Ukuhlolisisa i-Correlates yeengxaki ze-Intanethi ze-Intanethi Usetyenziso phakathi kwabafundi beYunivesithi (i-2016)

J Behav Umlutha. I-2016 ngoMeyi 9: 1-13.

Harper C¹, Hodgins DC¹.

Abstract

Imvelaphi kunye neenjongo

Imeko yokuziphatha gwenxa ye-Intanethi yamanyala (i-IP) ifumana ingqalelo eyandayo kwimithombo yeendaba ethandwayo kunye nophando lwengqondo. Engazange ivavanywe ngamandla ukuba umfutho kunye nenani lokusebenzisa i-IP, kunye nezinye iimpawu zomntu, zihambelana njani neempawu ze-IP.

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I-105 yabasetyhini kunye ne-86 eyunivesithi yabafundi baseyunivesithi (kuthetha ubudala be-21) abavela eCalgary, eCanada, babenikwa amanyathelo okusetyenziswa kwe-IP, ukusebenza kwengqondo (uxinzelelo noxinzelelo, ubomi kunye nolwaneliseko lobuhlobo), ubungakanani bokulutha.

iziphumo

Amadoda axele kwangaphambili ukubonakaliswa kobudala kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-IP okwangoku kunabesifazane. Abantu abathile kubudlelwane baxele ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kunaleyo inobudlelwane. Ukuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kwakungangqinelani nokusebenza kwengqondo kodwa kwakuhambelana kakuhle nenqanaba lokulutha kwe-IP. Amanqanaba aphezulu o-fIP umlutha wawunxulunyaniswa nokusebenza kakubi kwengqondo nokusebenza gwenxa kwengxaki yotywala, i-cannabis, ukungcakaza kwaye, ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwe-videogame. Umbutho we-curvilinear wafunyanwa phakathi kobuninzi bokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nenqanaba lokulutha kangangokuba imihla ngemihla okanye ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kwe-IP kunxulunyaniswa nokunyuka okubukhali kwamanqaku e-IP atyebileyo.

ingxoxo

Ukusilela ukufumana ubudlelwane obuluqilima phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo ngokubanzi kubonisa ukuba isiphumo esipheleleyo sokusetyenziswa kwe-IP asiyongozi kwaye siyenzakalisa. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-IP, okunxulunyaniswa nokusebenza kakubi kwengqondo, iyavela xa abantu beqala ukusebenzisa i-IP mihla le.

Internet: Iziyobisi ezingamanyala kwi-Intanethi, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, ukuphonyula

intshayelelo

Kukho inani elandayo leengxelo zabantu abathi ukusebenzisa kwabo i-Intanethi iphonografi (IP) ibe yingxaki. Iimpawu ezixelwe ngaba bantu, amadoda kunye nabasetyhini, zibandakanya ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwimicimbi yesini kunye nokufezekisa i-orgasm (Schneider, 2000) ilahleko ye-libido okanye umdla wesondo kwiqabane lokwenyani, kunye nokulahleka komdla kwiqabane lakho lokuthandana (IPoulsen, iBusby, kunye neGalovan, ngo-2013). Iimpawu zikwabandakanya iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, ezinje ngoxinzelelo, umngcipheko wokuphulukana nomsebenzi kunye nobudlelwane ngamathuba, kunye nokungabikho kokukhuthaza (UPhilaretou, Malhfouz, kunye no-Allen, 2005; Oselula, 2004) Uninzi lwabantu bachaza ukuziva benyanzelekile ukuba bayijonge i-IP ngamanye amaxesha xa kungafanelekanga ukwenza oko, njengasemsebenzini, kwigumbi elikhoyo labantwana, okanye kwikhompyuter engeyiyo eyabo (I-Griffiths, i-2012Abanye baphinde baxele ukukhula okungalunganga kokuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesini kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ezinje ngeenkolelo zokuba izenzo ezithile zesondo (umzekelo, ana lsex) ziqhelekile ekuhlaleni kunokuba zinjalo. Ezinye izinto eziphosakeleyo zinokuqinisa ubuhlanga kunye nesini kunye nokunyusa ubundlobongela kwabasetyhini (UPeter kunye neValkenburg, ngo-2007; UZillmann kunye noBryant, ngo-1986).

