Iifoto zoononopopasho ezisebuntwaneni Sebenzisa: Uhlalutyo lweeNcwadi eziNkqubo zoPhando lwe-2000-2017. (2018)

Internet: Ukusetyenziswa koonografi; izinto ezibalulekileyo; ebusheni; ziimeko; izinto ezithile; Ukujongisisa uluncwadi; i-prisma

Uhlobo loxwebhu: Isihloko sokuHlola

Umhla wokupapashwa: Matshi 1, 2018

IINKCUKACHA

3.2. Impumelelo / uPhando lwePrayimari

Uhlobo oluthile oluphandwayo (olubonakala njengeziphumo ezinomdla ubuncinane kwiisifundo ze-6) zahlaziywa ngobudlelwane obalulekileyo obonakaliswe ngokubhekiselele kwi-PU ebusheni kunye neziphumo eziphambili zeencwadi zigqitywe ngezantsi. Isishwankathelo sezinto ezifunyenweyo zihlelwe phantsi kweziqela ezintathu zengqungquthela ezibhekiselele kwimiba ethile, imixholo kunye nemisebenzi enxulumene neendlela ezahlukeneyo ezivela kuninzi ukuya kumncinci.

3.3. Izinto ezinxulumene ngabanye

3.3.1. NgezoBomi

I-sexological biological iye yahlolwa njenge-variable variable yophando kwi-46 kwizifundo ze-57 ezibandakanyiweyo kwindlela yokuhlaziywa kweencwadi ngoku. Ngcaciso emfutshane, ukufunyaniswa kuguqulwa kwindoda ebonisa ukusetyenziswa koonografi okuphakamileyo kunye nokuzikhethela ngakumbi kunabesifazane kunye nokwahlukana kobulili okwenyuka ngaphezu kwenkqubo yobutsha, ngokumalunga namazinga aphezulu kakhulu aziphatha ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye; Amathuba aphezulu wesondo kunye nomhlobo wabesilisa [7, 10, 11, 25-32]. Ulwahlulo olunxulumene ngesini ngesantya sokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo luye lwachazwa ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezisemgangathweni kunye nokungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo zoonobumba kwiimeko zokuthumelelana nge-sexting (ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo ye-sexting kukutshintshiselana ngokobulili okanye okukhuselayo, imiyalezo kunye nevidiyo ngokusebenzisa i-smartphone, i-intanethi, okanye intanethi) [33, 34]. Nangona kunjalo, nangona bevuma ukuba amadoda atyhulwa ukuba afune ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngaphezu komfazi, ezinye iingcaphephe zibonise ukungafani ngokwemimiselo, kunye namadoda afaka amanqaku aphakamileyo kakhulu kunabesifazane ekufuneni izinto zoononografi kwiwebhu, amafilimu kunye nomabonwakude [15]. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ukuba yinkwenkwe ifunyenwe ukuba isebenze ngokuchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesondo, xa kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziphathekayo zobulili, kunye nemiphumo yokujonga iifilimu zoononografi kwizondo ezingafunekiyo zibonakaliswe ziphakamileyo kwiintombi [35]. Uncwadi olutshanje lunokuthi luchaze ukungafani kwezesini ekusebenziseni izinto eziphathekayo zoononophelo kwimeko yokwahlukana okubonakalayo kwimpumelelo yeendaba (i-36], ekucingeni ukuba ukungaboni ngaso linye kungekhona nje kuphela kodwa kudibanisa iindoda kunye nabafazi ngokwahlukileyo; kwaye ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzisaneni kwabo ngokwesondo [12].

Imiba ye-3.3.2 ngokubhekiselele kwisondo

Ngokubanzi, iifayili ze-21 zihlolisise iimvakalelo zesondo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ngesondo ngokumalunga ne-PU. Akumangalisi ukuba iinjongo zokudla iinthombe zoononophelo zixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwisimo sengqondo esicatshangelwayo ngokuqwalasela i-PU [15] kunye neempembelelo ezibonakalayo kwiimvakalelo zesondo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ngokwesini [7, 37, 38]. Ngokukodwa, uphando olude nolunqamlezileyo olusebenzisa isiTshayina,

