Uphuculo lweNegoscience yoPhuculo
Volume 25, NgoJuni 2017, kumaphepha 209-220
Amakhonkco onxibelelanisi avulekileyoAhna BallonoffSuleimanaAdrianaGalvánbK. PaigeHardencURonald E.Dahla
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004Fumana amalungelo kunye nomxholo
Iimbalasane
• Ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili ekukhuleni kwe-neuroscience yokufikisa, akubikho kugxilwe okuncinci kuphuhliso lwezesondo nezothando.
• Ubume besiseko soqhelaniso lwembonakalo yomzimba kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukuvuthwa kwengqondo yomzimba njengeyona nto ifunekayo kwimpumelelo yothando kunye nokuzala.
• Uphuculo lwe-neuroscience inamandla okuphucula iziphumo zothando zakwishumi elivisayo, ezesondo kunye nezempilo.
Abstract
Ukuqala kwexesha lokufikisa lixesha leenguqu ezinamandla okukhuthaza, ukuqonda, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nolwalamano lwentlalo. Iimodeli ezikhoyo ze-neurodevelopmental zidibanise ukuqonda kwethu okwangoku kokufikisa ukukhula kwengqondo; nangona kunjalo, kuye kwabakho ukujonga okuncinci malunga nokubaluleka kokufikisa njengexesha elinobuzaza kuphuhliso lwezothando nezesondo. Njengoko abantu abancinci bangena kwiminyaka yokufikisa, omnye wemisebenzi yabo ephambili kukufumana ulwazi kunye namava aya kubavumela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwindima yabantu abadala, kubandakanya ukuzibandakanya kubudlelwane bezothando nezesondo. Ngokuphonononga uncwadi olufanelekileyo lomntu kunye nolwezilwanyana, eli phepha libonisa indlela esimele sihambe ngayo ngaphaya kokucinga ngokufikisa njengeseti yeenguqu ezizodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuzaleni komzimba. Endaweni yoko, ukuba ngumntwana ofikisayo kubandakanya iseti lweenguqu ze-neurobiological ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo Ulwaziso oluhle ngokwasentlalweni, ngokweemvakalelo, nangokwengqondo ukuze umntu aphumelele ekuzaleni. Eyona njongo iphambili yeli phepha kukwandisa isiseko sophando kunye nengxoxo malunga nolutsha nophuhliso lwezesondo, ngethemba lokuqhubela phambili kokuqonda ngesondo kunye nokuthandana njengemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lwezempilo nentlalo-ntle ekukhuleni.
Internet
Uphuhliso lwezothando
Uphuhliso lwezesondo
Ukufikisa
Uphuhliso lwe-neuroscience
Ubusasa
“Ebuntwaneni abantu baxhomekeka kubomi babo kubomi bendalo; ebudaleni, inoxanduva lokuhlala kakuhle kwabatshatileyo kunye nabantwana kunye nokulandela iimfuno kunye nesikhundla sosapho lomtshato. Ngexesha elifutshane lokufikisa, abaxhomekeki kangako njengoko bebengekho okanye benoxanduva njengoko bezakuba njalo. Kulapho ubudlelwane boontanga buthatha khona ubukhulu bokunamathelisa apho kuya kuphulukana namanye amanqanaba kumjikelo wobomi… ”- (USchlegel noBarry, 1991 Schlegel & Barry III, 1991, iphe. 68)
1. intshayelelo
Iimodeli ze-Neodeodevelopal zichonge ukuqala kwexesha lokufikisa, kuphawulwe ngenguqu yebhayoloji yokufikisa, njengexesha leenguqu ezinamandla okukhuthaza, ukuqonda, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nolwalamano lwasentlalweni. Ezi modeli zincede ekuchongeni ixesha lobuchwephesha njengexesha lokufunda, ngakumbi ukufunda ngokwasentlalweni nangokweemvakalelo okuyimfuneko ukulungiselela iimeko zentlalo ezintsha kunye nenkqubo yeemvakalelo ezinokuzibandakanya.I-Telzer 2016; I-Crone kunye ne-Dahl, i-2012). Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuvela kweemodeli ezininzi ezibalaseleyo ezibonisa ukubaluleka kokufikisa Uphuhliso lwe-neural kunye nokufunda okuguqukayo, (umzekelo (Blakemore 2012; Iibraams et al., 2015; I-Crone kunye ne-Dahl, i-2012; UGiedd et al., 2006; UJames et al., 2012; I-Peper kunye neDahl, i-2013), ezi modeli zinika ingqwalaselo encinci ekubalulekeni kwexesha lokufikisa njengexesha elibuthathaka lokukhula kwezothando nezesondo. Kwiimeko ezimbalwa xa kujongwa uthando nezokwabelana ngesondo kwezi modeli zokuphuhlisa, bathambekele ekubeni bagxininise kuphuhliso lwesini njengendlela yokuziphatha engalunganga (oko kukuthi, isikhokelo somngcipheko wokuziphatha ngokwesini) (Ewing et al., 2014; UGolden et al. I-2013; UJames et al., 2012; UVictor noHariri, 2015). Nangona sikwamkela ukubaluleka kokujonga iindlela zophuhliso ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nomngcipheko okanye ukungakhathali ukuziphatha ngokwesondo, kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukuqwalasela iimeko eziqhelekileyo, ezisempilweni zophuhliso lwezesondo nezothando, kunye nezinto eziqhutywa luthando ekufundeni malunga nokuziphatha nezothando.
Izifundo ezisebenzisa isikhokelo somngcipheko wesini ziye zanceda ekuchongeni ezinye zeendlela ezingaphantsi zemvelo ezinxulumene nokwabelana ngesondo ngokwenzakalisayo ukwenza isigqibo, kodwa, ngelishwa, ezi zifundo azenzi kuncinci ekwandiseni ukuqonda kwethu okucwangcisiweyo kokukhula ngokwesondo. Umzekelo, phakathi kolutsha olusebenzayo ngokwesondo (i-15-17 yeminyaka ubudala), ingxelo yobungozi bezokwabelana ngesondo ithatha ngokungahambelani kakuhle nolwalamano i-correx (PFC) ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuthintela impendulo kwelebhu (UGolden et al., 2013). Ngokufanayo, kuphando lwabasetyhini abancinci be-14-15, ukwenza isigqibo sesondo esinomngcipheko omkhulu malunga nomsebenzi weselebhu kwayanyaniswa nokuvuselelwa Ingaphandle elingaphandle (UHensel et al., 2015). Ezi zifundo zicebisa ukuba umntu ngamnye onokwanda ulawulo lwengqondo Ngexesha lokuthintelwa kokuphendula kunye nokusebenza okuncinci kwi-cingate engaphandle kunokwenza izigqibo zesondo ezinoxanduva, kodwa kuncinci ukwenza ukuqonda kwethu malunga ne-trajectories yophuhliso oluqhelekileyo. Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwesakhelo somngcipheko kuphando lwe-neurodevelopment kubalulekile ekuchongeni iinkqubo ze-neural ezinxulumene nokukhula kwezothando nezesondo.
Ngaphandle nje kophando olwenziwayo lwe-neurodevelopmental olukuthatha umngcipheko wesini, kuye kwabakho inzame encinci yokuvavanya ukungaphantsi kwe-neural yendlela eqhelekileyo yokuphuhlisa umdla yokubandakanyeka ekubandakanyekeni kwezothando nezokwabelana ngesondo. Njengoko abantu abancinci bangena kwiminyaka yokufikisa, omnye wemisebenzi yabo ephambili kukufumana ulwazi kunye namava aya kubavumela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwintlalo yabantu abadala, kubandakanya ukuzibandakanya kubudlelwane bezothando nezesondo (I-Crone kunye ne-Dahl, i-2012). Ubudlelwane babantu abancinci abathandanayo, ukusukela kwizikolo eziziiprayimari apho abantu ababini banokunxibelelana kancinci, kubudlelwane obubandakanya utyalomali olubalulekileyo lweemvakalelo, ixesha namandla, zihlala zigxothwa njengengabalulekanga. Ngapha koko, olu lwalamano lusebenza iinjongo eziphambili zophuhliso, kwaye zingumongo ophambili kubantu abancinci ukuba baphonononge izazisi zabo zesini kunye nokufumana mava nezesondo (UFurman noShaffer, 2003; UFurman et al., 2007). Ngethemba lokufumana inqanaba lentlalontle kunye nokuphumelela kubudlelwane bamaqabane anqwenelekayo, abakwishumi elivisayo bakhuthazeka kakhulu kukufunda indlela yokuhamba-hamba kolwalamano oluntsonkothileyo olubandakanyekayo ekusunguleni nasekugcineni ubudlelwane bezothando. Ukwazi komntu ukuzibandakanya kwiindlela zokuziphatha eziqhuba ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nokudala amathuba esini kunye nokuzalwa ngokutsha sisiphumo sophuhliso esiqhelekileyo sokufikisa.
Ukufikisa, inkqubo yebhayoloji eqala kwingqondo, kubandakanya ukubandakanyeka kotshintsho lwehomoni kunye noguquko olubonakalayo lomzimba nolwenyama olubangela ekugqibeleni ukuba nako ukuzala (I-Sisk 2016; I-Sisk kunye neFoster, 2004). Ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezithile zokwabelana ngesondo kwabantu abadala, kubandakanya utshintsho kwi-anatomy esemzimbeni, ukuvusa inkanuko ngokwesondo, kunye ne-orgasm, ziqondwa kakuhle. Nangona ubuntwana buvuselela ekutshateni nasekuziphatheni ngokwesini, kuye kwakho uphando olulinganiselweyo lokukhangelwa kokuzibandakanya kwezesondo ebantwini abakwishumi elivisayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, uphando olwenziwe kwezinye izinto lubandakanya ukuphononongwa ngobunzulu bokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokutshata okunxulumana nokufikisa, ukwamkela ukuba ukuvela kwezi ndlela zokuziphatha zifuna ulungelelwaniso olukhulu loguquko lwengqondo. inkqubo ye endocrine, kunye nenkqubo yovalo. Kananjalo, abaphandi bezilwanyana babona amava okwabelana ngesondo kwangoko kungekuphela kokuziphatha, kodwa kunye nokufakelwa komzimba okwakha ukusebenza kwe-neural kunye ne-hormonal kunye nophuhliso (umzekelo, INutsch et al., 2014, 2016; Ngaba et et., 2015). Ubuntshatsheli bolwazi malunga nokufunda kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo kokuphendula ngokubandakanyeka ekuqalisweni kokukhula komntu kunye namava ezesondo kuqaqambisa ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwiimodeli ezikhoyo zokuphuhliswa komntwana. Kwangelo xesha, ngelixa iimodeli zezilwanyana zibonelela ngokubaluleka kokuqonda iindlela zokuphuhliswa kwezesondo, azisandisi ukuqonda kwethu kobudlelwane bothando kunye namava, kwaye azenzi zinguqu zophuhliso ezihambelana nezi zibalulekileyo zentlalo. Ngaphaya koko, inkqubo-sikhokelo yokulinganisa imodeli yezilwanyana inikezela kuphela isikhokelo esingafaniyo sokukhula ngokwesondo, kwaye ke oko kunciphisa ukuqonda kwethu kantlukwano kunye nokujongeka komtsalane, isimilo, kunye nokwaziwa njengokwabelana ngesondo kwabantu.