Uphando olulungeleleneyo ngokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-IP lubonakalisa ukuba abanye abasebenzisi banobunzima ekuzameni ukuyeka okanye ukuncipha ekusebenziseni kwabo (UDelmonico kunye noMiller, 2003; I-Orzack kunye neRoss, 2000). Ezinye iiakhawunti zobuqu kunye nezixabisekileyo ezivela kubasebenzisi be-IP abanengxaki zichaza utshintsho oluchanekileyo olunxulunyaniswa nokupheliswa kokusebenzisa iphonografi. Olutshintsho lubandakanya ukubuya kwe-libido, ukunyuka kokudala kunye nokuziva ungenaxabiso, kunye nobomi obuphezulu kunye nolwaneliseko lobuhlobo (I-Wilson, i-2014). Uninzi lwaba bantu lubonisile ekubuyeni kwakhona ukuba bebengazi malunga nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP kubachaphazele njani na ubomi babo.

Ngelixa ezi ngxelo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP kuyingozi, i-IP ikwadityaniswa neziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Kukho iingxelo zeempembelelo ezilungileyo kulwabelana ngesondo, ulonwabo kunye nokuncitshiswa koxinzelelo noxinzelelo, ngakumbi kubantu abahlelelekileyo, njengabakhubazekileyo (IKaufman, iSilverberg, kunye neOdette, 2007). Uninzi lwabasebenzisi be-IP bayithathela ingqalelo le nto, besithi iyabuphucula ubomi babo kunye nobomi babo bezesondo obusenyongweni (IHald kunye neMalamuth, 2008). Uninzi lwabantu luthi lufumanise kwaye lwaxhasa iinkalo zesini sabo ngelixa besebenzisa i-IP kunye nokukhulula oku kube nakho kulwazi lwabo (IKingston neMalamuth, ngo-2010). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP kuvumele ukuphononongwa ngokwesondo okungaphezulu kunye nokuqinisekiswa kobungqingili (McLelland, 2002; I-Correll, 1995),I-Koch kunye neSchockman, ngo-1998), kunye nabantu abagqithisiweyoUbanzi, 2002). Ubumfihlo nokungaziwa, ezibonelelwa yi-Intanethi, kubonakalisa ingozi encinci ngokwasemzimbeni nasentlalweni kunokunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo, ukuvumela inkxaso kunye nonxibelelwano malunga nokwabelana ngesondo ukuba luphumelele. Okokugqibela, abasetyhini abasebenzisa ingxelo ye-IP yokuba babelana ngesondo ngcono kunabo bangenziyo (IPoulsen, iBusby, kunye neGalovan, ngo-2013).

I-IP yinto eyenzeka kutshanje (I-Leiner, i-2009), kwaye, ke ngoko, uphando kule ndawo luthintelwe .Ngaphezulu, isihloko sinovakalelo kakhulu kwaye sithwele iingcinga ezininzi eziphosakeleyo kunye nokuziphatha okuhle. Ukwanda kwe-IP akunakunyanzelwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kungekuphela nje phakathi kwabantu abadala kodwa naphakathi kwabemi abangabalulekanga (USabina, iWolak, kunye neFinkelhor, 2008). Siqala ukubona iimpembelelo zokusetyenziswa kwe-IP ngokunjalo.Imithombo yeendaba kunye nezinye izinto zenkcubeko ezibalaseleyo zichazwe njenge ziphantsi “kobonografi” kwiminyaka edlulileyo (Attwood, 2006; Kinnick, 2007). Ukuze into yelo xesha ibe negalelo elikhulu kangaka eluntwini kwaye umntu ngamnye makabe nesizathu esaneleyo sokuqhubeka nophando kwesi sihloko.

