Iintsholongwane kunye noonografi: Ukuphononongwa kwee-20 Zonyaka zophando (2016)

J Sex Res. 2016 May-Jun;53(4-5):509-31. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441.

UPeter J¹, Valkenburg PM¹.

Abstract

Injongo yolu hlaziyo yayikukucwangcisa uphando lobuchule olwapapashwa kwijenali yolwimi lwesiNgesi ephononongwe ngoontanga phakathi kwe-1995 kunye ne-2015 malunga nokuxhaphaka, ukuxela kwangaphambili, kunye neziphumo zolutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi. Olu phando lubonise ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo basebenzisa iphonografi, kodwa amazinga okuxhaphaka ahluka kakhulu. Ulutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi ngokuphindaphindiweyo yayingamadoda, kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokufikisa, abantu abafuna iimvakalelo, kwaye babenobudlelwane obubuthathaka okanye obunenkathazo. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo kwaye kudla ngokunxulunyaniswa neenkolelo ezingqongqo zesini. Ikwabonakala ngathi inxulumene nesehlo sokwabelana ngesondo, amava amakhulu ngokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo, kunye nobundlobongela obungaphezulu ngokwesondo, kokubini ngokwesini kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Iziphumo zolu hlaziyo kufuneka zibonwe ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yeentsilelo ezahlukeneyo zendlela kunye nethiyori, kunye nokuthambekela okuninzi kuncwadi, okwangoku kuthintela izigqibo ezibambekayo zangaphakathi malunga neziphumo zoonografi kulutsha.

PMID: 27105446
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441

Ngenxa yokufikeleleka lula kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi yabakwishumi elivisayo, kunye neenkxalabo malunga neziphumo ezibi (umzekelo, uDavis, 2012 Davis, V. (2012). Uqhagamshelene kodwa awukhuselekanga? Iindlela zabazali kunye nezizathu zolwazi olufunayo kwimiba yokhuseleko lwedijithali. I-cyberpsychology, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nenethiwekhi yezonxibelelwano, 15 (12), 669-674. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cyber.2012.0179[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Dombrowski, Gischlar, & Durst, 2007 eDombrowski, SC, Gischlar, KL, & Ukuthukuthela, T. (2007). Ukukhusela abantu abancinci kwi-cyber pornography kunye ne-cyber predation ngesondo: eyona ngxaki inkulu kwi-Intanethi.. Ukuhlaziywa kwabantwana, 16 (3), 153-170. ikhonkco:10.1002/car.939[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; UMattebo, uLarsson, uTydén, kunye noHäggström-Nordin, 2013 Mattbo, M., Larsson, M., Tyden, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2013). Iimbono zeengcali malunga nefuthe lephonografi kulutsha lwaseSweden. Uhlengikazi lwezeMpilo yoLuntu, 31 (3), 196-205. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / phn.12058[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), uphando olwenziwa ngabakwishumi elivisayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi luye lwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukususela kwi-2005, ngaphezu kwe-65 amanqaku e-empirical avele, kunye nencopho yamanqaku e-11 kwi-2011. Ukuphendula kolu lwando olukhawulezayo lophando malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi, abaphandi abaninzi baye baphonononga intsimi (Bloom & Hagedorn, 2015 Ibhloko, ZD, & Hagedorn, WB (2015). Amadoda akwishumi elivisayo kunye neephonografi zangoku: Iimpembelelo zomtshato kunye nabacebisi bosapho. Ijenali yoSapho, 23 (1), 82-89. ikhonkco:10.1177/1066480714555672[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Dombrowski et al., 2007 eDombrowski, SC, Gischlar, KL, & Ukuthukuthela, T. (2007). Ukukhusela abantu abancinci kwi-cyber pornography kunye ne-cyber predation ngesondo: eyona ngxaki inkulu kwi-Intanethi.. Ukuhlaziywa kwabantwana, 16 (3), 153-170. ikhonkco:10.1002/car.939[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; Owens, Behun, Manning, & Reid, 2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; USprinate kunye no-Omar, 2013 Springate, J., & Omar, HA (2013). Impembelelo ye-Intanethi kwimpilo yezesondo yabakwishumi elivisayo: Uphononongo olufutshane. Ijenali yeHlabathi yeMpilo yoMntwana kunye noLutsha, 6 (4), 469-471. [Google Scholar]). Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo luye lwafikelela kwizigqibo ezichaseneyo, ngakumbi malunga nombuzo wokuba ingaba iphonografi inxulumene nezimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kolutsha. Kwelinye icala, uDombrowski et al. (2007 eDombrowski, SC, Gischlar, KL, & Ukuthukuthela, T. (2007). Ukukhusela abantu abancinci kwi-cyber pornography kunye ne-cyber predation ngesondo: eyona ngxaki inkulu kwi-Intanethi.. Ukuhlaziywa kwabantwana, 16 (3), 153-170. ikhonkco:10.1002/car.939[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 155) kunye no-Owens et al. (2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 116) ugqibe kwelokuba, ngaphandle kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, akukho ziphumo zicacileyo malunga nokuba kwaye kangakanani na kwaye ingakanani iphonografi enxulunyaniswa nezimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kolutsha. Kwelinye icala, uphononongo lwamva nje lweBloom noHagedorn (2015 Ibhloko, ZD, & Hagedorn, WB (2015). Amadoda akwishumi elivisayo kunye neephonografi zangoku: Iimpembelelo zomtshato kunye nabacebisi bosapho. Ijenali yoSapho, 23 (1), 82-89. ikhonkco:10.1177/1066480714555672[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 88) kunye noSprinate no-Omar (2013 Springate, J., & Omar, HA (2013). Impembelelo ye-Intanethi kwimpilo yezesondo yabakwishumi elivisayo: Uphononongo olufutshane. Ijenali yeHlabathi yeMpilo yoMntwana kunye noLutsha, 6 (4), 469-471. [Google Scholar], iphe. 470), ejongene nokhetho oluncinci loncwadi kuno-Owens et al., Ubone ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kunxulunyaniswa kakubi nezimo zabo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha.

Ukunikezelwa kwezi zigqibo ziphikisanayo kuphononongo olukhoyo malunga noonografi kunye nolutsha, kunye nokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kweempapasho kwintsimi, ukuphononongwa okuhlaziyiweyo kubonakala ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye kuyimfuneko. Injongo yokuqala yokuphononongwa kwethu kukunika i-akhawunti edibeneyo yoncwadi kwi-pornography kunye nabaselula ukusuka kwi-1995 ukuya kwi-2015. Ngokukodwa, siphinda sibuyele umbuzo wokuxhaphaka kunye nokuqikelelwa kolutsha olusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala. Ngapha koko, siyaphanda ukuba ingaba iphonografi inxulumene kangakanani na kwisimo sengqondo solutsha olufikisayo ngokwesondo kunye neenkolelo, ukuzikhulisa, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Sikhethe ixesha le-1995 ukuya kwi-2015 kuba kuphela ngokufika kwe-Intanethi phakathi kwe-1990s umdla wezemfundo kwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nephonografi yanda kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo nophononongo lwangaphambili, sinikela ingqalelo ecwangcisiweyo kwiindlela zokuqokelela idatha, uyilo lophononongo, kunye nesampulu. Ngokombono wethu, intsimi xa iyonke, kunye neziphumo ezithile zezifundo, zinokuvavanywa ngokunentsingiselo kuphela xa siqwalasela iimpawu zemethodological zezifundo. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwinkalo apho uphando lunyanzeliswa ngokwemigaqo yokuziphatha ekhuselweyo yeqela eligxininisekileyo, ulutsha olufikisayo, kwaye luntsonkothe ngokwenene ngumlinganiswa obuthathaka wesihloko salo, iphonografi.

Injongo yesibini yolu hlaziyo kukudibanisa iziphumo zophando olukhoyo kwimodeli yakutshanje yethiyori yophando lweziphumo zosasazo. Uphononongo lwangaphambili, nangona lubalulekile, luthande ukushwankathela uncwadi ngokwemixholo kunokuba lucwangcise ngokwethiyori. Ngokukodwa, imigca emibini ephambili yophando-uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi kunye nophando malunga neziphumo zayo-ayizange imelwe ngokwaneleyo okanye igcinwe ngokwahlukileyo ngokwethiyori. Nangona kunjalo, ithiyori zamva nje kuphando lweziphumo zosasazo (umz., Slater, 2007 Slater, MD (2007). Ukuqinisa i-spirals: Impembelelo efanayo yokukhethwa kwemithombo yeendaba kunye nefuthe lemithombo yeendaba kunye nefuthe labo ekuziphatheni komntu kunye nesazisi sentlalo.. Ithiyori yoNxibelelwano, 17 (3), 281-303. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; IValkenburg kunye noPeter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) baye bagxininisa imfuneko yeemodeli ezibandakanya ngakumbi ukuqonda ngcono ukuba nini kwaye njani ukuba sesichengeni kumxholo wemidiya ehambelana nezimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu. Ngokudibanisa izinto ezifunyenweyo malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi abakwishumi elivisayo kunye neziphumo zayo kwimodeli enye yethiyori, asiyi kukwazi ukucwangcisa kuphela uncwadi ngokwembono yethiyori kodwa sikwabone ukusilela kwethiyori ukukhuthaza uphando lwexesha elizayo.

Ngokuhambelana noncwadi lwangaphambili (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2011d UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011d). Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1015-1025. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 1015–1016), sichaza amanyala njengemifanekiso okanye iividiyo eziveliswe ngobuchule okanye ezenziwe ngabasebenzisi (iikliphu) ezenzelwe ukuvusa inkanuko yesini kulowo ubukeleyo. Ezi vidiyo kunye nemifanekiso ngokuqhelekileyo ibonisa izenzo zesondo, ezifana nokuphulula amalungu esini kunye nokwabelana ngesondo ngomlomo, kunye nokungena kwilungu lobufazi kunye neempundu, ngendlela engafihlwanga, rhoqo ngokuvala amalungu angasese. Uninzi lwephonografi okwangoku lufumaneka kwi-Intanethi, ebonakaliswa kwizifundo ezininzi kolu hlaziyo. Nangona kunjalo, asiluthinteli olu hlaziyo kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi ukwenza lula ukuthelekisa kunye nokwandiswa kwe-Owens et al.2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]) ukuphonononga, olona vavanyo lubanzi lwesihloko ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. KwiSihlomelo (kwimathiriyeli eyongezelelweyo ekwi-intanethi), sibonelela ngolwazi malunga nokuba ngaba uphononongo lujongene nephonografi ye-Intanethi okanye iphonografi kwamanye amajelo eendaba. Ngolutsha sithetha ulutsha oluneminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwi-17 (okanye iisampulu zolutsha olukwi-avareji engaphantsi kwe-18 leminyaka ubudala). Sikhethe iminyaka eli-10 ubudala njengomda osezantsi kuba kule minyaka yobudala iqala ukufikisa, nto leyo ekhatshwa luthando olongeziweyo lwesini (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010 Kail, RV, & Cavanaugh, JC (2010). Uphuhliso loluntu: Umbono wobomi (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. [Google Scholar], iphe. 296). Sinciphisa olu hlaziyo kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 ngenxa yokuba, kumazwe apho iphonografi isemthethweni, iphonografi kufuneka isasazwe okanye iboniswe kuphela kubantu abaneminyaka eyi-18 okanye ngaphezulu. Okokugqibela, njengoko uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba uninzi lwezifundo malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi zinamandla-amandla (Bloom & Hagedorn, 2015 Ibhloko, ZD, & Hagedorn, WB (2015). Amadoda akwishumi elivisayo kunye neephonografi zangoku: Iimpembelelo zomtshato kunye nabacebisi bosapho. Ijenali yoSapho, 23 (1), 82-89. ikhonkco:10.1177/1066480714555672[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Owens et al., 2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), uphononongo lwethu lujongene nolu hlobo lwezifundo. Ke ngoko, siphinde sakhetha i-methodological orientation kunye nokuseta ithiyori eyifanele kakhulu izifundo zobungakanani-empirical. Nangona kunjalo, sithelekisa iziphumo zezifundo zobungakanani-empirical kunye nezo zophando olunomgangatho wophando.

Kumacandelo amabini alandelayo, sinika ingqiqo yeempawu ze-methodological zezifundo esizigxininise kuzo kwaye sichaze imodeli yethiyori apho sizama ukubethelela uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kunye neziphumo zayo. Emva kokuchaza inkqubo yethu yokukhetha uncwadi, siqale sihlolisise iimpawu zendlela yezifundo ezahlukeneyo. Ulwazi lwemeko yemethodological yobugcisa bentsimi lubalulekile ukuvavanya ukunyaniseka kweziphumo ngokunzulu. Sikhokelwa yimodeli yethu yethiyori, emva koko sishwankathela iziphumo zokuxhaphaka kunye nokuqikelelwa kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nobudlelwane bayo nezimo zengqondo zolutsha olufikisayo, ukukhula kwabo ngokwesondo (okt, iikhonsepthi ezinxulumene nokuphuhliswa komntu ngokwesondo, njengesondo. ukungaqiniseki kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo), kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Emva koko sithelekisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo kunye neziphumo zophando lomgangatho. Uphononongo luphetha ngovavanyo olubalulekileyo lweziphumo kunye neengcebiso zophando lwexesha elizayo. Kumacandelo ahlukeneyo enqaku, silungelelanisa uncwadi ngokwemigaqo ipreditor kunye nekhrayitheriya variables. Sisebenzisa la magama kwizibalo endaweni yesizathu: Xa ubani enika ingxelo ngolungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-predictor kunye noguquko lwekhrayitheriya, umntu unokusebenzisa i-predictor ukubikezela ukuguquguquka kwekhrayitheriya, ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kwesizathu (umzekelo, uHayes, 2005 Hayes, AF (2005). Iindlela zamanani zenzululwazi yonxibelelwano. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]).

Iimpawu zeMethodological of Quantitative Research on Adolescents and Pornography

Ngenxa yokuba uphando lovavanyo malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi kulutsha alunakwenzeka ngokuziphatha-ngokuqhelekileyo akukho mthethweni ukubonisa iphonografi kubantwana abancinci-abaphandi baxhomekeke kuphando ukuze bafunde umba, kufana nophando lweminye imiba enobuzaza (umz., Beebe, Harrison, Mcrae, UAnderson, kunye noFulkerson, 1998 Beebe, TJ, Harrison, PA, McRae, JA, Anderson, UKUHLA, & Fulkerson, JA (1998). Uvandlakanyo lodliwano-ndlebe oluncedwa yikhompyutha kwimeko yesikolo. Uluvo loluntu Ngekota, 62 (4), 623-632. ikhonkco:10.1086/297863[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Owens et al., 2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]). Xa uphonononga uphando olusekwe kuphando, ubuncinci beempawu ezintathu zolo phando zibalulekile njengoko zinxulumana ngqo neengxaki zemethodical kuphando kwimiba ebuthathaka ebeka emngciphekweni ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuzaliseka kweziphumo (umzekelo, uBradburn, uSudman, kunye noWansink, 2004 Bradburn, NM, Sudman, S., & Wansink, B. (2004). Ukubuza imibuzo: Isikhokelo esiqinisekileyo soyilo lwemibuzo: Kuphando lwentengiso, iipoli zezopolitiko, kunye noluhlu lwemibuzo lwentlalo kunye nempilo. (Umfundisi u-Ed.). ESan Francisco, CA: UJossey-Bass. [Google Scholar]; ITourangeau kunye neYan, 2007 Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Imibuzo enovakalelo kuphando. I-Psychological Bulletin, 133 (5), 859-883. ikhonkco:10.1037 / 0033-2909.133.5.859[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Uphawu lokuqala lophando olunokuthi lubeke emngciphekweni ukuthembeka kunye nokufezekiswa ngokubanzi kweziphumo zalo yimowudi yophando (umzekelo, ubuso ngobuso, umnxeba, okanye ikhompyutha edibeneyo) kunye nokulawulwa kwephepha lemibuzo (okt, ukuzilawula ngokwakho xa kuthelekiswa nodliwano-ndlebe olulawulwayo) . Imibuzo enobuzaza, enje ngemibuzo emalunga nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi, ihlala ingenamsebenzi kwaye ibandakanya isoyikiso sokubhengezwa (iTourangeau & Yan, 2007 Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Imibuzo enovakalelo kuphando. I-Psychological Bulletin, 133 (5), 859-883. ikhonkco:10.1037 / 0033-2909.133.5.859[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ngokuqinisekileyo kulutsha olunokuziva lungonwabanga ukutyhila imiba esondeleyo, ngenxa yokuba basakhula ngokwesondo (Buzwell & Rosenthal, 1996 Buzwell, S., & Rosenthal, D. (1996). Ukuzakhela umntu onesondo: Iimbono zolutsha olufikisayo ngokwesondo kunye nokubeka emngciphekweni ngokwesondo. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 6(4) 489-513.[Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2011a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011a). Impembelelo "yokuxolela" iintshayelelo ekuxelweni kokuziphatha okubuthathaka kuphando: Indima yendlela yokuphendula okunqweneleka ekuhlaleni kunye nobume bophuhliso.. Uluvo loluntu Ngekota, 75 (4), 779-787. ikhonkco:10.1093/Poq/Nfr041[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngenxa yoko, ukuchaneka kwengxelo kunokuncipha, ngelixa ukungaphenduli kwento kunokonyuka (uBradburn et al., 2004 Bradburn, NM, Sudman, S., & Wansink, B. (2004). Ukubuza imibuzo: Isikhokelo esiqinisekileyo soyilo lwemibuzo: Kuphando lwentengiso, iipoli zezopolitiko, kunye noluhlu lwemibuzo lwentlalo kunye nempilo. (Umfundisi u-Ed.). ESan Francisco, CA: UJossey-Bass. [Google Scholar]; ITourangeau kunye neYan, 2007 Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Imibuzo enovakalelo kuphando. I-Psychological Bulletin, 133 (5), 859-883. ikhonkco:10.1037 / 0033-2909.133.5.859[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Uphando malunga nefuthe lemowudi yovavanyo ekuxelweni kokuziphatha obuthathaka lubonise ukuba iindlela zovavanyo lwekhompyuter (umzekelo, i-audio-computer-assisted self-interviews okanye uphando lwe-intanethi) zifuna ingxelo echanekileyo kunezinye iindlela zophando (Mustanski, 2001 Mustanski, BS (2001). Ukufumana iingcingo: Ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuqokelelwa kwedatha esemthethweni ngokwesondo. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 38 (4), 292-301. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490109552100[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; iTourangeau kunye noSmith, 1996 Tourangeau, R., & Smith, TW (1996). Ukubuza imibuzo enobuzaza: Ifuthe lemo yokuqokelela idatha, ifomathi yombuzo, kunye nomxholo wombuzo. Uluvo loluntu Ngekota, 60(2) 275-304. ikhonkco:10.1086/297751[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), nakuphando phakathi kwabafikisayo (uBeebe et al., 1998 Beebe, TJ, Harrison, PA, McRae, JA, Anderson, UKUHLA, & Fulkerson, JA (1998). Uvandlakanyo lodliwano-ndlebe oluncedwa yikhompyutha kwimeko yesikolo. Uluvo loluntu Ngekota, 62 (4), 623-632. ikhonkco:10.1086/297863[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Romer, 1997 Romer, D. (1997). Iikhompyutha “zokuthetha”: Indlela ethembekileyo neyimfihlo yokuqhuba udliwano-ndlebe ngezihloko ezinobuzaza nabantwana. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 34(1) 3-9. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499709551859[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokufanayo, ukuchaneka kokunika ingxelo kuphezulu kwaye into engaphenduliyo iphantsi xa i-questionnaire ilawulwa ngokwayo kunokuba udliwano-ndlebe elawula i-questionnaire (Mustanski, 2001 Mustanski, BS (2001). Ukufumana iingcingo: Ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuqokelelwa kwedatha esemthethweni ngokwesondo. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 38 (4), 292-301. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490109552100[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; iTourangeau kunye noSmith, 1996 Tourangeau, R., & Smith, TW (1996). Ukubuza imibuzo enobuzaza: Ifuthe lemo yokuqokelela idatha, ifomathi yombuzo, kunye nomxholo wombuzo. Uluvo loluntu Ngekota, 60(2) 275-304. ikhonkco:10.1086/297751[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), naphakathi kwabafikisayo (uRomer, 1997 Romer, D. (1997). Iikhompyutha “zokuthetha”: Indlela ethembekileyo neyimfihlo yokuqhuba udliwano-ndlebe ngezihloko ezinobuzaza nabantwana. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 34(1) 3-9. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499709551859[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kolu hlaziyo, ke ngoko sithelekisa ngokucwangcisekileyo imowudi yophando kunye nohlobo lolawulo lwesaveyi.

Uphawu lwesibini lophando olunokuthi lube sengozini ekunyanisekeni nasekuzalisekeni kweziphumo zalo yinkqubo yesampulu (okt, random, quota, okanye lula) kunye nenani labaphenduli abamenyiweyo abathi ekugqibeleni bathathe inxaxheba kuphando (oko kukuthi, izinga lokuphendula). Olu phawu luhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokufezekiswa ngokubanzi kweziphumo kwaye, ngelixa kubalulekile kuzo zonke iintlobo zovavanyo, lufanelekile ngokukodwa kuphando olunxulumene nesondo. Uphando lwe-Methodological lubhale iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzikhetha kuphando kwimiba yezesondo. Abantu abathatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela kuphando olunxulumene nesondo, umzekelo, banamava ngakumbi ngesondo, banesimo sengqondo esiqhubela phambili ngokwesondo kunye nokuzithemba okukhulu ngokwesondo, kwaye badla ngokufuna iimvakalelo zesini (umzekelo, Wiederman, 1993 Wiederman, I-MW (1993). Iimpawu zedemografi kunye nezesondo zabangaphenduli kwizinto zamava ngesondo kuphando lwesizwe. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 30 (1), 27-35. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499309551675[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 1999 Wiederman, I-MW (1999). Ukuthambekela kokuvolontiya kuphando ngesondo usebenzisa abathathi-nxaxheba babafundi bekholeji. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 36 (1), 59-66. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499909551968[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Naluphi na uphando olumema ukuzikhethela (umzekelo, ngokumenywa kwiziza zeWebhu) okanye unereyithi yokuphendula esezantsi ngolo hlobo lunokuvelisa iziphumo ezicalu-calulo. Kolu phononongo, ke ngoko sithelekisa iisampulu kunye namazinga empendulo yophando. Kuphando lwephaneli, sikwathelekisa amaxabiso e-attrition.

Uphawu lwesithathu olubalulekileyo lwesaveyi kuyilo lwayo (okt, i-cross-sectional versus longitudinal), kunye neendlela zobalo ezisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwedatha. Uyilo olunqamlezileyo lubonisa ukuba, ngexesha elithile, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuhambelana nokuguquguquka okuthile komdla. Uyilo lwexesha elide alubonisi nje ukuba, malunga namanqaku amabini ahlukeneyo exesha, iphonografi inxulunyaniswa nenye into eguquguqukayo kodwa kwanokuba yintoni ulungelelwaniso lwexeshana phakathi kwezinto ezimbini eziguquguqukayo kumbutho (okt, ingaba enye iguquguquko yandulela enye okwexeshana okanye ingaba ezi zimbini zimbini. ziyahambelana ngokuhamba kwexesha). Nangona kunjalo, nangona uyilo lwe-longitudinal lunobungqinisiso obuphezulu bangaphakathi kune-cross-sectional-sectional, abanako ukukhupha ezinye iingcaciso zobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neziguquguquko ezithile ezinobungqongqo obufana noyilo lovavanyo. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqwalasela umlinganiselo apho uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lukhupha iinkcazo ezizezinye, umzekelo, ngobuchule obuthile beenkcukacha-manani okanye ukufakwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zolawulo. Kolu hlaziyo, ngaloo ndlela sithelekisa uyilo lwezifundo kunye nobuchule bokuhlalutya idatha, kunye nokufakwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zolawulo.