Uncwadi lwezilwanyana lusebenza njengesikhumbuzo esibalulekileyo sesizathu sokuzalwa kunye nembuyekezo yokuphendula ngokubandakanyeka kwezothando nezesondo, eziye zahoywa ikakhulu kwimodeli yokuphuhliswa komntwana okufikisa. Ukongeza, imifuziselo yezilwanyana kunye nophando olulinganiselweyo lwabantu benze kuncinci ukuphonononga ukuba ukufikisa kuwenza njani amathuba okufunda malunga meaning yokuziphatha kwezothando nezesondo (I-Fortenberry, i-2013). Kwelinye icala, isiseko esisisiseko sokuziphatha ngokufezekileyo sinokufezekiswa ngesakhono esincinci, ulwazi okanye amava; kwelinye icala, ukusuka kwimbono yokuzivelela kwezinto, ukhuphiswano kwezentlalo ekutsaleni iqabane kunye nempumelelo ekudibaniseni ukuxhomekeka kakhulu ekusebenzeni kweseti enzima yezakhono zentlalo kunye neemvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha. Isifundo esifanelekileyo ekufumaneni izakhono nolwazi oluyimfuneko ekuqhubekeni kwezishukumisi zentlalo kunye nezesondo ezihlangeneyo zokufikisa kukubaluleka komzekelo wokukhula ngokwasentlalweni, wentembeko, kunye nophuhliso lwengqondo ebantwini. Ke ngoko, ukuvuthwa okubonakalayo (kunye nokwanda kwendalo kwezizathu ezibandakanya inzalo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nothando) kunokuthi kubonakalise iwindows yokufunda-kungekuko malunga neendlela zokuziphatha zesondo, kodwa malunga neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zeemvakalelo nezoluntu eziyinxalenye yokuhamba ngecala lokuhlawuliswa, iimvakalelo eziphezulu ezibandakanyekayo ekuphuhliseni uphawu lokuba ngumntu onesondo.
Kweli phepha, sivavanya indlela ukukhula ngokwengqondo kunye nokubandakanyeka kwintlalo yoluntu okwenzeka ngexesha lokufikisa kubangela ukuba babe nethuba elikhethekileyo lokuba ulutsha luzibandakanye namathuba okufunda afanelekileyo okuzibandakanya kuhambo lwothando nezokwabelana ngesondo. Sicebisa ukuba olo tshintsho lutshintshe ukujikeleza kwe-neural Ukudityaniswa nokusebenza kwezentlalo kunye neemvakalelo kunokuvula iwindows yesibini yophuhliso (elandela leyo kwasebusaneni) yokufunda malunga nothando kunye nobudlelwane obunamathelayo. Siphinda sigqithise ingqondo ukuba ezi nkqubo zokufunda ziqala ngotshintsho olwenzeka emzimbeni kunye naserobiological oluneempembelelo, kodwa zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimeko kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabantu ngeli xesha. Okulandelayo, ukuzoba kuphando lwezilwanyana kunye noluntu, siza kuqwalasela indlela utshintsho olwenzeka ngayo kwinqanaba lokufikisa kwabantu abancinci ukuba babandakanyeke kwindlela yokuziphatha neyokwabelana ngesondo. Okokugqibela, sibonisa eminye imibuzo ebalulekileyo ebalaseleyo malunga nokuphuhliswa kweempawu zothando nezokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nobudlelwane, kubandakanya nendlela uphuhliso oluchatshazelwa ngayo kukukhula koluntu kwinqanaba lokufikisa, eliye lakhula ngokungazinzisi ekukhuleni ngokwesini kwinkcubeko yokuba mdala. Kwiphepha lonke, sikwachaza namathuba okuba abaphandi baphande imibuzo emininzi engaphendulwanga. Eyona njongo iphambili yeli phepha kukwandisa isiseko sophando kunye nengxoxo malunga nolutsha nophuhliso lwezesondo, ngethemba lokuqinisa amandla ophando lwe-neuroscience ukuze isetyenziselwe ukuphucula ezi meko zibalulekileyo.
2. Ukulindela ukufunda malunga nothando, ukubopha kunye nokuthandana
Uninzi lweemodeli ze-neurodevelopmental zibonisa ukuba neuroplasticity ukwenzeka xa ufikisa kuzisa i-windows ebucayi engqondweni, nto leyo iphambili kumntu ngamnye kwiintlobo zokufunda ezizodwa ((I-Crone kunye ne-Dahl, i-2012). Ekusetyenzisweni kwayo ngokubanzi, ikota neuroplasticity kubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweenkqubo ze-synaptic kunye ne-non-synaptic ezithi zixhase umthamo wobuchopho ukukuqinisa ukufunda, kunye nomxholo 'weewindows ezibuthathaka' kwimfundo ekhethekileyo. I-Greenough et al's (1987) Isakhelo sokulindela ukuba babe nakho 'kwasebusaneni' sicebisa ukuba ingqondo yosana ilindele iintlobo ezithile zokufunda, ezibaqhubela ngokwendalo ukuba bazibandakanye kwizenzo eziphindaphindiweyo kunye nokulinganisa amava okufunda (umz. ukuhamba). La mava okufunda nawo, anegalelo elibalulekileyo Uphuhliso lwe-neural (I-Greenough et al., 1987). Uphando lwamva nje Iinkqubo zeemolekyuli kunye neendlela ze-neuroplasticity ziye zaqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwaye zaqaqambisa olo lutsha ukukhula kwengqondo, ukuqala kwenkqubo yokufikisa, kunokumela indibaniselwano eyodwa yokuqina kunye neplastiki. Oku kudityaniswa kudala iwindow ebalulekileyo yamathuba okufunda kunye namava okwenza ubume bokuphuhla amanethiwekhi ngeendlela zonyamezelo (I-Hensch 2014; I-Takesian kunye neHensch, 2013; UWerker noHensch, 2015).
Ukuqala kokufikisa kubonakala kuthatha inkqubela phambili enkulu ekuqwalaseleni kunye nokuthambeka okungaphaya kwimithombo yolwazi loluntu kunye nolweemvakalelo, oluhambelana ngokukodwa nomdla kubudlelwane bothando kunye ukuziphatha ngokwesondo (UDahl 2016; UNelson et al., 2016). Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, ukufikisa kukukhokelela kuphuhliso lwenoveli indlela yokuziphatha ekuhlaleni kunye neempendulo kwimixholo esanda kuvela entlalweni (Brown kunye al., 2015). Kwangelo xesha ukuba abantu abancinci baqala ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kunye noontanga babo, bafumana iimvakalelo ezintsha, zesini zokutsala ezenza ukuba abantu baziphathe kakuhle. Ngenxa yokuba injongo yendalo yokufikisa kukufezekisa ukukhula kwakhona, iyaqondakala into yokuba ibhalansi phakathi kweplasitiki kunye nokuzinza kwembonakalo eyodwa. inkqubo ye-neural kungadala iwindow yithuba lokufunda kunye nenkuthazo efanelekileyo kwizimo zothando nezesondo. Cinga ngezakhono ekufuneka umntwana afunde kuzo kule domain, kubandakanya ukujongana neemvakalelo ezinxulumene nokufumana umntu onomdla, ukwakha izakhono zonxibelelwano ukuze ubuze umntu ngomhla, unomdla wokwabelana ngesondo nomntu ongamaziyo, ukuzulazula iziphumo zentlalo zokuthandana nomntu ngakumbi okanye ungathandwa kangako, ukujongana nokwaliwa okanye ukwahlukana, kunye nokulinganisa umnqweno webhayoloji wokuba amava ezesondo kunye neemvakalelo ezinzima ezinxulumene nokugcina ubudlelwane bezothando. Uluhlu olubanzi lwamava abathandanayo abathandanayo kunye nawesondo lunokubunjwa ngokuphuhlisa uthungelwano lwe-neural ekunyamezeleni iindlela zenkxaso yobomi kunye nothando lweempawu zesondo.
Olunye lolona tshintsho lubalulekileyo olwenzeka ngexesha lokufikisa lukhuthazo kunye nomnqweno wokuzibandakanya zothando. Ngelixa iintsana zifunda kwasebancinci ukubaluleka kokuzinamathela okuqinileyo kunye nothando lwabazali, akukho kude kube emva kokuqala kwenguqu ye-pubertal ukuba abantu abancinci babe nomdla wothando. Uthando lwezothando luye lwacatshulwa njengenkqubo ebalulekileyo yokunamathisela, kunye nezitayile zokuncamathela kwabantu abadala zihlala zikhangela izitayile ababenazo nabazali babo njengeentsana (IHazan kunye neSaver, 1987). Ukongeza, zombini uthando kunye nothando lwabazali luququzelela ukwakheka kwebhondi, kwaye lwenze ukuqhutywa kunye nokugcinwa kwezi zibopho zinamava anomdla nanomvuzo (I-Bartels kunye neZeki, i-2004). Ngaphandle kokungqubana okubalulekileyo kwinjongo, iimpawu, I-neurohormone indawo zokubopha, kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-neural phakathi komzali nothando lothando, kukho umahluko obalulekileyo (I-Bartels kunye neZeki, i-2004). Zombini uthando lwabazali nolothando luqhubela phambili ekukhuliseni, ngononophelo, ukukhathalelwa ukuphendula, kodwa uthando lukwaquka izinto ezizodwa, ezinjengokwabelana ngamandla kunye nomnqweno wesini. Sicebisa ukuba utshintsho lwehomoni oluhambelana nokufikisa lubanegalelo kutshintsho lwe-neural olwenza ukuba ingqondo ifunde ngolu hlobo lothando, ukuze kuqhutyekiswe ukukhula, ukuba ngumntwana kunye nokukhathalela abantwana.
Nangona sele kufumaniseke ukuba uninzi lweenkqubo ze-neural ezichaphazelekayo kuthando lwezesondo kunye nokulala ngesondo ziphantsi kolwakhiwo olubalulekileyo, unxibelelwano, kunye nenguqu esebenzayo ngexesha lokufikisa, kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nendlela oku okungena ngayo kwisistim yothando kunye nokukhula ngokwesondo. Ukudibanisa okwaziwayo malunga nokubekwa kwe-neural underpinnings yothando kunye nomnqweno wesondo / ukuvusa abadala kubantu abanoncwadi kumanqaku e-neurodevelopment manqaku kwimibuzo ebangela umdla. Ngelixa elingaphaya komda eli phepha ukushwankathela eli qela loncwadi, iimodeli ze-neurodevelopmental zolutsha zibonakalise ngokucacileyo ukuhlengahlengiswa ngokwesondo okhethekileyo kwisini ngexesha lokufikisa (UDennison et al., 2013; UGiedd noDenker, 2015). Ngaphandle kokungafani ngesondo kwezi trajectories, zonke iingqondo zolutsha zifanelekile ukuba zenze umvuzo wokufunda (Galván, 2013). Ngokusebenzisa ubutyebi be-dopamine, ukujongana nomvuzo kunye neenkqubo ezishukumisayo, zombini uthando kunye nesini ziinjongo ezijolise ekuphelekeni kunye neempendulo ezomeleleyo zemvakalelo (U-Aron et al., 2005; UFisher et al., 2010). Ukuqala ngokufikisa, inguqu yophuhliso kuthungelwano lobuchopho olubandakanyeka kwisishukumiso, umvuzo, kunye nokusebenza ngokwasemphefumlweni kunokudala indawo ekhethekileyo yokubonisa uthando kunye nemvuselelo yesini ukuba babe namava njengemivuzo elungileyo.