Imbali kunye nokuthandwa kwamanyala kwi-Intanethi

Inani elikhulu lamanyala akhoyo kwiWebhu eBanzi yeHlabathi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-12% ye-Intanethi idityaniswa nemifanekiso engamanyala, elingana ne-24.6 yezigidi zewebhusayithi.I-Twohig, iCrosby, kunye neCox, ngo-2009) okanye i-156 yezigidigidi ze-gigabytes. Iipesenti ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu kuzo zonke izinto ezikhangeloweyo kwiwebhu ziyimanyala (Ropelato, 2006). Nge-2007, ingeniso yonyaka yazo zonke iiwebhusayithi ezingamanyala yayiqikelelwa kwi-20 yezigidi zeedola, kodwa i-Free Speech Coalition iqikelele ukuncitshiswa kwe-50% kwengeniso yeephonografi phakathi kwe-2007 kunye ne-2011 ngenxa yesixa semifanekiso yamanyala asimahla efumaneka kwi-Intanethi.Barrett, 2012). Kufuneka iqatshelwe into yokuba abantu abaninzi baye baxela ukuba bafumene ngengozi imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi ngaphandle kweenzame zokuphepha ukwenza njalo (IMitchell, iFinkelhor, kunye neWolak, 2003).

Umnxibelelanisi (1998) ichaza ukuthandwa kwe-IP njengokuqhutywa sisiphumo seempawu ezintathu, azibhalayo njengeNjini-kathathu: ukufikelela, ukufumaneka, ukungaziwa. Ngaphambi kokudalwa kweWebhu eBanzi yeHlabathi kwi1991, ukuhambisa imifanekiso engamanyala ngeinethiwekhi zekhompyuter okanye ukwabelana ngeefayile zabalingane kuye. Phantse yonke imifanekiso engamanyala yasasazwa phakathi koluntu ngokuprinta kunye nefomathi yevidiyo. Ukufumana iphonografi kufuna ukuba uthenge ngokwenyama kwivenkile yabantu abadala okanye kwithiyetha, kwaye la mashishini ahlala ephethe ibala elibi kunye nodumo. Ukusukela kokusekwa kweWebhu eBanzi yeHlabathi, kunye nokudalwa okwalandelayo kwewebhusayithi ezingamanyala, ukusetyenziswa koluntu kwezamanyala. Ukufikelela kwimifanekiso engamanyala akuzange kube lula, kwaye oku kuyinyani ngakumbi ngenxa yokudala iifowuni eziphathwayo ezivumela ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi naphina emhlabeni (Isilivere, i-2012). Ubuninzi bezinto ezingamanyala kwi-Intanethi zinokufikeleleka ngaphandle kwendleko ezongezelelekileyo kumsebenzisi, kwaye umsebenzisi unokuyijonga le mifanekiso engamanyala ngaphandle kokuzazisa okanye ashiye amakhaya abo.

Ukwandisa kwiCooper, kukho uphawu lwesine lwe-IP ebaluleke ngakumbi ekuqondeni ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokuba yingxaki njani: uphawu lwe "yinto entsha." Inqaku apha libhekisa kwixabiso elikhulu kunye nantlukwano yemifanekiso engaqhelekanga efumaneka kwi-Intanethi. Abantu abachonga njengengxaki yokusetyenziswa kwengxelo ye-IP echithe iiyure ezininzi ngexesha bekhangela amakhulu nemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo kunye nevidiyo kodwa bangaze bazive banelisekile (I-Orzack kunye neRoss, 2000). Abanye bavumile ukuqokelela amawaka eefayile ezingamanyala, kodwa bangaphindi baphinde babuye (UDelmonico kunye noMiller, 2003). Oku kuziphatha kubonakalisa ukufana kokunyamezelana kunye nokuchaphazeleka kweziyobisi, kunye “nokukhangela nokufumana” isimilo kunye nokuziphatha okuqhubekayo kokuziphatha gwenxa kwi-Intanethi (UDavis, uFlett, kunye noBesser, 2002).

Ngaba singaba likhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi?

