) kunye nabesilisa abafuna inani eliphakathi kakhulu eliphakamileyo lemithombo (t = 4.78, p <.05). Kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo wobudala ekufuneni kuwo nawuphi na umthombo okanye kwinani elichazayo lemithombo esetyenziselwa ukukhangela umxholo wesondo (F = 0.76, df = 5, p = 0.58).

1 Table  

Iipesenti zokuKhangela ngokukuko kuMxholo weSini

Umbutho wokuKhangela okuSebenzayo weMxholo woSondo kunye nabathandanayo bezesondo

2 Table izisa unxibelelwano oluyintloko lokufuna umxholo wesondo kuwo nawuphi na umthombo kunye neziphumo zokuziphatha ze3: inqanaba lokuziphatha kobudlelwane, umlinganiso wokuziphatha komtshato wokuqala, kunye nobomi besini lobufazi. Ukukhangela umxholo wesondo kwahambelana kunye nesalathiso sangaphambi komtshato kunye nesalathiso sendlela yokuziphatha kulwalamano oluphezulu kumadoda, ngakumbi amadoda amancinci, xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini abakwiminyaka efanayo yobudala. Unxibelelwano phakathi kokuxela ngobomi besini lobufazi kunye nokufuna imithombo yeendaba ngesondo kuye kwaba namandla kumadoda akwishumi elivisayo ubudala be-16-18 (r = .53) kunokunxibelelana kwabasetyhini abaneminyaka eyi-16-18 iminyaka (r = .30). Ulutsha oluxelayo lwabelana ngesondo lobufazi ebomini babo bonke, i-68% ixele ukufuna umxholo wesondo. Ulutsha olungazange lwabelana ngesondo kwilungu lobufazi, i-47% ngenkuthalo ifuna umxholo wesondo (χ2= 21.38, df = 1, p <.05).

2 Table  

I-Bivariate Polychoric Correlations yokuLufuna ngokuQhelekileyo uMxholo weSondo kuwo nawuphi na uMthombo kunye neziPhumo zeSondo, ngeXesha loBudala kunye nesini.

Uhlalutyo lweModeli edityanisiweyo yokuKhangela okuSebenzayo ngokwesondo

Ukufuna umxholo wezesondo kwimithombo yeendaba nakowuphi na umthombo waqikelelwa ngokuchanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka kwinjongo yakhe yokufuna ngenkuthalo umxholo wesondo kwimidiya. Uhlalutyo lwendlela kwi Umzobo 1 bonisa ukuba iinjongo zokufuna umxholo wesondo zaxelwa kwangaphambili zizimo zengqondo, uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nokusebenza ngokwakho; bonke ubudlelwane babebalulekile ngokweenkcukacha-manani p <.05. Inkqubo ye- R2 ngeenjongo ezivela kubalamli abathathu boMzekelo oDibeneyo yayinguXXUMX. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba injongo yokufuna ukuba nomxholo wesondo ngokukuko uphenjelelwe ikakhulu kukubaluleka, kunye nokuthathelwa ingqalelo, ingqalelo. Iziphumo ezingalunganga zokuzisebenza ngokwakho kwiinjongo zokufuna (β = −60) kulindeleke xa uninzi lwabaphenduli lwenza hayi Inomdla wokuziphathaIntlanzi kunye neAjzen, 2010, iphepha 66); khumbula ukuba i-avareji yenqanaba lokulinganisa kwisampulu yayiyi-−1.71 kwisikali ukusuka kwi-−3 ukuya kwi-3. Amashumi amathandathu eepesenti umahluko ekufuneni umxholo wesondo wachazwa ngenjongo yokufuna.

Umzobo 1  

Iziphumo zohlalutyo lweModeli edityanisiweyo yokuKhangela ngokuSebenzayo kwiZesondo (N = 784)

Uhlalutyo lweModeli edibeneyo

Umdla kwiyantlukwano yesini / yobudala kweqela kulungelelaniso phakathi kokufuna kunye nezikali zothando nezokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwenze ukuba kuhlaziywe iindlela ezihlaziyiweyo zoMzekelo oDibeneyo. Isampulu yahlulwa yangamaqela amane alandelayo (njengoko kubonisiwe kwi 2 Table): iminyaka yamadoda i-13-15 (n = 153), iminyaka yamadoda i-16-18 (n = 219), iminyaka yabasetyhini 13-15 (n = 132), kunye neminyaka yabasetyhini 16-18 (n = 280). Nangona ubungakanani bee-coefficients zahlukile, le patheni yahlala ifana kwiqela ngalinye. Oko kukuthi, iinjongo zazinxulunyaniswa ikakhulu noxinzelelo oluqondakalayo oluqhelekileyo, olulandelwa ziimo zengqondo. Iinjongo zixelwe kwangaphambili zokuziphatha kwiindlela zone. Umahluko omnye kukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kunye neenjongo, kunye nokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kunye nokuziphatha, kwakungasabalulekanga ngokwamanani kulo naliphi na iqela. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yesayizi yesampulu elincinci kumaqela ngokuthelekisa xa imodeli iqhutywa isampulu epheleleyo. Amanani afanelekileyo emodeli yeqela ayelungile, nangona engalunganga njengesampulu epheleleyo: χ2= 11.340, df = 7, p = .12; I-RMSEA = 0.06; I-CFI = 0.99; I-TLI = 0.97.