Amanyathelo aseUnited States, eTaiwanese nakwiDatshi abonisa ukuba ukuqala ukujonga iifoto zoononophelo kwangaphambili kwachazwa ukuba nemeko yokuziphatha ngokwesini, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwesini, ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunye novavanyo lwezesondo emva koko [7, 30, 39-41]. Ngaloo mgca, uHagstst-Nordin, uHanson, Hanson noTyden [29] basebenzisana nabemi baseSweden abaselula, bafumanisa ukuba abafazi abancinci bezitho zantlanzi bavame ukuvuswa ngokwesondo, ukucinga, okanye ukwenza izenzo ezibonakalayo kwiifilimu zoononografi. Oku kubonakala kuhambelana neencwadi ezibonisa ukuba abasebenzisi abaninzi bezononografi babecala ngokuvusa iimeko zesondo ngokubanzi, kunye nokucinga okugqithisileyo malunga nokuphila ngokwesondo, imilinganiselo yesini kunye nobulili kunye nesimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo sesini (umz. ubulili bunxulumene noonografi ezifana nokulawula kunye nokuthotywa ngokukodwa) [27, 42-44].

3.3.3. Phuhliso

Izifundo ezilishumi elinesibini (ngaphandle kwe-57 ezibandakanya ukuphononongwa ngolu hlobo lwencwadi) zihlolisise utshintsho lwezinto eziphuculweyo kwi-PU zokuziphatha, ngokunxulumene nabo ngexesha lokukhula. Ngokugqibeleleyo, iziphumo ziye zaxhasa ukuba ixesha lokusasaza, ukukhula kokuvuthwa kunye nobudala obudala budibaniswa nePU ephezulu [7, 13, 45, 46]. Ukujongana nokubukeka, ukujonga iiporografi kuye kwafunyanwa kukuchaphazela ukuphuhliswa kwexabiso, kwaye ngakumbi ngakumbi abo baya kwinkolo xa bekhulile [47]. Akumangalisi ukuba ukubukela iifoto zoonografi kuboniswe ukuba kunemiphumo eyinqabileyo, ukunciphisa ukukholelwa kwintsholongwane yenkwenkwezi ngexesha elide, elizimeleyo ngokwesini [47]. Kulo mongo, uphuhliso lolutsha oluchanekileyo ludibaniswe kwinqanaba lokuqala le-PU kunye nezinga lokutshintshwa kwithuba kwiisampuli zaseTshayina [i-28].

3.3.4. Ukuxhatshazwa

Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu kunye nokuhlukunyezwa kwafundwa kwizifundo ze-11 kunye nobuhlobo obunzulu obonakaliswe ngokubhekiselele kwi-PU yeselula. Ukubonakaliswa koonobumba obunobundlobongela / obuhlazo kubonakala kubonakala kuqhelekileyo phakathi kwentsha, ehambelana nezenzo zokuzibeka engozini, kwaye, ngokubhekiselele kubafazi, ihambelana nomlando wokuxhatshazwa [48]. Ucwaningo lwe-Ybarra no-Mitchell [11] lugqiba ekubeni abasebenzisi bezithombe zoonografi (kwi-intanethi okanye ngaphandle kwe-intanethi) bavame ukubika amava amaninzi okuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwesondo, ngelixa ezinye iingcaphephe ziqakathekise isiqhagamshelana esithile phakathi kokungabikho kokuzibandakanya ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-pornography kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-offline [14]. Okuthakazelisayo, kwiphando olutshanje lwazo, uYbarra noMitchell [11] basekela ukuba abantu abaphuhlisayo phakathi kwe-10-15 iminyaka (abazimeleyo ngokwesini) babekhokelekile ukuvakalisa ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo xa bebhengezwe ngaphambili kwi-PU. Esi siphumo, kunjalo, sichasene nezifundo zangaphambilini ezabonisa ukungafani kobulili malunga nokubandakanyeka kwi-PU kunye nokubandakanyeka kwizenzo zobundlobongela, kunye nabesilisa abaselula ukuba bakwazi ukubonisa ukuziphatha kokubili (9). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iifundo zaphetha ukuba ukugqithiswa koonografi kwakungabandakanyekanga nokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kwaye ukuzimisela ukubonakaliswa koonografi kwakubonakali kunokuchaphazela ekuziphatheni ngokwesini esichengeni phakathi kweentsholongwane ngokubanzi [46]. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iziphumo zibonise ukuba ngokubanzi, ukutyhila ngokuzikhethela kwi-PU kwakudibene neengxaki zokuziphatha eziphezulu phakathi kwabantwana abaselula, ukuxhaphazwa kwezesondo e-intanethi kunye nokucebisana kwezesondo kwi-intanethi kunye nokukhwabanisa kwamakhwenkwe nokuxhatshazwa kwezesondo nokuxhatshazwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokujonga rhoqo iinthombe zoonografi [ 14, 27]