Umnqweno wesondo kwingqondo uqala ngokufika kwezibonakaliso zesondo ezivuselela inkanuko yesondo kwindawo ye-medial preoptic, eyi-hub ye-telodiencephalic genital genication.UKim et al., 2013). Olu luhlu lukwabandakanya uthungelwano lwe-neural yeziko lembuyekezo ye-mesolimbic, inethiwekhi ebandakanyeka kakhulu kumlutha (Roxo, Franceschini, Zubaran, Kleber, kunye neSander, 2011) .Ieuroimaging ibonakalise ukuba ukujonga imifanekiso yamaqabane afumanekayo ngokwesondo (okt, iphonografi) inefuthe elifanayo kwindawo yempangelo yokujonga njengokujonga amaqabane okwabelana ngesondo. Xa ujonga nayiphi na into ekhuthazayo, izihloko ziyavuseleleka kwaye zithambekele kokunqwenela ngakumbi (IHilton kunye neWatts, ngo-2011; IVoon et al., 2014). Yintoni eyahlukileyo kukuba i-Intanethi ibonelela ngokufikelela kwintsingiselo enkulu yemifanekiso engamanyala, kwaye izinto ezibonakala ngokulula kulo mfanekiso zihamba ngokungathandekiyo.Ukuthanda okungaziwayo kumaqabane abelana ngesondo kubhalwe kakuhle kwizifundo zovavanyo lwezilwanyana kunye noluntu: into eyenzeka rhoqo ekubhekiswa kuyo njengempembelelo yePholeji (IFiorino, iCoury, kunye nePhillips, 1997; I-Wilson, i-1997). Kucetyiswe ukuba ukufikelela okungalawulwanga kwinani elikhulu lemifanekiso yezesondo kwi-Intanethi inefuthe kwiziko lembuyekezo le-mesolimbic elifana nefuthe lezinto ezilikhobokisayo (I-Pitchers et al., 2013; Barrett, 2010).

Uphononongo lwakutsha nje usebenzisa i-fMRI imaging wafumana uthungelwano oluqhelekileyo phakathi kokuphinda wenze iziyobisi kwizifundo ezinamakhoboka eziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha kwakhona ngokwesondo kwizifundo ezinengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi.IVoon et al., 2014). Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa iphonografi abanengxaki babonisa ukusabela okufanayo kwe-neural kwiimpawu zephonografi ezibonisa iziyobisi iziyobisi. Abathathi-nxaxheba baphinde baxela iminqweno yokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala ngakumbi xa bengayibukeli, kodwa ke baye baxela ukungonwabi ngamava xa beyibukele. Olu manyano lufumaneka phakathi "ukuthanda" kunye "nokufuna" luhambelana nethiyori yenkuthazo yenkuthazo kuphando lweziyobisi (URobinson kunye neBerridge 1993; IVoon et al., 2014).

Kuyenzeka ukuba ubume bebhayiloji yengqondo ngokwayo bunokuguqulwa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-IP (IKühn kunye neGallinat, ngo-2014). Isikali somfanekiso we-Magnetic resonance imaging sibonisa ukuba ivolumu yomxholo we-caudate eyiyo ye-striatum ayinxulwanga ngokufanelekileyo nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP. Ukusebenza kokusebenza kwe-putamen yasekhohlo, kunye nokusebenza kokunxibelelana kwe-caudate efanelekileyo kwicala lasekhohlo lase-dorsolateral preontal, nayo inxulunyaniswa kakubi. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ukuvezwa rhoqo kwi-IP kubangela ukubekeka phantsi kunye "nokunxiba" kwesiseko sobuchopho. Umntu lowo ke kufuneka afune ukhuthazo lwangaphandle olunamandla olukhokelela kuphando lwenoveli kunye nemathiriyeli engamanyala eyonakeleyo. Oku kuziphatha kubonisa ukufana okunyamezeleyo kunyamezelwano kunye neziphumo zokungqubeka kweziyobisi. Nangona kunjalo, UKühn noGallinat (2014) Qaphela ukuba oku kudibana ne-IP kunye nevolumu yomba ompunga kunye nokunxibelelana okusebenzayo kungabonisa imeko esele ikhona kwingqondo, kunokuba ibe sisiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwe-IP rhoqo.

Ngaphandle kwezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, ukwahlulwa kwengxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-IP njengesiyobisi kuyimpikiswano. Ngokwembali, iye ibhalwe njengeluhlobo lophazamiseko lolawulo lwempembelelo (UMorahan-Martin, 2005), njenge-subtype ye-hypersexuality kunye nokuphazamiseka kwesondo (Kafka, 2010), okanye njengohlobo oluncinci lokuphazamiseka kweziyobisi kwi-Intanethi (Oselula, 2004). Okwangoku, akukho miqobo isemthethweni yokuqonda ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki ze-IP, ethintela umda kuphando. Kwizikali ezimbalwa ezivavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-pornography, zimbini kuphela i-IP ekujoliswe kuzo ngqo: Uvavanyo lweSondo kwi-Intanethi.UDelmonico kunye noMiller, 2003) kunye ne-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi.I-Grubbs, iSessoms, Wheeler, kunye neVolk, 2010). Omabini la manqanaba abonakalise ukuthembisa iipropathi zekhemikhali yokuvavanya imeko ye-IP.