ingxoxo

Abafikisayo baxele ngokukuko ukuba bafuna umxholo wesini kwimithombo yeendaba ngokubanzi. Kodwa iimuvi, umabonwakude, umculo, kunye ne-Intanethi yamanyala kwi-intanethi zibonisa uluhlu. Kwakukho ukungafani kwesini kwisixa sokufuna ukuxelwa kunye nokufuna kwimidiya ethile. Amadoda axelwe ngokufuna ngaphezu kwabasetyhini kuyo yonke imidiya. Umahluko phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini wawubukhulu xa kuziwa ekufumaneni kwiindawo ezingamanyala kwi-intanethi, iimovie kunye nomabonwakude, ngokulandelelana. Kucacile ukuba ulutsha luzivelela kumxholo wesondo, nangona zichonga izizathu zabaphenduli ngokwenza njalo bezingafumaneki kule datha. Kukwachazekile xa kunikwa umohluko wokufuna ukuba amadoda kunye nabasetyhini banokuba nezizathu ezahlukeneyo kunye / okanye izizathu zokukhangela umxholo wesondo. Umzekelo, ukufuna kwamadoda kwimixholo yesini kwi-Intanethi yesondo kubonisa ukuba banomdla kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo. Ukongeza, ubudlelwane phakathi kokufuna umxholo wesondo kunye nokuziphatha kobudlelwane, indlela yokuziphatha engaphambi komtshato, kunye nobomi besondo lobufazi, ngokulandelelana, zazinkulu phakathi kwamadoda amancinci nangabantu abadala abafikisayo xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini abakwiminyaka efanayo. Nangona udibaniso phakathi kokufuna kunye nokwabelana ngesondo lobufazi alunakubalwa ngenxa yesampulu elincinci labantwana abaneminyaka eyi-13-15 abanike ingxelo yokuba neentlobano zesini, ukufuna kuxhaphake kakhulu kumadoda amancinci nakwishumi elivisayo. Obu budlelwane bunokubonakalisa ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezimbini: ukukhula okucaphukisayo kwimithombo yeendaba, ekubeni ukubhengeza umxholo wezesondo kwimidiya kuvelisa iziphumo ezinkulu kubaselula abancinci xa kuthelekiswa nolutsha oludala, kunye nexesha lokuqalisa kwilizwe lobuhlobo zothando. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba idatha eqokelelweyo yayingamacandelo aphantsi, indlela ekhokelela kulo mbutho iyaguquguqukayo.

Izizathu zokuba ulutsha lufune umxholo wesondo lunokwahluka, ukusuka ekuqokeleleni kolwazi ukuya ekuqinisekeni okusemthethweni kokuziphatha kwabo. Ulutsha olusebenzayo ngokwesondo lusenokuba nomdla ngakumbi kwisini semithombo yeendaba ngenxa yezinye izinto zentlalo okanye ezokusingqongileyo ezifana nokunxibelelana nabahlobo okanye amalungu osapho malunga nesondo. Ukufuna umxholo wesondo ngokukuko kunganxulumana nokuziphatha komntwana okwishumi elivisayo ngokwazana naye. Ulutsha lubonakaliswe kumxholo wesondo kuba beyifuna kunokuba luhluke kunabanye ababoniswe kwimithombo yeendaba ngesondo bengakhange bayifune ngabom. Olo lutsha lunokukhuthazeka ngakumbi ngenxa yenyani yothando kunye / okanye umdla wesondo. Ukuchonga iinkolelo ezithile zokuziphatha ezithi zifunwe ngumxholo wesondo nazo zibalulekile kuba zinokutshintshwa kwaye ngoko kujoliso longenelelo lokuziphatha (Intlanzi kunye neYzer, 2003). Njengokusetyenziswa kwekhondom (IAlchikacín et al., 2001; USheeran kunye noTaylor, ngo-1999), ukutshaya (UVan De Ven et al., 2007), umthambo kunye nokuzivocavoca (UHagger et al., 2001;IHausenblas, uCarron kunye neMack, ngo-1997, ukutya okunempilo (IConner, uNorman kunye neBell, ngo-2002) Ukuzinkcinkca ngotywala (Ukupheka, iSniehotta kunye neSchüz, 2007kunye nezinye isimilo sempilo (U-Hardman et al., 2002), ukufuna ngenkani umxholo wezesondo nakowuphi na umthombo wemithombo yeendaba waxelwa ngokuchaneka okucacileyo ukusuka kwinjongo yakhe yokufuna iziqulatho zesondo ngenkuthalo. Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwendlela zibonise ukuba iinjongo zokufuna umxholo wesondo zichazwe kwangaphambili ziimo zengqondo, kucingelwa uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nokusebenza ngokwenyani. Nangona kunjalo, injongo yokufuna ngokukuko umxholo wesondo ichukunyiswa ikakhulu kukuthathela ingqalelo okuqhelekileyo: oko ummangalelwa acinga ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu abanye abakwenzayo noko abanye bacinga ukuba ummangalelwa kufanele bakwenze.