Indlela eDityanisiweyo yoLuncwadi lwephonografi kunye nabafikisayo

Uphando lwezenzululwazi zentlalo malunga nokusetyenziswa koburheletya kwabakwishumi elivisayo zizinto ezininzi, izifundo ezithatha ixesha elide eziphefumlelweyo, umzekelo, ngokwengqondo yophuhliso (umzekelo, uBonino, uCiairano, uRabaglietti, & Cattelino, 2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Doornwaard, van den Eijnden, Overbeek, & ter Bogt, 2015 Emnyango, I-SM, van den Eijnden, RJJM, Ewe, G., & ter Bogt, TFM (2015). Iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwabakwishumi elivisayo abasebenzisa izinto ze-Intanethi ezingamanyala kwi-Intanethi. 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Ukuziphatha kweNtlalo kunye nobuNtu, 41 (1), 157-164. ikhonkco:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.157[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Iya, Ngai, & Iu Kan, 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Imvelaphi eyahlukeneyo yoluleko yezifundo ikwabonisa kunyango olwahlukeneyo lwethiyori. Nangona bekuya kuba ngafanelekanga ukubiza uncwadi malunga nephonografi yolutsha lusebenzisa i-athiyoretical, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inani elikhulu lezifundo alizange lithembele kwisikhokelo sethiyori esekiweyo. Kuphononongo olusebenzise isakhelo sethiyori esekiweyo, iindlela ezikhethiweyo zahluka kakhulu. Abaphandi basebenzise, umzekelo, imodeli yokuziqhelanisa nemidiya (umzekelo, uBrown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. 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Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. ikhonkco:10.1037/t01038-000[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]), imodeli ye-hedonic-valence (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ithiyori ye-ego-identity-status (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. 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Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Uphando loLuntu, 35 (2), 171-194. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), indlela yokubhalwa kwezesondo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye nethiyori yokulima (Weber, Quiring, & Daschmann, 2012 Weber, M., Ukubuza, O., & Daschmann, G. (2012). Oontanga, abazali, kunye nephonografi: Ukuphonononga ukuvezwa kwabakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ngesondo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo nokukhula.. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye neNkcubeko, 16 (4), 408-427. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12119-012-9132-7[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]).

Ukunikezelwa kweyantlukwano yethiyori ebaleni, kubonakala kunenzuzo ukuququzelela uphononongo loncwadi ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sethiyori esinokuthi sivumeleke ngokufanelekileyo zombini uphando malunga nokuqikelelwa kokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kunye nophando malunga nendlela olu setyenziso lunxulunyaniswa ngayo nezinto eziguquguqukayo zekhrayitheriya. izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ngokukhethekileyo, isakhelo kufuneka sidibanise iindlela, ezinje ngemodeli yokuziqhelanisa nemithombo yeendaba, ulandelelwano lokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye nethiyori yengqondo yentlalo, esetyenziswa rhoqo kuphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kolutsha lwephonografi. Okokugqibela, isakhelo sethiyori kufuneka sincede ukucwangciswa kophando olukhoyo olufana nolwazi olusekwe kakuhle, ukungangqinelani, kunye nemibuzo evulekileyo ibonakale ngendlela enentsingiselo yethiyori yokukhuthaza uphando lwexesha elizayo.

Isakhelo sethiyori esihlangabezana nezi mfuno kukuchaphazeleka ngokwahlukileyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zosasazo (DSMM; Valkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokuhambelana nezinye iithiyori zeziphumo zosasazo (umzekelo, uAnderson & Bushman, 2002 Anderson, CA, & UBushman, BJ (2002). Ingqumbo yabantu. Ukuhlaziywa koNyaka kweeNgqondo, 53, 27-51. ikhonkco:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Slater, 2007 Slater, MD (2007). Ukuqinisa i-spirals: Impembelelo efanayo yokukhethwa kwemithombo yeendaba kunye nefuthe lemithombo yeendaba kunye nefuthe labo ekuziphatheni komntu kunye nesazisi sentlalo.. Ithiyori yoNxibelelwano, 17 (3), 281-303. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), i-DSMM idibanisa i-predictor kunye ne-criterion variables yokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kwimodeli enye kwaye ngoko kubonakala kufanelekile ukucwangcisa uphando malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi. Ngaphezu koko, i-DSMM yakhela ngokucacileyo kwiinkqubo zethiyori, njengemodeli yokuziqhelanisa nemidiya kunye nethiyori yokufunda kwezentlalo. Ngokukodwa, i-DSMM ibeka phambili izindululo ezine ezikwabalulekile kwizifundo zabakwishumi elivisayo nakwiphonografi.

Isindululo sokuqala se-DSMM kukuba iintlobo ezintathu zezinto eziguquguqukayo (okt, ulwahlulo, uphuhliso, kunye noluntu) ziqikelela ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba (iValkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Nangona uphononongo lwangaphambili loncwadi lujongene nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi (umzekelo, iBloom & Hagedorn, 2015 Ibhloko, ZD, & Hagedorn, WB (2015). Amadoda akwishumi elivisayo kunye neephonografi zangoku: Iimpembelelo zomtshato kunye nabacebisi bosapho. Ijenali yoSapho, 23 (1), 82-89. ikhonkco:10.1177/1066480714555672[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), sisenalo ulwazi olucwangcisiweyo malunga nokuba zeziphi iintlobo zolutsha oluzichanaba kwiphonografi. Kolu phononongo, ke sithelekisa ukuthambekela, uphuhliso, kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili kwezentlalo kolutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi.

Isindululo sesibini seDSMM kukuba impendulo ithi (oko kukuthi, iinguqu zelizwe ezisuka kusetyenziso lwemidiya; Valkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) lamla ubudlelwane phakathi kosetyenziso lwemidiya kunye noguquguquko lwekhrayitheriya. La mazwe eempendulo anokuba nengqondo (okt, indlela abasebenzisi bemidiya abakhetha ngayo ukujonga kwaye batyale iinzame zokuqonda ukuqonda umxholo wemidiya), iimvakalelo (okt, zonke iimpendulo ezichaphazelekayo kumxholo wemidiya), kunye nemincili (okt, iqondo lomzimba. ukuvuseleleka ukuphendula kumajelo eendaba). Ngoxa u-Owens et al. (2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]) ukunqanda ngamabom ubudlelwane obungathanga ngqo ekuphononongeni kwabo, inkcazo ngeziphumo zosasazo zichaze ukubaluleka kweenkqubo ezisisiseko, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ubudlelwane obungathanga ngqo, ukuqonda kwethu indlela ukusetyenziswa komxholo weendaba kunokuqikelela ukuguquguquka kwekhrayitheriya (umzekelo, uAnderson & Bushman, 2002 Anderson, CA, & UBushman, BJ (2002). Ingqumbo yabantu. Ukuhlaziywa koNyaka kweeNgqondo, 53, 27-51. ikhonkco:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngoko ke sithelekisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda, iimvakalelo, kunye ne-excitative mediator variables ezifundwe kuncwadi malunga nolutsha kunye neenografi.

Isindululo sesithathu se-DSMM kukuba ukuguquguquka, uphuhliso, kunye noluntu alunakuqikelela kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kodwa kunye nokumodareyitha ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kuqikelela ukuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo (iValkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). IMalamuth kunye nabalingane (umz., iMalamuth, iAddison, kunye neKoss, 2000 Malamuth, NM, Addison, T., & Koss, M. (2000). Imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo: Ngaba kukho iziphumo ezinokuthenjwa kwaye siyakwazi ukuziqonda? Uphononongo loNyaka loPhando lwezesondo, 11, 26-91. ikhonkco:10.1080/10532528.2000.10559784[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; UMalamuth kunye noHuppin, 2005 Malamuth, NM, & Huppin, M. (2005). Iphonografi kunye nabakwishumi elivisayo: Ukubaluleka kokungafani kwabantu. Iiklinikhi zamayeza olutsha, 16(2) 315-326. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.004[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]) ngokukodwa baye bagxininisa indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuthathela ingqalelo ukungafani komntu ngamnye xa ufunda imifanekiso engamanyala njengento ebonisa ukuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo yomdla. Isiphakamiso sesithathu se-DSMM sibonakalisa olu gxininiso. Kolu hlaziyo, ke ngoko silungelelanisa kwaye sithelekise iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemodareyitha yophuhliso, yophuhliso, kunye nentlalontle eye yafundwa kwiincwadi.

Isiphakamiso sesine kunye nesokugqibela se-DSMM kukuba ukusetyenziswa kweendaba kunye nokuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo kuhambelana ngendlela yokuthengiselana, oko kukuthi, ingcamango yokuba (utshintsho) imilinganiselo eqikelelweyo yokusetyenziswa kweendaba inokuphinda iqikelele ukusetyenziswa kweendaba (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Uphononongo lwangaphambili loncwadi lujongane nale mbono nje kancinci. Uncwadi lweziphumo zosasazo, nangona kunjalo, luye lwanika ingqalelo ngakumbi kubudlelwane bokuthengiselana phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kunye noguquguquko lwemilinganiselo kuba kubonakala ngathi kuchaza iimpembelelo zokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba ngokwenyani kwaye ngokusemthethweni kuneembono ezingafaniyo nezicacileyo zeziphumo zosasazo (Bandura, 2009 Bandura, A. (2009). Ithiyori yengqondo yentlalo okanye unxibelelwano oluninzi, e J. Bryant & MB Oliver (Mhl.), Iziphumo zosasazo: Inkqubela phambili kwithiyori kunye nophando (I-94-124). New York, NY: UTaylor noFrancis. [Google Scholar]; Slater, 2007 Slater, MD (2007). Ukuqinisa i-spirals: Impembelelo efanayo yokukhethwa kwemithombo yeendaba kunye nefuthe lemithombo yeendaba kunye nefuthe labo ekuziphatheni komntu kunye nesazisi sentlalo.. Ithiyori yoNxibelelwano, 17 (3), 281-303. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ke ngoko sijonga ukuba ngaba ubudlelwane bokuthengiselana phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo kuye kwafundwa.

indlela yokwenza

Siphendle zombini iWebhu yeSayensi (i-database ye-SSCI) kunye ne-PsycINFO ngamagama okukhangela (i-porn * KUNYE ne-adolescen *) OKANYE (i-porn * KUNYE nolutsha *) OKANYE (i-porn * KUNYE nolutsha) kwizifundo zobungqina kulutsha kunye ne-pornography epapashwe kwixesha le-1995 ukuya ku-2015 (umhla wokugqibela we-15 kaDisemba 2015). KwiWebhu yeNzululwazi, amagama okukhangela anokuvela kwi Sihloko (okt. isihloko, abstract, umbhali amagama angundoqo, yaye amagama angundoqo dibanisa). Kwi-PsycINFO, sikhangele amasimi isihloko, i-abstract, igama lesihloko, iikhonsepthi eziphambili, yaye isihloko sokuqala. Silinganisele uphendlo lwethu kumanqaku ejenali ajongwe ngoontanga. Sikhethe amanqaku ejenali kuba ngawona mthombo uphambili wezifundo zobungqina kwaye aqinisekisa ubuncinci bokuthelekisa. Sikhethe iijenali eziphononongwe ngoontanga kuba uphononongo loontanga luhlala luqinisekisa umgangatho wemfundo osisiseko wamanqaku.

Uphendlo lwethu lufumene amanqaku angama-349 kwiWebhu yeSayensi kunye namanqaku angama-271 kwi-PsycINFO. Okokuqala, sajonga ukuba inqaku lipapashwe ngesiNgesi. Sifake amanqaku olwimi lwesiNgesi kuphela, kuba afikeleleka lula kubafundi abaninzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uphononongo lwethu lucace ngakumbi kwaye luqinisekise. Ngaloo ndlela siwakhuphe ngaphandle la manqaku alandelayo: Kukhetho lweWebhu yeNzululwazi, sasusa ezisibhozo kwisiJamani, ezine ngesiSpanish, ezibini ngesiFrentshi, esinye ngesiTurkey, esinye ngesiDatshi; kukhetho lwe-PsycINFO, asibandakanyi i-13 ngesiJamani, ezisibhozo ngeSpanish, ezisixhenxe ngesiFrentshi, ezine ngesiTshayina, ezimbini ngesiJapan, ezimbini ngesiTurkey, esinye ngesiCzech, esinye ngesiTaliyane, nesiPhuthukezi.

Okulandelayo, asibandakanyi amanqaku ngokwendlela enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zilandelayo. Okokuqala, sasingawaquki amanqaku athetha ngolutsha oluphakathi kweminyaka eli-10 neli-17 ubudala. Xa inqaku likwabandakanya abantu abangaphantsi kwe-10 kunye / okanye ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-17 ubudala (okanye iisampulu zabantu abadala abahlukeneyo), iminyaka yobudala besampulu (yokufikisa) kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kwe-10 kwaye ingaphantsi kwe-18 ukuze isifundo sibandakanywe. ; Amanqaku e-113 kwiWebhu yeSayensi kunye namanqaku angama-43 kwi-PsycINFO ayengabandakanywanga. Okwesibini, asibandakanyi amanqaku angakhange abonise iziphumo zoqobo: amanqaku e-31 kwiWebhu yeSayensi kunye namanqaku angama-49 kwi-PsycINFO. Okwesithathu, asibandakanyi amanqaku agxininise ngokukodwa kuluntu olukhethekileyo lwabakwishumi elivisayo (umz., abagwenxa, iisampuli zeklinikhi): amanqaku e-14 kwiWebhu yeSayensi kunye namanqaku e-17 kwi-PsycINFO. Ukuquka aba bantu kuza kwazisa umahluko obhidayo. Okwesine, asibandakanyi amanqaku angakhange ajongane kakhulu nokusetyenziswa koonografi abakwishumi elivisayo: amanqaku e-115 kwiWebhu yeSayensi kunye namanqaku angama-66 kwi-PsycINFO. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amanqaku anjalo ayenegama zoonografi kuphela kumagama angundoqo kodwa akhange enze enye ireferensi ebalulekileyo kuyo; igxile kuphela kwimiba efana nephonografi yabantwana okanye umlutha we-Intanethi; okanye ibinomxholo, intetho, okanye ezinye iindidi zokuhlalutya isicatshulwa. Iseti yamanqaku aphuma kukhangelo lwethu iyafana kwiWebhu yeSayensi kunye ne-PsycINFO, nangona inkulu kwiWebhu yeSayensi. Ke ngoko, sasinovavanyo oluzimeleyo lwekhowudi ye-10% yamanqaku afunyenweyo kwiWebhu yeSayensi ukuba, ngokwekhrayitheriya yethu, kufuneka bafakwe kuphononongo lwethu. Ukuthembeka kwe-intercoder bekuyi-100%.

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Sifunda amanqaku obungakanani ngokugxila kwiinjongo ezimbini zophononongo. Ukuba ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukujongana nenye yeenjongo ezimbini zokuphononongwa kwethu akukhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumanqaku, sizame ukufumana olu lwazi kulwazi lomxholo okanye ukubhekisela kwamanye amaxwebhu. Ukufumana ukuqonda ngobungakanani besiphumo, sibale iCohen's d (Cohen, 1988 Cohen, J. (1988). Uhlalutyo lwamandla e-Statistical (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]) kwiziphumo ezibalulekileyo kuhlalutyo lwe-multivariate, ngaphandle kokuba izibalo ze-bivariate, ezifana ne-Pearson's r okanye umlinganiselo wokungalingani, nawo anikwe ingxelo kwezi ziphumo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iCohen's d amaxabiso achazwe kolu hlaziyo abonisa uqikelelo lokuqala olurhabaxa, njengoko lusekwe kuphela kumanani akhoyo akhoyo kumanqaku. Abakwazi ukuthatha indawo ye-meta-analytical computations ye-Cohen's d. Ngokuhambelana neendibano, siqwalasela iCohen's d amaxabiso aphakathi kwe-0.20 kunye ne-0.49 (iyalingana r amaxabiso phakathi kwe-0.10 kunye ne-0.24) ubudlelwane obuncinci, amaxabiso phakathi kwe-0.50 kunye ne-0.79 (ilingana r amaxabiso phakathi kwe-0.25 kunye ne-0.37) ubudlelwane obuphakathi, kunye namaxabiso e-0.80 nangaphezulu (ilingana r amaxabiso e-0.38 nangaphezulu) ubudlelwane obuqinileyo. Sifunda amanqaku asemgangathweni ngokugxila kwindlela iziphumo zabo zithelekiswa neziphumo zamanqaku obungakanani.

iziphumo

Iimpawu zeMethodological of Quantitative Research on Adolescents and Pornography

IsiHlomelo sibonisa umboniso wophando lobungakanani-ubungqina bolutsha kunye neeponografi ezipapashwe phakathi kwe-1995 kunye ne-2015 kumanqaku ephephancwadi ahlaziywe ngoontanga. Njengoko iSihlomelo sibonisa, uphando lobungakanani-empirical malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi lwalusekwe ngokukodwa kuphando. Ngokwendlela yophando, uninzi lwezifundo lusebenzise uphando lwephepha kunye neepensile (49%) okanye uphando lwe-intanethi (20%). (La manani kunye nala manani alandelayo abalwa ngokusekelwe kwinani leesampuli zokwenene.) Kuzo zonke, i-12% yezifundo zixhomekeke kuphando ubuso nobuso kunye ne-8% kwiisaveyi zefowuni, ngelixa i-computer-assisted self-interviews. kwenzeke kabini kuphela (kumanqaku amathathu, imo yophando yayingacacanga). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ezona mibuzo zininzi bezizenzela (73%), ngokuchaseneyo nodliwano-ndlebe olulawulwayo (20%). Uninzi lweekhweshine ezizilawulelayo zazaliswa ekhaya okanye kwigumbi lokufundela okanye esikolweni. Ngezifundo ezithathu, imowudi yovavanyo kunye nolawulo lwalungacacanga.

Uninzi lwezifundo (59%) zixhomekeke kwisampuli kunye necandelo elithile elingahleliwe (ngokuqhelekileyo kwinqanaba lokuqala lesampula, umzekelo, izikolo okanye amakhaya); I-4% yezifundo zazisekwe kwiisampulu zekota, ezichazwa njengeisampulu apho, ngokusekwe kwizibalo ezisemthethweni, iiquotas zeempawu zesampulu ezithile, ezifana nobudala, isini sebhayoloji, kunye nenqanaba lemfundo, zabekwa phambi kokuba idatha iqokelelwe kwaye ijolise kwi. ukuqokelelwa kwedatha. Iyonke i-37% yezifundo zixhomekeke kwiisampuli ezilula, ezichazwe njengeisampulu ezingenayo i-random okanye i-quota element (umzekelo, xa izimemo zithunyelwa kuzo zonke iindwendwe ze-Web site). Ubungakanani besampulu (echazwe ngokwesiseko sabaphenduli abasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo kuphononongo) bohlukene ukusuka N = 97 (uSkoog et al., 2009 Skoog, T., Stanley, H., & Kerr, M. (2009). Indima yexesha lokufikisa kwinto eyenziwa ngamakhwenkwe afikisayo kwi-intanethi. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 19 (1), 1-7. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1532-7795.2009.00578.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ukuya N = 11,712 (Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), enobungakanani obuphakathi be N = 896. Umyinge wobungakanani besampulu yayi N = 1,498 kunye nokutenxa okusemgangathweni kwe-1,930, ebonisa ukungafani okukhulu kwiisampuli zeesampulu. Amazinga okuphendula axelwe ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sezifundo kwaye aphakathi kwe-10% (kubazali; Hardy et al., 2013 Hardy, SA, Steelman, I-MA, Coyne, I-SM, & Umqolo, I-RD (2013). Unqulo lwabafikisayo njengento ekhuselayo ekusetyenzisweni kwephonografi. Ijenali ye-Psychology eSebenzayo, 34 (3), 131-139. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.002[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye ne-98.7% (Mesch & Maman, 2009 Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. ikhonkco:10.1037/t01038-000[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]), kunye nezinga lokuphendula eliphakathi kwe-82% kunye ne-avareji yempendulo ye-74% (SD = 24.35). Kwizifundo zexesha elide, ukuthotywa kwakuphakathi kwe-5% (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye ne-46% (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye ne-median ye-22% kunye ne-avareji yokunciphisa i-23% (SD = 11.80).

Ngokumalunga noyilo, i-80% yezifundo zine-design-sectional design kunye ne-20% yayinoyilo longitudinal; I-64% yamanqaku axhomekeke kwii-square eziqhelekileyo ezincinci (OLS), i-logistic, okanye i-multinomial regression, kunye ne-21% isetyenziswe i-structural equation modeling (SEM). Ukongeza, i-15% yamanqaku abonise iziphumo ezisekelwe ngokukodwa kwi-uni- okanye kwi-bivariate statistics. (Iipesenti zobuchule beenkcukacha-manani ezisetyenzisiweyo zibalwe kwitotali yenani lamanqaku obungakanani.) Ngokuphathelele kwizinto eziguquguqukayo zolawulo, amanqaku ahluka kakhulu, ukusuka kulawulo nje lwedemographics (umz., Bonino et al., 2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. 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Ukuqukumbela: Ulawulo lwemibuzo eZilawulayo kunye noYilo lweCandelo elinqamlezileyo

Uninzi lwezifundo malunga nolutsha kunye neephonografi zilandele ulwazi oluvela kuphando lophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephepha kunye nepensile okanye uphando lwe-intanethi kunye nephepha lemibuzo elizilawulayo. Phantse isibini kwisithathu sezifundo (i-63%) zixhomekeke kwiisampuli kunye nenxalenye ethile okanye i-quota component. Amazinga eempendulo ebephezulu noko, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba izifundo ezininzi beziqhutywa kwimeko yesikolo, kodwa eli nani lisekelwe kulwazi olunqongopheleyo. Izinga lokuthotywa kovavanyo lwelongitudinal nalo libephezulu.

Ngokubanzi, ke, ulungelelwaniso olulumkileyo olusekelwe kwiziphumo ezidibeneyo lubonakala lunokwenzeka. Ngokubhekiselele kuyilo, nangona kunjalo, ukongamela koyilo olunqamlezileyo, kunye nophawu oluhambelanayo loyilo lwelongitudinal, lucela isilumkiso xa senza izigqibo eziyimbangela. Le ngongoma ibonakala ibaluleke ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa impikiswano yakutshanje (umzekelo, uBrown, 2011 Ntsundu, JD (2011). Amajelo eendaba abalulekile: Izimvo ngoSteinberg kunye noMonahan (2011). UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 47 (2), 580-581. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / A0022553[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; USteinberg kunye noMonahan, 2011 Steinberg, L., & Monahan, KC (2011). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kumajelo eendaba avuselelayo akukhawulezisi ukuqalisa ukwabelana ngesondo. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 47 (2), 562-576. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / A0020613[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) malunga nokuba uhlalutyo olusekelwe kwi-regression, olulawula uphando malunga nolutsha kunye neephonografi, kufuneka lutshintshwe kunye nohlalutyo lwamanqaku e-propensity njengoko luba ngcono ukungafani kwezinto ezenza ukuba ulutsha lusebenzise iphonografi ngokwahlukileyo.