Isifundo sangoku

Ubungqina buqokelelene ukubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunokuba ngumlutha. Umlutha kwi-IP unxulunyaniswa neempawu zokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo, kubandakanya uxinzelelo, unxunguphalo, kunye nokungoneliseki ngobomi kunye nobudlelwane, kunye nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisa i-IP ngakumbi ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi. Injongo yesifundo esikhoyo kukuvavanya oku kulungelelaniswa kokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-IP kwaye, ngakumbi, kukuqonda indlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP okunxulunyaniswa nokulutha nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ukuvavanywa kobu budlelwane bunokusivumela ukuba sikhombise umqobo ngokubanzi apho ubungqingqwa kunye nomthamo wokusetyenziswa uhambelana nokuvela kweziphumo ezibi. Ngaphaya koko, ukumisela ukuba isantya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP zihambelana neziphumo ezinobungozi kunokunceda umahluko phakathi kwabasebenzisi bokuzonwabisa be-IP kunye nabasebenzisi bengxaki ye-IP. Oku kuqonda kungavumela abasebenzisi be-IP ukuba balinganise ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwaye bayaphelise kwinqanaba elingelongozi. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, abanye abasebenzisi abayingxaki bavakalise ukuba abazi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo kubabangela ubunzima de bayeke. Ukongeza, ukuvavanya izinto ezizodwa ezinxulumene kakhulu nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki okanye umlutha wokusetyenziswa kwe-IP (umz., Amanani abantu, izixhasi, njl. Njl.) Kunokunceda ekuchongeni ubungozi babantu.

I-hypothesis yophando olukhoyo ngoku kukuba isantya esiphezulu kunye nomthamo wokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kuya kulungelelanisa kakubi imilinganiselo yokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kakuhle. Siza kuphonononga ukuhambelana kwezi ntlobo zobudlelwane ukuvavanya ukuba ingaba amanqanaba okusebenzisa ayanyaniswa na nokuvela kweempawu zokulutha. Okokugqibela, siza kuphanda umanyano lweziyobisi ze-IP ngokusetyenziswa kwengxaki kotywala, i-cannabis, umdlalo wevidiyo, kunye nongcakazo, ezixhaphakileyo phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi.

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nxaxheba

Isampulu (N  = 191) yafunyanwa kwiNkqubo yokuThatha inxaxheba kweYunivesithi yaseCalgary, apho abafundi ababhalise kwizifundo zengqondo bafumana ikhredithi yebhonasi endaweni yokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando lwabo. wokulutha kunye nokuziphatha, ngokuzalisa ibhetri yemibuzo.

Procedure

Ikhweshine yayilawulwa kwi-Intanethi kusetyenziswa amaQuqithi kwaye yagqitywa ngumntu ngamnye othathe inxaxheba kwikhompyuter yabucala ngokwamaqela amancinci. Phambi kokuqala kwamaphepha emibuzo, abathathi-nxaxheba bacaciswa ngohlobo lwesifundo, ukubakho kwemibuzo yobuqu okanye enobuzaza ebuzwayo, emva koko baqinisekiswa ngokungaziwa kwabo kolu vavanyo. Imigaqo yokuvavanya ukusebenza kwengqondo yengqondo yenziwa kuqala, ukunqanda umbandela wokukhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ngemibuzo ebhekisa kwi-IP kunye nokuiphulula amalungu esini, ukuba ngaba banokufumana naluphi na uxinzelelo lokuqala kule mibuzo.

Amanyathelo

Umbuzo wemibalo yabantu

Kwenziwa uhlolo olufutshane lwedemokhrasi, kuvavanywa ulwazi lobudala, isini, indawo yokuhlala, inqanaba lobudlelwane, isini, imfundo, inqanaba lomsebenzi, umvuzo wekhaya, ubuzwe kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezenkolo.