3.3.5. Iinkonzo zeMpilo yengqondo

Izifundo ezilishumi elinanye zibonise iinkalo zempilo yengqondo / iimpawu kunye / okanye iimpawu ezinxulumene ne-PU yeselula, kunye neenguqu ezijongene nesimo sempilo yengqondo ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni imifanekiso engcolileyo (umz. kwi-intanethi nakwi-intanethi) [11, 49]. Ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye nangona uphando oluthile lungagqibiyo umbutho phakathi kwempilo yengqondo ebuthakathaka kunye ne-PU [50], uninzi lweziphumo ezifunyaniswayo kwi-PU ephakamileyo ngexesha lokukhula lihlala lihambelana nomoya ophezulu (umz. ukudandatheka) kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha [10, 14, 34]. Ngaloo mongo, ukufundwa kweYbarra kunye neMitchel [11] kuboniswe ukuba abaphangi be-pornography bafuna ukuvakalisa iimpawu zokudakumba xa kuthelekiswa nokungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi kunye nabangenayo. Nangona kunjalo, uTsikaka okqhubekayo. [10] icetyise ukuba nangona i-Intanethi ye-Intanethi rhoqo idibene kakhulu neengxaki zengqondo nezengqondo, ukusetyenziswa okungaqhelekanga kwakungekho. Ngako oko, wayebhekiselele kwifom ye-PU (echazwe lixesha eliphantsi). Kwaloo mgca, uLuder okqhubekayo. [46] yaphakamisa ukuhluka kwezesini kwintlangano phakathi kwe-PU kunye nokubonakaliswa koxinzelelo kunye namadoda abonisa ingozi ephezulu. Oku kufunyaniswe kukuvumelaniswe nokufundiswa kwexesha elide kubonisa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo eziphambili zengqondo zibandakanyeke ekuphuhliseni ukusetyenziswa ngokunyanzelisayo kwizinto ze-intanethi kwi-teenage boys [51].

3.3.6. Ukufuna Ukufunwa

Imikhwa yokufuna ulwazelelo kubonakala ngathi ihlolwe kaninzi ngokunxulumene ne-PU kwinqanaba lokufikisa [4, 13, 34, 46, 52, 53]. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo bezingahambelani nezifundo ezithile eziqinisekisa [46, 54] kunye nezinye ezingangqiniyo naziphi na iipateni ezithile zemibutho phakathi kokufuna uvakalelo kunye ne-PU yokufikisa [4]. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezifundo zithambekele ekuqinisekiseni unxibelelwano phakathi kwemvakalelo yokufuna utyekelo kunye ne-PU kwinqanaba lokufikisa. Ngokukodwa, iBraun kunye noogxa [37] ixhase ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo abesilisa nabasetyhini abanesidingo esiphakamileyo sokukhuthaza banokufuna iphonografi. Kuloo mgca, uLuder okqhubekayo. [46] yafumanisa ukuba bobabini abesilisa nabesifazane, abazityhila kwizinto eziphathekayo zoononophelo, banakho amathuba okuba bafunayo. Ngokufanayo, Ševčikova, okqhubekayo. [34] zophando ezichaphazelekayo kunye nokuchasana nezinto eziphathekayo zesini kwaye zifumene inzingo efuna ukuba yinto ekhangeleka ngokukhawuleza ekuziphatheni kwezono ezingamanyala nakwi-intanethi. Ekugqibeleni, kukho ubungqina bokuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kweendaba zesondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunokuxhatshazwa ngokufuna ukuvakalelwa [38].