Ukuxhaphaka Kolutsha Olusebenzisa Iphonografi

Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kolutsha kuye kwavavanywa kwizifundo ngokugxininisa (a) ukusetyenziswa ngokungeyonjongo, (b) ukusetyenziswa ngenjongo, kunye (c) naluphi na ukusetyenziswa koonografi (oko kukuthi, ukungahluli phakathi kokusetyenziswa ngokungeyonjongo kunye nenjongo). 1 Table ibonisa ukuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo ekuye kwaxelwa kuzo. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi ngokungeyonjongo kolutsha kuye kwafundwa njengengafunwayo (umzekelo, uMitchell et al., 2003 I-Mitchell, KJ, Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ezingafunekiyo zesondo kwi-Intanethi: Uvavanyo lwesizwe lomngcipheko, impembelelo kunye nothintelo. Ulutsha noMbutho, 34(3) 330-358. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X02250123[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) okanye ngempazamo (umzekelo, uNogumbe, 2007 Umkhukula, M. (2007). Ukuboniswa kwephonografi kulutsha lwaseOstreliya. Ijenali yeSociology, 43 (1), 45-60. ikhonkco:10.1177/1440783307073934[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Tsaliki, 2011 Tsaliki, L. (2011). Ukudlala ngamanyala: Ukuphononongwa kwabantwana bamaGrike kwiphonografi. sex Education, 11 (3), 293-302. ikhonkco:10.1080/14681811.2011.590087[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]) ukuboniswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi. Olu hlobo lokuvezwa lunokuthi lwenzeke, umzekelo, ngokuvula imiyalezo engacelwanga okanye ukufumana ii-imeyile ze-spam (uChen et al., 2013 I-Chen, A.-S., Leung, M., I-Chen, C.-H., & Yang, SC (2013). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseTaiwan. Ukuziphatha kweNtlalo kunye nobuNtu, 41 (1), 157-164. ikhonkco:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.157[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UMitchell et al., 2003 I-Mitchell, KJ, Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ezingafunekiyo zesondo kwi-Intanethi: Uvavanyo lwesizwe lomngcipheko, impembelelo kunye nothintelo. Ulutsha noMbutho, 34(3) 330-358. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X02250123[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ukubhala kakubi iidilesi zeWebhsayithi, ukukhangela amagama anentsingiselo yesini nesini (uNogumbe, 2007 Umkhukula, M. (2007). Ukuboniswa kwephonografi kulutsha lwaseOstreliya. Ijenali yeSociology, 43 (1), 45-60. ikhonkco:10.1177/1440783307073934[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), okanye ukufikelela ngempazamo kwimifanekiso ezivelelayo kunye neentengiso (Chen et al., 2013 I-Chen, A.-S., Leung, M., I-Chen, C.-H., & Yang, SC (2013). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseTaiwan. Ukuziphatha kweNtlalo kunye nobuNtu, 41 (1), 157-164. ikhonkco:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.157[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Amazinga okuxhaphaka kokuvezwa ngokungeyonjongo kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi ukusuka kwi-19% efunyenwe phakathi kwe-10 ukuya kwi-12 yeminyaka ubudala e-United States (uMitchell et al., 2007 I-Mitchell, KJ, Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Iingxelo zolutsha malunga nokucengwa ngokwesondo, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye nokuvezwa okungamanyala kwi-Intanethi.. Umbhalo wezeMpilo yabantwana, 40 (2), 116-126. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2006.05.021[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]ukuya kuma-60% phakathi kwamantombazana aseOstreliya kunye nama-84% phakathi kwamakhwenkwe aseOstreliya aneminyaka eli-16 ukuya kweli-17 (uNogumbe, 2007 Umkhukula, M. (2007). Ukuboniswa kwephonografi kulutsha lwaseOstreliya. Ijenali yeSociology, 43 (1), 45-60. ikhonkco:10.1177/1440783307073934[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]); kwaye amazinga abonakala ehlile kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubuncinci eUnited States (Jones et al., 2012 Jones, I-LM, I-Mitchell, KJ, & Finkelhor, D. (2012). Iimpawu kulutsha lokwenziwa amaxhoba kwi-Intanethi: Iziphumo ezivela kuphando oluthathu lokhuseleko kwi-Intanethi ngo-2000-2010. Umbhalo wezeMpilo yabantwana, 50 (2), 179-186. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2011.09.015[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Olona phando lwamva nje lufumene ukuba i-41% yabakwishumi elivisayo baseTaiwan baye bavezwa ngempazamo kwi-Intanethi (Chen et al., 2013 I-Chen, A.-S., Leung, M., I-Chen, C.-H., & Yang, SC (2013). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseTaiwan. Ukuziphatha kweNtlalo kunye nobuNtu, 41 (1), 157-164. ikhonkco:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.157[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ngelixa i-68% yabakwishumi elivisayo eUnited States yayikhe yadibana nephonografi (uHardy et al., 2013 Hardy, SA, Steelman, I-MA, Coyne, I-SM, & Umqolo, I-RD (2013). Unqulo lwabafikisayo njengento ekhuselayo ekusetyenzisweni kwephonografi. Ijenali ye-Psychology eSebenzayo, 34 (3), 131-139. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.002[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Ithebula 1. UkuSebenzisa kunye nokuBanzi kokuSebenziswa kweFonografi yabakwishumi elivisayo (ngokungeyonjongo, ngabom, nayiphi na) (Kuphela iZifundo eziXhasa ukuBanda)

CSV Itheyibhuli yokubonisa

Ukusetyenziswa ngabom kolutsha lokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala kudla ngokufundwa ngabom (umzekelo, uLuder et al., 2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), enenjongo (umzekelo, uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ukuvezwa kumxholo wephonografi, ehlala ibandakanya ukhangelo olusebenzayo lwento (Tsaliki, 2011 Tsaliki, L. (2011). Ukudlala ngamanyala: Ukuphononongwa kwabantwana bamaGrike kwiphonografi. sex Education, 11 (3), 293-302. ikhonkco:10.1080/14681811.2011.590087[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]). Amazinga okuxhaphaka okuboniswa ngabom kwiphonografi nawo ahluka kakhulu. Ngelixa uYbarra noMitchell (2005 Ybarra, ML, & I-Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabantwana kunye nolutsha: Uvavanyo lwesizwe. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 8 (5), 473-486. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]) ifumene kuphela i-7% ye-10- ukuya kwi-17 ubudala e-United States ukuba ibe ngabasebenzisi abazimiseleyo bezoonografi kwimidiya yendabuko (i-8% kwi-Intanethi), u-Chen et al. (2013 I-Chen, A.-S., Leung, M., I-Chen, C.-H., & Yang, SC (2013). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseTaiwan. Ukuziphatha kweNtlalo kunye nobuNtu, 41 (1), 157-164. ikhonkco:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.157[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ingxelo yokuba i-59% ye-Taiwanese 10- ngokusebenzisa abafundi bebanga le-12th basebenzise ngamabomu imifanekiso engamanyala ye-Intanethi kunyaka odlulileyo.

Uphando olujongene nayo nayiphi na iphonografi yolutsha olukwishumi elivisayo ngaphandle kokwahlula phakathi kokuchanabeka ngabom nangengozi kwiphonografi nalo luye lwaba nemiphumo eyahlukileyo. Amazinga okuxhaphaka aphakathi ngaphantsi kwe-7% (ukuvezwa kwiphonografi; Dong, Cao, Cheng, Cui, & Li, 2013 Dong, F., Cao, F., Cheng, P., Kuyi, N., & Li, Y. (2013). Ukuxhaphaka kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nokuxhatshazwa kwepoly kulutsha lwaseTshayina. I-Scandinavia Ijenali yePsychology, 54 (5), 415-422. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / sjop.12059[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi nakwimithombo yeendaba yemveli kunyaka ophelileyo; Shek & Ma, 2012a Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2012a). Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo eHong Kong: Iiprofayili kunye nokunxibelelana kwengqondo.. Ijenali yeHlabathi yokuKhubazeka kunye noPhuculo loLuntu, 11 (2), 143-150. ikhonkco:10.1515/ijdhd-2012-0024[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]) ukuya kwi-71% (ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kulo nyaka uphelileyo; uChen et al., 2013 I-Chen, A.-S., Leung, M., I-Chen, C.-H., & Yang, SC (2013). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseTaiwan. Ukuziphatha kweNtlalo kunye nobuNtu, 41 (1), 157-164. ikhonkco:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.157[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Weber et al. (2012 Weber, M., Ukubuza, O., & Daschmann, G. (2012). Oontanga, abazali, kunye nephonografi: Ukuphonononga ukuvezwa kwabakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ngesondo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo nokukhula.. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye neNkcubeko, 16 (4), 408-427. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12119-012-9132-7[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]) bafumanisa ukuba i-93% yamakhwenkwe kunye ne-52% yamantombazana aneminyaka eyi-16 ukuya kwi-19 aye abukela i-movie engamanyala kwiinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kophando. Amazinga okuxhaphaka kokuvezwa koburheletya asuka kwi-25% phakathi kwabafikisayo baseTaiwan (iphonografi kwi-Intanethi; Cheng, Ma, & Missari, 2014 Cheng, S., Ma, J., & UMsari, S. (2014). Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bokuqala bolutsha kunye nesondo eTaiwan. I-International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. ikhonkco:10.1177/0268580914538084[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ukuya kwi-98% phakathi kwamakhwenkwe aseJamani kunye ne-81% phakathi kwamantombazana aseJamani (ifilimu engamanyala; Weber et al., 2012 Weber, M., Ukubuza, O., & Daschmann, G. (2012). Oontanga, abazali, kunye nephonografi: Ukuphonononga ukuvezwa kwabakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ngesondo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo nokukhula.. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye neNkcubeko, 16 (4), 408-427. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12119-012-9132-7[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]).

Phantse zonke izifundo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zijolise kwimilinganiselo yexesha elinye yokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo, ngaloo ndlela betyeshela indlela oku kusetyenziswa kunokukhula ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukujongana nalo msantsa wophando, uDoornwaard, van den Eijnden, et al. (2015 Emnyango, I-SM, van den Eijnden, RJJM, Ewe, G., & ter Bogt, TFM (2015). Iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwabakwishumi elivisayo abasebenzisa izinto ze-Intanethi ezingamanyala kwi-Intanethi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 52 (3), 269-281. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2013.866195[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kutshanje uye wafunda iindlela ezilandelwa ngabafikisayo kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi. Bafumene iindlela ezine zokusebenzisa iphonografi kumakhwenkwe: into engekhoyo okanye ukusetyenziswa okungaqhelekanga; umzila apho iphonografi yanda kakhulu; umzila wokusetyenziswa ngamaxesha athile; kunye nomzila wokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa. Iindlela ezintathu zokusetyenziswa koonografi zavela kumantombazana: i-nouse ezinzile okanye ukusetyenziswa okungaqhelekanga; ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokusetyenziswa; kunye ne-trajectory yokusetyenziswa ngamaxesha athile.

Isiphelo: Ulutsha lusebenzisa iphonografi, kodwa amazinga okuxhaphaka ahluke kakhulu

Iziphumo malunga nokuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa koonografi abakwishumi elivisayo kwahluka kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba izifundo zijongene nokungenzi ngenjongo, ngenjongo, okanye nayiphi na into yokusetyenziswa koonografi. Uphononongo lucebisa ukuba ubuncinci igcuntswana labo bonke abakwishumi elivisayo abasebenzisa iphonografi, kodwa amanani adityanisiweyo malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kubonakala kunzima ukuwafumana kuncwadi.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezifunyanisiweyo malunga nokuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabakwishumi elivisayo ubuncinane kunezizathu ezithathu. Okokuqala, njengoko 1 Table kunye neSihlomelo sibonisa, izifundo ziyahluka ngokwendlela, ngokukodwa ngokwendlela yesampula, ubungakanani besampuli, ukubunjwa kwesampuli, imowudi yophando / ulawulo, kunye nokusebenza kokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ngenxa yoko, amanani amaninzi malunga noonografi anokuba yinto ethile kwisifundo esithile kwaye kunzima ukuthelekisa uphando. Okwesibini, kwixesha elisusela kwi-1995 ukuya kwi-2015, esiyiphonononga apha, i-Intanethi iye yatshintsha kakhulu-kwaye kunye nokufikelela kolutsha kwi-intanethi ye-pornography. Okufunyaniswayo okwakusebenza ekuqaleni koo-2000 ngoko ke akunakuba kungokunje. Okwesithathu kwaye okokugqibela, ngelixa ipateni ecacileyo ingabonakali kwizifundo ezihlaziyiweyo, umxholo wenkcubeko (umzekelo, imfundo yezesondo, inkululeko yezesondo) yezifundo inokuchaphazela kaninzi kangakanani ulutsha (luxela) ukusebenzisa iphonografi. Indlela ezi zinto zintathu-iintlukwano zemethodological, utshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nomxholo wenkcubeko-zichaphazela ukuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kufuna ingqalelo ecwangcisiweyo kwizifundo ezizayo. Okwangoku, asinakukuthintela ukuba nasiphi na isigqibo malunga nokuxhaphaka kwamazinga okuvezwa kolutsha kwiphonografi kuyabhidaniswa zezi zinto zintathu zikhankanywe ngasentla.

Abaqikeleli bokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yabakwishumi elivisayo

Abaqikeleli bokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kulutsha babhekisa kwizinto eziguquguqukayo eziqikelela ukuba ulutsha oluthile lusebenzisa iphonografi. Kwinto esiyichongileyo njenge-predictor, silandele ukugxila kunye nengqiqo kwisifundo esithile. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wezinto ezifunyanisiweyo ezikhohlisayo, asixeleli iziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-bivariate kwaye sigxininise endaweni yoko kuphela kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-multivariate. Kwizifundo zexesha elide, sichaza iziphumo ezivela kwiimodeli ezineenguqu ezimbini kuphela xa iziphumo ezizenzekelayo zibandakanyiwe (oko kukuthi, ukulawula amaxabiso angaphambili oguquko lwekhrayitheriya).

Koku kulandelayo, asibandakanyi abaqikeleli bolutsha olukwishumi elivisayo lokusebenzisa iphonografi ngokungeyonjongo olufundwe kuncwadi. Kuyathandabuzeka ngokwengqiqo ukuba ngaba umsebenzi obandakanya icandelo lethuba uya kwahluka ngokucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwabafikisayo. Ukongeza, akucaci ukuba impendulo echanekileyo kumbuzo malunga nokuvezwa ngokungeyonjongo yindlela nje yokuphepha iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo ekuhlaleni kumbuzo malunga nokuvezwa ngabom. Ekugqibeleni, kwingqikelelo yokuvezwa ngokungeyonjongo, uncwadi aluzange lucacise ngokwaneleyo ukuba, emva koqhagamshelwano lokuqala olungenanjongo, ukuvezwa kuyayeka ukuba ngokungeyonjongo. Ngapha koko, ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo bagqiba kwelokuba baqhubeke nokubukela izinto ezingamanyala abadibana nazo, kunzima ukubona ukuba oku kuqhubeka kubhenca njani kuhlala kungenangqondo okanye ngempazamo.

Isindululo sokuqala seDSMM (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kuqikelelwa kwangaphambili ngokutshintsha, uphuhliso, kunye nentlalo. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-dispositional predictors yokusetyenziswa kwephonografi, amaqela amahlanu ezinto eziguquguqukayo ziye zaphandwa (ngaphandle kwezifundo zokusetyenziswa ngokungeyonjongo): amanani abantu, iimpawu zobuntu, izinto ezinxulumene nesiqhelo, umdla wesini, kunye nokuziphatha kwe-Intanethi. Ngokubhekiselele kumanani abantu, uphando oluninzi lubonise ukuba ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo lusebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo kunolutsha lwabasetyhini (Holt, Bossler, & May, 2012 Holt, TJ, Umphathi, AM, & UCanzibe, DC (2012). 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Ijenali yeHlabathi yokuKhubazeka kunye noPhuculo loLuntu, 11 (2), 143-150. ikhonkco:10.1515/ijdhd-2012-0024[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; Tsitsika et al., 2009 Tsitsika, A., Criselis, E., Kormas, G., Konstantoulaki, E., eConstantopoulos, A., & IiKafezi, D. (2009). Ukusetyenziswa kwendawo ye-Intanethi ye-intanethi ye-ponografi: Uhlalutyo lwe-multivariate regression yezinto eziqikelelwayo zokusetyenziswa kunye neempembelelo zengqondo.. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 12 (5), 545-550. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2008.0346[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]; Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UYbarra kunye noMitchell, 2005 Ybarra, ML, & I-Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabantwana kunye nolutsha: Uvavanyo lwesizwe. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 8 (5), 473-486. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]). Uphononongo lwakutsha nje oluthelekisa ilizwe lonke kumazwe eManyano yaseYurophu, nangona kunjalo, luye lwabonisa ukuba ukungafani kwezesondo ekusetyenzisweni koonografi akubonakali kangako kumazwe akhululekileyo kunamazwe akhululekileyo (Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Vandenbosch2015 IVandenbosch, L. (2015). Izandulela zokuvezwa kolutsha kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Iikhomputha zoLuntu, 50, 439-448. ikhonkco:I-10.1016 / j.chb.2015.04.032[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) akafumananga mahluko ngesondo ekuvezweni kolutsha lwamaDatshi kumsa-, ubukhosi-, okanye ubundlobongela obunezihloko zoburheletya kwi-Intanethi. Ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo lobufanasini okanye obufanasini lufunyenwe lusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kaninzi kunolutsha oluthandana nesini esahlukileyo (Luder et al., 2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2011d UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011d). Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1015-1025. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Abakwishumi elivisayo abaphumelele kwizifundo eziphakamileyo banokuthi badibane noburheletya be-Intanethi kwisifundo saseDatshi (Vandenbosch, 2015 IVandenbosch, L. (2015). Izandulela zokuvezwa kolutsha kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Iikhomputha zoLuntu, 50, 439-448. ikhonkco:I-10.1016 / j.chb.2015.04.032[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). 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Ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu zobuntu, ubungqina obunamandla buvelile ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo abafuna imvakalelo basebenzisa iphonografi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunabalingane babo (Beyens et al., 2015 Beyens, I., IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Ukuvezwa kwamakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi: Ubudlelwane kwixesha lokufikisa, ukufuna imvakalelo, kunye nokusebenza kwezemfundo.. Umbhalo we-Early adolescence, 35 (8), 1045-1068. ikhonkco:10.1177/0272431614548069[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Luder et al., 2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2011d UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011d). Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1015-1025. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), nangona uphononongo lwakutsha nje luchaze ukuba akukho mpembelelo yemvakalelo yokufuna kwimixholo yephonografi ye-Intanethi (okt, uthando, ubukhosi, ubundlobongela) apho ulutsha lwavezwa khona (Vandenbosch, 2015 IVandenbosch, L. (2015). Izandulela zokuvezwa kolutsha kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Iikhomputha zoLuntu, 50, 439-448. ikhonkco:I-10.1016 / j.chb.2015.04.032[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokufanayo, abantu abancinci abanokuzeyisa okuphantsi basebenzise ngakumbi iphonografi ye-Intanethi (Holt et al., 2012 Holt, TJ, Umphathi, AM, & UCanzibe, DC (2012). Ukuzithiba okuphantsi, imibutho yoontanga etenxileyo, kunye ne-cyberdeviance yolutsha. Ijenali yaseMelika yoBulungisa boLwaphulo-mthetho, 37 (3), 378-395. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12103-011-9117-3[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Abakwishumi elivisayo ababengonelisekanga kangako ngobomi babo nabo banokuthi basebenzise imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ukufunyaniswa okunqamlezileyo okuye kwaphindwa kuphononongo lwexesha elide (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011d UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011d). Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1015-1025. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kwizifundo ezibini zaseKorea, ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo olungazithembi luphinde lusebenzise imifanekiso engamanyala rhoqo (uKim, 2001 UKim, Y.-H. (2001). Ukuziphatha okusemngciphekweni kwempilo yolutsha lwaseKorea kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nolwakhiwo lwengqondo olukhethiweyo. Umbhalo wezeMpilo yabantwana, 29 (4), 298-306. ikhonkco:10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00218-X[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2011 UKim, Y.-H. (2011). Ukuziphatha kwempilo yabafikisayo kunye nonxulumano lwayo noguquguquko lwezengqondo. Ijenali yaseMbindi yeYurophu yeMpilo yoLuntu, 19 (4), 205-209.[PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kuphononongo lwakwaSirayeli, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuzithemba kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba akunxulumananga nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi (Mesch & Maman, 2009 Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? 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Ukuziphatha kwempilo yabafikisayo kunye nonxulumano lwayo noguquguquko lwezengqondo. Ijenali yaseMbindi yeYurophu yeMpilo yoLuntu, 19 (4), 205-209.[PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Okokugqibela, ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo olune-hyperfeminine okanye i-hypermasculine yokuqhelaniswa nesini lunokuthi lube sesichengeni sobundlobongela obunobundlobongela obune-Intanethi kunolutsha olungenayo i-hypergender orientation (Vandenbosch, 2015 IVandenbosch, L. (2015). Izandulela zokuvezwa kolutsha kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Iikhomputha zoLuntu, 50, 439-448. ikhonkco:I-10.1016 / j.chb.2015.04.032[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene nesiqhelo zibhekisa kwiikhonsepthi ezijongana nobungakanani bokuthi ulutsha olufikisayo luthobela okanye lwale izithethe kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni kuluntu oluthile. Ngokubhekiselele kwezi ziguquko, ulutsha olwaphula umthetho (Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UYbarra kunye noMitchell, 2005 Ybarra, ML, & I-Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabantwana kunye nolutsha: Uvavanyo lwesizwe. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 8 (5), 473-486. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nolutsha olusebenzisa izinto (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005 Ybarra, ML, & I-Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabantwana kunye nolutsha: Uvavanyo lwesizwe. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 8 (5), 473-486. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]) kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kusetyenziswa iphonografi rhoqo. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba lolona phawu lweqela labafikisayo ababizwa ngokuba “ngabaphuli-mthetho abakhulu” (Hasking, Scheier, & Ben Abdallah, 2011 Hasking, PA, Scheier, I-LM, & UBen Abdallah, A. (2011). Iiklasi ezintathu ezifihlakeleyo zobunjubaqa bokufikisa kunye nezinto ezinobungozi kubulungu kwiklasi nganye. Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 19-35. ikhonkco:I10.1002 / ab.20365[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 26). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulutsha lwenkolo (uHardy et al., 2013 Hardy, SA, Steelman, I-MA, Coyne, I-SM, & Umqolo, I-RD (2013). Unqulo lwabafikisayo njengento ekhuselayo ekusetyenzisweni kwephonografi. Ijenali ye-Psychology eSebenzayo, 34 (3), 131-139. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.002[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nabo bakwizikolo zonqulo (Mesch, 2009 Mesch, GS (2009). Ubundlelwane beNtlalontle kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 32 (3), 601-618. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2008.06.004[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UMesch kunye noMama, 2009 Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. ikhonkco:10.1037/t01038-000[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]) sebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngokuyininzi ngenxa yokuba unqulo lubonakaliswe ukuba lunxulumene nokuzithiba okuphezulu, izimo zengqondo ezingathandekiyo malunga noonografi, kunye nemvakalelo yokuba ukubukela iphonografi kuphula ulindelo lwentlalo kunye nemilinganiselo (Hardy et al., 2013 Hardy, SA, Steelman, I-MA, Coyne, I-SM, & Umqolo, I-RD (2013). Unqulo lwabafikisayo njengento ekhuselayo ekusetyenzisweni kwephonografi. Ijenali ye-Psychology eSebenzayo, 34 (3), 131-139. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.002[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Izifundo ezibini zamaDatshi, nangona kunjalo, azizange zifumane mpembelelo yenkolo ekusebenziseni iphonografi ye-Intanethi (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Vandenbosch, 2015 IVandenbosch, L. (2015). Izandulela zokuvezwa kolutsha kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Iikhomputha zoLuntu, 50, 439-448. ikhonkco:I-10.1016 / j.chb.2015.04.032[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ingaba abantwana abafikisayo baye babhaliswa esikolweni kwaye bahlala nabazali bobabini babenganxulumananga nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi (Lopez, Mukaire, & Mataya, 2015 Lopez, Omnci, Mukaire, I-PE, & Mataya, RH (2015). Iimpawu zolutsha ngokwesondo kunye nempilo yokuzala kunye nokuziphatha okunobungozi kumaphondo amabini asemaphandleni aseCambodia. Ukuzala, 12, 83. doi:10.1186/s12978-015-0052-5[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Okokugqibela, isimo sengqondo esingalunganga ngesikolo (Mesch, 2009 Mesch, GS (2009). Ubundlelwane beNtlalontle kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 32 (3), 601-618. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2008.06.004[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UMesch kunye noMama, 2009 Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. ikhonkco:10.1037/t01038-000[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nokuba nabahlobo abenza izinto ezitenxileyo (Holt et al., 2012 Holt, TJ, Umphathi, AM, & UCanzibe, DC (2012). Ukuzithiba okuphantsi, imibutho yoontanga etenxileyo, kunye ne-cyberdeviance yolutsha. Ijenali yaseMelika yoBulungisa boLwaphulo-mthetho, 37 (3), 378-395. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12103-011-9117-3[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]) zazinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kakhulu koonografi kwi-Intanethi.