Uluhlu lweNgcaciso yeMpawu engu-18

Uhlobo olufinyeziweyo lweNgcaciso yeZimpawu eziBalulekileyo (i-BSI-18) lwalusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iimpawu zengqondo zokubandezeleka: ukuthomalalisa, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo (I-Derogatis, 2001). Uqikelelo loqikelelo lwangaphakathi lokungqinisisa inqaku elipheleleyo le-BSI-18 ilungile kakhulu (α = .89).

Ukoneliseka ngumgangatho wobomi

Ulwaneliseko lobomi ngokubanzi lwavavanywa kunye nolwaneliseko lwezinto ezintlanu ngomgangatho wobomi (i-SWLS) (UDiener et al., 1985). Eli nqanaba lisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukoneliseka kobomi behlabathi kwaye linempahla efanelekileyo yengqondo kubandakanya ukungqinelana okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi (α = .79) kunye nokuxhomekeka okwethutyana (r Isikali sikwanxibelelana kakhulu namanye amanyathelo okuziphatha kakuhle, kubandakanya ne-BSI-80.

Ubungakanani bovavanyo lobudlelwane

Abathathi-nxaxheba njengangoku kubudlelwane bagqibezela inqanaba lovavanyo lwezinto ezisixhenxe (UHendrick, uDicke, kunye noHendrick, ngo-1998), ukulinganisa inqanaba labo ngokubanzi lokwoneliseka ngobuhlobo babo bangoku. Eli nqanaba lonyulwe ngenxa yokunxibelelana okuphezulu kunye neemvakalelo zesithukuthezi kulwalamano, isigameko esixhaphakileyo esixeliweyo ngokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwe-IP (IPoulsen, iBusby, kunye neGalovan, ngo-2013). Amanqaku aphezulu abonisa ukoneliseka okukhulu kunye neqabane lakho. Ukuxhomekeka okwethutyana kwinqanaba lovavanyo lobudlelwane (RAS) kulungile kakhulu (r = .85) kwaye ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kwamkelekile (α = .73).

Ingxaki yokungcakaza, utywala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentsangu

Uvavanyo lokuchonga ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kotywala (AUDIT; I-Babor, i-Higgins-Biddle, iSaunders, kunye neMonteiro, 2001), uvavanyo lokuchonga ukusetyenziswa kwentsholongwane ye-cannabis -revised (CUDIT-R; UAdamson et al., 2010), kunye nengxaki yengxaki yokungcakaza ngokungqongqo (PGSI; I-Wynne, i-2003) zabandakanywa njengotywala, i-cannabis, kunye nongcakazo, zinto ezintathu ezixhaphakileyo ezilikhobokisayo ezikhoyo kubomi bomfundi. I-AUDIT ibonisa ukungaguquguquki okuhle kwangaphakathi (α = .80), i-CUDIT-R ibonisa ukungqinelana okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi (α = .94), kunye ne-PGSI ibonisa ukungqinelana okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi (α = .84) .Zonke izinto ezinxulumene nolungelelwaniso phakathi kwala manyathelo kunye nomlutha. Amanyathelo e-IP (jonga ngezantsi) angabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki ze-IP kunokuba yingxaki yenkqubo yokuziqhelanisa kunye nezenzo. Amanqaku e-8 okanye ngaphezulu kwi-AUDIT athatyathwa njengophawu lokusebenzisa kakubi ubungozi botywala. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis eyingozi kubonisa uphawu lwe-13 okanye ngaphezulu kwi-CUDIT-R. Amanqaku e-5 + kwi-PGSI athathelwa ingqalelo ngokulinganisela, ngelixa amanqaku e-8 + athathelwa ingqalelo njengophawu lwengxaki yokungcakaza (I-Currie, iHodgins, kunye neCasey, 2013).