3.3.7. Ukholo

Amanqanaba aphakamileyo enqulo anxulumene namazinga aphantsi e-PU ebusheni [9, 47, 55, 56]. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ubudlelwane obuthakathaka ekuhlaleni amaziko oluntu, kuquka iinkonzo zonqulo zihlala zixhaphake kubasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolileyo [9]. Ngaloo mxholo, ukujonga iinthombe zoononophelo ezithandwayo rhoqo kuye kwaxhaswa ekunciphiseni ukuhamba kwenkonzo yenkolo, ukubaluleka kokholo lwenkolo, ukuthandaza rhoqo, kunye nokuqonda ngokusondeleyo kuThixo, ngelixa kuboniswa ukwandisa ukungathandabuzeki kwenkolo [47]. Okuthakazelisayo, le miphumo ibambe ngokungakhathaliseki ukuba isini kwaye ibonakale inamandla kubaselula xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala abasakhulayo [i-47]. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa ezinye iingcaphephe ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwezenkolo kunobuthakathaka kunye ne-PU ephezulu, bachaza ukuhlukana kobulili kumanyano phakathi kokuncibilika kwenkolo kunye ne-PU, kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi kubuthathaka kumazinga aphezulu enkonzo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamakhwenkwe [55]. Akumangalisi ukuba, ukudibanisa iinkokeli zonqulo kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba kudibaniswa namazinga aphantsi okusetyenziswa koononografi phakathi kwabaselula [56]. Nangona kunjalo, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba abantu abahlukahlukeneyo bemveli bahluke ekusebenziseni imifanekiso engamanyala, okungaquka ukungafani kwezenkolo kwinqanaba lemveli. Oku kuyahambelana nokufunyaniswa okubonisa ukuba abatsha abavela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zonqulo (umz. AmaKatolika, amaProtestanti, njalo) zihluke ekusebenziseni imifanekiso engamanyala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokungafani nokuxhatshazwa koonwabo.

3.3.8. Bond Social

Ubambiswano phakathi kwe-PU ebusheni kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalontle eyenziwa ngabaselula bayabonakala becingisisa ngophando [38]. Ngokubanzi, kukho kubonakala ukuba isivumelwaniso sokuba abasebenzisi abaselula abasebenzisa i-intanethi yezoonografi bavame ukuhluka kwiintlobo ezininzi ezentlalontle ezisuka kwiintsholongwane ezisebenzisa i-Intanethi ngolwazi, uxhulumano loluntu kunye nolonwabo [9]. Ngokukodwa, isitayela sokuzimela sihambelana nokudibanisa ukusebenzisa i-pornography [57]. Ngokuvumelana nala mazwi, iMatbobo okqhubekayo., [8] yaxhaswa ukuba inxalenye ephakamileyo yabasebenzisi bezentlalo ezingamanyala ezithandwayo zivakalisa iingxaki zobundlobongela kunye noontanga ngokumalunga nabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo nabangekho rhoqo. Ekugqibeleni, ukutyekela kwenkululeko ngokubhekiselele kwizibophelelwane zentlalo kuye kwadibaniswa nePU ephakamileyo ngexesha lokukhula [4].

3.4. Izinto ezibandakanyekayo

3.4.1. Iimpawu zokusetyenziswa kwi-intanethi

Izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwi-intanethi ziphandiwe kwi-15 kwizifundo ze-57 ezibandakanyiweyo kuhlalutyo lwangoku. Ezi zibonakalisa ukuba iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zentsholongwane ezibonakalayo kwi-intanethi kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kuqukwa amanqanaba aphezulu ekusebenziseni umdlalo we-intanethi, ukuziphatha kwe-intanethi, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-cyberbullying, kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzenzekelayo ngokwesondo kwi-intanethi [49]. Oku kuya kuhambelana nophando olwenziwa nguDoornward okqhubekayo. [30], eyabonisa ukuba bobabini abesilisa nabasetyhini 'bathambekele ekusebenziseni izingosi zokunxibelelana nabantu beentsuku zonke. Ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye izifundo zacetyiswa ukuba impilo engamahlwempu yengqondo kunye nobudlelwane obuyingxaki kunye nabazali ayinakunxulumene neempawu zokusetyenziswa kwi-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-intanethi kwakunxulumene kakhulu ne-intanethi yesifo sezesondo phakathi kwendoda kunye nabasetyhini abaselula [50]. Ngaphezu koko, isifundo esenziwa nguMatbo okqhubekayo., [8] yafumanisa ukuba abesilisa, abasebenzisa rhoqo iifoto zoononografi, babejonge ngakumbi, kwaye bachithe ixesha elithile kwi-intanethi (okt., ngaphezu kweeyure ze-10 ezilandelelanayo, amaxesha amaninzi ngeveki), ukuba neendlela zokuphila ezingcolileyo (umz. ukukhululeka / ukukhuluphala), ngokuchasene nabathengi abaqhelekileyo / abancinci bezoonografi.