Ngokuphathelele umdla wesondo wolutsha, abo banomdla kakhulu ngokwesondo, kunye nabo basebenzisa umxholo wesondo kwamanye amajelo eendaba, bahlala bevezwa kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Okokugqibela, malunga nokuziphatha kwe-Intanethi, ukusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kwakuphezulu phakathi kwabo banezakhono ezinkulu zedijithali kuphononongo kumazwe onke e-European Union (Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kodwa yayinganxulumananga nezakhono zekhompyuter zabakwishumi elivisayo kwisifundo sase-US (Holt et al., 2012 Holt, TJ, Umphathi, AM, & UCanzibe, DC (2012). Ukuzithiba okuphantsi, imibutho yoontanga etenxileyo, kunye ne-cyberdeviance yolutsha. Ijenali yaseMelika yoBulungisa boLwaphulo-mthetho, 37 (3), 378-395. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12103-011-9117-3[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kubonakala kusezantsi xa isoftware yokucoca ifakiwe (Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ulutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi rhoqo lusebenzisa i-Intanethi rhoqo (Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, njengokwabelana ngefayile (Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ukufundisa ngesondo (Tsitsika et al., 2009 Tsitsika, A., Criselis, E., Kormas, G., Konstantoulaki, E., eConstantopoulos, A., & IiKafezi, D. (2009). Ukusetyenziswa kwendawo ye-Intanethi ye-intanethi ye-ponografi: Uhlalutyo lwe-multivariate regression yezinto eziqikelelwayo zokusetyenziswa kunye neempembelelo zengqondo.. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 12 (5), 545-550. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2008.0346[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]), ukuthetha nabantu ongabaziyo (Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), imidlalo ye-Intanethi, kunye nokuthenga iimpahla (uTsitsika et al., 2009 Tsitsika, A., Criselis, E., Kormas, G., Konstantoulaki, E., eConstantopoulos, A., & IiKafezi, D. (2009). Ukusetyenziswa kwendawo ye-Intanethi ye-intanethi ye-ponografi: Uhlalutyo lwe-multivariate regression yezinto eziqikelelwayo zokusetyenziswa kunye neempembelelo zengqondo.. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 12 (5), 545-550. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2008.0346[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]).

Ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso oluqikelelwayo lokusetyenziswa koonografi, uphando lujolise kumaqela amathathu eenguqu: iminyaka yobudala / ukuvuthwa komntwana, amava ngesondo, kunye nobuchule bophuhliso. Ngokumalunga nobudala, kuye kwavela iziphumo ezingahambelaniyo. Ngelixa izifundo ezine zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwanda ngokukhula (Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Shek & Ma, 2012a Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2012a). Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo eHong Kong: Iiprofayili kunye nokunxibelelana kwengqondo.. Ijenali yeHlabathi yokuKhubazeka kunye noPhuculo loLuntu, 11 (2), 143-150. ikhonkco:10.1515/ijdhd-2012-0024[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UYbarra kunye noMitchell, 2005 Ybarra, ML, & I-Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabantwana kunye nolutsha: Uvavanyo lwesizwe. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 8 (5), 473-486. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]), ezinye izifundo ezintlanu azizange zifumane ukwanda okunjalo (Holt et al., 2012 Holt, TJ, Umphathi, AM, & UCanzibe, DC (2012). Ukuzithiba okuphantsi, imibutho yoontanga etenxileyo, kunye ne-cyberdeviance yolutsha. Ijenali yaseMelika yoBulungisa boLwaphulo-mthetho, 37 (3), 378-395. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12103-011-9117-3[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; Mesch, 2009 Mesch, GS (2009). Ubundlelwane beNtlalontle kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 32 (3), 601-618. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2008.06.004[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UMesch kunye noMama, 2009 Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. ikhonkco:10.1037/t01038-000[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2011d UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011d). Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1015-1025. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Uphononongo lwakutsha nje luchaze ukuvezwa ngakumbi kwimifanekiso engamanyala ye-Intanethi yothando kulutsha olufikisayo kunye nokuvezwa ngakumbi kwimifanekiso engamanyala elawulwa ngabantu abakwishumi elivisayo (Vandenbosch, 2015 IVandenbosch, L. (2015). Izandulela zokuvezwa kolutsha kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Iikhomputha zoLuntu, 50, 439-448. ikhonkco:I-10.1016 / j.chb.2015.04.032[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukuvuthwa kokufikisa, ngokuchaseneyo, iziphumo zibonakala zingaguquguquki. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo koonografi kwi-Intanethi kwafunyanwa zombini kumakhwenkwe (Beyens et al., 2015 Beyens, I., IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Ukuvezwa kwamakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi: Ubudlelwane kwixesha lokufikisa, ukufuna imvakalelo, kunye nokusebenza kwezemfundo.. Umbhalo we-Early adolescence, 35 (8), 1045-1068. ikhonkco:10.1177/0272431614548069[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye namantombazana (uLuder et al., 2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ngokuvuthwa okuphambili. Ngokumalunga namava esondo, iziphumo aziqiniseki. Amava amakhulu ngokwesondo anxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa rhoqo koonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisifundo esinye (Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi (phakathi kwamantombazana) kwenye (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokubhekiselele kwizakhono zophuhliso, ubuchule bokuziphatha kwengqondo (oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukusombulula iingxaki, ukubeka iinjongo, ukwenza ukhetho olusebenzayo lokuziphatha kunye nokwenza ngokufanelekileyo) kwakunxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi rhoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iimpawu ezintle zophuhliso lolutsha (umzekelo, ubuchule bentlalontle, ukuzimela, kunye nobuchule bokuziphatha) zazinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi, kwi-Intanethi nakwimithombo yeendaba engaphantsi (uShek & Ma, 2012a Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2012a). Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo eHong Kong: Iiprofayili kunye nokunxibelelana kwengqondo.. Ijenali yeHlabathi yokuKhubazeka kunye noPhuculo loLuntu, 11 (2), 143-150. ikhonkco:10.1515/ijdhd-2012-0024[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]).

Ngokubhekiselele kwintlalontle yokusetyenziswa kwephonografi, abaphandi bajongana nezinto ezinxulumene nosapho kunye nezinxulumene noontanga kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Ukuzinikela okuncinci kusapho (Mesch, 2009 Mesch, GS (2009). Ubundlelwane beNtlalontle kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 32 (3), 601-618. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2008.06.004[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UMesch kunye noMama, 2009 Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. ikhonkco:10.1037/t01038-000[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]), usapho olungasebenzi kakuhle ngokubanzi (uShek & Ma, 2014 Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2014). Ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-equation yolwakhiwo ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala kulutsha lwaseTshayina eHong Kong. Ijenali yeHlabathi yokuKhubazeka kunye noPhuculo loLuntu, 13 (2), 239-245. ikhonkco:10.1515/ijdhd-2014-0309[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]), kwaye ngokuthe ngqo ukuhambelana okuncinci ekusebenzeni kosapho (uShek & Ma, 2012a Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2012a). Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo eHong Kong: Iiprofayili kunye nokunxibelelana kwengqondo.. Ijenali yeHlabathi yokuKhubazeka kunye noPhuculo loLuntu, 11 (2), 143-150. ikhonkco:10.1515/ijdhd-2012-0024[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]) zonke zazinxulunyaniswa nokusebenzisa ngamandla imifanekiso engamanyala. Kwakuyinyani into efanayo kubudlelwane obuhlwempuzekileyo beemvakalelo kunye nomkhathaleli (kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi; uYbarra noMitchell, 2005 Ybarra, ML, & I-Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabantwana kunye nolutsha: Uvavanyo lwesizwe. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 8 (5), 473-486. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nomkhathaleli osebenzise uqeqesho olunyanzelwayo (kwiphonografi yesiNtu; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005 Ybarra, ML, & I-Mitchell, KJ (2005). Ukuvezwa koonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabantwana kunye nolutsha: Uvavanyo lwesizwe. I-CyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha, 8 (5), 473-486. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.473[I-Crossref], [PubMed], , [Google Scholar]). Ukongeza, ungquzulwano lwentsapho kunye nonxibelelwano losapho olungalunganga lwalunxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi nakwimithombo yeendaba yemveli, nangona kulamlwa luphuhliso oluncinci lolutsha (Ma & Shek, 2013 Ma, CMS, & Shek, DTL (2013). Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala kulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo eHong Kong. Ijenali ye-Peediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 26(Suppl. 3), S18-25. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.jpag.2013.03.011[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Izimo zengqondo ezibuthathaka eziye zanxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi rhoqo (Mesch, 2009 Mesch, GS (2009). Ubundlelwane beNtlalontle kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 32 (3), 601-618. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2008.06.004[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Shek & Ma, 2012a Shek, DTL, & Ma, CMS (2012a). Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo eHong Kong: Iiprofayili kunye nokunxibelelana kwengqondo.. Ijenali yeHlabathi yokuKhubazeka kunye noPhuculo loLuntu, 11 (2), 143-150. ikhonkco:10.1515/ijdhd-2012-0024[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Ulamlo lwabazali olunemiqathango (Ševčíková et al., 2014 Ševčíková, A., Serek, J., Barbovschi, M., & Daneback, K. (2014). Iindima zeempawu zomntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ekuvezweni ngabom kunye nokungeyonjongo kwizinto zezesondo ezikwi-Intanethi phakathi kolutsha lwaseYurophu: Indlela yokujonga amanqanaba amaninzi.. Uphando ngesondo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezeNtlalontle, 11 (2), 104-115. ikhonkco:10.1007/s13178-013-0141-6[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nesoftware yokuthintela (Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) zazinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi encinci kwi-Intanethi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izinto eziguquguqukayo zolawulo lwabazali kunye nabazali abathetha ngephonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nabantwana babo kwafunyaniswa ukuba azihambelani nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Ngokumalunga noontanga, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi kwafunyanwa xa uninzi lwabahlobo abafikisayo babebancinci (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006a). Ukuboniswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olubonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 33 (2), 178-204. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650205285369[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), xa ulutsha lusebenzisa i-Intanethi kumakhaya abahlobo babo (Wolak et al., 2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), xa babenxibelelana rhoqo nabahlobo babo malunga nephonografi (amadoda kuphela; Weber et al., 2012 Weber, M., Ukubuza, O., & Daschmann, G. (2012). Oontanga, abazali, kunye nephonografi: Ukuphonononga ukuvezwa kwabakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ngesondo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo nokukhula.. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye neNkcubeko, 16 (4), 408-427. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12119-012-9132-7[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]), kwaye xa oontanga babonwa ukuba basebenzise imifanekiso engamanyala (kubafazi kuphela; Weber et al., 2012 Weber, M., Ukubuza, O., & Daschmann, G. (2012). Oontanga, abazali, kunye nephonografi: Ukuphonononga ukuvezwa kwabakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ngesondo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo nokukhula.. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye neNkcubeko, 16 (4), 408-427. ikhonkco:10.1007/s12119-012-9132-7[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Uphononongo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwiifowuni eziphathwayo lukwabonise ukuba ukuthandwa ngabantu besini esifanayo, ukuthandwa ngabantu besini esahlukileyo, umnqweno wokufuna ukuthandwa, kunye noxinzelelo loontanga kwadityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi rhoqo (Vanden Abeele et al., 2014 Vanden Abeele, M., Campbell, I-SW, Eggermont, S., & I-Roe, K. (2014). I-Sexting, ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn ephathwayo, kunye ne-dynamics yeqela loontanga: Ukuthandwa kwabafana kunye namantombazana ngokwabo, imfuno yokuthandwa, kunye noxinzelelo loontanga.. I-Media Psychology, 17 (1), 6-33. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213269.2013.801725[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukuncamathela koontanga, nangona kunjalo, kufunyenwe ukuba akunxulumananga nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi (Mesch & Maman, 2009 Mesch, GS, & Mamama, TL (2009). Ukuvezwa ngabom kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafikisayo: Ngaba i-Intanethi inetyala? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30 (3), 352-367. ikhonkco:10.1037/t01038-000[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Ekugqibeleni, malunga nokuxhatshazwa, u-Wolak et al. (2007 Wolak, J., I-Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Ukuvezwa okungafunwayo nokufunwayo kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abancinci. Pediatrics, 119 (2), 247-257. ikhonkco:10.1542 / iipeds.2006-1891[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) bafumanisa ukuba abafikisayo kunokwenzeka ukuba basebenzise imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi xa behlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi kwaye bephathwa kakubi kubomi babo obungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi.

Isiphelo: Oyena msebenzisi wephonografi okwishumi elivisayo yindoda, ekwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu, uMfuni weemvakalelo, onobuthathaka okanye obuneNgxaki kuBudlelwane boSapho.

Uphando lufunde intaphane yezinto ezibonisa ukuba ulutsha olufikisayo lusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala. Noko ke, ubungqina obongezelelekileyo bento eqikelela ukuba ulutsha olufikisayo lusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala busemda ngandlel’ ithile. Nangona kungekho migangatho yamkelwe ngokubanzi malunga nenani lokuphindaphinda okufunekayo ukuseka ubungqina obongezelekayo, kukho isivumelwano sokuba iziphumo zophando kufuneka zidityaniswe ubuncinane kube kanye kwaye kukhethwa amaxesha amaninzi (umz., Casadevall & Fang, 2010 I-Casadevall, A., & Fang, FC (2010). Inzululwazi ephindaphindwayo. Usulelo kunye noGawulayo, 78 (12), 4972-4975. ikhonkco:10.1128/IAI.00908-10[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kolu phononongo, sichaza ubungqina obuqokelelweyo njengesiphumo esifanayo esifunyenwe ngamaqela amathathu ahlukeneyo ophando ubuncinci kwiisampulu ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokuqikelela okufanayo (okanye ngokusondeleyo) ngokungabikho kwenani elikhulu leziphumo ezichasayo. Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi sinokugqiba ngelithi abona bantu banokuthi basebenzise imifanekiso engamanyala ngamadoda, abakwishumi elivisayo abakwishumi elivisayo abafuna imvakalelo abanobudlelwane obubuthathaka okanye obuneengxaki kusapho. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba izibikezelo zokusetyenziswa koonografi zingatshintsha njengoko ukufikelela kwimifanekiso engamanyala okanye imeko yenkcubeko yokutshintsha koonografi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-Intanethi ifumaneka kuphela kubantu abakhethekileyo okanye abanezakhono, abo babukela imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi basenokwahluka kakhulu kwabo bayisebenzisayo ukuba i-Intanethi ifumaneka kumntu wonke. Ngokufanayo, ukuba iphonografi iqhelekile kwinkcubeko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokuqikelelwa ngeseti ehluke kakhulu yezinto eziguquguqukayo kunokuba ithathwa njengephambuka.

Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo zabantu abafikisayo ngokwesondo, ukuziphuhlisa, kunye nokuziphatha.

Ngokufana nophononongo lwethu lokuqikelelwa kokusetyenziswa koonografi abakwishumi elivisayo, kweli candelo sikwanika ingxelo kuphela ngeziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-multivariate. Njengoko kwenziwe ngaphambili, sichaza iziphumo ezivela kwiimodeli ezineenguqu ezimbini kuphela kuyilo longitudinal kuphela xa iziphumo ezizenzekelayo zibandakanyiwe.

Izimo zengqondo zesini

Ngokubhekiselele kwisimo sengqondo sezesondo, uphando lugxile kwiindidi ezimbini zezimo zengqondo: izimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo kunye neenkolelo zesini-ezesondo. Sisebenzisa igama isimo sengqondo esivumela isini njengesambulela sesimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo malunga nesondo kunye namaqabane aqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwimeko engazibophelelanga okanye ngaphandle kobudlelwane bothando. Kuncwadi, izimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo ziye zavavanywa ngamanyathelo anje ngezimo zengqondo ezingakhethiyo ngokwesondo (Lo et al., 1999 Khangela, V., Neilan, E., Ilanga, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ukuvezwa kolutsha lwaseTaiwan kumajelo eendaba angamanyala kunye nefuthe lawo kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali ye-Asia yoNxibelelwano, 9 (1), 50-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/01292989909359614[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), isimo sengqondo esiluncedo malunga nesondo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), izimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazimiselanga (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), okanye izimo zengqondo malunga nokuziphatha okuvumayo ngokwesondo (Lo & Wei, 2005 Khangela, V., & Wei, R. (2005). Ukuvezwa kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nezimo zengqondo zolutsha lwaseTaiwan kunye nokuziphatha. Ijenali yoSasazo kunye neMedia ye-Electronic, 49 (2), 221-237. ikhonkco:I-10.1207 / s15506878jobem4902_5[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Igama elithile iinkolelo zesini-ezicingelwayo ngokwesondo ibhekisa kwiinkolelo apho iimbono zemveli, ezibambekayo zendima yamadoda nabasetyhini kwakunye nobudlelwane besini zilawulayo. Amanyathelo kuncwadi aquka isimo sengqondo esinenkqubela ngokwendima yesini (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), iimbono zabasetyhini njengezinto zokwabelana ngesondo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2007 UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2007). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwindawo yeendaba ezivuselela isondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zokwabelana ngesondo. Imisebenzi yezesondo, 56(5) 381-395. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s11199-006-9176-y[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), iinkolelo zesini-stereotypical malunga nokungalingani kwamandla kubudlelwane bezesondo (To et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye neenkolelo malunga nokulingana ngokwesini (To et al., 2015 Iya ku, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngayi, SS (2015). Iimpembelelo zentsebenziswano phakathi kokuvezwa kwizixhobo ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nomntu, usapho, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkolelo zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseHong Kong malunga nokulingana kwendima yesini kunye nesini esigxile emzimbeni.. Ulutsha noMbutho, 47 (6), 747-768. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X13490764[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Izimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesini

Ubungqina obuhambelanayo buvelile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi kunxulumene nezimo zengqondo ezivumayo ngokwesondo (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], amakhwenkwe kuphela; Doornwaard, Bickham, et al., 2015 Emnyango, I-SM, Bickham, I-DS, Sisityebi, M., ter Bogt, TFM, & van den Eijnden, RJJM (2015). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nesimo sabo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo: uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kunye neziphumo zesikhokelo.. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 51 (10), 1476-1488. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / dev0000040[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], amakhwenkwe kuphela; Lo et al., 1999 Khangela, V., Neilan, E., Ilanga, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ukuvezwa kolutsha lwaseTaiwan kumajelo eendaba angamanyala kunye nefuthe lawo kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali ye-Asia yoNxibelelwano, 9 (1), 50-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/01292989909359614[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; Ewe & Wei, 2005 Khangela, V., & Wei, R. (2005). Ukuvezwa kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nezimo zengqondo zolutsha lwaseTaiwan kunye nokuziphatha. Ijenali yoSasazo kunye neMedia ye-Electronic, 49 (2), 221-237. ikhonkco:I-10.1207 / s15506878jobem4902_5[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2006b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006b). Ukuvezwa kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ukuba bayabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi kunye nakwindlela yokuzihlaziya ngesondo. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 56 (4), 639-660. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; et al., 2015 Iya ku, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngayi, SS (2015). Iimpembelelo zentsebenziswano phakathi kokuvezwa kwizixhobo ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nomntu, usapho, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkolelo zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseHong Kong malunga nokulingana kwendima yesini kunye nesini esigxile emzimbeni.. Ulutsha noMbutho, 47 (6), 747-768. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X13490764[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ubungqina obuninzi busekelwe kuphando olunqamlezileyo (Lo et al., 1999 Khangela, V., Neilan, E., Ilanga, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ukuvezwa kolutsha lwaseTaiwan kumajelo eendaba angamanyala kunye nefuthe lawo kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali ye-Asia yoNxibelelwano, 9 (1), 50-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/01292989909359614[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; Ewe & Wei, 2005 Khangela, V., & Wei, R. (2005). Ukuvezwa kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nezimo zengqondo zolutsha lwaseTaiwan kunye nokuziphatha. Ijenali yoSasazo kunye neMedia ye-Electronic, 49 (2), 221-237. ikhonkco:I-10.1207 / s15506878jobem4902_5[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2006b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006b). Ukuvezwa kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ukuba bayabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi kunye nakwindlela yokuzihlaziya ngesondo. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 56 (4), 639-660. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; et al., 2015 Iya ku, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngayi, SS (2015). Iimpembelelo zentsebenziswano phakathi kokuvezwa kwizixhobo ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nomntu, usapho, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkolelo zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseHong Kong malunga nokulingana kwendima yesini kunye nesini esigxile emzimbeni.. Ulutsha noMbutho, 47 (6), 747-768. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X13490764[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ubungakanani bemibutho kwizifundo ezinqamlezileyo zivela kwiCohen's d = 0.45 (Lo et al., 1999 Khangela, V., Neilan, E., Ilanga, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ukuvezwa kolutsha lwaseTaiwan kumajelo eendaba angamanyala kunye nefuthe lawo kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali ye-Asia yoNxibelelwano, 9 (1), 50-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/01292989909359614[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]) ukuya d = 0.72 (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ngomndilili we d = 0.56 kuzo zonke izifundo. Kuphononongo lwelongitudinal, ubungakanani obunentsingiselo kuphela obunokubalwa d = 0.39 (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukutolikwa kwezi ziphumo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kwizifundo zihlala zibonisa ukuba abantu abafikisayo ngokomndilili bathanda ukwala isimo sengqondo esivumelayo ngokwesondo (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Doornwaard, van den Eijnden, et al., 2015 Emnyango, I-SM, van den Eijnden, RJJM, Ewe, G., & ter Bogt, TFM (2015). Iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwabakwishumi elivisayo abasebenzisa izinto ze-Intanethi ezingamanyala kwi-Intanethi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 52 (3), 269-281. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2013.866195[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) okanye bebengagqibanga (Lo et al., 1999 Khangela, V., Neilan, E., Ilanga, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ukuvezwa kolutsha lwaseTaiwan kumajelo eendaba angamanyala kunye nefuthe lawo kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali ye-Asia yoNxibelelwano, 9 (1), 50-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/01292989909359614[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; Ewe & Wei, 2005 Khangela, V., & Wei, R. (2005). Ukuvezwa kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nezimo zengqondo zolutsha lwaseTaiwan kunye nokuziphatha. Ijenali yoSasazo kunye neMedia ye-Electronic, 49 (2), 221-237. ikhonkco:I-10.1207 / s15506878jobem4902_5[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2006b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006b). Ukuvezwa kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ukuba bayabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi kunye nakwindlela yokuzihlaziya ngesondo. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 56 (4), 639-660. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Akukho nalunye kuphononongo olufumanise ukuba, ngokomndilili, abafikisayo bavumelana nezimo zengqondo zesini.