Zombini uthando kunye nomnqweno wesondo zizinto eziphembelelayo ezikhuthaza isimo sengqondo esinokuthi sichaphazele ilizwe ngokubanzi (Idayimani kunye neDickenson, 2012). Kunikwe utshintsho oluhlumayo olwenzeka ngexesha lokufikisa elinxulumene nokusebenza kweemvakalelo kunye ulawulo lwengqondo, kucetywe ukuba ixesha lokufikisa lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuphonononga ukuqonda kunye neemvakalelo ezinxulumene nobudlelwane bezothando (I-Collins, 2003). Ezi ntshukumo zintsha zokunyusa amandla zanda kakhulu kwangaxeshanye ukuba ulutsha luphuhlise amandla okuzibamba kwezinye iindlela zokwenza ukuthanda (I-Fortenberry, i-2013). Iyaqondakala ke into yokuba ukukhula komzimba kuhambisane nokukhula kweplastikhi ye-neural kunye nefuthe elikhuthazayo lokufuna uluhlu lwezinto ezikhuthaza kakhulu, ukothuka kancinci, umvuzo omnandi, amava anoveli, kunye nokonyuka kokufuna ukwazi kwenza ukuba ulutsha lube nako ukufumana ezi zi-high- amava obukhali, onjengokutyhoboza kuqala okanye ukubanga okokuqala, uyonwabisa (I-Spielberg et al., 2014). Ukukhutshwa kokubambisana kwe dopamine kwaye yioxytocin ukunxulumana nokunxibelelana okuphindaphindiweyo kunye neqabane elithile kunegalelo kwimfundo eyongezelelweyo eqhutywa ngumvuzo malunga nokuziphatha okuthandanayo. Nje ukuba umntu omncinci abe nokuqunjelwa kwaye aqalise ukwakha ubudlelwane nomnye umntu, bakhulisa imeko yokuphendula kwiqabane apho dopaminergic umvuzo ulindelwe kwaye unamava obukhulu neqabane elikhethekileyo (Uthando lwe-2013; I-Ortigue et al., 2010). Njengako konke ukufunda, ukuthanda iqabane kuthatha ixesha, kunye namava aphindiweyo, ukuphuhlisa. Nje ukuba le mpendulo ichaziweyo iqabane isungulwe, ukuzibandakanya, ukuvusa, imisebenzi yenoveli yenza amava aphuculweyo wolwaneliseko phakathi kobudlelwane (U-Aron et al., 2000). Ngenxa yokuphuhla kwe-neural okwenzeka ngokufikisa, impendulo ekhethekileyo yeqabane kubudlelwane bothando lwangaphambili, xa zombini imvakalelo kunye nolwalamano olusenyongweni luyinoveli, lubenza bonwabe ngakumbi, banike umvuzo kwaye banelise. Ukuze ubandakanyeke kubudlelwane bezothando nezesondo ngempumelelo, ulutsha kufuneka lufune, njengalo, ukusondela, kwaye lufunde kwizinto eziphakamileyo zokubuza umntu ngomhla wokuqala, ukuwa luthando, ukuva iintliziyo ezaphukileyo, kwaye ukuzama kwakhona.
Uthando lothando lubandakanya ukwanda kokusebenza kwimimandla enobutyebi be-dopamine ehambelana nokusebenza kwemvakalelo, imivuzo kunye nokukhuthaza; kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezi-cortical ingqondo kwimimandla enxulumene nazo ukwaziwa ngokwasentlalweni kunye nokuzimela; kunye nokucutha ukusebenza kwe- amygdala (I-Ortigue et al., 2010). Nangona umnqweno wesini / uvuko kunye nothando zibandakanya iindawo ezininzi ezigqithileyo zokwenza ukuba kusebenze, ngakumbi kwimimandla esembindini, kukwakho neendawo ezahlukileyo zokwenziwa. Umzekelo, uthando lwothando, bobabini ngelixa umntu ekhuthele eluthandweni kwaye emva kokuba beye bafumana ukwaliwa ukusuka kuqhawulo-mtshato, kodwa bengavukeli ngokwesini, kubandakanya ukuziqhelanisa nokuzonwabisa (ngokubanzi okunxulunyaniswa nolonwabo, ukugxila, kunye nokukhuthaza ukulandela imbuyekezo), ngelixa isini sivuswa striatal ukwenza kusebenze (okunxulunyaniswa nokukhuthaza kunye nexabiso lokuxelwa kwangaphambili) (UFisher et al., 2010; Idayimani kunye neDickenson, 2012). Ngenxa yokunqongophala ekuphuhlisweni kwemisebenzi efanelekileyo kwisikena, uphando olunomdla aluzange luhlukanise ngempumelelo inkanuko yesini-imeko yenkuthazo yenkcubeko yokulandela isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo-kuvuseleleka ngokwesondo-imeko yokuziphatha eyakulungela ukwabelana ngesondo (Idayimani kunye neDickenson, 2012). Uninzi lweparadigms zelebhu zisebenzisa izivuseleli zesini zabasemzini kunabantu abathandayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko zinokufanekisela okungcono kunokuvuka, kodwa oku kuhlala kungacacanga. Uphando malunga nophuhliso lokucamngca lothando kwingqondo yomntu lunomda omkhulu. Ukufikisa kunika indawo ekhethekileyo yokuphuhliswa kokukhula kobomi xa kuvela uthando. Ukutyhila i-neural developmental trajectories enegalelo kukuvela kothando kunye nokuvuseleleka ngokwesini kunokunceda ekwandiseni ukuqonda kwethu kwezi ndawo ezishukumisayo. Ukongeza, uphando olunceda ukutyhila indlela utshintsho olwenzeka kwi-neurodevelopmental ngexesha lokufikisa lihlangana kunye namava okuqala omnqweno, uthando lwentando yesini, kunye nesondo luya kukhulisa ukuqonda kwethu malunga nendlela indawo yokufikisa kukudala ifestile yophuhliso yokufunda ngale misebenzi inzima yentlalo. .
Njengawo nawaphi na amava abalulekileyo okufunda, abantu abancinci bayazuza kuba neenkxaso kunye nokukrwecwa ukuze kube lula ukufikelela kwiimpawu ezifanelekileyo. Sidinga ukuqonda okungcono kwimixholo kunye neemeko ezinegalelo kumava afanelekileyo okufunda afanelekileyo kuphuhliso lwezesondo, kunye nezo zinciphisa umngcipheko weempawu ezimbi. Kanye njengokuba sikuqonda ukubaluleka kokubonelela ngendawo ekhuselekileyo yabantwana abasacathula abafunda ukuhamba (kunye nokuwa okuphindaphindiweyo), sinokubeka imibuzo malunga neemeko zekoroli ezinceda ulutsha ukuba lubone kwaye luvavanye iminqweno yalo enamandla kunye neemvakalelo, ngelixa luphuhlisa izakhono. Ukujongana nezi mvakalelo nokubadibanisa nokuzazisa. Inzululwazi yophuhliso inokunika ulwazi oluqinisekileyo malunga neendidi zesikroba esingaxhasa ngcono iinguqulelo ezisempilweni zala mava aphezulu okufunda kubo bonke abantu abancinci, kubandakanya abo bahlangabezana neemvakalelo zabo zokuqala zomnqweno, umtsalane, okanye ukuvusa abo sele bekhona Ukuthandana kunye / okanye ukwabelana ngesondo.
3. Ihypertal hormones, i-neurodevelopment, kunye nokuziphatha
Ukunyuka kweHormonal kulitye lembombo yenguqu. Iihomoni ezifanayo ezinegalelo kuphuhliso lweempawu zesondo zesekondari nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhleleni ngokutsha ukujikeleza kwe-neural (Schulz kunye no-Sisk, 2016; I-Sisk 2016; USisk kunye noZehr, 2005). Ngenxa yoko, abakwishumi elivisayo bafumana inkuthazo enkulu yokufuna umvuzo, amava aphuculweyo emivuzo, kunye nokonyuka kokubandakanyeka kulwalamano lwasentlalweni-kubandakanya uthando kunye ukuziphatha ngokwesondo (I-Crone kunye ne-Dahl, i-2012). Ukongeza, iihypertal mahormoni zinganegalelo ekwandiseni ukukhangela kwimizwa eyenza ukuba imvakalelo yenovesi ephezulu ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi. Ngapha koko i-gonadal hormones, inani lezinye iihomoni kunye neurotransmitters zenziwa okanye zaphuculwa ngexesha lokufikisa, kwaye ziyabandakanyeka kwindlela abantu abanamava ngayo zothando, kubandakanya yioxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine, serotonin, yaye cortisol (UDe Boer et al., 2012). Umzekelo, njengokonyuka kwehomoni ye-pubertal kuphucula indlela yokuziphatha eshukunyiswa kwintlalo kunye neemvakalelo zomnqweno, ukwanda kwi-dopamine kunye neemvakalelo zokwenza u-oxytocin zothando kunye nokunxibelelana (Uthando, i-2013). Ngokudibeneyo, olu tshintsho kwiihormoni nakwii-neurotransmitters zidala imeko efanelekileyo yokomelela komzimba yokunyusa umdla wabantu abancinci ekufundeni ngokuthandana nangomtsalane wesondo. Apha ngezantsi, sijonga kwakhona, ngakumbi ngakumbi, iziphumo zendlela ezimbini eziphambili iihormertal mahomoni - testosterone kwaye estradiol -Negalelo kuphuhliso lwezesondo nezothando ekukhulelweni.
3.1. Testosterone
I-testosterone inxulunyaniswa notshintsho kulwazi loluntu, imbuyekezo yokuziva, kunye nokuziva ufuna ngexesha lokufikisa. Ihlala icingelwa ngokunxulumene nobundlobongela, i-testosterone ikwachazwa njengehomoni yentlalo, ekhuthaza isimo sokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwesimo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya utshintsho ekusebenzeni kovalo, ukuphendula ngoxinzelelo, isoyikiso qapha, kunye nomvuzo ukusuka ekwandiseni inqanaba lentlalontle (I-Eisenegger kunye neNaef, 2011). Ukunyuka kwe-testosterone kwi-testosterone kudibene notshintsho ekusebenzeni kwe-neural ukusongela imikhondo kwi amygdala (enxulunyaniswa nokhuselo) kunye ne nucleus accumbens (inxulumene nomsebenzi wokulungisa) (I-Spielberg et al., 2014). Ukongeza, i-testosterone eyandileyo inxulunyaniswa nokwanda komngcipheko kwimisebenzi yeelebhu phakathi kwamakhwenkwe namantombazana (I-Op de Macks et al., 2011; I-Peper kunye neDahl, i-2013). I-nucleus accumbens kunye ne-amygdala, ezinxibelelanisa ulwazi lwentlalo zonxibelelwano lobuchwephesha ezihlengahlengiswe kakhulu ngexesha lokufikisa, zinenqwaba yabantu abane-testosterone receptors (UNelson et al., 2005). Ezi nkqubo zinxulumene ne-testosterone zonke ezinokuba nefuthe kwiinguqu kwezothando nezesondo ngexesha lokufikisa. Iyahambelana nembono yokuba ixesha lokufikisa lixesha elinobuthathaka kwi Iziphumo zokuziphatha iihormon ze-gonadal, imodeli yezilwanyana iphakamisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha kwi-gonadal hormones iyahluka phakathi kwezilwanyana zangaphambi nangasemva kwexesha lokufa. Ngokungafaniyo nengqondo yangaphambi kokufikisa, ingqondo yengqondo yaphambi kwexesha iihomoni zeSodaid ukuvula indlela yokuziphathaUSisk kunye noZehr, 2005).