3.4.2. Ukuthintela ngokwesondo

Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokubhekiselele ku-PU kuye kwaphandwa kwizifundo ze-11, kunye nazo zonke izifundo ezibika iziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Uphononongo olwenziwa nguDoornward, okqhubekayo. [31, 32] yafumanisa ukuba abafana abancinci 'ngokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo ze-intanethi, baxelele amanqanaba aphantsi okuzithemba, amanqanaba aphezulu okudandatheka kunye namazinga aphezulu okwenzelana ngesondo. Ngaloo mxholo, ezinye iifundo zibonise ukuba abafana abafunyenweyo ukubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye neesayithi zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo bafumana imvume enkulu yoontanga kwaye babonisa amava amaninzi ngokubhekiselele ekubandakanyekeni kwabo ngokwesondo [31, 32]. Ngaphezu koko, amakhwenkwe abonisa ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweentlophu zoonografi bebanomdla wokulala ngokwesini kunye nokubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweentlobano zesini. Ukongeza kule nto, ukuba intombazana, ukuhlala nabazali abahlukeneyo, ukuba namava okuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, kunye nokujonga kakuhle izinto zoonografi ziye zahambelana namava aphezulu ezesondo ngexesha lokukhula [8].

3.4.3. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoqhagamshelwano

Umxholo woononografi ngokubhekiselele ku-PU uphando kwii-10 zifundo, ezibonisa ubudlelwane obalulekileyo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zesondo. Ngokukodwa, uphando oluqhutywe ngu- [52] lubonisa ukuba abatsha abaselula 'bahlala bebonakaliswa ukuba bathandane, baxhomekeke kwimibandela yabo kunye nobudlova. Ngokuchasene nale nto, abadala abaselula kunye nabaselula abanamazinga aphezulu okuphumelela kwizifundo bavame ukukhetha ukuphathwa kweengcola ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwaloo mgca, iHald okqhubekayo. [38] yafumanisa ukuba kwakukho ubudlelwane obunokulinganisela, kodwa obuphawulekayo, phakathi komxholo wezinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezisetyenziswayo kunye neziphathamandla zesondo ezibonakaliswe ngabaselula. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhethwa koonobumba obunobundlobongela / obuhlazo kuninzi kubantu ababethabathe imifanekiso yesondo, babe nabahlobo ababehlala bethengisa / bathengise iinkonzo zesini kwaye bavame ukudla ixabiso eliphezulu lotywala. Ngokufanayo, nangona behluke ngokungafaniyo, amabhinqa ayengabasebenzisi boononografi obundlobongelayo / obononongileyo bathambekele ekuthatheni imifanekiso yabo yesondo, ukuba nabahlobo abaye bathengisa / bathengise iinkonzo ezinxulumene nezesondo kunye nokuthuma [42, 48].

3.4.4. Iimpawu Zomdabu

Imifanekiso engamanyala yesintu ichazwa njengokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso engamanyala yemveli (engekho kwi-intanethi) yemithombo yeendaba njengamaphephancwadi, umabonwakude kunye neemovie [28]. Umxholo wesini wamanyala waphononongwa kwizifundo ze-7, ucebisa ukuba umdla wophando ekusetyenzisweni kwezinto ezingamanyala ngokwesiko uye wehla kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso engamanyala ekwi-Intanethi. I-Shek & Ma [28] icacisa ukuba oku kungenxa yokukhula kokufumaneka kweenkonzo ze-intanethi ze-intanethi ezingabizi kakhulu. Emva koko, abakwishumi elivisayo banakho ukufikelela kwi-intanethi ngokulula nangokungaziwa ngeekhompyuter zabo, iipilisi kunye nee-smartphones [28, 44].