Isiphakamiso sesibini se-DSMM kukuba impendulo yokuqonda, imvakalelo, kunye ne-excitative ithi idibanisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kweendaba kunye nokuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo. Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba ubunyani obubonwayo bephonografi (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2006b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006b). Ukuvezwa kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ukuba bayabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi kunye nakwindlela yokuzihlaziya ngesondo. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 56 (4), 639-660. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), udibanise unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi ye-Intanethi kunye nezimo zengqondo zokuvumela. Kwakukho nobungqina bokuba impendulo yolutsha olukwishumi elivisayo olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye noluqinisekisayo luchaza iphonografi (okt, indibaniselwano yezinto zomzimba, ezithintekayo, zengqondo, kunye neempendulo zokuziphatha kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi; et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ngokuyinxenye yalamla kobu budlelwane. Ubungakanani bempembelelo okanye unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nabalamli basuka kwiCohen's d = 0.52 (yenyani yentlalo; Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ukuya d = 1.00 (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006b). Ukuvezwa kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ukuba bayabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi kunye nakwindlela yokuzihlaziya ngesondo. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 56 (4), 639-660. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ngomndilili we d = 0.79. Ukusasazwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kwezi zifundo zibini kubonise ukuba, ngokomyinge, ulutsha aluzange lubone iphonografi njenge (ngokwentlalo) eyinyani okanye njengomthombo oluncedo wolwazi lwezesondo.

Isiphakamiso sesithathu se-DSMM kukuba ukuguquguquka kwe-dispositional, uphuhliso, kunye nentlalontle kunokuqikelela kuphela ukusetyenziswa kweendaba kodwa kumodareyitha ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kweendaba kuqikelela ukuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iimodareyitha zobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo zokuvumela azikhange ziphandwe rhoqo. Ngokwesini sebhayoloji (imodareyitha yokulahla ngokwe-DSMM), uBrown kunye noL'Engle (2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye noDoornwaard, Bickham, et al. (2015 Emnyango, I-SM, Bickham, I-DS, Sisityebi, M., ter Bogt, TFM, & van den Eijnden, RJJM (2015). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nesimo sabo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo: uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kunye neziphumo zesikhokelo.. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 51 (10), 1476-1488. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / dev0000040[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ufumene unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nesimo sengqondo esivumelayo ngokwesondo kumakhwenkwe kuphela. UPetros kunye neValkenburg (2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ngokuchaseneyo, akafumananga ndima yokumodareyitha yolutsha lwebhayoloji yezesondo kunye namava ezesondo (imodareyitha yophuhliso). Ukuya et al. (2015 Iya ku, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngayi, SS (2015). Iimpembelelo zentsebenziswano phakathi kokuvezwa kwizixhobo ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nomntu, usapho, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkolelo zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseHong Kong malunga nokulingana kwendima yesini kunye nesini esigxile emzimbeni.. Ulutsha noMbutho, 47 (6), 747-768. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X13490764[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ingxelo yokuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nezimo zengqondo zesini ezivumelayo (oko kukuthi, ulwabelana ngesondo olugxile kumzimba) lomelele ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo bathetha ngakumbi nabazali malunga nesondo kwaye baziva becinezeleka ngakumbi kontanga malunga nokusebenzisa iphonografi (iimodareyitha zentlalo).

Ngokubhekiselele kubudlelwane bokuthengiselana phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo (isiphakamiso sesine kwi-DSMM), ubungqina bulinganiselwe. Izifundo zexesha elide ezikhankanywe ngasentla nguPeter noValkenburg (2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye noDoornwaard, uBickham, et al. (2015 Emnyango, I-SM, Bickham, I-DS, Sisityebi, M., ter Bogt, TFM, & van den Eijnden, RJJM (2015). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nesimo sabo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo: uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kunye neziphumo zesikhokelo.. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 51 (10), 1476-1488. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / dev0000040[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) bafumanisa ukuba, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi kuqikelele izimo zengqondo ezivumelayo, ngelixa izimo zengqondo zokuvumela zingakhange ziqikelele ukusetyenziswa koonografi.

Iinkolelo zesini-Ezimiyo ngokwesondo

Amacandelo amabini anqamlezayo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2007 UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2007). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwindawo yeendaba ezivuselela isondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zokwabelana ngesondo. Imisebenzi yezesondo, 56(5) 381-395. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s11199-006-9176-y[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nezifundo ezimbini zexesha elide (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) baye babonisa ukuba ulutsha olufikisayo olusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala lunxulumene neenkolelo ezingqongqo zesini. Uphononongo lwesithathu olunqamlezileyo lwafumanisa ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye neenkolelo ngokubanzi malunga nokulingana ngokwesini kuye kwaba kubi ngakumbi njengoko ulutsha luthetha rhoqo ngesondo nabazali babo. Nangona kunjalo, unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokulingana ngokwesini kwakungekho kweso sifundo (To et al., 2015 Iya ku, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngayi, SS (2015). Iimpembelelo zentsebenziswano phakathi kokuvezwa kwizixhobo ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nomntu, usapho, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkolelo zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseHong Kong malunga nokulingana kwendima yesini kunye nesini esigxile emzimbeni.. Ulutsha noMbutho, 47 (6), 747-768. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X13490764[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokufanayo, uphononongo lwesithathu lwexesha elide aluzange lufumane unxulumano phakathi kokuhlala ulutsha lusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kunye neenkolelo zesini-zesondo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2011b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011b). Impembelelo yemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye noontanga kwiinkolelo ezibambekayo malunga neendima zesini zabasetyhini: ukufana kunye nomahluko phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala.. I-cyberpsychology, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nenethiwekhi yezonxibelelwano, 14 (9), 511-517. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cyber.2010.0189[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kwizifundo ezibonelele ngeenkcukacha-manani ukubala ubungakanani besiphumo, ubukhulu besiphumo buvela kwi-Cohen's d = 0.10 (ukuya et al., 2015 Iya ku, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngayi, SS (2015). Iimpembelelo zentsebenziswano phakathi kokuvezwa kwizixhobo ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nomntu, usapho, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkolelo zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseHong Kong malunga nokulingana kwendima yesini kunye nesini esigxile emzimbeni.. Ulutsha noMbutho, 47 (6), 747-768. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X13490764[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ukuya d = 0.74 (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), okubangelwa yi-avareji yeCohen d ye 0.42. Ukusasazwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kwizifundo kubonise ukuba ulutsha olufikisayo ngokomndilili aluzibambi iinkolelo zesini-ezesondo.

Izifundo ezimbini zibonise ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguquguquka kwalamlwa (isiphakamiso sesibini se-DSMM) ngokwempendulo ethile: Ukuphendula okusebenzayo kunye nokuqinisekisayo kwiphonografi ngokuyinxenye kulamla unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye neenkolelo ezibambekayo kwi-Intanethi. Ukufunda kunye nabanye (2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukuthanda iphonografi kwalamla olu budlelwane kuPeter noValkenburg's (2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) uphando. Ubungakanani bempembelelo yokusetyenziswa koonografi ekuthandeni kwiPeter kunye neValkenburg's (2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) isifundo sasiyiCohen d = 1.21.

Iimodareyitha eziye zafundwa (isiphakamiso sesithathu se-DSMM) senza imibutho engahambelaniyo yokwahluka phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo zesini-ezenziwe ngesondo. Kwelinye icala, isini sebhayoloji solutsha (imodareyitha yesimo) ayizange yandise okanye inciphise unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo ezibambekayo (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye nobudala bolutsha (umodareyitha wophuhliso) (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kwelinye icala, unxibelelwano nabazali malunga nokwabelana ngesondo (imodareyitha yentlalontle) bekubonakala ngathi kunika unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi ye-Intanethi kunye neenkolelo malunga nokulingana ngokwesini kubi kakhulu (Uku-et al., 2015 Iya ku, S., Iu Kan, S., & Ngayi, SS (2015). Iimpembelelo zentsebenziswano phakathi kokuvezwa kwizixhobo ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nomntu, usapho, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkolelo zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zaseHong Kong malunga nokulingana kwendima yesini kunye nesini esigxile emzimbeni.. Ulutsha noMbutho, 47 (6), 747-768. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 0044118X13490764[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Ngokubhekiselele kubudlelwane bokuthengiselana (isiphakamiso sesine se-DSMM), olunye uphando lwexesha elide lufumene ubungqina bobudlelwane bokuthengiselana phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye neenkolelo zesini esizicingelayo ngokwesini (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi akupheleli nje ekuqikeleleni iinkolelo eziqiqileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha kodwa iinkolelo ezibambekayo zikwaxela kwangaphambili ukusetyenziswa rhoqo koonografi kwi-Intanethi ngokuhamba kwexesha (uCohen's d = 0.68). Obu budlelwane bebunamandla kakhulu kumadoda kunabo bakwishumi elivisayo kwaye balamlwa ngokuthanda iphonografi.

Ukuziphuhlisa ngokwesondo

Izifundo ezintathu zexesha elide kunye nezintathu ezinqamlezileyo ziye zajongana nobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nokuphuhliswa kwabo ngokwesondo (okt, imiba kunye nemisebenzi enxulumene nophuhliso lwesini). Obunye ubungqina buye bavela bokuba ukusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunxulumene nokungaqiniseki okukhulu ngokwesondo, oko kukuthi, indlela abafikisayo abangacacanga ngayo malunga neenkolelo zabo zesini kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), nangona amanqanaba okungaqiniseki ayephantsi kumyinge. Ubungakanani besiphumo bahluka phakathi kweCohen's d = 0.32 kwisifundo esinqamlezileyo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) Kunye d = 0.20 kuphononongo lwexesha elide (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo olusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ludityanisiwe, ngokuzijongela phantsi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemibono yembonakalo yamazwe ngamazwe, ngokujongwa okukhulu komzimba (uCohen's). d = 0.35; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2013a IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013a). Ukwabelana ngesondo kwamakhwenkwe afikisayo: Ukuvezwa kwemidiya kunye nokufakwa ngaphakathi kwamakhwenkwe kwimibono yembonakalo, ukuzijongela phantsi, kunye nokujongwa komzimba.. Amadoda kunye nobudoda, 16 (3), 283-306. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 1097184X13477866[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukujongwa komzimba bekuphantsi ukuya kumodareyitha phakathi kwamakhwenkwe kolu phononongo.

Uphononongo luye lwabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi rhoqo kuhambelana, kunye nobukhulu besiphumo seCohen d = 0.62, ukuzixakekisa ngokwesondo (okt, ukubandakanyeka okuqinileyo kwengqondo kwimiba yezesondo, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kwezinye iingcinga; Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye neengcamango zesini (Ukuya et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokomyinge, inqanaba lolutsha lokuzicingela ngokwesondo laliphakathi (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ngelixa ukucinga ngesondo kwenzeka ngokungaqhelekanga (Ukuya et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ekugqibeleni, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuye kwafunyanwa kuhambelana nokunganeliseki okukhulu ngokwesondo ngexesha, uCohen's d = 0.24 (I-Wave 1 ukuya kwi-Wave 2) kunye ne-0.28 (i-Wave 1 ukuya kwi-3) (i-Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Uphando loLuntu, 35 (2), 171-194. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye nolutsha olukwi-avareji olunganelisekanga okanye lwaneliseke kubomi babo besini. Kuzo zonke izibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo zokuziphuhlisa ngokwesondo, ubungakanani besiphumo esiphakathi sasiyi-Cohen's d = 0.28 xa ukuzixakekisa ngokwesondo kwangaphandle kwakungabandakanywa kwaye d = 0.35 xa ukuxakeka ngokwesondo kubandakanyiwe.

Ubuncinci amanqaku amane abonise ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi abakwishumi elivisayo kunye nokuziphuhlisa ngokwesondo akukho ngqo kodwa kulamlwa (isiphakamiso sesibini se-DSMM). Ukuya et al.'s (2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) Uphononongo lubonise ukuba impendulo esebenzayo kunye neqinisekisiweyo ithi xa ubukele iphonografi ye-Intanethi ngokuyinxenye idibanisa unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuphupha ngesondo. UPetros kunye neValkenburg (2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ubonise ukuba ukuvuswa ngokwesondo kulamla ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo, kunye nobukhulu besiphumo sikaCohen. d = 1.28 phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuvuswa ngokwesondo. Ababhali abafanayo bafumanise ukuba ukubandakanyeka kwiphonografi kulamla ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, uCohen's. d = 1.09 (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zaba balamli zibonise ukuba, ngokomndilili, ulutsha luxele ukuba aluzange luvuswe ngokwesondo, okanye lubandakanyeke kwiphonografi. Ekugqibeleni, iVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont (2013a IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013a). Ukwabelana ngesondo kwamakhwenkwe afikisayo: Ukuvezwa kwemidiya kunye nokufakwa ngaphakathi kwamakhwenkwe kwimibono yembonakalo, ukuzijongela phantsi, kunye nokujongwa komzimba.. Amadoda kunye nobudoda, 16 (3), 283-306. ikhonkco:I-10.1177 / 1097184X13477866[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) yabonisa ukuba amadoda akwishumi elivisayo abonakalisa ukuzijongela phantsi (uCohen's d = 0.32, kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi) kunye nokungena kwabo ngaphakathi kwemibono yembonakalo (Cohen's d = 0.37, ngokusetyenziswa kwephonografi) idibanise ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokujonga umzimba. Umyinge weCohen's d kuba abalamli abahlukeneyo babeyi-0.77.

Abaphandi bagxile kwizesondo zebhayoloji, amava ngokwesondo, kunye nobudala njengabamodareyitha bobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuphuhliswa ngokwesondo (isiphakamiso sesithathu se-DSMM). Xa abasetyhini abakwishumi elivisayo bebukele iphonografi ngakumbi, babandakanyeka ngamandla kwizinto ezibonakalayo kunokuba benzayo abakwishumi elivisayo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo, kunye nolamlo ngokuvuselela inkanuko yesini, yayiyafana kumakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana akwishumi elivisayo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokumalunga namava ezesondo (inguqu yophuhliso), uPeter noValkenburg (2009b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Uphando loLuntu, 35 (2), 171-194. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) wabonisa ukuba ulutsha olungenalo okanye oluncinci lwamava ngokwesondo, kunye nabo babona abahlobo babo njengabangenalwazi ngesondo, baye baneliseka ngakumbi kubomi babo besini xa bebukela imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi. Ngokumalunga nobudala bolutsha, bonke ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuphuhliswa ngokwesondo kwakufana kumaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka ubudala.

Izifundo ezintathu zexesha elide ziphande ubudlelwane bentengiselwano phakathi kolutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphuhlisa ngokwesondo (isiphakamiso se-DSMM yesine) kodwa abufumananga bungqina bubambekayo bobudlelwane obunjalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi kwaxela kwangaphambili ukubakho kakhulu ngokwesondo, ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ngokwesondo, kunye nokunganeliseki okukhulu ngokwesondo, kodwa hayi ukuzixakekisa ngokwesondo okanye ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo okanye ukunganeliseki ngokwesondo ngokungaguqukiyo kwaxela kwangaphambili ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2009b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Uphando loLuntu, 35 (2), 171-194. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo

Uphando malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo olusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuziphatha kwalo ngokwesondo lunokwahlulwa ngokwamaqela amane: (a) ukwenzeka kweentlobano zesini kunye namava ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zesini; (b) ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo (oko kukuthi, ezinxulumene nesondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngaphandle kokuzibophelela ngobudlelwane); (c) indlela yokuziphatha emngciphekweni ngokwesondo (okt, indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo enokwandisa amathuba okuba neziphumo ezibi); kunye (d) nokwenziwa kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo.

Izifundo ezine zexesha elide (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; uCheng et al., 2014 Cheng, S., Ma, J., & UMsari, S. (2014). Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bokuqala bolutsha kunye nesondo eTaiwan. I-International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. ikhonkco:10.1177/0268580914538084[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Doornwaard, Bickham, et al., 2015 Emnyango, I-SM, Bickham, I-DS, Sisityebi, M., ter Bogt, TFM, & van den Eijnden, RJJM (2015). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nesimo sabo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo: uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kunye neziphumo zesikhokelo.. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 51 (10), 1476-1488. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / dev0000040[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 23 (4), 621-634. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / jora.12008[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nezifundo ezintlanu ezinqamlezileyo (Atwood et al., 2012 Atwood, KA, Zimmerman, R., Cupp, PK, Fongkaew, W., Miller, BA, Byrnes, HF, ... Chookhare, W. (2012). Unxulumano lokuziphatha kwangaphambili, iinjongo, kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo phakathi kolutsha lwaseThai. Umbhalo we-Early adolescence, 32 (3), 364-386. ikhonkco:10.1177/0272431610393248[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Bogale & Seme, 2014 Bogale, A., & Seme, A. (2014). Izenzo zesondo zangaphambi komtshato kunye nabaqikeleli bayo phakathi kolutsha olusesikolweni lwedolophu yaseShendi, kwindawo yaseNtshona Gojjam, emantla ntshona eTopiya.. Ukuzala, 11, 49. ikhonkco:10.1186/1742-4755-11-49[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Luder et al., 2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Manaf et al., 2014 Manaf, MRA, Tahir, MM, Sidi, H., Midin, M., Nik Jaafar, NR, Ewe, S., & Maleki, AMA (2014). Ukwabelana ngesondo kwangaphambi komtshato kunye nezinto zayo zokuqikelela phakathi kolutsha lwaseMalaysia. Psychiatry epheleleyo, 55(Suppl. 1), S82-88. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.comppsych.2013.03.008[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; UMattebo et al., 2014 Mattbo, M., Tyden, T., Häggström-Nordin, E., Nilsson, KW, & Larsson, M. (2014). Iphonografi kunye namava esini phakathi kwabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo eSweden. Ijenali yoPhuculo noPhuculo lwePediatrics, 35 (3), 179-188. ikhonkco:I-10.1097 / DBP.0000000000000034[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) baye bajongana nonxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nesehlo sokwabelana ngesondo kunye namava ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zesini. Zombini ezinqamlezayo kunye nobude, ubungqina buye bavela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi rhoqo kuhambelana nethuba eliphezulu lokuba neentlobano zesini (Atwood et al., 2012 Atwood, KA, Zimmerman, R., Cupp, PK, Fongkaew, W., Miller, BA, Byrnes, HF, ... Chookhare, W. (2012). Unxulumano lokuziphatha kwangaphambili, iinjongo, kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo phakathi kolutsha lwaseThai. Umbhalo we-Early adolescence, 32 (3), 364-386. ikhonkco:10.1177/0272431610393248[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Bogale & Seme, 2014 Bogale, A., & Seme, A. (2014). Izenzo zesondo zangaphambi komtshato kunye nabaqikeleli bayo phakathi kolutsha olusesikolweni lwedolophu yaseShendi, kwindawo yaseNtshona Gojjam, emantla ntshona eTopiya.. Ukuzala, 11, 49. ikhonkco:10.1186/1742-4755-11-49[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UBrown kunye noL'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Manaf et al., 2014 Manaf, MRA, Tahir, MM, Sidi, H., Midin, M., Nik Jaafar, NR, Ewe, S., & Maleki, AMA (2014). Ukwabelana ngesondo kwangaphambi komtshato kunye nezinto zayo zokuqikelela phakathi kolutsha lwaseMalaysia. Psychiatry epheleleyo, 55(Suppl. 1), S82-88. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.comppsych.2013.03.008[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokuthe ngqo, xa abafikisayo besebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo, babonakala ngathi banokuqala ukwabelana ngesondo (Cheng et al., 2014 Cheng, S., Ma, J., & UMsari, S. (2014). Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bokuqala bolutsha kunye nesondo eTaiwan. I-International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. ikhonkco:10.1177/0268580914538084[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 23 (4), 621-634. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / jora.12008[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Lo mbutho, nangona kunjalo, wawunamandla kumantombazana kunamakhwenkwe (Cheng et al., 2014 Cheng, S., Ma, J., & UMsari, S. (2014). Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bokuqala bolutsha kunye nesondo eTaiwan. I-International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. ikhonkco:10.1177/0268580914538084[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kwaye yavela kuphela phakathi kwabafikisayo kwibakala lokuqala lokufikisa (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 23 (4), 621-634. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / jora.12008[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Luder et al. (2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) akazange afumane ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuqala kwesondo. Ekugqibeleni, abaphandi abazange bafumane unxulumano oluhambelanayo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye namava amaninzi kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zesini (Doornwaard, Bickham, et al., 2015 Emnyango, I-SM, Bickham, I-DS, Sisityebi, M., ter Bogt, TFM, & van den Eijnden, RJJM (2015). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nesimo sabo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo: uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kunye neziphumo zesikhokelo.. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 51 (10), 1476-1488. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / dev0000040[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UMattebo et al., 2014 Mattbo, M., Tyden, T., Häggström-Nordin, E., Nilsson, KW, & Larsson, M. (2014). Iphonografi kunye namava esini phakathi kwabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo eSweden. Ijenali yoPhuculo noPhuculo lwePediatrics, 35 (3), 179-188. ikhonkco:I-10.1097 / DBP.0000000000000034[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kwizifundo malunga nokwenzeka kokwabelana ngesondo, uninzi lolutsha, olususela kwi-12 ukuya kwi-24 yobudala, aluzange lube neentlobano zesini. Ubungakanani besiphumo bunokubalwa kwizifundo ezimbini kuphela, kunye neCohen's d = .35 e-Atwood et al.'s (2012 Atwood, KA, Zimmerman, R., Cupp, PK, Fongkaew, W., Miller, BA, Byrnes, HF, ... Chookhare, W. (2012). Unxulumano lokuziphatha kwangaphambili, iinjongo, kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo phakathi kolutsha lwaseThai. Umbhalo we-Early adolescence, 32 (3), 364-386. ikhonkco:10.1177/0272431610393248[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ukufunda kunye neCohen's d = 0.45 eBogale naseSeme (2014 Bogale, A., & Seme, A. (2014). Izenzo zesondo zangaphambi komtshato kunye nabaqikeleli bayo phakathi kolutsha olusesikolweni lwedolophu yaseShendi, kwindawo yaseNtshona Gojjam, emantla ntshona eTopiya.. Ukuzala, 11, 49. ikhonkco:10.1186/1742-4755-11-49[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), okukhokelela kumndilili wesiphumo sobungakanani d = 0.40.