Kukho uphando olubanzi kwi-traodeories ye-neurodevelopmental yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuzala kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo. Umzekelo, kwi-hamsters eyindoda yaseSyria, imiselwe kakuhle indlela iihormone zentandane eziphembelela ngayo umsebenzi kunye nokujikeleza kwe-neural kudibanisa ulwazi lwe-steroidal kunye nemvakalelo, kwaye ezi zijikelezayo ze-neural ejikelezayo ziguqula njani indlela amadoda asabela ngayo kwisimo sentlalo kunye nokuziphatha (U-Romeo et al., 2002). Ngapha koko, uphando kwizilwanyana ezingezozamntu luchonge ukuba, ngokwahlukileyo kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezincancisayo, ii-gonadal mahormone kwi primates ezinefuthe kwisondo Khuthazo, ngaphandle kwe ukwazi ukuthelekisa (Wallen, 2001). Ngenxa yokuba iimpembelelo zehormoni ye-gonadal ikhethekileyo ekuvuseleleni ukhuthazo lwesini, lo mgca wophando ucebisa ukuba utshintsho kumava entlalontle kunye nemeko zezona zinto zinamandla zokufunda malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesondo.Wallen, 2001). Uphando olungelulo olungelolomntu lubonise ukubaluleka kwecandelo lokufunda elinxulumene nokufikisa kunye mava nezesondo. Nangona uphantsi endocrine ukufikisa kunye nokwanda okunxulunyanisiweyo kweziphumo ze-testosterone ekwandiseni indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, amava okudibana ngempumelelo-ukuguqula umzimba xa ulala nomntu obhinqileyo-ngowona mfanekiso uphambili wokuziphatha ngokwesondo ozimeleyo ngaphandle kwe-testosterone ephakanyisiweyo (Wallen, 2001). Kwanamadoda angakhange abenamava endocrine yokufikisa ayonyusa indlela yawo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kulandela amava aphumelele ngokwesondo. Ngokudibeneyo, uphando lwezilwanyana lubonisa ukubaluleka kwamanqanaba okufunda aqala ngokwenzeka kuguquko lwehomoni, kwaye iphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yophando ebantwini malunga nendlela i-hormonal, i-neurodevelopmental, ukufunda, kunye nenguquko kwimixholo ekukhuleni kobume bobutsha kunye nobuhlobo bezesondo. ngexesha lokufikisa.
Emntwini, nokuba ayonyuka okanye ayonyuki na nge-testosterone ngexesha lokufikisa, ichaphazela ngqo umahluko umntu othile kwizizathu zesini kunye nokuziphatha kungacacanga. I-testosterone ephezulu kakhulu idibana ngokuthozama kunye neminqweno eyandayo yesini kubafana, kodwa isiphumo siyanyamalala kwiimodeli ezibandakanya ukuqala kwe-ejquations ebusuku kunye nobudalaUCampbell et al., 2005). Ukonyuka kwe-testosterone kumakhwenkwe angaphambi kwexesha lokuzalwa kubonakala ngathi kuyayanyaniswa nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesini, kubandakanya ukuchukumisa abanye kunye nokuphuma ebusuku (UFinkelstein et al., 1998). Kwizifundo ezinqamlezayo, ezizimeleyo kwinqanaba lokushicilela kunye nobudala, amantombazana namakhwenkwe anamanqanaba aphezulu e-testosterone angabandakanyeka kwiintlobano zesini (IHalpern et al., 1997, 1998). Ngokwahlukileyo, kwi izifundo ezide, Utshintsho lomntu kwi-testosterone olunxulunyaniswa nobuncinci bezesondo (iintlobano zesini zokuqala) zamantombazana, kodwa hayi amakhwenkwe (IHalpern et al., 1997). Kumakhwenkwe, inqanaba le-pubertal linxulumana ngokuqinileyo necala lokulalana kune-testosterone (IHalpern et al., 1993). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ubunzima bokuphazanyiswa kweziphumo zebhayoloji ye-gonadal kwiimpembelelo zangaphakathi zokulamlo zokutshintsha komzimba. Kumakhwenkwe, amandla omzimba okuvelisa i-gametes kunye nokuzala kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba lokutshintsha, nangona bambalwa abafana abazibandakanya nokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngeli xesha. Ngokuhamba kwexesha lokufikisa, amanqanaba e-testosterone ayanda, amakhwenkwe ayaba maxinene kwaye abe yimisipha emininzi, amazwi abo aya esiba nzulu kwaye iinwele zabo zobuso ziyaqina. Ezi mpawu zesondo zesibini, ezibonakala ngokulula kwaye zinokubonakala zinomdla okanye zinqweneleka ngabalingani bezesondo abanokubakho, zinokuba negalelo elibonakalayo kumathuba enkwenkwe okufumana ulwabelana ngesondo kunomthamo wokuzala okanye utshintsho lwe-neurodevelopment kwisizathu esinxulumene ne testosterone. ngomntu ngamnye (IHalpern et al., 1993). Ke ngoko, ngaphandle kwenyani yokuba i-testosterone inxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kokuziphatha okusekwe ekuhlaleni, egxile kwinjongo, abaziguquleli ngokuzenzekelayo kukuziphatha okwandayo kwezesondo.
Iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo ezizame ukukhulula ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-testosterone kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kubantu abadala ngakumbi ukuqinisa umfanekiso. Umzekelo, izifundo ezinamadoda amadala abantu abadala zifumanise ukuba xa uthandana nomntu ozibandakanya naye uthandana nezesondo kwaye uziva ngexesha elinye. iyancipha kwi-testosterone (Burnham et al., 2003; Grey kunye neCampbell, 2009). Phakathi kwabafazi abadala, indoolo I-testosterone iyayenza hayi bonisa unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo (URoney noSimmons, 2013), kodwa lwangaphandle Unyango lwe-testosterone kwabasetyhini lufunyenwe ukuba lonyusa umnqweno wesondo, isenzo sesondo, kunye nemifanekiso yakho yesini.I-Buster et al., 2005; UDavis et al., 2006; Shifren et al., 2006). Zombini ezi datha zibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-testosterone kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwinqanaba lokukhula, kunye nakwimeko yobudlelwane.
Oko sikwaziyo malunga ne-testosterone kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokudibeneyo kuphakamisa ukuba kunokubakho isiphumo somqobo we testosterone ekhokelela kwinto enokwenzeka yokuzibandakanya kwezokwabelana ngesondo, kodwa akukho buhlobo bunomda phakathi kwe testosterone kunye namava alandelayo ezesondo. Ngenxa yenguqu yophuhliso kwimimandla ye-neural enezixa eziphezulu ze-testosterone receptors kunye nokunyuka kwe-testosterone ngexesha lokufikisa, sisenokuninzi esinokukufunda malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwe testosterone kunye nokuziphatha nokuziphatha ngokwesondo ebantwini. Ukuphononongwa okungaphaya kobudlelwane phakathi kwe testosterone, imvakalelo yokufuna, ukukhula komntwana kunye nezinto ezinxulunyaniswa nokufunda malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kuya kunceda ukucacisa igalelo lezinto eziphilayo ngokuchaseneyo nezinto ezinegalelo kumdlalo wesondo nakwimisebenzi yesondo elandelayo. Ngokukodwa, izifundo ezinde ezinokuthi zichaze utshintsho kwiimpawu zesini zesibini ukusuka kutshintsho kwiihomoni ze-gonadal kunokuba luncedo ekuchongeni iindlela ezithile zehomoni (Harden, Kretsch, Moore, & Mendle, 2014).
3.2. I-Estradiol
Ukongeza testosterone, ukunyuka kwe-estradiol kunye progesterone banegalelo ekuhlaziyweni nasekusebenzeni kwe-neural circry kumadoda namabhinqa ngexesha lokuzala. Zombini i-estradiol kunye neprogesterone zifunyenwe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisini, kwezentlalo nakwezokuthatha ingozi (I-Romeo 2003; I-Tackett et al., 2015; I-Vermeersch et al., 2009). Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amahomoni, phakathi kwamantombazana, i-estradiol inolwalamano olunamandla kunye nokukhula kwesifuba, uphawu lwangaphambi kokufikisa (Ukuqhuba, 1986). Ngokwahlukileyo kumakhwenkwe (kunye nawo onke amanye amaqula) aqala ukuvelisa i-gametes ngaphambi kokujonga ukuvuthwa ngokwesini, amantombazana angabantu aphuhlisa iimpawu zesini zesibini kakuhle ngaphambi kokufumana amandla apheleleyo okuzala. Oku kubangela ukuba amantombazana atyhutyha uluntu athatyathwe ekuhlaleni njenganomdla ngokwesondo kwaye enqwenelekayo ngaphambi kokuba azale ngokwasemzimbeni okanye afumane utshintsho kwi-neurodevelopmental kwi-activation enxulumene ne testosterone. Injongo yokuzivelela koku kuhluka akuqondwa kakuhle, kodwa khomba ukubaluleka kokuqonda indima ye-estradiol kunye neprogesterone kwindlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini.
Uphando olulinganiselweyo luhlolisise ubudlelwane phakathi kwehomoni yabasetyhini kwi-pubertal ukukhula kwengqondo, yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko. Phakathi kwamantombazana e-pubertal, amanqanaba anyukayo e-estradiol adibene nokunyuka mbandela omhlophe ukukhula kunye nokuhla kwe-pubertal ngwevu ukuthena (Herting et al., 2014). Uphando olusebenzayo olungephi lwentsebenzo luhambelana estrogen ngomngcipheko uthatha amantombazana akwishumi elivisayo (I-Vermeersch et al., 2008). Uninzi lwezifundo ze-neurodevelopmental ebantwini zichonge i-testosterone, endaweni ye-estradiol, njengeyona hormone inxulumene kakhulu striatal Umsebenzi onxulumene nokuthatha umngcipheko nokukhuthaza intlalo kubantu ababhinqileyo (I-Op de Macks et al., 2011; I-Peper kunye neDahl, i-2013; Petros et al., 2015). Izifundo zamaphononongo, kwelinye icala, zicebisa ukuba i-estrogen kunye ne-progesterone, endaweni ye-testosterone, zinxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwisimo sokuziphatha ngokwesini sabasetyhini, nokuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwehomoni nokuziphatha kuxhomekeke kwimeko yezentlalo.Wallen, 2001). Ukuvavanywa kwale modeli ebantwini, kukwacebisa ukuba i-estradiol inxulunyaniswa nokunyuka komnqweno wesini kwaye iprogesterone inxulumene nokuhla (Wallen, 2001). Ukongeza, ukubhengeza amantombazana angaphambi kwexesha lokufota ukuba andise iziphumo ze-estrogen ekonyukeni kokuncancisa kunye nokuziphatha kwentamo (UFinkelstein et al., 1998). Nangona uninzi lwamantombazana lukhetha ukungazibandakanyi nokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngexesha lokufikisa, ukuqonda ingqondo, iihormoni, utshintsho olwenzeka ngeli xesha lefestile enobuthathaka lunokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ngezinto ezikhokelela kwiziphumo zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo.