3.5. Imixholo ehambelanayo

3.5.1. Ukusebenza kwentsapho

Ukusebenza kwentsapho kuphicothwe kwizifundo ze-12 ezibandakanyiweyo ekuhlaziyweni kwangoku. Ngokukodwa, u-Weber kunye noogxa bethu [44] batyhila ukuba abantwana abaselula bazijonga njengabazimeleyo ngaphantsi kwabazali babo bathambekele ekudleni iifografi rhoqo. Oku kuhambelana nezinye iziphumo [i-11], eyayixhasa ukuba abantwana abaselula baveze ngobudlelwane obuhluphekileyo nabazali babo, ukuzinikela okuphantsi kwintsapho, ukunakekelwa kwabazali abangaphantsi kwaye, ukukhulumisana okuphantsi kunokuba kuphakamileyo kwi-PU. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba izinto ezinjalo zibonakala zichaphazela ukusebenzisana kwentsapho, edibeneyo nePU [9, 58].

3.5.2. I nkcubeko

Inkcubeko yoontanga ngokubhekiselele kwi-PU yaphandwa kwiinkalo ze-7. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iinkcubeko zontanga ezibandakanya ukuziphatha kwezesini, iinkqubo zesini, kunye nokuqonda kwenkqubo yokuvunywa koontanga kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye ne-PU ye-adolescents [7, 31, 32]. Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo nge-intanethi phakathi kwamakhwenkwe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezingosi zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo kubo bobabini babesilisa babelungelelaniswa kunye nemibono yokuvunyelwa koontanga kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini [7, 31, 32]. Ngaloo mgca, uphando oluqhutywe nguPeter noValkenburg [59, 60] lugxininisa imibono yesondo njengokwenyama kunye nokungaqhelekanga kunokuthandana kunye nobudlelwane, enesihloko esithi "intando yenhlalakahle" kunye "nesebenzi" ngokulandelanayo. Olu pho nonongo luye lwabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezinto eziphathekayo kwi-intanethi kwandiswe kokubili "ukusetyenziswa kwentlalo" kunye "nokusebenza". Oku kunokutshilwa kwimeko yokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezinto eziphathekayo zoononophala ekunciphiseni ubudlelwane obusondelene ngokubangela iingcamango zesini ngokoqobo nje nangokwenyama. Ukongeza kule nto, Kuye kunye nabalingane nabo [43] abaxhaswa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa koontanga kubangele ukuchazwa kwizinto eziphathekayo zesondo kunye namava ezesondo.

UKUQALA

Izifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kwiinkcazo zolu hlobo lwencwadi zibonisa ukuba uphando kwintsimi ye-PU yeselula iye yajolisa kwiingongoma ezintathu eziphambili ezibandakanya umntu (I), umxholo (C) kunye nomsebenzi (A). Ngokubanzi, ininzi yezifundo ezifundwayo ezihlaziywa kumsebenzi wangoku zihlelwe njengento ehambelana ngqo nomntu (I: 18), ngokugxininiswa kwiintlobo ezibandakanya izinto ezinxulumene nemisebenzi (A: 8) elandelayo, kunye neenguqu ezinxulumene nomxholo umsebenzisi ungabancinci kakhulu (C: 6). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukutyekela okuthe ngqo ekuphenyweni kweempawu ezithile malunga ne-PU ebusheni, kunye nokujoliswa koluphando olunzulu kwizinto ezinxulumene nemisebenzi kunye neemeko kwiincwadi ezikhoyo (iTheyibhile 1). Oku kubonakala ukungalingani kwincwadi kufuneka kuthethwe ngophando olusasa.

4.1. Izinto ezinxulumene ngabanye

Kwimiba yemicimbi ehambelana nomntu, isondo se-biological, izimo zengqondo ngesini, izinto ezinxulumene nophuhliso, ukuxhatshazwa, iimpawu zempilo yengqondo, ukufunwa kwemvakalelo, ukukholelwa enkcubeko kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezentlalo ziye zaphazamisa umdla wokwenza uphando malunga ne-PU yeselula. Ukujonga ngokubanzi, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba amadoda, ukukhululeka kokuziphatha ngokwesini, ukuvuthwa kwangaphambili kunye nobudala obudala, ukuhlukunyezwa kwabantu kunye nokuhlukunyezwa, impilo yengqondo empofu, ukunyamekela ukufunyanwa kwezithintelo kunye nokunyanzelisa ukubophelelana kweentlalo zentlalo zihlala zihambelana nokuphakama kwe-PU ngexesha lokukhula [4 , 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 25, 27-29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 45-48, 50].