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, abaphandi abazi ukuba loluphi umahluko ekuvezweni okuqulathwe yimithombo yeendaba zesini ngenjongo yokuzibandakanya. Lo ngumbuzo obalulekileyo ekufuneka uphononongwa ngophando lwexesha elizayo. Ukuba ngenkuthalo ufuna iakhawunti zesondo zenani elikhulu lokuvezwa komntwana okwishumi elivisayo, singacinga ukuba ukubhencwa kukuziphatha okuziphetheyo kwaye kushukunyiswa yimfuno yolwazi okanye ukungqinisisa, ngaphambi kunye / okanye emva kokubandakanya ubudlelwane kunye nokwabelana ngesondo. isimilo. Kungenjalo, ukuba ukubhengeza imidiza yesini yinto engachazwanga ngokufunwa komxholo wesondo, iimodeli zokuvezwa ezijolise kwezinye izinto ezinje ngemithombo yeendaba kunye nemeko yosapho (umzekelo, xa amajelo athile eendaba “eqalile” ngasemva, ukuba Umabonwakude kwigumbi lokulala labantwana abafikisayo, imigaqo-nkqubo yosapho ngokubhekisele kumabonwakude kunye nokunye ukusetyenziswa kweendaba) kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi.

Olu phando lunemida ethile. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, kukuziphatha, okuqhelekileyo, kunye neenkolelo ezenziwa phantsi (kwaye zimisele) izimo zengqondo, uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nokusebenza ngokwazo njengoko zihambelana nokufuna umxholo wesondo azichongwanga kolu phando. Ngelixa iziphumo zibonise ukuba uMzekelo oDibeneyo uphumelele ukuxela kwangaphambili ngokufuna indlela yokuziphatha, ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo ngoba ukukhangela kwabakwishumi elivisayo ngomxholo wezesondo kumajelo osasazo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi indlela yokuziphatha efanelekileyo, eqhelekileyo kunye nolawulo olukhoyo olusenza ukuba umntu afune ukwenza loo nto ayifunayo.Intlanzi kunye neAjzen, 2010). Ngapha koko, isampulu yayinabamhlophe ikakhulu. Isampulu yolutsha ngakumbi lwase-Afrika naseMelika kunye nolutsha lweSpanish kuyadingeka ukumisela ukuba ezi patheni zibambelele kubuhlanga obahlukileyo ngokobuhlanga. Okokugqibela, ngenxa yexesha kunye neengxaki zemali, amanyathelo okubhengeza umxholo wesondo akunakwenzeka ukuba uqokelele. Ngamafutshane, abakwishumi elivisayo baxele ngokukuko ukuba bazame ngokwabelana ngesondo kwimithombo yeendaba. Nangona ubungakanani bokusebenza okusebenzayo okunxulumene nokuchazwa kwabo konke okwabelana ngesondo kwimidiya kungaziwa, ezi ziphumo zicebisa isidingo sokufunda ngakumbi malunga noko kuqikelela ukubhencwa kolutsha ngokupheleleyo kumxholo wesondo kunye nokuqonda ukubonakaliswa / ubudlelwane bokuziphatha njengoko kusenzeka kwisenzo sesondo kunye nezinye iziphumo zophuhliso ezinjengokubandakanya ubudlelwane bezothando.

Imibulelo

Olu shicilelo lwenziwe lwenziwa nguNcedo lweGranti 5R01HD044136 kwiZiko leLizwe lezeMpilo lezeNtuthuko yaBantwana (i-NICHD). Iziqulatho zayo zingoxanduva lwababhali kuphela kwaye akufuneki zimele izimvo ezisemthethweni ze-NICHD.

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