4. Umxholo wentlalo
Impembelelo yehomoni ye-pubertal ayenzeki kwindawo yokuphumla. Uninzi lokwahlukana okwahlukileyo xa ulutsha luzibandakanya kubudlelwane bezothando luhambelana nexesha lokushicilela, ukanti izinto zentlalo nenkcubeko nazo zinendima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni isini sobutsha (I-Collins, 2003). Umzekelo, kwisifundo esinye, unxibelelwano phakathi testosterone Ukufumana iintlobano zesini okokuqala kwaxhunyaniswa ngamanani ngokuya rhoqo kwinkonzo zenkolo. Olu phononongo lukhomba kumandla anokubakho eendlela zokuziphatha-zokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha kunye nokubaluleka kwamaziko entlalontle njengoko ulutsha lufumana i-neurohormonal Utshintsho (IHalpern et al., 1997). Kwangelo xesha, ukuya kwiinkonzo zenkolo kuyaziwa ngokuba nokunxulumana nokungafunekiyo iimpawu zobuntu (IGauteng kunye neSellbom, 2010), ezidityaniswe komnye umsebenzi kunye umahluko kwi-testosterone kunye estrogen amanqanaba (I-Campbell, 2010; Roberti, 2004) (nangona eli khonkco lingangqinelani kuzo zonke izifundo umz URosenblitt et al., 2001). Ke ngoko, indlela apho iziphumo ze-testosterone ziqhutywa ngokwenyani ngotshintsho kumava entlalontle, xa kuthelekiswa neenguqu zentshukumisa, iyabhidisa. Oku kugxininisa inqaku lethu langaphambili: Ukwahlula imida eyahlukeneyo yehomoni, inkuthazo, kunye notshintsho lwentlalo ngexesha lokufikisa lucelomngeni kakhulu ngokwendlela yokufundisa. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olongezelelekileyo olujolise ekuchongeni ukuba zeziphi izinto ezingqongileyo ezinokuthi zixhamle ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokumodareyitha ukulandelana kokuziphatha kophuhliso lwe-neurohormonal olufunekayo. Ukunikwa utshintsho olwenzeka kwinani le iinkqubo ze-neural Unxulunyaniswa nolwakhiwo loluntu kunye nenkuthazo ngexesha lokufikisa, kunye nenyaniso yokuba ubudlelwane bezothando nezesondo zizinto ezenzeka eluntwini, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba izinto zentlalo kunye nemeko ziyiphembelela njani imeko yengqondo, ukusebenza kwengqondo, kunye nendlela olu tshintsho lwezinto zangaphakathi eziguqula iziphumo zentlalo ekufundeni nasekuziphatheni .
4.1. Bazali
Abazali badlala indima ephambili ekunikezeleni inkxaso kunye nolwazi malunga nezothando kunye ukuziphatha ngokwesondo. Umgangatho wobudlelwane bomzali nomntwana uchaphazela zombini iindlela zesini kwaye Uphuhliso lwe-neural kunye nokusebenza, ngokukodwa kwi amygdala, ehambelana nokungeniswa kwembuyekezo (U-Ernst et al., 2005, ukuqhutywa kwemvakalelo (UWhalen et al., 2013), kunye nempendulo yokoyika (I-LeDoux, i-2003). Umgangatho wobudlelwane boomama ebusheni bokufikisa buye banxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwimeko yokuvuthwa kwengqondo. Ngokukodwa, ubudlelwane obulungileyo phakathi koomama kunye nolutsha abakwishumi elivisayo banxulunyaniswa nokukhula kwe-volumetric ukukhula kwe-amygdala (Whittle et al., 2014). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwabafazi kunokuba nefuthe ukukhula kwengqondo Iimpawu ezihambelana nommiselo wokuziphatha.
Indima esebenzayo yobukho babazali kokukhulisa kwengqondo iyatshintsha nasekufikeni. Bobabini abantwana kunye abakwishumi elivisayo banokuphinda babe ne-amygdala ukuphinda bajongane nobuso boomama babo, kodwa ukuphinda benze i-amygdala kubuso babasemzini kuhla ukusuka ebusaneni ukuya ebusheni. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba, ngelixa impendulo elungileyo koomama ihlala isoyikeka, uloyiko, kunye nokukhathazeka kubantu abangabaziyo kuncipha kuphuhliso lonke, kusenziwa uhlolisiso ngakumbi loluntu (I-Tottenham et al., 2012). Uphando luye lwagxininisa ukuba ubukho boomama buhamba buffer cortisol Impendulo yoxinzelelo ebantwaneni, kodwa ayinasiphumo sifumanayo kubafikisayo (I-hostinar et al., 2014). Oku kuphakamisa ukuba oomama basebenze ekuphembelelekeni koxinzelelo kubantwana abancinci, kwaye njengokuba abantwana belandela indlela eqhelekileyo yokuphuhliswa kwinqanaba lokufikisa, lihamba kunye nokuncipha kovalo kunye nokukhathazeka ngabantu abaza kubakho kunye neemeko kunye nokunyuka kokuhlola, ifuthe lomzimba lokutshintsha kobukho babazali.
Ukulinganisa uphando lwe-neuroscience kubudlelwane bomzali nomntwana, uphando ngokuziphatha luye lafumanisa ukuba ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi komzali nomntwana buye banxulunyaniswa neenjongo eziyehliyo zokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokukhula komtshato kwisondo lokuqala.UVan de Bongardt et al., 2014), kwaye abakwishumi elivisayo ababona abazali babo ukuba babakhathalele balibazisile ngokwesini sokuqala (Longmore et al., 2009). Ulutsha oluxela ukuba nolwalamano oluhle kunye nonxibelelwano oluvulekileyo nabazali babo banokuncinci mava nezesondoUkunyuka kokusetyenziswa kweekhondomu (Iipaki et al., 2011), kamva isondoIxabiso kunye neHyde, 2008), ezimbalwa zokukhulelwa kolutsha ezingacingelwanga (UMiller et al., 2001) kunye namaqabane ambalwa esini (Kan et al., 2010; UKerpelman et al., 2016).
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inguquko kwishumi elivisayo idla ngokuhamba kunye nokuzibekela iliso elingaphezulu kovavanyo lobuzali, le ndlela yokusebenza kunye nophando lokuziphatha lubonisa isidingo sokuba abazali bangabuyi umva ekubeni ngumzali ngexesha lokufikisa, kodwa endaweni yoko banike inkxaso esisiseko yemvakalelo ukuya ekunikezeleni eyakhayo ngakumbi. Inkxaso kunye nokukrokrisana ukuze kube lula kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Ngelishwa, bambalwa oovimba abazizibonelelo zokuxhasa abazali ukuba babakhathalele abantwana okanye abakwishumi elivisayo.
4.2. Oontanga
Oontanga babonakalisiwe ukuba banefuthe kwizigqibo zolutsha malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesondo.I-Choukas-Bradley et al., 2014; IHampton et al., 2005; USuleiman kunye noDeororff, 2015). Olunye uphando lubonakalisile ukuba ubukho boontanga, okanye nokuba bubukho boontanga obucetyiswayo, kukonyusa ukwenziwa kwe-neural kwentsha yomvuzo wokujikeleza, ngakumbi I-ventral striatum (VS), kunye nokuziphatha okuthatha umngcipheko ngendlela enokuthi ingenzeki kubantwana okanye kubantu abadala (Chein et al., 2011; I-Telzer et al., 2014). Enye intsingiselo yoku inokucebisa ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo basengozini eyodwa yokuthatha umngcipheko phambi koontanga, nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kokunyanzelwa kweVS kunye nokuziphatha komngcipheko kukude ngokuthe ngqo. Olunye uphononongo lufumene ukwanda kokusebenza kweVS ukunxulunyaniswa nokwanda komngcipheko kwimisebenzi yaselebhu phambi koontanga (Chein et al., 2011), ngelixa ezinye izifundo zingakhange ziphindaphindwe kwisiphumo (I-Peake et al., 2013). Endaweni yoko ezi zifundo zifumene ukwenza kusebenze kwi Umjikelo wepali yetali, indawo yengqondo ebandakanyeka ekuzenzeleni eyomnye umntu, ukulamla ubudlelwane phakathi kokufikisa komngcipheko wolutsha kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuxhathisa iimpembelelo zoontanga, ngakumbi emva kokuvalelwa ecaleni (I-Peake et al., 2013). Ukuqhubela phambili ukwenza izinto, ezinye izifundo zifumanise ukuba ukunyusa kwe-VS ngexesha lokuqhubekeka kobuso beemvakalelo, ngakumbi uvakalelo kunye neentetho ezilusizi, zidibene yanda ukuzixela ngokwakho ukuxhathisa kwimpembelelo yoontanga (UPfeifer et al., 2011). Ngokudibeneyo, olu phando lubonisa ukuba imeko ehambelana nayo kunye noluntu ekuhlaleni ingakhokelela kwiyantlukwano ekusebenzeni kwe-neural kunye nakumahluko wokuziphatha. Utshintsho olwenzeka kwiinkqubo zokwenza ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo kunye nolwalamano olunomdla ziyalunandipha ulutsha ukuba luvulekele kwaye banandiphe amava enoveli okuhlangana nolwalamano nezothando. Zombini iiplatonic nezithandanayo ziphembelela indlela yokuziphatha yesondo kwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nezigqibo zabakwishumi elivisayo zokubandakanya ubudlelwane bezothando nezesondo.U-Ali no-Dwyer, 2011; Baumgartner et al., 2011; UCrockett et al., 2006; UKennett et al., 2012; UPotard et al., 2008). Ukongeza, isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo sinamandla okumelana noontanga; Ukuba neentlobano zesini ngabantu besini esahlukileyo esidibene nokwabelana ngesondo kuqala, iintlobano zesini ezixhaphakileyo, kunye namaqabane esini amaninzi (U-Ali no-Dwyer, 2011; UFurman et al., 2007; I-Santor et al., 2000).
4.3. Imidiya
Ukongeza kubudlelwane boluntu "kubomi benene," amajelo eendaba ezendabuko kunye namajelo eendaba asekuhlaleni anokubumba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Imiyalezo malunga nesini kunye nobudlelwane bezothando ziyaqhubeka kuyo yonke imidiya. Ngaphezulu kwe-70% yenkqubo yomabonwakude iqulathe uhlobo lomxholo wesini okanye incoko (Kunkel et al., 2005). Kuxhomekeka kumxholo nakubemi, phakathi kwe-23 kunye ne-95% ye-10-19-oneminyaka ubudala banika ingxelo yokuba bakhe babukela iphonografi kwi-Intanethi, kwaye phakathi kwe28 kunye ne-84% baxela ukuba ukubonakaliswa bekungafuneki okanye kungaqhutywa ngabom (UPeter noValkenburg, 2016; U-Wolak et al., 2007). Imithombo yeendaba enkulu ichongiwe "njengentanga ethandwayo ngokwesondo" enefuthe elinamandla ekuhlaleni, ngakumbi kumantombazana afikisa afikisayo ebudaleni kunaboontanga babo (Brown kunye al., 2005).