Uluhlu lwezinto eziluncedo kumdlalo wabadala

Kukwaqukwa namanyathelo okulutha yayiyimidlalo yeAddress yeziyobisi (GAIA), isikali esenziwe ukuvavanya imidlalo yevidiyoI-Wong kunye neHodgins, ngo-2013). Inqaku elipheleleyo lokulutha kwi-GAIA inokuthenjwa kakhulu (α = .94). I-Scoresof 30 + ithathwa njengemodareyithayo kunye nenqaku le-40 + linqanaba elibalulekileyo lengxaki. Zombini ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki ze-IP kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yomdlalo wevidiyo yingxaki ephazamisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhompyuter kunye ne-Intanethi. Siqikelela unxibelelwano oluphakathi phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini, kwaye ukubandakanywa kwale milinganiso kuvumela ukuphononongwa okongeziweyo kombutho wokuphazamiseka kwekhompyuter kunye ne-Intanethi.

Rhoqo / umthamo wephepha lemibuzo engamanyala kwi-Intanethi

Abathathi-nxaxheba baphendule umphengululi we-11-umbandela ophononongiweyo ovavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP. Imibuzo ibandakanya ukuhamba rhoqo kwe-IP (inani leeseshoni ngenyanga), ixesha elichithwe kwiseshoni nganye ye-IP (kwimizuzu), kunye nenani lemifanekiso / iividiyo / iifayile / amaxwebhu asetyenzisiweyo kwiseshoni nganye. Abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba babonise ubudala babo, ukuba baveze i-IP kunye nokuchaza ngokufutshane imeko yamava ngamagama. Okokugqibela, abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa ukuba ngaba imvamisa yokusebenzisa kwabo i-IP, ixesha elichithwe kwiseshoni nganye ye-IP, kunye / okanye inani le-IP kwiseshoni nganye liye lenyuka okanye lancipha kunyaka ongaphambi kwalowo. Itotali ye-IP iyonke yabalwa ngokukhupha iminyaka yobudala ebonakalayo evela kubathathi-nxaxheba yangoku. Abathathi-nxaxheba abangakhange basebenzise i-IP bashiyiwe kulo mlinganiso.

Imibuzo ejongene nemikhwa engeyiyo kwi-Intanethi

The I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (5th ed .; DSM-5I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) ibandakanya isethi yokuqala yokufumana isifo kwi-Intanethi. Iqela lamanye amazwe liphakamise iseti yemibuzo yovavanyo ehambelanayo (UPetry et al., 2014), ezihlengahlengiswe ngabaphandi ukuvavanya iikhowudi zokulutha ze-IP (jonga isihlomelo). Ukuhlengahlengisa ezi zinto kufuna ukuphinda kubhalwe ngokutsha. Ezinye izinto zandiswa zaba yimibuzo ecacileyo yokuvavanya ngalinye lamalungu ngokwahlukeneyo. Yongezwa imibuzo emithathu yokuvavanya imiba yokungasebenzi ngokwesondo nge-arousal, orgasm, kunye nentlungu. Isikali sokukhetha (Akunjalo kwaphela [0], Rarely [1], Ngamanye amaxesha [2], Rhoqo [3]) samkelwa ukuze sivumele idata ecebileyo. Njengombuzo we-Intanethi we-Gaming Disorder imibuzo, umbuzo ngamnye wawubhekiswa kwiinyanga ezi-12 zokugqibela. Ubungqingqwa obuphakathi bangaphakathi bufunyenwe phakathi kwezinto ezikwisampulu yesifundo esikhoyo (α = .90) .Ingcaciso epheleleyo yempahla efakelweyo isusela ku .55 ukuya kwi .76.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyber-porn sebenzisa i-inventri-inyathelo lokunyanzelwa

Okokugqibela, i-CPUI (IGrubbs et al., 2010wabandakanywa ukuvavanya ubunyani bokudibana kunye ne-inventri ebonakalise ukuthembeka okwamkelekileyo (α> .80) kunye nobunye ubungqina bokwakha ubunyani. Inkxaso-mali enyanzelekileyo yindawo ye-11-into eyenzelwe ukuvavanya ukungabikho komntu ekuziphatheni, nangona unomnqweno wokuyeka ukusebenzisa i-IP.