Ngokuphathelele ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo, isifundo esinye sexesha elide saseTaiwan (Cheng et al., 2014 Cheng, S., Ma, J., & UMsari, S. (2014). Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bokuqala bolutsha kunye nesondo eTaiwan. I-International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. ikhonkco:10.1177/0268580914538084[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye nezifundo ezintathu ezinqamlezileyo zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kunxulunyaniswa namava angakumbi ngokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo, zombini eTaiwan (Lo et al., 1999 Khangela, V., Neilan, E., Ilanga, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ukuvezwa kolutsha lwaseTaiwan kumajelo eendaba angamanyala kunye nefuthe lawo kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali ye-Asia yoNxibelelwano, 9 (1), 50-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/01292989909359614[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; Ewe & Wei, 2005 Khangela, V., & Wei, R. (2005). Ukuvezwa kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nezimo zengqondo zolutsha lwaseTaiwan kunye nokuziphatha. Ijenali yoSasazo kunye neMedia ye-Electronic, 49 (2), 221-237. ikhonkco:I-10.1207 / s15506878jobem4902_5[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) naseSweden (Mattebo et al., 2014 Mattbo, M., Tyden, T., Häggström-Nordin, E., Nilsson, KW, & Larsson, M. (2014). Iphonografi kunye namava esini phakathi kwabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo eSweden. Ijenali yoPhuculo noPhuculo lwePediatrics, 35 (3), 179-188. ikhonkco:I-10.1097 / DBP.0000000000000034[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Uninzi lolutsha aluzange lube namava ngokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo. Ubungakanani besiphumo bunokubalwa kuphela kwizifundo ezibini ezinqamlezileyo zaseTaiwan, ezikhokelela kumndilili wesiphumo seCohen's. d = 0.55.

Ubungqina bokunxulumana phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nokuziphatha okuyingozi ngokwesondo kwaxutywa. Izifundo ezimbini ezinqamlezileyo zifumene ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo. Ngokomzekelo, uLuder et al. (2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) bafumanisa ukuba amadoda akwishumi elivisayo asebenzisa kakhulu iphonografi kusenokwenzeka ukuba akazange asebenzise ikhondom ngexesha lokugqibela lokwabelana ngesondo, ngelixa kulutsha lwabasetyhini olukwishumi elivisayo bekungenjalo. UVan Ouytsel, uPonnet, kunye noWalrave (2014 Van Outtsel, J., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2014). Unxulumano phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo olusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neevidiyo zomculo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni. I-Cyberpsychology, ukuziphatha kunye neNethiwekhi yeNtlalo, 17 (12), 772-778. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cyber.2014.0365[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) uxele unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngesondo (oko kukuthi, ukuthunyelwa kwemifanekiso evuselela inkanuko yesini okanye iividiyo zakhe). Nangona kunjalo, kwisifundo sabo sexesha elide uPeter noValkenburg (2011c UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011c). Impembelelo ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo ekuziphatheni okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo: uthelekiso lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Ijenali yoNxibelelwano lwezeMpilo, 16(7) 750-765. ikhonkco:10.1080/10810730.2011.551996[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) akafumananga nxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yolutsha kunye neentlobano zesini ezingakhuselekanga kunye neqabane lokwabelana ngesondo eliqhelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, kwiLuder et al.'s (2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) uphononongo olunqamlezayo, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwakungahambelani nenani eliphezulu labalingani bezesondo kunye neentlobano zesini zokuqala ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-15. Kuzo zonke izifundo, uninzi lwabakwishumi elivisayo aluzange lubandakanyeke ekuziphatheni okuyingozi ngokwesondo, nangona izinga lezehlo lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundo.

Ngokuphathelele ukwenziwa kobundlobongela ngokwesondo, ukusetyenziswa kwamaphephancwadi angamanyala kunye namahlaya kwafunyaniswa ukuba kudibene nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwintanga okanye ukunyanzela umntu ukuba alale ngesondo kwisifundo esinqamlezileyo phakathi kolutsha lwase-Italiya, ngelixa ukubukela iifilimu kunye namavidiyo angamanyala kwakungekho (Bonino et. al., 2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Isini sebhayoloji kunye nobudala bezilawulwa. Kuphononongo olude lwase-US (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso eshukumayo evuselela isini kusetyenziswa imifanekiso eshukumayo, amaphephancwadi, neekhompyutha, phakathi kwamakhwenkwe, kwakunxulunyaniswa nokuxhaphaza ngokwesini (ngokomzekelo, ukuphathaphatha okanye ukuxukuxa umntwana ofunda naye esikolweni ngendlela ebonisa ukuba neentlobano zesini, ukugquma umntwana ofunda naye esikolweni ngendlela ebonisa isini). Ukuziphatha okusisiseko, ubudala, ubuhlanga, ubume bentlalo-ntle, imfundo yabazali, ukuvuthwa kokufikisa, kunye nokufuna uvakalelo zazilawulwa.

Kwesinye isifundo sexesha elide sase-US (Ybarra et al., 2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi enobundlobongela kwakunxulumene nokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, kokubili kumntu kunye neteknoloji esekelwe, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa koonografi ngokubanzi kwakungekho, ukulawula ubuninzi babantu, ubundlobongela obuqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji, izibonakaliso zengqondo, ukuxhatshazwa, ukuphendula okunyanisekileyo, kunye ukuba wedwa xa uphendula. Ulutsha olufikisayo olubonisa amanyala anogonyamelo luye lwabonwa kumboniso bhanyabhanya ongu-X, kwiphephancwadi, okanye kwiWeb site “umntu onzakaliswe ngomnye umntu ngoxa esabelana ngesondo” (Ybarra et al., 2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 5). Uhlaselo lomntu ngokwesondo lwenziwa njengokuncamisana, ukubamba, okanye ukwenza “nantoni na ngesondo nomnye umntu xa loo mntu engafuni ukwenza njalo” (Ybarra et al., 2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 5). Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini okusekwe kubuchwepheshe kwenziwa ngezinto ezinjengokucela “nabani na ukuba enze into ngesondo kwi-Intanethi xa omnye umntu engafuni ukuyenza loo nto” kunye nokuthumela “umyalezo obhaliweyo onesini ngendlela xa loo mntu engafuni ukwenza oko. yamkele” (Ybarra et al., 2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphe. 5). Ukwenzeka kokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo okusebenzayo kwahluka phakathi kwe-60% kwi-wave yesibini eBrown kunye ne-L'Engle's (2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) isifundo kunye ne-4% kwizifundo zikaBonino et al. (2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye noYbarra et al. (2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kuphononongo lukaYbarra et al. (2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ngokomlinganiselo ubuninzi be-3% yabakwishumi elivisayo abasebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala enogonyamelo. Ngokwesiseko samaxwebhu kwizifundo, ubungakanani beempembelelo ezinentsingiselo azikwazanga ukubalwa.

Izifundo ezintathu ezinqamlezileyo zafumanisa ukuba (ngokwesondo) ukuxhatshazwa kwakunxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Uphononongo olwenziwe e-Ethiopia (Bekele et al., 2011 Bekele, AB, Van Aken, MAG, & Dubas, JS (2011). Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafundi ababhinqileyo besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kwimpuma ye-Ethiopia. Ubundlobongela kunye namaxhoba, 26 (5), 608-630. ikhonkco:10.1891 / 0886-6708.26.5.608[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) ubonise umanyano olomeleleyo phakathi kwabafundi ababhinqileyo abasebenzisa iifilimu ezingamanyala kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabo ngokwesondo (r = 0.61, Cohen kaThixo d = 1.54). Olu nxulumano lwalubalulekile kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo esalathiso sokuxhatshazwa kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo (okt, ukuba lixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesondo, uhlaselo ngokwesondo, ukunyanzeliswa ngokwesondo, kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo). Kumxholo wobungakanani obunamandla, kuyaphawuleka ukuba "ukubukela iifilimu ezingamanyala zinyanzelwa ngumhlobo wesikolo oyindoda" yayiyinto ekwisikali solwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesondo, njengoko kwakunjalo "Ube neentlobano zesini ngenxa yokubukela ifilimu engamanyala" isikali sokunyanzelwa ngokwesondo (Bekele et al., 2011 Bekele, AB, Van Aken, MAG, & Dubas, JS (2011). Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafundi ababhinqileyo besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kwimpuma ye-Ethiopia. Ubundlobongela kunye namaxhoba, 26 (5), 608-630. ikhonkco:10.1891 / 0886-6708.26.5.608[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphepha 614–615). Ngokuhambelana nophononongo oluvela e-Ethiopia, uphononongo olukhankanywe ngasentla oluvela e-Italiya lukwabonise ukuba abasetyhini abafikisayo ababukele iimagazini zephonografi kunye neevidiyo bahlala benethuba lokuba lixhoba lobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo (Bonino et al., 2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Nangona kunjalo, kuhleli kungacacanga ukuba ngaba uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo (jonga iTheyibhile 4 kuBonino et al., 2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], iphe. I-282) yayiyi-multivariate kwaye ilawulwa iminyaka yobudala (njengoko kucetyiswa kwisicatshulwa kwiphe. 281). Ukufunda iimagazini zephonografi kunye namabali ahlekisayo kwakungahambelani nokuba lixhoba lobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo (Bonino et al., 2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Okokugqibela, kuphononongo olwenziwa eTshayina, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwadityaniswa ne-polyvictimization enkulu (okt, iintlobo ezininzi ngaxeshanye zokuxhatshazwa kunye nokungahoywa, kubandakanywa nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo) phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini abakwishumi elivisayo (Dong et al., 2013 Dong, F., Cao, F., Cheng, P., Kuyi, N., & Li, Y. (2013). Ukuxhaphaka kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nokuxhatshazwa kwepoly kulutsha lwaseTshayina. I-Scandinavia Ijenali yePsychology, 54 (5), 415-422. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / sjop.12059[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Amazinga okuxhatshazwa ahluka phakathi kwezifundo: i-8% yabasetyhini abafikisayo kuphononongo lukaBonino et al. (2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) baxela ukuba baye baxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngoontanga, kwaye i-10% yamantombazana achaza ukuba aye anyanzelwa ukuba abe neentlobano zesini. Kuphononongo olwenziwe nguDong et al. (2013 Dong, F., Cao, F., Cheng, P., Kuyi, N., & Li, Y. (2013). Ukuxhaphaka kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nokuxhatshazwa kwepoly kulutsha lwaseTshayina. I-Scandinavia Ijenali yePsychology, 54 (5), 415-422. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / sjop.12059[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), i-17% yafumana i-polyvictimization, ngelixa i-68% yabasetyhini abaselula kwisifundo sikaBekele et al. (2011 Bekele, AB, Van Aken, MAG, & Dubas, JS (2011). Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafundi ababhinqileyo besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kwimpuma ye-Ethiopia. Ubundlobongela kunye namaxhoba, 26 (5), 608-630. ikhonkco:10.1891 / 0886-6708.26.5.608[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) behlelwe bubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ubomi babo bonke.

Akukho nalunye lwezifundo malunga nokusetyenziswa koburheletya abafikisayo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo bafundelwa abalamli (isiphakamiso sesibini se-DSMM). Ngokumalunga neemodareyitha (isiphakamiso sesithathu se-DSMM), ubungqina obukhoyo bubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuqhutyelwa kobundlobongela bezesondo kunokuba namandla phakathi kwamakhwenkwe kunamantombazana (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokwahlukileyo, unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kubonakaliswe ngokukodwa phakathi kwamantombazana (Bekele et al., 2011 Bekele, AB, Van Aken, MAG, & Dubas, JS (2011). Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafundi ababhinqileyo besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kwimpuma ye-Ethiopia. Ubundlobongela kunye namaxhoba, 26 (5), 608-630. ikhonkco:10.1891 / 0886-6708.26.5.608[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Bonino et al., 2006 Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokuzibandakanya ngokubundlobongela ngesondo phakathi kwabantwana abaselula. Ijenali yaseYurophu ye-Psychology yoPhuculo, 3 (3), 265-288. ikhonkco:10.1080/17405620600562359[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo kwakunamandla phakathi kwamantombazana kunamakhwenkwe (Cheng et al., 2014 Cheng, S., Ma, J., & UMsari, S. (2014). Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bokuqala bolutsha kunye nesondo eTaiwan. I-International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. ikhonkco:10.1177/0268580914538084[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Olu nxulumano luphinde lwamodareyithwa kukuvuthwa komntwana: Phakathi kwabo bakwinqanaba lokuqala lokuvuthwa, ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwakunxulumene namathuba aphezulu okuqalisa isondo. Ngokuchaseneyo, phakathi kwezo zasemva kwexesha lokuvuthwa kokufikisa, yayinxulumene nokuba nokwenzeka okusezantsi ukwenza njalo (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 23 (4), 621-634. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / jora.12008[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ubuncinci kuphononongo olunye ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo kwavela kuphela phakathi kwabasetyhini abafikisayo (Cheng et al., 2014 Cheng, S., Ma, J., & UMsari, S. (2014). Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubudlelwane bokuqala bolutsha kunye nesondo eTaiwan. I-International Sociology, 29 (4), 324-347. ikhonkco:10.1177/0268580914538084[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ubudlelwane bentengiselwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nesehlo sokuziphatha okuthile ngokwesondo (isiphakamiso se-DSMM) saphandwa kuphela nguVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont.2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 23 (4), 621-634. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / jora.12008[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye noDoornwaard, uBickham, et al. (2015 Emnyango, I-SM, Bickham, I-DS, Sisityebi, M., ter Bogt, TFM, & van den Eijnden, RJJM (2015). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nesimo sabo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo: uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kunye neziphumo zesikhokelo.. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi, 51 (10), 1476-1488. ikhonkco:I-10.1037 / dev0000040[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ongazange afumane ubungqina bokuba ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kuya kuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa koonografi.

Isiphelo: Iphonografi eNxulumene nezimo zengqondo ngokwesondo kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kodwa i-Causality ayicacanga.

Ngokubanzi, uphando olukhoyo luvelise ubungqina obungaguqukiyo bokuba ukusebenzisa iphonografi yabakwishumi elivisayo kunxulumene nezimo zabo zesini. Ubungqina obunamandla buye bavela malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumela ukuba zivumeleke ngokwesondo, eziye, ngokutsho kukaCohen (1988 Cohen, J. (1988). Uhlalutyo lwamandla e-Statistical (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]) imigangatho, ephakathi kwizifundo ezinqamlezileyo. Nangona kunjalo, amanqaku abakwishumi elivisayo kwisimo sengqondo sokuvumela isini ayesezantsi ngokomndilili. Ngenxa yoko, kubonakala kufanelekile ukuthetha ngonxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi rhoqo kunye nokungqongqo (kunokuba kuvumeleke ngakumbi) izimo zengqondo zesini.

Ngokubhekiselele kubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye neenkolelo eziqinileyo zesini-ezenziwe ngesondo, ubungqina bubonakala bubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kunxulumene neenkolelo zesondo eziqhubela phambili (ekubonakala ngathi lelona gama lifanelekileyo linikwa ukwabiwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo). Nangona kunjalo, ubukhulu bobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi rhoqo kunye neenkolelo zesini-ezenziwe ngesondo zazincinci. Ngenxa yophando olungaguquguqukiyo ngokupheleleyo olufunyenweyo kunye nobukhulu besiphumo esincinci, ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo eziqinileyo zesini-ezesondo zifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kwizifundo ezizayo.

Olunye uphononongo lucebisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo kunye neenkolelo ezibambekayo zesini zilawulwa yimeko yokuphendula kwengqondo kunye neemvakalelo. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obongezelekayo busalahlekile ngenxa yokuba abalamli abahlukeneyo bahlukene ngokwengqiqo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uphando alukafumani bungqina bubambekayo bamodareyitha (umzekelo, isini sebhayoloji) yonxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo kunye neenkolelo zesini. Ngelixa iinguqu zophuhliso (umzekelo, ubudala) zingabonakali zimodareyitha ubudlelwane, ubungqina obuphambili (nangona bungabalulekanga) buvelile ukuba iinguqu zentlalo, njengonxibelelwano lwabazali malunga nesondo, zinokudlala indima. Kwakungekho ubungqina obuninzi beziphumo zentengiselwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluthile lufumene iziphumo zokuthengiselana phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye neenkolelo ze-gender-stereotypical.

Uphando olukhoyo lukhomba unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yolutsha kunye neengqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nokuphuhliswa ngokwesondo kolutsha, kodwa ubungqina obongezelekayo abukasekwa: Uninzi lweziphumo zisekwe kuhlalutyo lwesampulu efanayo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2009b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Uphando loLuntu, 35 (2), 171-194. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kwaye iikhonsepthi ezifundiweyo zisenokwahluka. Ngokufanayo, izigqibo malunga nokuba yeyiphi impendulo echaza ngokuthe ngqo ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphuhlisa ngokwesondo akunakwenzeka okwangoku: Isiqingatha seziphumo zisekwe kwisampulu efanayo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2008a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzixakekisa ngokwesondo: Uphononongo lwamaza amathathu. I-Media Psychology, 11 (2), 207-234. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213260801994238[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye nobungqina bempendulo yokuqonda ithi njengabalamli basanqabile. Akukho bungqina bubambekayo buvele malunga nokuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphuhlisa ngokwesondo bomelele kulutsha oluyindoda okanye lwabasetyhini. Ukongeza, ngelixa olunye uphononongo lufumene ukuba amava ezesondo olutsha anciphisa amandla obudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuphuhliswa ngokwesondo, iminyaka ayizange ifunyanwe ukuyimodareyitha. Akukho bungqina beziphumo zentengiselwano buvele.

Ubukhulu becala, izifundo esiziphononongileyo ziye zabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kwakunxulumene nokwenzeka kokwabelana ngesondo, amava angakumbi ngokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka okuphezulu kokubandakanyeka kubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokuba namava, ngakumbi phakathi. abasetyhini abafikisayo. Kwakungekho bungqina bokuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi rhoqo kuhambelana namava amaninzi kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zesondo. Ukongeza, ubungqina obungaguqukiyo, obunamandla, kunye nobongezelekayo bobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo akukho.

Uphando aluzange lunikeze naluphi na ulwazi kubalamli bobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo, kwaye kwakungekho bungqina beziphumo zokuthengiselana. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwakunamandla kumakhwenkwe, ngelixa phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kuboniswe ngokukodwa kumantombazana. Unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo kwakunamandla kumantombazana kunye nolutsha olufikisayo kwinqanaba lokufikisa. Amantombazana abonise ubudlelwane obunamandla phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo kwisifundo esinye. Ngokubanzi, nangona kunjalo, ulwazi lwethu malunga neemodareyitha zombutho phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo lusahluka kwaye alunalo umlingiswa okhulayo.

Izigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo kufuneka kubonwe ngokubhekiselele kwezi zityholo zilandelayo: Okokuqala, ubukhulu besiphumo sobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nesehlo sokwabelana ngesondo kunye namava ngokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo kwakuncinci kwaye kuphakathi, ngokulandelanayo. . Nangona kunjalo, ukubalwa kobukhulu besiphumo kwakusekelwe kuphela kwizifundo ezimbalwa ezibonelela ngeenkcukacha-manani eziyimfuneko. Ubungakanani besiphumo bubonisa kuphela uqikelelo lokuqala olurhabaxa, olungagqibekanga. Okwesibini, kwi-avareji ulutsha olufikisayo aluzange lubandakanyeke rhoqo kwiintlobano zesini okanye ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kwanxulunyaniswa nezinga eliphantsi lokuziphatha kunokuba nesehlo esikhulu. Okwesithathu, amanani okwenziwa kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ahluke kakhulu phakathi kwezifundo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lusebenze ngokucwangcisiweyo kwiinkcazo ezithelekisekayo zengqikelelo kunye nokusebenza kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Okwesine, ngelixa yonke imibutho efunyenwe phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yolutsha kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kuya kuzuza kwindlela ecwangcisiweyo ngakumbi kwinkcazo yengqikelelo kunye nokusebenza kokusetyenziswa koonografi, oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kunye nobundlongo ngokwesondo. Amanyathelo asetyenziselwa ukufundisisa lo mbutho ayenokwahluka, kwaye kufuneka sazi ngcono ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zephonografi ezinxulumene nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, kwaye zingekho, ukucacisa lo mbutho ngokucokisekileyo. Ngokufanayo, kufuneka sazi ngakumbi malunga neenkqubo ezihambelana nobudlelwane phakathi koonografi kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ukuze siqonde ngcono ukuba kutheni obu budlelwane bufunyenwe kwiincwadi.

Ukuthelekisa kunye neziphumo zoPhando oluLungelelekileyo

Uninzi lweziphumo zophando zophando lobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi ziye zaqwalaselwa kuphando lomgangatho kulo mba. Umzekelo, ngokufana nophando lobungakanani, uphando olusemgangathweni lubonise ukuba ulutsha lusebenzisa iphonografi ngengozi nangenjongo (uCameron et al., 2005 Cameron, KA, Salazar, LF, Bernhardt, JM, Burgess-Whitman, N., Wingood, GM, & DiClemente, RJ (2005). Amava olutsha ngesondo kwiwebhu: Iziphumo ezivela kumaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kwi-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 28 (4), 535-540. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2004.10.00[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokufanayo, kukho ubungqina obungaguqukiyo kuphando lomgangatho wokuba ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo lusebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo kunolutsha lwabasetyhini (uCameron et al., 2005 Cameron, KA, Salazar, LF, Bernhardt, JM, Burgess-Whitman, N., Wingood, GM, & DiClemente, RJ (2005). Amava olutsha ngesondo kwiwebhu: Iziphumo ezivela kumaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kwi-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 28 (4), 535-540. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2004.10.00[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]). Uphando olufanelekileyo, ukongeza, luvelise izizathu zalo mahluko wesondo ekusebenziseni imifanekiso engamanyala. Xa kuthelekiswa namantombazana, abafana basebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo kuba befuna ukwazi, ukuvusa inkanuko yesini (Abiala & Hernwall, 2013 Abiala, K., & Hernwall, P. (2013). AmaTweens athethathethana ngobuwena kwi-Intanethi: Imifanekiso yamantombazana yaseSweden kunye namakhwenkwe kumava akwi-intanethi. Ijenali yeZifundo zoLutsha, 16 (8), 951-969. ikhonkco:10.1080/13676261.2013.780124[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UCameron et al., 2005 Cameron, KA, Salazar, LF, Bernhardt, JM, Burgess-Whitman, N., Wingood, GM, & DiClemente, RJ (2005). Amava olutsha ngesondo kwiwebhu: Iziphumo ezivela kumaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kwi-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 28 (4), 535-540. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2004.10.00[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), kunye nokuzonwabisa (uRothman et al., 2015 Rothman, EF, Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., UJansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). "Ngaphandle kwephonografi ... andizukwazi isiqingatha sezinto endizaziyo ngoku": Uphononongo olusemgangathweni lokusetyenziswa koonografi phakathi kwesampulu yolutsha lwasezidolophini, olunomvuzo ophantsi, oluMnyama kunye nolutsha lwaseSpanishi.. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 52 (7), 736-746. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2014.960908[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Amakhwenkwe nawo abonakala esebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo kwinto ethi Lofgren-Mårtenson kunye noMånsson (2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]) baye babiza “iintlobano zesini,” kukubukela iphonografi kunye namanye amakhwenkwe. Nangona amakhwenkwe esoloko eyigxeka iphonografi, amantombazana ayithiywa ngakumbi yiphonografi: Ahlala eyifumanisa isisimumu kwaye imbi (uCameron et al., 2005 Cameron, KA, Salazar, LF, Bernhardt, JM, Burgess-Whitman, N., Wingood, GM, & DiClemente, RJ (2005). Amava olutsha ngesondo kwiwebhu: Iziphumo ezivela kumaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kwi-intanethi. Umbhalo we-Adolescence, 28 (4), 535-540. ikhonkco:10.1016 / j.adolescence.2004.10.00[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kwaye usondele kuyo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga embi ( Abiala & Hernwall, 2013 Abiala, K., & Hernwall, P. (2013). AmaTweens athethathethana ngobuwena kwi-Intanethi: Imifanekiso yamantombazana yaseSweden kunye namakhwenkwe kumava akwi-intanethi. Ijenali yeZifundo zoLutsha, 16 (8), 951-969. ikhonkco:10.1080/13676261.2013.780124[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]).