Ngaphandle kokuvezwa okuphezulu komxholo wesondo kunye nemiyalezo kuyo yonke iminyaka yokufikisa, kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nefuthe lomxholo wesondo kuphuhliso lobuchopho. Ngokubanzi, imixholo yemidiya ifunyenwe ukuba ichaphazele ukusebenza kwe-neural. Umzekelo, ukubhencwa okulinganiselweyo kwimithombo yeendaba enobundlobongela phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kufunyenwe kuchaphazela ukukhula komgaqo weenkqubo zangaphambi kokuzibulala kunye nokuzithoba. limbic Ulwakhiwo, kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwabo, kwaye banokuba nefuthe lokuziphatha kobundlobongela (I-Hummer 2015; Kalnin et al., 2011). Nangona singalwazi naluphi na uphando oluye lwenziwa ngokukodwa kwimidiya yezesondo, inokwenzeka into yokuba imifanekiso yezesondo neyothando, egcwele yonke into ukusuka kwimithombo yeendaba ngokubanzi ukuya kwimifanekiso engamanyala, inokuchaphazela uphuhliso lwe-neural nokuziphatha. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukungafani komntu kwi-neurodevelopment kunokubumba ukuvezwa kwemidiya yezesondo. Umzekelo, abafana abasele behambele phambili abafuna ukubona izinto ezingamanyala, kunokwenzeka ukuba bafune iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ngabom, kwaye kukho ubudlelwane obuluqilima phakathi kokuboniswa okungcolileyo kwezesondo kunye nezimo zengqondo ezingavuthisiyo zesini (UPeter noValkenburg, 2016).
Inzululwazi yophuhliso ibonelela ngeendlela zokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ngefuthe leendaba kwimicimbi yophuhliso lwe-neural nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Uhlengahlengiso oluqhubela phambili lophando olwenziwayo lonxibelelwano lwe-neuroscience (umz Falk et al., 2015, 2012) ukudityaniswa nophando lokuziphatha kunokusinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono ukusebenza kwe-neural okunxulunyaniswa nolutsha ukubukela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zothando kunye nezosasazo kunye nokuqonda ngcono iindidi zamava afundisayo okufunda avela kwezi meko zosasazo. Ukufaka isikhokelo sophuhliso kunxibelelwano lwe-neuroscience kunganceda ekwaziseni imiyalezo elungileyo yothando kunye nesini kwaye yandise ukuqonda kwethu malunga ezinokuba zimbi Iimpawu ezihambelana nokujonga imiyalezo eyingozi. Kwiminyaka yokufikelela kokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lweendaba zothando nezesondo kunye nokuvela ngokukhawuleza kwe-visual eyiyo yamanyala, kufunwa ezi ngcaciso zingxamisekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ixesha lokufikisa lixesha elinzima lokuphuhliswa kwesazisi sothando kunye nesondo, kufuneka siqonde ngcono ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-neurodevelopment, ukubhengeza imithombo yeendaba zothando nezesondo, kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezizayo.
5. Ukunyusa amathuba okuguqulela kuphuhliso lwe-neuroscience
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, maninzi amathuba okuba iingcali ze-neuroscientist zandise ukuqonda kwethu kommiselo oqhelekileyo wokukhula komntu ofikisayo kwezothando nezesondo. Ngaphandle kokukhulisa ukuqonda kwethu ngezinto eziqhelekileyo eziphuhlisayo zophuhliso, kukho iindlela ezithile zokuqonda ezingaphantsi kwe-neural trajectories ezinokwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neendlela ezijolise ekuphuculeni iziphumo zempilo yesini kunye nokuzala. Ixesha elichazwa njengokufikisa liyaqhubeka ukugcwala kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye liqonda imiphumo yolongano Uphuhliso lwe-neural kungaba negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu iindleko kunye nezibonelelo ezihambelana nale nto. Ngokufanayo, ukwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ukungenelela phakathi kokufikisa, ukufikisa ukukhula kwengqondo, yaye ukuziphatha ngokwesondo Unokwazisa ngezinto ezintsha, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezijolise ekuxhaseni nasekuphuculeni ezi zixhobo. Imizekelo emithathu yala mathuba iphononongwa apha ngezantsi.
5.1. Umzekelo 1: ukwanda kwexesha lokufikisa
Phakathi kwabantu, ixesha lokufikisa lixesha elakhiweyo ngokwasentlalweni eliqala ngehomoni, ingqondo, kunye notshintsho olwenzeka emzimbeni ngokufikisa. Ukuphela kweminyaka yokufikisa akuchazwa ngokucacileyo. Uninzi lweempawu zolutsha luyekwe ngokwasentlalweni, kodwa, ngokwahlukeneyo, lubonwa njenge "xesha lokulungiselela ubomi bokuzala kwabantu abadala," lithathe ixesha phakathi kokukulungela komzimba ukubandakanyeka kwizenzo zesondo kunye nemvume yentlalo yokuzala kwakhona.Schlegel 1995, iphe. 16). Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ulutsha olufikisayo lubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kodwa kunqabile ukuvelisa inzala (ISchlegel, 1995). Emntwini, ubude namava ahambelana nokufikisa anokwahluka ngokubanzi; Nangona kunjalo, ixesha, eliboniswa ngokwanda kokuzimela, kodwa lingenalo uxanduva olupheleleyo lwabantu abadala, lihlala ngokwenkcubeko (ISchlegel, 1995).
Ulutsha lwanamhlanje lujamelene nexesha elivelileyo phakathi kokukwazi ngokwasemzimbeni ukukwazi ukuzala kwaye xa ukuvelisa kwakhona kuyinto ngokwasentlalweni nangokunqwenelekayo. Kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela, ixesha lokufikisa liqhubile ukwehla (Umzali et al., 2003; Sørensen et al., 2012). Kumantombazana, oku kulinganiswe ngokuyintloko ngokuhla kweminyaka yokuya esikhathini. Njengoko ukuya esikhathini kwenzeka ngakumbi kade kwibala lekhasethi, le metric inokuwubukela phantsi umgangatho wokuncipha kwembali kubudala obumiselweyo ekuqaleni kobudala. Ubudala obuqhelekileyo bophawu oluqhelekileyo lomzimba lokufikisa phakathi kwamantombazana, ukuncancisa amabele, lunqabile ngokukhawuleza kuneminyaka yobudala ekuyeni esikhathini, kwaye ngenxa yoko, amantombazana achitha ixesha elininzi kwinguqu ye-pubertal (Mendle, 2014). Into enomdla kukuba, ukwehla kobudala bokuqalisa ukukhula kwesibeleko akunxibanga ngokucacileyo kunye nokunyuka kwangoko kwe iihomoni zesini ukunxulumana nokufikisa, kubandakanya gonadotropins kwaye estrogen (Sørensen et al., 2012). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuhla kwesibonakaliso sokufikisa kwamakhwenkwe kwangoko-ukukhula kwe-testicular-kuye kwafanekiswa notshintsho lwehlabathi kwiihormoni ezinxulumene nokufikisa (Sørensen et al., 2012). Umahluko kwiindlela zophuhliso phakathi kwamakhwenkwe namantombazana awukaqondwa kakuhle, kodwa ugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda iimpembelelo zezi zinto zahlukileyo kuphuhliso lwe-neural, ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezesondo. Kuzo zozibini isini, kukho ukuhla okucacileyo kwesi sizukulwana xa abantu bekwazi ukuzala. Ngenxa yokuba ezinye iindlela zokuphuhlisa ubuchopho zihambelana kakhulu notshintsho kwiihomoni ze-pubertal, kusenokwenzeka ukuba (nangona ngumbuzo obalaseleyo) wokuba ukuphucuka kophuhliso lwe-neural okunxulumene nokufikisa sele kuqalile ukuvela ngaphambili.
Kwangelo xesha ukuba iminyaka yobudala bokuzala inciphile, iminyaka apho iyinqweneleka ukuba abantu abancinci bazale abantwana iyaqhubeka ikhula. Iminyaka apho abasetyhini abasebatsha abakumazwe anezinto eziphezulu zokuqala bathwala abantwana inyuke kakhulu kule minyaka i-40 idlulileyo, kwaye le meko ngoku iqala kumazwe asezantsi nalawo anezibonelelo eziphakathi.I-Bearinger et al., 2007; I-Bongaarts kunye neBlanc, 2015; Mathews kunye no-Hamilton, 2009; Sedgh et al., 2015; I-Westoff 2003). Namhlanje, kwihlabathi liphela, iminyaka yabasetyhini abakumgangatho wokuqala wokuzalwa isusela kwiminyaka eyi-20.9 kwiminyaka engaphantsi kweSahara e-Afrika, ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-25 e-US (I-Bongaarts kunye neBlanc, 2015; Mathews kunye no-Hamilton, 2009).
Kude kube kutshanje, ukwamkelwa koluntu ekuzalweni kwakhona kuye kwalungelelaniswa kakhulu ngomtshato, kwaye umntwana wokuqala wayehlala ezelwe kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yomtshato. Le meko ikhe yahlangabezana nokuphazamiseka kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kuqala, kubaluleke ngakumbi kuneminyaka yokuzalwa yokuqala, iminyaka yomtshato-edibene kakhulu nentlalo kunye neendawo eziguqukayo ngokwasentlalweni-inyukile kumadoda nabafazi kwihlabathi liphela (I-Westoff, i-2003). Okwesibini, ngakumbi kumazwe anezibonelelo eziphezulu, kuye kwakho umkhwa wokungaqhawulisi mtshato kunye nokuba ngumntwana, ngokuzala okungakumbi kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemitshato esemthethweni, imbalwa imitshato ngenxa yokutshata ngaphambi komtshato, kwaye Izibini ezitshatileyo zilinde ixesha elide emva komtshato ngokuzala abantwana (I-England et al., 2013; UHayford et al., 2014). Kukwakhona nenani elandayo labantu abahamba kutshintsho lwebhayoloji yokufikisa kodwa bangaze babandakanyeke emtshatweni okanye kubuzali, kwaye sebenobomi bezothando nobokwabelana ngesondo. Ngokudibeneyo ezi meko zibonisa ukubaluleka kokufumana ukuqonda okungcono malunga nokungenelela kwentlalo, inkcubeko, kunye nezinto zebhayoloji ezinefuthe kwizinto ezihlangeneyo zophuhliso lwezothando nezesondo. Oku kukhankanya uluhlu olubanzi lwemibuzo eqinisekisayo engekayifumani malunga nophuhliso lwasemzimbeni kunye nolwemvelo lwangaphakathi olunxibelelana ngayo nemiba yokuma komhlaba ukwakha kunye nefuthe lokuziphatha kwezothando nezesondo.