4.2. Izinto ezibandakanyekayo

Ukuqwalasela izinto ezinxulumene nomsebenzi, iimpawu zokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, iimpawu zokuziphatha zesondo, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zoononopopasho kunye neentlobo zeentlobo zezilwanyana zonyango zikhangele ukuba zithande inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yophando. Okuthakazelisayo, amanqanaba aphezulu ekusebenziseni umdlalo we-intanethi, ukuziphatha kwe-intanethi ye-addictive, ukubonakaliswa kwe-cyberbullying, kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzikhethela ngokwesondo kwi-intanethi kubonakala kukuxhomekeke ku-PU [31, 32, 49]. Ngokubhekiselele kwisimo sengqondo sokuziphatha ngokwesini, abantwana abaselula abanokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo, ubomi obunokuqala besini kunye nolwazi olunolwazi olubhekiselele kwi-Sexual Position [8, 31, 32]. Ngokubhekiselele kumxholo woononopopasho, abatsha abaselula bayakhuthazeka kakhulu ekuthandweni kwabo, ukubaluleka kwabo kunye nezobudlova-i-PU, ngelixa abaselula abaselula kunye nabaselula abanamazinga aphezulu ekuphumelelweni kwezemfundo okukhethiweyo okuyi-PU [52]. Akumangalisi ukuba uphando olubhekiselele ekusebenziseni umongo wezonyango oluqhelekileyo lubonakala luye lwayeka, ngenxa yokufumaneka kwandiso lwezinto eziphathekayo zoononophala kwi-intanethi [44, 58].

4.3. Imixholo ehambelanayo

Ukuqwalasela imeko ehambelana nomntwana we-PU, intsapho yokusebenza kunye nenkcubeko yontanga / iimpembelelo zilawulwe ngumdla wophando [9, 15, 58]. Ngokukodwa, ukuzimela kwabazali, ubudlelwane obuhluphekileyo nabazali, ukuzinikela okuncinci kwintsapho, ukunakekelwa kwabazali abangaphantsi, kunye nokunxibelelanisa kweentsapho ezincinci kuphakame ukuba kube phezulu kuma-adolescents avela nge-PU ephezulu. Ngokubhekiselele kwinkcubeko yontanga, iinkalo ezibandakanya ukuziphatha kwezesini, iinkqubo zesini, ukuqonda kweentanga kunye nokuziphatha kwezesondo ezenzululweyo ziye zadibana ne-PU ye-adolescents [7, 31, 32]. Ngaloo mgca, ukucinga ngezesondo njengokwenyama kunye nokungaqhelekanga kunokuthandana kunye nobudlelwane, onesihloko esithi "intando yenhlalakahle" kunye "nesebenzi" yabonakala ephakamileyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezentlalo zobuninzi be-pornography [59, 60]. Ngokufanayo, ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo lwabaontanga kwandisiwe ukunyuka kwi-PU ecacileyo ngexesha lokukhula [59, 60].

ISIPHELO

Ngokugqithiseleyo, umdla wokwenza uphando kwi-PU yeselula ibonakala ingabonakaliyo kwiindawo ezintathu eziphambili ezichongiweyo ezibandakanya izinto ezihambelana nomntu, imeko kunye nemisebenzi. Izinto eziye zenza umdla omkhulu, zenza ukuba luncedo kakhulu kwi-PU yeselula. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso olongezelelweyo lunyanzelekile ngokubhekiselele kumxholo kunye nemisebenzi ye-PU enxulumene noko. Olu hlobo lophando luya kuhambelana neengcamango zangoku, ezipheleleyo ezichazwe kwingingqi ebanzi yezopolitiko zentuthuko, kunye nensimu yokulahla ukuziphatha, kwaye ingakwazi ukwazisa ngakumbi iindlela zokukhusela kunye nezongenelelo ezibandakanya izimo ezibucayi zentsapho yabantwana abaselula, isikolo kunye uluntu [76-78].