Nangona uphando olusemgangathweni aluzange lubonelele ngolwazi olungakumbi kwezinye izinto eziqikelelwayo (umzekelo, uphuhliso okanye intlalontle) yokusetyenziswa koonografi, yenze ukukhanya kwimiba emibini apho izifundo zobungakanani ziye zayihoxisa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Okokuqala, yalatha ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kulutsha olungatshatanga. Umzekelo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lwase-US lufumanise ukuba abantu abakwishumi elivisayo abathandana besini esinye abakwishumi elivisayo abakwishumi elivisayo abakwishumi elivisayo abakwishumi elivisayo basebenzisa iphonografi ngakumbi ukujonga ukuba bangoobani ngokwesondo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukulungela kwabo ukwabelana ngesondo (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Okwesibini, uphando olusemgangathweni lufunde umxholo othile wephonografi okhethwa ngabakwishumi elivisayo. Umzekelo, abantu basezidolophini, abanemivuzo ephantsi, abaNtsundu nabakwishumi elivisayo abakwishumi elivisayo badla ngokubukela iphonografi ebonisa iintlobano zesini esahlukileyo, kodwa baye badibana neendlela ezigqithisileyo zephonografi, ezinje ngehlazo esidlangalaleni, ukuba neentlobano zesini nesilwanyana, ubukhoboka kunye ne-bukkake (Rothman et al. ., 2015 Rothman, EF, Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., UJansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). "Ngaphandle kwephonografi ... andizukwazi isiqingatha sezinto endizaziyo ngoku": Uphononongo olusemgangathweni lokusetyenziswa koonografi phakathi kwesampulu yolutsha lwasezidolophini, olunomvuzo ophantsi, oluMnyama kunye nolutsha lwaseSpanishi.. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 52 (7), 736-746. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2014.960908[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Izifundo ezisemgangathweni ziye zajongana nobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye neenkolelo zesini esizicingelayo ngokwesondo. Izifundo ezibini zaseSweden, umzekelo, zibonise ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo abangamadoda nabasetyhini babegxeka ukungalingani kwamadoda nabasetyhini kwimifanekiso engamanyala (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), namadoda abonakaliswe ngokuphandle njengabongamileyo nabasetyhini njengabangaphantsi (Mattebo et al., 2012 Mattbo, M., Larsson, M., Tyden, T., Olsson, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2012). UHercules kunye noBarbie? Ukubonakaliswa kwempembelelo yephonografi kunye nokusasazeka kwayo kumajelo eendaba kunye noluntu kumaqela abafikisayo eSweden. Ijenali yaseYurophu yoCwangciso kunye noNonophelo lweMpilo yokuZala, 17 (1), 40-49. ikhonkco:10.3109/13625187.2011.617853[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukuqala kokubona, ezi ziphumo zibonakala zingavisisani nokufunyaniswa kwezifundo zobungakanani boburheletya ezisetyenziswayo zinxulumene neenkolelo eziqinileyo zesini-ezenziwe ngesondo (Brown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2007 UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2007). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwindawo yeendaba ezivuselela isondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zokwabelana ngesondo. Imisebenzi yezesondo, 56(5) 381-395. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s11199-006-9176-y[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Nangona kunjalo, kuzo zonke izifundo zobungakanani, ulutsha lubambe, ngokomndilili, iinkolelo ezinenkqubela phambili malunga neendima zesini. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi kunokunxulunyaniswa neenkolelo zesini-zicingelwayo ngendlela yokuba zenza buthathaka iinkolelo eziqhubekayo malunga nesini, ubuncinci xa abantu abafikisayo befunda ukuthanda izinto (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2009a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009a). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye neengcinga zabasetyhini njengezinto zesondo: Uvavanyo lwe-causality kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko.. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 59(3) 407-433. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2009.01422.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo obalulekileyo wophando lwexesha elizayo uya kuba kukuba isimo sengqondo esibalulekileyo malunga nobudlelwane besini kwimifanekiso engamanyala sinokumodareyitha ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo zesini-ezenziwe ngesondo.

Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuhliseni ngokwesondo kolutsha olufikisayo, izifundo ezisemgangathweni zalatha ukungavisisani kwindlela ulutsha olufikisa ngayo kwiphonografi (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; UMattebo et al., 2012 Mattbo, M., Larsson, M., Tyden, T., Olsson, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2012). UHercules kunye noBarbie? Ukubonakaliswa kwempembelelo yephonografi kunye nokusasazeka kwayo kumajelo eendaba kunye noluntu kumaqela abafikisayo eSweden. Ijenali yaseYurophu yoCwangciso kunye noNonophelo lweMpilo yokuZala, 17 (1), 40-49. ikhonkco:10.3109/13625187.2011.617853[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Abasetyhini abakwishumi elivisayo bachaze zombini ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo kunye nentlungu, kwaye ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo luchaze zombini iimvakalelo ezintle kunye nezingalunganga kwiphonografi (Mattebo et al., 2012 Mattbo, M., Larsson, M., Tyden, T., Olsson, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2012). UHercules kunye noBarbie? Ukubonakaliswa kwempembelelo yephonografi kunye nokusasazeka kwayo kumajelo eendaba kunye noluntu kumaqela abafikisayo eSweden. Ijenali yaseYurophu yoCwangciso kunye noNonophelo lweMpilo yokuZala, 17 (1), 40-49. ikhonkco:10.3109/13625187.2011.617853[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Olu nxunguphalo luhambelana nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo okuye kwadityaniswa nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwizifundo zobungakanani (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2008b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2008b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwi-Intanethi, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuphonononga ngokwesondo ngokungazenzisiyo: Ngaba ikho ikhonkco? UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 35 (5), 579-601. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208321754[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2010a UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010a). Ukusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokungaqiniseki ngokwesondo: Indima yokubandakanyeka kunye nesini.. Iimonograph zoNxibelelwano, 77 (3), 357-375. ikhonkco:10.1080/03637751.2010.498791[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ukungaqondi kakuhle okufunyanwa ngabakwishumi elivisayo xa bebukele iphonografi kusenokubangela ukungaqiniseki ngento abavakalelwa ngayo nabayifunayo ngokwesini. Akuzange kubekho kuphinda kuqhubeke phakathi kwezifundo zobungakanani kunye nomgangatho kweminye imiba yophuhliso lwezesondo lolutsha olufikisayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo ezisemgangathweni zafumanisa ukuba, ngelixa abakwishumi elivisayo ababhinqileyo, ngakumbi, bagxeka iinjongo zomzimba ezingafikelelekiyo eziboniswe kwiphonografi (Mattebo et al., 2012 Mattbo, M., Larsson, M., Tyden, T., Olsson, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2012). UHercules kunye noBarbie? Ukubonakaliswa kwempembelelo yephonografi kunye nokusasazeka kwayo kumajelo eendaba kunye noluntu kumaqela abafikisayo eSweden. Ijenali yaseYurophu yoCwangciso kunye noNonophelo lweMpilo yokuZala, 17 (1), 40-49. ikhonkco:10.3109/13625187.2011.617853[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), baye bavuma ukuba baphenjelelwe zezi ngcinga (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), babebagqala njengomthombo wolwazi ngesondo (Kinsman et al., 2000 Umzalwane, J., Nyanzi, S., & Iqula, R. (2000). Iimpembelelo zokuhlalisana kunye nexabiso lezesondo: Amava amantombazana afikisayo asesikolweni emaphandleni aseMasaka, eUganda. INkcubeko, Impilo, kunye nezesondo, 2 (2), 151-166. ikhonkco:10.1080/136910500300778[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo waziva ecinezelekile yimiyalezo yesondo kwimifanekiso engamanyala (Mattebo et al., 2012 Mattbo, M., Larsson, M., Tyden, T., Olsson, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2012). UHercules kunye noBarbie? Ukubonakaliswa kwempembelelo yephonografi kunye nokusasazeka kwayo kumajelo eendaba kunye noluntu kumaqela abafikisayo eSweden. Ijenali yaseYurophu yoCwangciso kunye noNonophelo lweMpilo yokuZala, 17 (1), 40-49. ikhonkco:10.3109/13625187.2011.617853[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Ngokumalunga nobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, izifundo ezisemgangathweni zamva nje zibonise ukuba abafikisayo banokufunda imibhalo yokusebenza ngokwesondo okanye izenzo zesini kwiphonografi (Lavoie et al., 2000 Lavoie, F., Robitaille, L., & Herbert, M. (2000). Ubudlelwane bolutsha oluthandanayo kunye nobundlongondlongo: isifundo sophononongo. Ubundlobongela Kwabesetyhini, 6 (1), 6-36. ikhonkco:10.1177/10778010022181688[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]; UMarston & Lewis, 2014 Marston, C., & Lewis, R. (2014). I-anal heterosex phakathi kwabantu abancinci kunye neempembelelo zokukhuthaza impilo: Uphononongo olusemgangathweni e-UK. BMJ Open, 4 (8), e004996. ikhonkco:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004996[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kunye nabanye abafikisayo belinganisa oko bakubonayo kwiphonografi (uArrington-Sanders et al., 2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Rothman et al., 2015 Rothman, EF, Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., UJansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). "Ngaphandle kwephonografi ... andizukwazi isiqingatha sezinto endizaziyo ngoku": Uphononongo olusemgangathweni lokusetyenziswa koonografi phakathi kwesampulu yolutsha lwasezidolophini, olunomvuzo ophantsi, oluMnyama kunye nolutsha lwaseSpanishi.. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 52 (7), 736-746. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2014.960908[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwizifundo zobungakanani (umzekelo, uBrown & L'Engle, 2009 Ntsundu, JD, & L'Engle, KL (2009). I-X-rated: Izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwabaselula base-US kwimithombo yeendaba ecacileyo ngokwesondo. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 36 (1), 129-151. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650208326465[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; IVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont, 2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 23 (4), 621-634. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / jora.12008[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kwaye yalatha kwiskripthi sephonografi njengesakhelo sereferensi yemidlalo yesondo (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]). Ngokukodwa, abanye abafikisayo babonakala besebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala "njengencwadi yezesondo" (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), umzekelo, ukufunda malunga namalungu esini, isikhundla sesondo, indima yezesondo, kunye nokusebenza kweendlela ezithile zesini, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Rothman et al., 2015 Rothman, EF, Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., UJansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). "Ngaphandle kwephonografi ... andizukwazi isiqingatha sezinto endizaziyo ngoku": Uphononongo olusemgangathweni lokusetyenziswa koonografi phakathi kwesampulu yolutsha lwasezidolophini, olunomvuzo ophantsi, oluMnyama kunye nolutsha lwaseSpanishi.. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 52 (7), 736-746. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2014.960908[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kuphononongo lwaseKhanada, amantombazana akwishumi elivisayo abonisa ukuba amakhwenkwe anokufunda ukuba ndlongondlongo ngokwesini kwiphonografi, apho abanye abafana babonakala bevumelana nayo (Lavoie et al., 2000 Lavoie, F., Robitaille, L., & Herbert, M. (2000). Ubudlelwane bolutsha oluthandanayo kunye nobundlongondlongo: isifundo sophononongo. Ubundlobongela Kwabesetyhini, 6 (1), 6-36. ikhonkco:10.1177/10778010022181688[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]). Ngelixa abathathi-nxaxheba kuphando lwaseSweden bagxininisa ukuba bayakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwentsomi yephonografi kunye nenyani ngokwesondo, ngamanye amaxesha bajonga imifanekiso engamanyala njengomthombo othembekileyo wolwazi (Lofgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010 Lofgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S.-A. (2010). Inkanuko, uthando, kunye nobomi: Isifundo esifanelekileyo sokuqonda ulutsha lwaseSweden kunye namava anokubukela iphonografi. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 47 (6), 568-579. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490903151374[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]).

Ezi ziphumo zidibene nophando lobungakanani obubonise ubunyani obubonwayo (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2006b). Ukuvezwa kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kwizinto ezibonisa ukuba bayabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi kunye nakwindlela yokuzihlaziya ngesondo. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 56 (4), 639-660. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), kwaye ngokukodwa usetyenziso olubonwayo lwephonografi njengomthombo wolwazi lwezesondo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2010b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2010b). Iinkqubo eziphantsi kweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kolutsha olukwi-Intanethi olucacileyo ngokwesondo: Indima yokwenene.. UPhando lwezoNxibelelwano, 37 (3), 375-399. ikhonkco:10.1177/0093650210362464[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), unokuchaza isizathu sokuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunxulumene nesimo sengqondo esivumela isini. Kwezi zifundo zininzi, ulutsha olufikisayo ngokomndilili aluzange luyibone iphonografi njengenyani. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi, nangona kunjalo, kwabenza babona lo mbandela "njengengekho ngqiqweni", nto leyo eyayinxulumene nezimo zengqondo zokuziphatha zesini. Ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwethu indima yoonografi njengomthombo wolwazi lwezesondo, uphando lwexesha elizayo luya kufuneka lujongane neemeko apho iintlobo ezithile zolutsha zisebenzisa iphonografi ukuze zifunde ngesondo kunye nesondo.

Lilonke, ngelixa uphando lomyinge kunye nomgangatho wolutsha kunye nephonografi yahlukile kwifoci ethile yophando ekhethiweyo, iziphumo zabo zihlala zingaguquguquki okanye ziyahambelana kunokuchasana. Kwiimeko ezininzi, uthelekiso lweziphumo kuphando lobungakanani kunye nomgangatho nalo luphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo kuphando lwexesha elizayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuya kuba kukuchonga iimeko apho ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nesimo sengqondo sesondo, ukuziphuhlisa, kunye nokuziphatha zikhulu okanye zincinci, kunye neentlobo zolutsha oludityaniswe ngakumbi okanye lwahluke kakhulu kubo.

UVavanyo olubalulekileyo lweZiphumo

Uphononongo lwethu lweminyaka edlulileyo ye-20 yophando malunga nolutsha kunye noonografi luye lwabonisa ukuba ulutsha lusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala nangona izinga lokuxhaphaka lihluka kakhulu. Abona bantu bakwishumi elivisayo besebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala ngamadoda, aselula afuna imvakalelo akwinqanaba eliphezulu lokufikisa elinobudlelwane obubuthathaka okanye obuneengxaki zosapho. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunxulunyaniswa nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo kunye neenkolelo ezingqongqo zesini-ezekelisayo ngokwesondo. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kukwanxulumene nokubakho kokwabelana ngesondo, amava amakhulu ngokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo, kunye nobundlobongela obungaphezulu ngokwesondo, kokubini ngokwesini kunye nokuphathwa kakubi. Ngokuchasene nokuphononongwa kwangaphambili kwesihloko (u-Owens et al., 2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), Uphononongo lwethu ke lucebisa ukuba, ngoku, obunye ubungqina obongezelelekileyo bakha malunga nokuqikelelwa kolutsha olukwishumi elivisayo lokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nobudlelwane bayo nezimo zengqondo zesini kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Nangona kunjalo, obu bungqina busengaphambili, njengoko bufuna ukutolikwa kumxholo ubuncinane ubuncinane obuneziphene kunye nezinye ezine eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo kwiincwadi.

Iingxaki

Intsilelo yokuqala kuncwadi olumalunga nolutsha kunye neephonografi zibhekisa ekusebenzeni kokusetyenziswa koonografi. Njengoko kubonakala kwi 1 Table, abaphandi baye basebenza ukusebenzisa iphonografi ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthelekisa iziphumo. Ukwenziwa komsebenzi kuyahluka, umzekelo, kwiintlobo zokusetyenziswa (okt, ngabom, ngokungeyonjongo, naluphi na usetyenziso); ixesha elimiselweyo ekuvavanyweni ukusetyenziswa kwalo (umzekelo, iintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo, iinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo, unyaka odlulileyo, nanini na); nokuba kugxininiswa kwiphonografi esekwe kwi-Intanethi okanye ezinye iintlobo; nokuba playboy-uhlobo lobunqunu lubandakanyiwe kuvavanyo lokusetyenziswa koonografi ecaleni kwezinto ezicacileyo (umz., Lo et al., 1999 Khangela, V., Neilan, E., Ilanga, M., & Chiang, S. (1999). Ukuvezwa kolutsha lwaseTaiwan kumajelo eendaba angamanyala kunye nefuthe lawo kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ijenali ye-Asia yoNxibelelwano, 9 (1), 50-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/01292989909359614[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]; Van Ouytsel et al., 2014 Van Outtsel, J., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2014). Unxulumano phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo olusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neevidiyo zomculo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni. I-Cyberpsychology, ukuziphatha kunye neNethiwekhi yeNtlalo, 17 (12), 772-778. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cyber.2014.0365[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Ybarra et al., 2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ke ngoko sifuna imilinganiselo efanayo, eqinisekisiweyo yokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ngokufanelekileyo, amanyathelo anjalo asemgangathweni, kodwa anikwe ukuhlukahluka kwimigangatho yenkcubeko yoonografi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kuninzi kufunyenwe sele sele sele imilinganiselo ithelekisa kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mongo, kuya kubaluleka ukuthathela ingqalelo ukwanda kolutsha olufikisayo olusebenzisa ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi.

Xa uyila kwaye uqinisekisa amanyathelo anjalo kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuzama ukuvavanya kwakhona ukuba yintoni umxholo wephonografi ulutsha oluvezwayo xa lusebenzisa iphonografi. Owens et al. (2012 Owens, EW, Behun, RJ, Manning, JC, & Reid, RC (2012). Impembelelo yephonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha: Uphononongo lophando. Ukunyanzela ngokwesondo kunye nokunyanzelisa, 19(1–2), 99-122. ikhonkco:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]) sele sibonise ukuba asazi phantse nantoni na malunga nomxholo ofikisayo odibana nawo xa usebenzisa iphonografi. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, sibona lo mba awukasonjululwa. Okwangoku, siyazi kuphononongo olunye lomgangatho wokuba ulutsha lusebenzisa iphonografi eqhelekileyo kunye neentlobo ezigqithisileyo zephonografi (uRothman et al., 2015 Rothman, EF, Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., UJansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). "Ngaphandle kwephonografi ... andizukwazi isiqingatha sezinto endizaziyo ngoku": Uphononongo olusemgangathweni lokusetyenziswa koonografi phakathi kwesampulu yolutsha lwasezidolophini, olunomvuzo ophantsi, oluMnyama kunye nolutsha lwaseSpanishi.. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 52 (7), 736-746. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2014.960908[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ybarra et al.'s (2011 Ybarra, ML, I-Mitchell, KJ, IHamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Igqabi, I-PJ (2011). Izinto ezilinganiswe ngu-X kunye nokuziphatha okundlongondlongo ngokwesondo phakathi kwabantwana nabafikisayo: Ngaba lukhona unxibelelwano? Ukuziphatha okuhle, 37 (1), 1-18. ikhonkco:10.1002/Ab.20367[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) Uphononongo, nangona kunjalo, lucebise ukuba lo mahluko ubalulekile: Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwakunxulumene kuphela nokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala enobundlobongela kodwa kungekhona ukubukela iphonografi eqhelekileyo. Kuphela kuphando olusondeleyo lomxholo wephonografi osetyenziswa ngabakwishumi elivisayo sinokusiqonda ngokwenene ukuba kutheni ulutsha lutsaleleka, okanye lugxothwa, yiphonografi kunye nendlela olunxibelelana ngayo nezimo zabo zengqondo, ukuzikhulisa, kunye nokuziphatha.

Ukusilela kwesibini kubhekiselele kwinani eliphezulu loyilo olunqamlezileyo kwintsimi. Ngelixa, ngokubanzi, uphando lomyinge lubonakala luqinile ngokwendlela yovavanyo kunye nolawulo kunye nesampulu kunye namazinga okuphendula, ukongamela koyilo olunqamlezileyo kuthintela amabango e-causal malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo zesini, ukuziphuhlisa, kunye nokuziphatha. . Nangona inani elandayo loyilo lwelongitudinal longeza ukuqina kwendlela kuncwadi, uyilo olunjalo aluyicombululi le ngxaki. Asipheleli nje ekusweleni ubungqina obuxhasayo obuvela kwizifundo zovavanyo, kodwa kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ecwangcisiweyo kulawulo oluguquguqukayo kuhlalutyo lwamanani kuba kuyilo longitudinal unxulumano olungeyonyani lunokwenzeka ngenxa yobume bonxulumano lophando. Uninzi lwezifundo ezinde zibandakanya iziphumo ezizenzekelayo kwaye ezinye izifundo zibandakanya iinguqu ezongezelelweyo zolawulo (bona, nangona kunjalo, ukugxekwa kwamva nje kweziphumo ezizenzekelayo kuHamaker, Kuiper, & Grasman, 2015 Hamaker, EL, Kuiper, RM, & IGrasman, I-RPPP (2015). Isigxeko-ncomo semodeli yephaneli enqamlezileyo. Iindlela zengqondo, 20 (1), 102-116. ikhonkco:10.1037 / a0038889[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ubukhulu becala, nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zolawulo kubonakala kukhokelwa yingqwalasela ethile yokufunda kunye nokufumaneka kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kunokuba kugxininise kwithiyori kunye nezizathu zobungqina. Ngaphaya koko, zizifundo ezimbalwa kuphela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ezithathele ingqalelo izinto eziguquguqukayo ezibalulekileyo, ezinjengomdla wesondo/ukuqhuba kunye nokuvuthwa kobudoda, njengolawulo oluguquguqukayo. Izinto eziguquguqukayo zebhayoloji, ezinje nge testosterone okanye amanqanaba e-cortisol, nazo azifane zifundwe. Ngokubhekiselele kwezi zilumkiso zibalulekileyo, kubonakala kungaphambi kwexesha ukutolika ubudlelwane obusekwe kolu hlaziyo ngengqiqo yokuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kubangela utshintsho kwisimo sengqondo sezesondo, ukuziphuhlisa kunye nokuziphatha.

Intsilelo yesithathu ebalulekileyo kuphando lwangoku oluthintela ukuqonda okunzulu kokusetyenziswa koonografi abafikisayo kunye neziphumo zayo kukungabikho kwembono yethiyori ephezulu. Silungelelanise uncwadi kunye neziphakamiso zemodeli yamva nje edibeneyo evela kuphando lweziphumo zosasazo, iDSMM (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Ngalo mzekelo, sizame ukucwangcisa zombini izibikezelo zokusetyenziswa koonografi, kunye neenkqubo eziphantsi kunye neemodareyitha zemibutho yokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nobudlelwane bokuthengiselana. Ngokuhambelana nesiphakamiso sokuqala se-DSMM, sichonge iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, uphuhliso, kunye nentlalontle yokusetyenziswa koonografi. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina beenkqubo ezisisiseko (isiphakamiso sesibini se-DSMM) kunye neemodareyitha zemibutho yokusetyenziswa koonografi (isiphakamiso sesithathu se-DSMM) kwaye ngokuphawulekayo ubudlelwane bentengiselwano (isiphakamiso sesine se-DSMM) sahlala sinqabile kwaye, ukuba sikhona, asihambelani. Uphando luye lwabonelela ngemibono yokuqala malunga nokuqonda, imvakalelo, kunye nempendulo evuselelayo ithi ilamla ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo, iinkolelo zesini, kunye nokuphuhliswa ngokwesondo. Nangona kunjalo, silahlekelwa ulwazi oluqokelelweyo malunga nezi ngxelo zempendulo ezivela kwizifundo ezininzi okanye ukuphindaphinda, okwenziwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko kunye nabaphandi abahlukeneyo ukufumana ingqiqo yokunyaniseka kunye nokuthembeka kweziphumo ezikhoyo. Izifundo malunga nokuziphatha, uphuhliso, kunye neemodareyitha zentlalo zobudlelwane boonografi ezisetyenziswayo okwangoku zenza i-patchwork yeemodareyitha ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo ezineziphumo ezingahambelaniyo kunenkqubo yophando ecwangcisiweyo. Ekugqibeleni, uphando luye lwahlawula ingqalelo encinci kubudlelwane bokuthengiselana phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo. Izifundo zinika ingqwalasela ebanzi kwimpembelelo yokusetyenziswa koonografi kwisimo sengqondo sesondo, ukuphuhliswa ngokwesondo, kunye nokuziphatha, kodwa kuncinci kumbuzo obaluleke ngokulinganayo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwethiyori wokuba isimo sengqondo sezesondo, uphuhliso lwezesondo, kunye nokuziphatha kunokunxulumana namanyala. sebenzisa ngendlela yentengiselwano.