Imikhwa yehlabathi yokufikisa kunye nokuba ngumntwana kamva inika amathuba amahle kubantu abancinci ukuba babe nexesha elide lokufumana uvuthondaba, ukufikelela kwezemfundo kunye nokuzinza ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwindima yabantu abadala. Kwangelo xesha, abantu abaninzi ngoku bachitha ishumi leminyaka okanye ngaphezulu yobomi babo baziva bebuhlanga, ngokwasemzimbeni, nangokubashukumisela ukuba babandakanyeke kubudlelwane bezothando nezesondo ngaphandle komxholo wokuzala. Ngenxa yoko, kufuneka siziqonde ngcono iziphumo zokuziphatha kunye nokuphuhliswa okungaphucukanga kwezizathu zentshukumo ezinxibelelene kwangoko. zothando kwaye amava ezesondo, ukuze kubonelelwe abantu abatsha bayayixhasa kunye nokuyi-scaffold
5.2. Umzekelo 2: Ukuqulunqwa kokukhulelwa
Kwiminyaka yeshumi elivisayo, uninzi lwabantu abaselula luba neentlobano zesini. Emhlabeni wonke, umndilili wexesha lokukhula kwesondo liqala kwi-16.5 ukuya kwi-24.5 iminyaka yobudala yamadoda kwaye ukusuka kwi-15.5 ukuya kwi-21.5 iminyaka yobudala yabasetyhini (I-Wellings et al., 2006). Ngenxa yesizathu sokuba uninzi lolutsha lubandakanyeke kwiintlobano zesini ngaphambi kokuba lufune ukuba ngumzali, abantu abaninzi abaselula bakhetha ukukhulelwa. Nangona iikhondom, iikhubalo zesibeleko, iidayphragms, kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-intrauterine (IUDs) zibonelela ngendlela yokuthintela ukukhulelwa engeyiyo yehomoni, iindlela eziphambili zokuthintela ukukhulelwa ezisetyenziswa lutsha zibandakanya iihormoni. Umgaqo-nkqubo wakutshanje wehlabathi unyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwezicwangcisi ezithatha ixesha elide (ii-LARCs) phakathi kolutsha luye lwazisa ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezingezizo ii-hormonal ezisebenzayo, ezinje ngehormones Ii-IUD, kwaye ikhuthaze ukusetyenziswa okwandayo kwee-IUD, iimpahla zokufakelwa, kunye nezinto ezinaliti progestin (I-Ott et al., 2014). Ngenxa yobungqina bokuba iihomoni ze-pubertal zinefuthe kwi-neurodevelopment, kubalulekile ukuba zichaze ukuba kwaye xa kunokubakho iimpembelelo ezimbi zokuphazamisa i-trajectories yehomoni eqhelekileyo, ngakumbi nefuthe elinokubakho kuphuhliso lwe-neural, ngexesha lokuphuhlisa iifestile ezinzima. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, asazi nayiphi na idatha epapashiweyo ekhangela ezi ziphumo.
Ngaphandle koluhlu lolunye ukhetho kunye nokunyuswa kwee-LARCs, indibaniselwano yokuthintela imilomo (Ii-COCs), eziqukethe zombini i-estrogen kunye neprogestin, ihlala yenye yezona ndlela zisetyenziswayo zokuthintela ukukhulelwa phakathi kwabafazi abancinci (I-Ott et al., 2014). Ii-COCs, ezisebenza ngokuphumelelayo ukukhusela ukukhulelwa xa zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo, zifunyenwe zicinezela kokubini isimahla kunye iyonke testosterone amanqanaba afike kwi-50% kubafazi abadala (UZimmerman et al., 2013). Olu xinzelelo lwe-testosterone icingelwe ukuba ingunobangela wesikhalazo ohambelana ne-COCs, kubandakanya ukunciphisa impilo-ntle kunye nomgangatho wobomi, ukunciphisa i-libido, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kunye nokuhla kwamathambo e-bone (UZimmerman et al., 2013). Nangona abafazi kwi-COCs benayo yonke testosterone esezantsi amanqanaba, uphando olongezelelweyo lucebise ukuba utshintsho Kwi-testosterone xa abantu basetyhini bethatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano bahlala behleli ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-COC (Edwards kunye no-O'Neal, 2009). Kwakhona, oku kuphakamisa imibuzo enika umdla malunga nokuba i-COC isenokuwachaphazela njani amanqanaba e-testosterone kubafazi abancinci abaphakathi kokukhula kwe-testosterone eyanyaniswa nokufikisa (IBraams et al., 2015).
Ukongeza kwiziphumo ezibi ezixelwe ngabasetyhini abadala, kukho ezinye izinto ezinokubakho ezichasayo zokuncitshiswa kwe testosterone ngexesha lokufikisa. Ngenxa yokuba i-testosterone ibonakalisiwe ukukhuthaza umdla okhulayo kumava avusayo, ukuthintela amanqanaba e-testosterone ngexesha le-peripubertal okanye ixesha lokufikisa kunokunciphisa usukelo lokuzibandakanya kuluhlu lweendlela zokuziphatha ezinokubeka umngcipheko ezixhasa iindlela zophuhliso ezifanelekileyo. Kukwanokwenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuba ukuthintela i-testosterone kungabeki umngcipheko ofanelekileyo okanye umbi wokuthatha umngcipheko, kuba nangona amanqanaba apheleleyo e-testosterone anokucinezelwa kubafazi abancinci abathatha ii-COCs, testosterone yabo mpendulo ukuvuselela kunokuhlala kuhleli. Ukuqonda ifuthe lokunyanzelwa kovavanyo lwe-testosterone ebusheni kuphuhliso lwe-neural kuya kuba kubalulekile ukunceda ukuqonda ngcono iindlela ezinokuthi zibe negalelo nakwezinye zezi zinto ezinokubakho. Ngaphaya koko, ukuqonda ngokubaluleka kokunyanzeliswa okungapheliyo kwe-testosterone, kwikonsathi kunye nokuhlelwa kwehomoni yokufikisa, kunokunceda ekuqiniseni ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha njengoko iinkampani zamayeza ziphuhlisa iindlela zokuthintela inzala. Le yindawo apho iimodeli zesifo se-neurodevelopmental zinokubonelela ngezinto ezibalulekileyo ezinokuvavanywa kamva ebantwini. Sifuna ukucacisa gca ukuba injongo yethu asikokwazisa izithintelo ezitsha kubafazi abancinci abafuna ukuthintela inzala, kodwa sicebise ukuba nolwazi oluninzi malunga nokuhlangana phakathi izicwangcisi zokuthintela ukukhulelwa kunye ne-neurodevelopmental trajectories inokunceda ukwandisa ukhuseleko, ukusebenza kunye nefuthe lokuthintela ukukhulelwa kwabasetyhini abancinci.
5.3. Umzekelo 3: ukuba ngumntwana nokuba ngumzali
Imeko yehlabathi jikelele yokufumana umntwana kamva ibe yinto efanelekileyo, njengoko kukho ukuvumelana ngokucacileyo ukuba umntwana wokuqala, ngaphambi kobudala be-15, uneziphumo ezibi kwezempilo, kwezentlalo, kwimfundo nakwiziphumo zempilo yoomama kunye neentsana (IBrooks-Gunn kunye neFurstenberg, ngo-1986; IGibb et al., 2014; IHofferth kunye neReid, 2001; IBrooks-Gunn kunye neFurstenberg, ngo-1986). Ngaphandle kolu lwazi kwiziphumo, sinolwazi oluncinci kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zophuhliso lwe-neural zokukhulisa umntwana kwangoko. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-100, siye saqonda ukuba ukukhulelwa, ukuba ngumntwana, ukukhutshwa kwengqondo, kunye nokuba ngumzali kubandakanya ulandelelwano lweinguqu ezichanekileyo. Ukukhulelwa kubandakanya ukwanda okumangalisayo ngaphakathi gonadotropin yomntu chorionic (HCG), estrogen, kunye progesterone. Umsebenzi ulandelwa kukunyuka okuqhubayo kwemveliso ye-estrogen kunye neprogesterone edityaniswe nokunyuka yioxytocin, endorphins, yaye ipractactin. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukukhutshwa kweelactic kubandakanya ukuyeka ngokukhawuleza kunye nokungena ngamandla i-gonadal hormones kunye nokunyuka kwe-prolactin (URussell et al., 2001). Iimodeli zentonga zibonisa ukuba izinto zokuzithandela, ezivuselelayo, ezinomdla indlela yokuziphatha kwabafazi, kubandakanya ukufuna nokubuyisa iinjana, zihambelana kakhulu nefuthe lamahomoni okukhulelwa avuselela ukukhula kunye nokusebenza i-mesolimbic inkqubo yedopamine (I-Numan naseStolzenberg, 2009). Oku kuphakamisa indlela nangona ngokuyintloko inxulumana nemivuzo, i dopamine Iinkqubo zokuphendula zikwabalulekile ekufundeni malunga nokuba ngumzali. Kwilinge lokuzama ukubhloka kwizilwanyana ukuya kwiimodeli zabantu, uMoses-Kolko kunye noogxa bakhe bavavanywa, kodwa bahluleka ukufumana, ukuba ngumama kuchaphazele ukungena ngaphakathi striatal impendulo kulindelo lomvuzo wezemali (UMoses-Kolko et al., 2016). Ukunqongophala kwamanqaku okubaluleka kokukhula komgaqo-siseko ofanelekileyo wokuvavanywa kwe-hypothesis malunga nefuthe lokukhulelwa kwizifundo zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, njengoko umvuzo wemali wahluke kakhulu kumvuzo wentlalontle nangokweemvakalelo onxulumene nokukhulisa usana. Abafazi bayo yonke iminyaka bachaza uluhlu lweenguqu zomzimba nezengqondo ezihambelana notshintsho lwehomoni olunxulumene nokuzala komntwana, kodwa kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nendlela ezihlangabezana ngayo neziganeko zehormone ngexesha lokutshintsha, okanye ukuzilandela ngokusondeleyo, ezichaphazela i-neurodevelopmental trajectories.
Ukuqonda impembelelo yokulibaziseka kokubeleka komntwana nako kubalulekile ngokulinganayo njengokuqonda ifuthe lokuba ngumntwana kwabasaqalayo. Ukuguquguquka kwe-Neural, echazwe njengobungakanani ulawulo lwengqondo kunye neenkqubo zentshukumo zenkuthazo nentlalontle ziyabandakanyeka kwaye zenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, kufunyenwe ukuba ziqhubekele phambili kwishumi leminyaka yobomi (I-Crone kunye ne-Dahl, i-2012). Kude kube kutshanje kwimbali yabantu, ngeli xesha uninzi lwabantu ababandakanyeka emtshatweni, kwiqhina kunye nemisebenzi yokuba ngumzali. Umkhwa wakutshanje wokulibazisa ukuba ngumzali, uhlala udlula kwishumi lesine lobomi, unika imibuzo ebangela umdla malunga nokusebenzisana phakathi kwebhayoloji kunye namava okuphembelela uphuhliso lwe-neural. Ukongeza, ukwahlula okwandayo phakathi kokuqala kokukhula ngokuzala kunye nokuzala komntwana kuqala kudala amathuba okuba bobabini amakhwenkwe namantombazana babe nexesha elandisiweyo xa sele bekhulile inkululeko kunye nokuzimela ukulandela imfundo kunye nezinye iinjongo zobomi. Ikwanciphisa isidingo sokudibana kwasekuqaleni kwaye kunokuba inyuse ithuba kubantu abancinci lokufumana ubudlelwane bezothando nezesondo nenani labantu abahlukeneyo. Kumazwe anezibonelelo eziphezulu njenge-US neYurophu, uninzi lwabantu abancinci banobudlelwane bezothando nezesondo ngaphambi kokuba bazibophelele kwiqabane elinye (Iziko le-Guttmacher, i-2014). Ngaphaya koko, kumazwe apho ithuba phakathi kokufikisa nokuzala abantwana sele liqalisile ukuqina, njenge-Afrika engaphantsi kweSahara kunye noMzantsi Merika, malunga ne-25-30% yamantombazana afikisayo abelana ngesondo ngaphambi kokudibana (Iziko le-Guttmacher kunye neZiko lobuDlelwane boLuntu lwaBantu abaCwangcisiweyo, i-2010). Uphuhliso lwe-neuroscience lunokunceda ekuchongeni iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana ze-neurodevelopmental ezinxulunyaniswa nabantu abancinci abanamandla ashukumisayo, ubudlelwane obuphezulu bokuthandana nabantu abahlukeneyo, kunye nabantu abancinci abanobudlelwane obude, kunye nabambalwa. Inokuchonga iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-neural phakathi kwabantu abazibandakanya njengabazali kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokuqala yobomi kunye nalabo balibazisayo.
Ukongeza kwabasetyhini, amadoda ayafikelwa ngamava eenguqu ezihlangeneyo nokuhlangana nokuba ngumzali. E-US, amadoda amadala angatshatanga afuna amaqabane athandanayo kunye nabantu ababhinqileyo abafuna ubudlelwane ngaphandle kwamaqabane abo aphambili banamanqanaba aphezulu e-testosterone xa kuthelekiswa nabesilisa kubudlelwane obuzibophelelayo kwaye nangaphaya koko, amadoda lawo angobawo, nokuba imeko yawo inobudlelwane na, anezantsi amanqanaba e testosterone (Grey kunye neCampbell, 2009). Into ebangela umdla kukuba, le ndlela yobudlelwane ibambelele kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ingeyiyo kwamanye, ecela imibuzo ebalulekileyo isikhokelo kunye nolwalamano lokubuyisela phakathi kwamahomoni kunye nemeko (Grey kunye neCampbell, 2009). Ukubeka isakhelo sophuhliso kolu phando malunga nokukhulisa abantwana nokuba ngumzali kucebisa ukuba isantya sokuvuthwa kwe-neural ukusuka ebusheni ukuya ebuntombini akugqitywanga ngokupheleleyo kungqongqo. Kwi -gengenetic Ithayimthebhile kodwa yenziwa yimifuno yomntu ngokwaseburhulumenteni. Njengesizukulwana sonke siwujongela phantsi umtshato kunye nokuba ngumzali, ngamanye amaxesha, oko kuya kusinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono ukuba lempembelelo injani kwiimeko “eziqhelekileyo” zophuhliso lwe-neural ukuya kwishumi leminyaka lobomi.
6. Isiphelo
Uphando, umgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa okujolise kwisini esifikisayo kubudlelwane bezesondo kunye nobothando zihlala ziqhutywa kakhulu ziinqobo zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha kunakwisayensi. Njengokuba iminyaka elishumi yesibini yobomi iqala ngexesha apho phantse lonke ulutsha lufikisa, kwaye uninzi lunomdla kwaye lubandakanyeke kubudlelwane bezesondo nobothando, bahlala busebenzisa Ukuthintela ukukhulelwa, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhulelwe okanye ukuba ngumntwana, uphando kubuhlobo obuphindayo phakathi kwala mava, imeko yezentlalo, kunye Uphuhliso lwe-neural siyakwandisa kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu malunga nophuhliso lwabantwana abafikisayo, kwaye siya kwazisa ngemizamo yokuphucula ezi meko. Inzululwazi yophuhliso oluhlanganisiweyo, kubandakanya ne-neuroscience yophuhliso, inikezela indlela yokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu kobuhlobo bokuqala kunye nobudlelwane bezesondo kunye nokuphucula ukuqonda kwethu iintlobo zamava obundlongondlongo abaxhasa i-trajectories eyakhayo.
Umzekelo, i-neuroscience yophuhliso inika ithuba lokuchonga iimeko ezonyusa ubungozi bokuba ubudlelwane bokuqala kunye nezokwabelana ngesondo zilungile, impilo ikhuthaza indlela yokuziphatha, endaweni yokuziphatha okuthatha umngcipheko. Uphuhliso lwe-neuroscience yophuhliso kubudlelwane boontanga luya komelezwa ngokuba namanyathelo angaphezulu okucacisa ubudlelwane boontanga obuchazela ukuqonda kwethu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqalwa kwe-neural ezenzeka phambi koontanga ngokuchasene neplatonic. Uphando lwabadala lwe-neuroimaging lukhanyise umahluko obalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwe-neural kudityaniswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zothando, kwaye kuya kuba luncedo ukuqonda ukuba oko kungqinelana njani nokukhula komzila wokufikisa. Senze uphando olulinganiselweyo sicebisa ukuba amava ovakalelo lothando oluvuselela inkanuko yokuba ngumdala afikelele ebudaleni, kwaye nokwazi okungakumbi malunga neendlela ezisisiseko ze-neural kunye neendlela zophuhliso zolu tshintsho kunganceda ekwaziseni ixesha kunye neendidi zenkxaso kunye nokukrola okufunekayo. Inguqu ye-pubertal ikwabonelela ngamathuba amnandi okuvavanya indlela uthando kunye nokuvuselela inkanuko yesini ukuguqula njani ubudlelwane boontanga. Ulutsha lufumana utshintsho ukusuka kubudlelwane obungenazintlobano zesini kunye nokuthandana ngokuthandekayo kwimeko apho kuyenye yezinto eziphambili. Njengoko siqhubeka siphuhlisa imodeli ye-neurodevelopmental ephanda impembelelo yoontanga, uphuhliso lwe-neuroscience lukulungele ukubonelela ngengqondo ekhethekileyo kolu tshintsho lwentlalo.
Siyayiqonda into yokuba ukucela ukuqhuba uphando malunga nolwalamano lwaselula kolutsha kunye nolwalamano lwesini aluhambelani nezinto zalo ezinzima. Abazali kunye neebhodi zokuphononongwa kwezifundo zabantu baya kuba neenkxalabo malunga nokubuza abantu abancinci malunga neemvakalelo zabo zothando, umtsalane kunye nokuvuselela ngokwesondo. Kubalulekile ukuyila ekuphuhliseni okubonakalayo, amanyathelo aqinisekisiweyo okuqokelela ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga neempawu, intsingiselo, kunye neempawu zobudlelwane bezothando nezesondo. Ukwenza oku kakuhle kuya kufuna ukuhoywa ngononophelo, njengoko abakwishumi elivisayo bengaphantsi kunabantu abadala ukuba bahambelane neendidi eziqinileyo zokuziqhelanisa nesondo okanye isimilo sesini (USavin-Williams et al., 2012; van Anders, 2015). Nditsho nokufumanisa ukuba ubudlelwane “nothando” bunokuba ngumceli mngeni, ngakumbi xa amaqabane efikisayo engavumelani ngendlela yokuhlukanisa ulwalamano lwabo. Kananjalo, uthando olunzulu oluphuma kwinqanaba lokufikisa luziva luhlobo lomhlobo lunokuphuma phakathi kokuthandana, uthando kunye nesini, kwaye sifuna amanyathelo anokubamba ngokuchanekileyo imeko yobudlelwane boontanga babo. Siyaqonda ukuba unikwe ubudlelwane obunzima phakathi kwendalo ngokwesondo, iihomoni, kunye nophuhliso lwe-neural, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho uluhlu olubanzi lokuhlukahluka kwe-neural phakathi nangaphakathi kwezesondo ezifanelekileyo malunga nezothando kunye ukuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ukujongana noku, kuyakuyimfuneko ukuyila i-robust yophando eyaneleyo ukukhangela lo mahluko. Ngaphandle kwale miceli mngeni, sikholelwa ekubeni izibonelelo zale mizila yophando zenza ukuba zifaneleke.
Abakwishumi elivisayo banesakhono sokuqonda indlela yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwezothando kwaye amava ezesondo ngokukhuselekileyo, ukanti bafuna inkxaso efanelekileyo ukwenza oko ngempumelelo (Harden et al., 2014a, b). Eyona njongo iphambili yabakwishumi elivisayo kukufunda indlela yokubandakanya kunye nolwalamano oluhle nezothando. Ukongeza, obu budlelwane bothando bokuqala bunefuthe elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwesazisi, ukufunda malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye ne-trajectories yobudlelwane bexesha elizayo.UFurman noShaffer, 2003). Bazali, iiklinikhi, nootitshala banokunika amathuba okufunda afanelekileyo kule ndawo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, uninzi lokufunda olufanelekileyo luvela kumava obuqu (I-Fortenberry, i-2014). Ukuqonda ngcono ukuhanjiswa kwe-neurodevelopmental underpinnings zophuhliso lweendlela zothando nezesondo zibambe isithembiso esikhulu sokwazisa ngeendlela zokungenelela kunye neenzame zokuxhasa ii-trajectories ezakhayo.
Uphuhliso lwe-neuroscience yophuhliso, kunye nesayensi edibeneyo yokuphuhlisa, ikwindawo efanelekileyo yokuhambisa iintlobano zesini zakwishumi elivisayo kwimigca enesithunzi sokuzazisa kwishumi elivisayo iye kwindawo ephambili yophuhliso oluqhelekileyo. I-Neuroimaging inakho ukwazisa ngcono ukuqonda kwethu ukuba ubudlelwane bokuqala bothando buhambelana kakhulu nomvuzo okanye ukuzilungisa. Ngokufanayo, xa unikwa ukuba kufikisa kuphawula ukuqala kwexesha zothando, Uphando olwenziweyo ngeli xesha linokusinceda ngcono ukujonga ukungafani kwe-neural underpinnings yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zothando kunye nokwandisa imodeli zethu ze-neurodevelopmental. Ukongeza, ukukhula kwe-neuroscience inethuba elihle lokuphonononga ukuba uthando kunye namava esini yinto yengqondo yomntu ofikisayo li lindele ukufunda malunga kunye / okanye nendlela amava yeendlela zokuziphatha zothando nezesondo zikhokelela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso. Okokugqibela, inokusinika ulwazi olubalulekileyo lokwazisa ngenkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe bokuthintela inzala kunye nokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ixesha lokukhulelwa komntwana. Njengoko sizazi ngcono iintshukumisa kunye neendlela zolu butsha obuzimeleyo, ubunzulu bobutsha ebusheni, singayitshintsha incoko malunga neentlobo zeenkqubo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo esiyifunayo ukuyibhangqa kakuhle. Oku kunika indlela yokonyusa ii-trajectories ezakhayo kwinqanaba lokufikisa. Ukusilela kwethu ukuliqonda ngcono 'ulutsha' lwamandla aphezulu ezothando kunye nezokwabelana ngesondo akubathinteli. Ulutsha lufuna ukwazi malunga nothando kunye nokwabelana ngesondo, kwaye iya kusinceda sonke ukuba siyiqonde ngcono le nkqubo yokufunda.
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