Ukunqongophala kwembono yethiyori ehambele phambili ngakumbi kuphando lwangoku kunye nokungabikho kweziphumo ezifanelekileyo kuneziphumo ezininzi ezinzima. Emva kweminyaka engama-20 yophando, sisazi kancinci malunga nokuba kutheni ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuhambelana, umzekelo, izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Noko ke, ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba kutheni imifanekiso engamanyala inxulunyaniswa nezinye izinto, asikwazi ukuchasana nonxulumano olunganqwenelekiyo nokuvuselela olunqwenelekayo. Ngapha koko, asazi nokuba zeziphi iintlobo zolutsha olukwishumi elivisayo olusebenzisa iphonografi elona lunamandla-kwaye lweziphi iintlobo zolutsha olubuthathaka okanye alukho. Njengoko ukuthelekiswa kweziphumo zophando lobungakanani kunye nekhwalithi kubonisiwe, ezinye zezona mibuzo zibalulekileyo zophando olusakhulayo ziziko malunga nomcimbi wokuba ngubani okwazi ukumelana nemiyalezo kwi-pornography kwaye ngubani ochaphazelekayo. Ekugqibeleni, asinabo ubungqina bokuba i-ramifications yokusetyenziswa koonografi inokuthi iqondwe njenge-multidirectional, inkqubo ye-cyclical (okt, ukuthengiselana) kunokuba ibe yinto enye kunye neyodwa. Iingxoxo ezininzi zikawonke-wonke malunga nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi zikholisa ukuthembela kwimbono elula yenkawu-see-monkey-do yendlela abafikisayo abajongana ngayo nephonografi kunye nendlela ebachaphazela ngayo. Ukwazisa iingxoxo ezinjalo, ulwazi malunga nobudlelwane bentengiselwano kusetyenziso lwephonografi luyafuneka.

Ukusilela kwesine kukungabikho kombono wophuhliso lokwenene. Ngokuvuthwa kokufikisa, olu phononongo luchonge uphuhliso lokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kulutsha. Izifundo ezibini zalatha kwindima yokumodareyitha yokukhula kokukhula (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013b IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013b). Iiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yesimo sokufikisa.. Ijenali yoPhando ngoButha, 23 (4), 621-634. ikhonkco:I-10.1111 / jora.12008[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kunye namava ezesondo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2009b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2009b). Ukuvezwa kolutsha kwizinto ze-Intanethi ezibonisa ngokwesondo kunye nokwaneliseka ngokwesondo: isifundo sexesha elide.. Uphando loLuntu, 35 (2), 171-194. ikhonkco:10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kwiimpembelelo zolutsha olusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala. Sekunjalo, asiyiqondi kakuhle into ethethwa kuthethwa ngamanyala kulutsha ngokomxholo wotshintsho olukhulu lwengqondo, lweemvakalelo, nolwezentlalo olufunyanwa lulutsha ngexesha lokufikisa.

Kulo mongo, kukwabonakala kubalulekile ukuthelekisa ukusetyenziswa kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nefuthe layo kumaqela amabini. Uphando olukhoyo olunqongopheleyo lubonisa ukuba abantu abadala kunye nabakwishumi elivisayo abahlukanga ekusebenziseni kwabo iphonografi ye-Intanethi (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2011d UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011d). Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1015-1025. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokuziphatha okuyingozi ngokwesondo kunye nenkolelo ethile yesini (ukumelana nomqondiso) kufunyenwe phakathi kwabantu abadala kodwa hayi phakathi kwabafikisayo (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2011b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011b). Impembelelo yemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye noontanga kwiinkolelo ezibambekayo malunga neendima zesini zabasetyhini: ukufana kunye nomahluko phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala.. I-cyberpsychology, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nenethiwekhi yezonxibelelwano, 14 (9), 511-517. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cyber.2010.0189[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2011c UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011c). Impembelelo ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo ekuziphatheni okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo: uthelekiso lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Ijenali yoNxibelelwano lwezeMpilo, 16(7) 750-765. ikhonkco:10.1080/10810730.2011.551996[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Kwangaxeshanye, iziphumo kunxulumano phakathi kolutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo ziyadibana nophando olusekwe kuphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabantu abadala kwiphonografi (umz., Wright, 2013 Ubushushu, I-PJ (2013). Amadoda ase-US kunye nephonografi, i-1973-2010: Ukusetyenziswa, ukuxela kwangaphambili, ukuhambelana. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 50 (1), 60-71. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224499.2011.628132[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2014a Ubushushu, I-PJ (2014a). Izimo zengqondo zabantu baseMelika malunga nesondo sangaphambi komtshato kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi: Uhlalutyo lweqela lesizwe. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (1), 89-97. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-014-0353-8[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Akukacaci okwangoku ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuneempembelelo ezifanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo kulutsha nakubantu abadala. Uthelekiso olucwangcisiweyo phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala ke ngoko lunokuphucula ukuqonda kophuhliso kungekuphela nje kokusetyenziswa koonografi ekufikiseni kodwa nakwixesha lonke lobomi.

Ukukhetha

Ukongeza kwiintsilelo ezithe kratya kuncwadi lwangoku malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi, kukho ukuthambekela okune ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezinkulu zophando (jonga noPetros, 2013 UPetros, J. (2013). Imidiya kunye nophuhliso lwezesondo. Kwi-D. Lemish (Mhl.), I-Routledge International Handbook yabantwana, abafikisayo kunye neMedia, (iphe. 217–223). London, UK: Routledge. [Google Scholar]). Okokuqala, uphando lunengxaki yenkcubeko. Amanqaku angaphezu kwesibini kwisithathu samanqaku esiwenzileyo ayevela eYurophu, kuMntla Merika, okanye eOstreliya. Ngaphezu koko, i-63% yamanqaku avela kumazwe ambalwa kuphela (oko kukuthi, i-Netherlands, i-United States, i-Sweden, i-Hong Kong/i-China, ne-Belgium). Nangona amanqaku amahlanu kula manqaku siye sawaqwalasela ethetha ngamazwe aseAfrika, asinalwazi lufanayo ngeAfrika njengoko sinalo ngeYurophu, uMntla Merika, namanye amazwe aseAsia, ingakumbi iHong Kong/China neTaiwan. Asazi nto malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi kuMbindi noMzantsi Merika, amazwe aliqela aseAsia, eRashiya nakuMbindi Mpuma (ngaphandle kwaSirayeli).

Iziphumo zolu hlaziyo zinokuthi zithathelwe ecaleni ngokwahluka kwenkcubeko kwintlalontle yabantu abafikisayo ngokwesondo kunye nesini kumazwe alawula uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yabakwishumi elivisayo. Ngokomzekelo, iNetherlands neSweden, ziphawulwa ngeendlela ezikhululekileyo zokuziphatha ngokwesini kolutsha kunye nephonografi. Igalelo elinamandla elivela kula mazwe mabini kwiziphumo ezipheleleyo zolu phononongo lunokuthi ke luthintele ukwenza ngokubanzi iziphumo zethu kumazwe alondoloze kakhulu ngokwesondo. Ngoko ke sidinga ulwazi oluvela kumazwe amaninzi nangakumbi ahlukeneyo, kwaye ngokukhethekileyo kuphando oluthelekisayo lwelizwe lonke, ukuqonda iimeko ezinokwenzeka zenkcubeko yolutsha olusebenzisa iphonografi.

Okwesibini, uphando lwangoku lunengxaki ye-heteronormativity bias. Ngaphandle komnye (Arrington-Sanders et al., 2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), lonke uphononongo ubuncinci lujolise ngokungagungqiyo kwiphonografi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, baphanda imiba ehlala icingela ubudlelwane besini esahlukileyo. Nangona ezinye iiphononongo ziye zafumanisa ukuba amadoda akwishumi elivisayo athandana nesini kunye nabafana abakwishumi elivisayo basebenzisa iphonografi kaninzi kunolutsha oluthandana nesini esahlukileyo (Luder et al., 2011 Luder, M.-T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Ewe, C., UMichael, P.-A., & Suris, J.-C. (2011). Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1027-1035. ikhonkco:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; UPeter kunye neValkenburg, 2011d UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011d). Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Uvimba woLuntu, 40 (5), 1015-1025. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-010-9644-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ulwazi lwethu malunga nemisebenzi, iintsingiselo, kunye nefuthe lokusetyenziswa kwephonografi phakathi kwama-gay, ama-lesbian, kunye nabafikisayo abathandana nabasetyhini. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe nguArrington-Sanders et al. (2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), nangona kunjalo, iingcamango ezininzi ezingacacanga ezingafaniyo zophando lwangoku zinokutyhilwa ngokufunda ulutsha olungatshatanga.

Okwesithathu, uphando esiluphononongileyo luthande ukuba ne-negativity bias, lugxile ikakhulu kumngcipheko kunye nobungozi bokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yolutsha endaweni yamathuba kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo ezinokuthi zibe kho zokusebenzisa iphonografi, njengolonwabo lwesondo (umzekelo, Tsaliki, 2011 Tsaliki, L. (2011). Ukudlala ngamanyala: Ukuphononongwa kwabantwana bamaGrike kwiphonografi. sex Education, 11 (3), 293-302. ikhonkco:10.1080/14681811.2011.590087[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]). Ugxininiso lophando malunga nemiphumo emibi yokusetyenziswa koonografi kunokulungiswa ngokuqwalaselwa kweengcamango kunye nokujongana neenkxalabo zoluntu ezisekelwe kwinkcubeko. Nangona kunjalo, ukufumana umbono obandakanyayo wokuba iphonografi yolutsha ibandakanya ntoni, kubonakala kufanelekile ukubuza ukuba ingaba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunokunxulunyaniswa na, umzekelo, ngolwazi oluninzi lwezesondo (ngaphandle koku, bona i-et al., 2012 Iya ku, S., Ngayi, SS, & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunye nokulamla zokufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-sexual enemifanekiso yesondo kwisimo sengqondo solutsha lwase-Hong Kong, ulwazi, kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nesondo.. UPhononongo lweeNkonzo zaBantwana noLutsha, 34 (11), 2156-2163. ikhonkco:10.1016/j.ulutsha.2012.07.019[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ukuzithemba ngokwesondo, okanye ukuzithemba ngokwesondo. Imibuzo enjalo inokunceda ukubuza ingcinga ecacileyo kuphando lwangoku lokuba ulutsha lusesichengeni semiyalezo yephonografi. Ayipheleli nje ekucingeni ukuba ulutsha olusesichengeni luyabakhanyela iarhente kunye nezakhono ezibalulekileyo (Buckingham & Bragg, 2004 Buckingham, D., & Qhosha, S. (2004). Abantu abaselula, isini, kunye namajelo eendaba: Ngaba ziziphi izibakala zobomi? I-Basingstoke, e-UK: I-Palgrave Macmillan.[I-Crossref], , [Google Scholar]), ikwabonakala ingavisisani nophononongo lwamva nje oluthelekisa ulutsha olufikisayo nabantu abadala kwaye yafumana unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo eziziingqikelelo zesini kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo kuphela kubantu abadala (uPeter & Valkenburg, 2011b UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011b). Impembelelo yemathiriyeli ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo kunye noontanga kwiinkolelo ezibambekayo malunga neendima zesini zabasetyhini: ukufana kunye nomahluko phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala.. I-cyberpsychology, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nenethiwekhi yezonxibelelwano, 14 (9), 511-517. ikhonkco:10.1089 / cyber.2010.0189[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar], 2011c UPetros, J., & eValkenburg, PM (2011c). Impembelelo ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo ekuziphatheni okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo: uthelekiso lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala.. Ijenali yoNxibelelwano lwezeMpilo, 16(7) 750-765. ikhonkco:10.1080/10810730.2011.551996[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]).

Okwesine, uphando lwangoku malunga nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi luthambekele kwisimo se-quo. Izifundo ezininzi zidla ngokungayihoyi into yokuba inguqu yesini esakhulayo yinxalenye yotshintsho olukhulu lwezentlalo nenkcubeko, umzekelo, ukwenziwa ngokusesikweni kobudlelwane bomntu kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokuzikhethela komntu ngokwesondo, ubuncinci kumazwe amaninzi aseNtshona. Ukwabelana ngesondo kwabafikisayo ke ngoko akusalawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngabasemagunyeni kodwa, ngokuyinxenye, ngumbuzo wokungcamla kunye nolonwabo lomntu (Attwood & Smith, 2011 Attwood, F., & Smith, C. (2011). Ukuphanda ngeenkcubeko zabantu abatsha ngokwesondo: Intshayelelo. sex Education, 11 (3), 235-242. ikhonkco:10.1080/14681811.2011.590040[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]). Kulo mbono, imibutho efunyenwe phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo, ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo, ukwenzeka kunye nokuphindaphinda kokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye namava ngesondo esingaqhelekanga (kwakhona) sinokuqondwa njengenxalenye yotshintsho olukhulu lwentlalo.

Uphando lwexesha elizayo

Ukusuka kwiintsilelo ezahlukeneyo kuncwadi, iimfuno ezininzi zophando lwexesha elizayo zinokufunyanwa. Okokuqala, uphando oluthe kratya lwexesha elide luyafuneka, lukhatshwa lunyango olucwangcisiweyo, lwethiyori kunye nolweempirically olusekelwe kwiinguqu zolawulo. Kulo mongo, kunokuba luncedo ukucinga malunga nezifundo zephaneli zexesha elide ezithatha iminyaka eliqela ukulandelela ukukhula kolutsha ekusebenziseni iphonografi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezifanelekileyo, ukuziphuhlisa, kunye nokuziphatha. Ngokufanelekileyo, izifundo zexesha elide kufuneka zidityaniswe nophando lovavanyo phakathi kwabantu abadala abancinci ukujongana nemibuzo ye-causal. Ukongeza, kubonakala kububulumko ukuphepha izifundo zisebenzisa iisampulu ezilula kwaye wamkele uphando olusekwe kwiisampulu ezinjalo kuphela ukuba kunokuboniswa ukuba azikhethi cala kwiziphumo.

Okwesibini, intsimi kufuneka izibophelele ekwakheni ithiyori kunye novavanyo. Amaphononongo amaninzi axhomekeke kwithiyori ye-ad hoc yokuqiqa kunye nokuqhelaniswa nokuqina endaweni yeethiyori ezimiselweyo njengesizathu sophando lwazo. Abaphandi bexesha elizayo, ke ngoko, kufuneka bazame ukuvavanya izikhokelo zethiyori ezidibanisayo ezikhokela uphando kunye nokunciphisa kunye nokucwangcisa iikhonsepthi ezininzi ezifundwayo ngoku. Kolu hlaziyo, sinikeze imodeli enye edibeneyo, iDSMM (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013 eValkenburg, PM, & UPetros, J. (2013). Ukuchaphazeleka okungafaniyo kwimodeli yeziphumo zemidiya. YoLwazi lweNxibelelwano, 63 (2), 221-243. ikhonkco:10.1111/jcom.12024[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), esetyenziswe kwizifundo zamva nje (Beyens et al., 2015 Beyens, I., IVandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Ukuvezwa kwamakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi: Ubudlelwane kwixesha lokufikisa, ukufuna imvakalelo, kunye nokusebenza kwezemfundo.. Umbhalo we-Early adolescence, 35 (8), 1045-1068. ikhonkco:10.1177/0272431614548069[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Vanden Abeele et al., 2014 Vanden Abeele, M., Campbell, I-SW, Eggermont, S., & I-Roe, K. (2014). I-Sexting, ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn ephathwayo, kunye ne-dynamics yeqela loontanga: Ukuthandwa kwabafana kunye namantombazana ngokwabo, imfuno yokuthandwa, kunye noxinzelelo loontanga.. I-Media Psychology, 17 (1), 6-33. ikhonkco:10.1080/15213269.2013.801725[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) kwaye unokukwazi ukukhokela uphando lwexesha elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izikhokelo, ezinje ngemodeli yokuziqhelanisa nemidiya (Steele & Brown, 1995 Steele, Omnci, & Ntsundu, JD (1995). Inkcubeko yegumbi lokufikisa: Ukufunda imidiya kwimeko yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Umbhalo woLutsha kunye noLutsha, 24 (5), 551-576. ikhonkco:10.1007 / BF01537056[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]), ukulandelelana kokuziphatha ngokwesondo (Byrne, 1976 Byrne, D. (1976). Ingqondo yentlalo kunye nokufunda ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ubuntu kunye neNzululwazi yezeNzululwazi zeBlue, 3(1) 3-30. ikhonkco:10.1177/014616727600300102[I-Crossref], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Fisher, 1986 Fisher, WA (1986). Indlela yokujongana nesondo lomntu: Ulandelelwano lokuziphatha ngokwesondo, e D. Byrne & K. Kelley (Mhl.), Iindlela ezizezinye kufundo lokuziphatha ngokwesondo (I-131-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]), okanye imodeli ye-3A (Wright, 2014b Ubushushu, I-PJ (2014b). Iphonografi kunye nentlalontle yezesondo yabantwana: Ulwazi lwangoku kunye nekamva lethiyori. Ijenali yaBantwana kunye neMedia, 8 (3), 305-312. ikhonkco:10.1080/17482798.2014.923606[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], , [Google Scholar]), nazo zifanelekile.

Okwesithathu, uphando kufuneka luhlawule ngakumbi kumxholo wephonografi osetyenziswa ngabakwishumi elivisayo. Sidinga ukwazi ukuxhaphaka kunye nokuqikelelwa kokusetyenziswa komxholo woonografi ofanayo nento esiyaziyo ngoku malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi ngokubanzi. Kulo mxholo, kunokubaluleka ukuba ufunde ukuba ungakanani kwaye ukhethwa njani umxholo wephonografi okhulayo.

Okwesine, ukunikezelwa kweenguqu ezinkulu zophuhliso ebusheni, uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luqhubele phambili imbono yophuhliso malunga nokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwimifanekiso engamanyala. Ukuthelekiswa namanye amaqela eminyaka, njengabantu abadala (abaselula) kusenokuluqhubela phambili ulwazi lwethu malunga nokuba iphonografi yolutsha olufikisayo iyayisebenzisa na kunye neziphumo zayo isenokuba ngqo kweli qela lobudala okanye isebenze nakwamanye amaqela ngokunjalo.

Okwesihlanu, kufuneka sinciphise uphando malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi ngamandla ngakumbi kunokuba kunjalo ngoku. Njengoko kuchaziwe, ulwazi lwethu lwangoku lutyekele kumazwe atyebileyo aseNtshona okanye aseNtshona. Ngelixa kumazwe aliqela kweli hlabathi iphonografi akukho mthethweni kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukufunda, ukuba akunakwenzeka, sikholelwa ukuba ukujonga okungafaniyo kwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nephonografi kuya kucela umngeni kwaye kutyebise into esiyaziyo ngoku malunga nesihloko.

Okwesithandathu, abaphandi kufuneka banikele ingqalelo engakumbi ekusebenziseni iphonografi phakathi kwabantu abathandana nabasetyhini, abathandana nabasetyhini kunye nabafikisayo, abafana nophando olwenziwa phakathi kwabantu abadala (umzekelo, uDuggan & McCreary, 2004 Duggan, SJ, & McCreary, UGqr (2004). Umfanekiso womzimba, ukuphazamiseka kokutya, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwe-muscularity kwi-gay kunye namadoda athandana nesini esahlukileyo: impembelelo yemifanekiso yemidiya. Ijenali yoBufanasini, 47(3–4), 45-58. ikhonkco:10.1300/J082v47n03_03[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]; Traeen, Nilsen, & Stigum, 2006 Traeen, B., I-Nilsen, TS, & Isityu, H. (2006). Ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala kwimidiya yendabuko nakwi-Intanethi eNorway. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo, 43 (3), 245-254. ikhonkco:10.1080/00224490609552323[UTaylor noFrancis kwi-Intanethi], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]). Njengoko Arrington-Sanders et al. (2015 Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, GW, Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, JD (2015). Indima yezinto ezinesondo ezicacileyo kuphuhliso lwesondo lwamadoda aNtsundu akwishumi elivisayo atsaleleke kwisini esifanayo.. Uvimba woLuntu, 44 (3), 597-608. ikhonkco:10.1007 / s10508-014-0416-x[I-Crossref], [PubMed], [Iwebhu yeSayensi ®], , [Google Scholar]) baye bacebisa, ukufumaneka kolwazi lwezesondo, ulwazi malunga nemibhalo yezesondo, kunye nokuzithemba malunga nesazisi somntu ngokwesondo kunokwahluka kubantu abafikisayo abathandana nesini esifanayo, nto leyo enokuchaphazela indlela abasebenzisa ngayo imifanekiso engamanyala.

Okwesixhenxe, intsimi kufuneka ivuleleke ngakumbi kwimibuzo emalunga neziphumo ezihle zokusetyenziswa kolutsha kwiphonografi, ngakumbi ukonwatyiswa ngokwesondo, kunye nokujongana nemibono engqongqo yokuchaphazeleka ngokwahlukileyo kunye nokomelela kwiphonografi. Kuphela ngale mbono ibandakanya ngakumbi yolutsha olufikisayo olusebenzisa iphonografi esinokuthi siqonde ngakumbi ukuba iphonografi ithetha ntoni kulutsha.

Okwesibhozo kwaye ekugqibeleni, ubuncinci kwinqanaba lethiyori, kufuneka sifunde ukubeka ukusetyenziswa kolutsha kwimifanekiso engamanyala kumxholo wophuhliso olukhulu lwentlalo kunye nenkcubeko. Iingxoxo ezininzi eziphathelele ulutsha kunye nephonografi zisenokuzuza ngokuqwalasela ukusebenzisa kolutsha olufikisayo iphonografi njengenxalenye yentuthuko enkulu kunokuba ibe yinto enye kuphela.

Ukuqukumbela, uphando malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi luye lwaqhubela phambili kakhulu kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, ngakumbi kwinqanaba le-empirical. Ngokombono wethu, nangona kunjalo, uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luqwalasele ubuncinci iimfuno ezisibhozo ezikhankanywe ngasentla ukubeka ulwazi lwethu malunga nolutsha kunye nephonografi kwindawo engqongqo, eqhubela phambili ngokwethiyori, kunye nesiseko sobukrelekrele esingenamkhethe kunye nesivulelekileyo. Sikholelwa ukuba lo mzamo awuyimfuneko nje kuphela ukuqhubela phambili ingxoxo yezemfundo malunga nephonografi kunye nolutsha kodwa kunye nokukwazi ukwazisa uluntu ngokuvakalayo.

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