Uhlalutyo lwedatha

Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP (frequency, ixesha, kunye nenani) kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo, amanyathelo okulutha, kunye nokulutha kwe-IP kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa ulungelelwaniso lwe-Pearson engafaniyo kunye nesampulu ezimeleyo t-Ivavanyo. Uhlalutyo lophononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwepolynomial (I-Wuensch, i-2014) isetyenziselwe ukuvavanya ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo zihambelana, zi-quadratic, okanye zi-cubic. Imilo yolu lwalamano yavavanywa ukuba ichonge umqobo osetyenziswayo oyingozi we-IP. Uhlalutyo oluchazayo oluchazayo (IBraun kunye neClarke, 2006) isetyenziselwe ukuhlalutya iimpendulo zabathathi-nxaxheba kumava okuvela okokuqala kwi-IP. Okokugqibela, uhlalutyo oluninzi lokurekhodwa lwadityaniswa ukuba luvavanye umngcipheko obonisa ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-IP kunye nokulutha. Abathengisi beenkcukacha bahlengahlengiswa rhoqo kubungakanani be-IP, ixesha kunye neendlela zexabiso. Ukuhamba rhoqo, iimpendulo zangaphandle ze60, 50, kunye namaxesha e-40 ngenyanga zilungisiwe kwi34, 33, kunye ne32 ngamaxesha ngenyanga. Ixesha elichithwe kwiseshoni nganye ye-IP, iimpendulo zangaphandle ze120, 100, kunye nemizuzu ye-95 zalungiswa kwi-63, 62, kunye ne-61 min. Ngesixa se-IP / iseshoni, impendulo yabangaphandle yokusebenzisa izinto ze-ponografi ze-100 / iseshoni yalungiswa kwizinto ze-61.

Zokuziphatha

Uphengululo lweenqobo ezisesikweni lwanikezelwa yiBhodi yeKhowudi yeeNqobo eziseSikweni zoPhiko eziDibeneyo zeYunivesithi. Zonke izifundo zazisiwe malunga nophononongo kwaye yonke inike imvume yokufunda. Emva kokugqitywa kwamaphepha emibuzo, abathathi-nxaxheba bakhululwa kwaye banikwa ulwazi malunga nendawo yokufuna ingcebiso ukuba kukho nayiphi na indawo yophando ebabangele ukubanengxaki.

iziphumo

Inkcazo yesampulu

Iimpendulo zabafundi abakumabanga aphantsi kwe191, i-86 eyindoda kunye ne-105 yabasetyhini, zahlalutywa. Iminyaka yobudala yayiyiminyaka ye-21.05 (SD = 2.96, uluhlu = 17 ukuya kuma-38) kwaye ubuhlanga babuninzi eCaucasian (n = 97), elandelwa sisiTshayina (n = 23), eMzantsi Asiya (n = 20), Latin American (n = 12), mpuma Asia (n = 8), Mnyama (n = 6), isiArabhu (n = 5), Okunye (n = 5), isiPhilippines (n = 4), kwiNtshona yeAsia (n = 4), isiKorea (n = 4), Abomthonyama (n = 2), kunye nesiFrentshi saseCanada (n = 1) Iyonke ingeniso yekhaya yasasazwa ngokusasazwa, nge-27% yabafundi abanika ingxelo ye- $ 100,000 nangaphezulu (n = 52), kunye ne-21% yokunika ingxelo phantsi kwe- $ 10,000 (n Imeko yobudlelwane okwangoku yayiyi-40% eyodwa (n = 96), 17% ukuthandana (n = 32), kunye ne-33% kubudlelwane obukhulu (n Abathathi-nxaxheba ubukhulu becala babesabelana ngesondo (n = 162), kunye ne-6% yabathathi-nxaxheba abachonga ubufanasini (n = 12), iipesenti ezi-6 njengobungqingili (n = 11), kunye ne-3% echonga njenge-asexual (n = 6) Abathathi-nxaxheba ubukhulu becala babengakholelwa kuThixo / kwi-agnostic (n = 85), ilandelwa ngamaKatolika (n = 31), umKristu (n = 22), umSilamsi (n = 15), ubuProtestanti (n = 12), Okunye (n = 10), umBhuda (n = 6), iSikh (n = 6), umHindu (n = 2), kunye namaJuda (n  = 2). Inkolo ethatha inxaxheba kunye nokomoya kwarekhodwa, nenqanaba le-1 lingabalulekanga kwaye i-4 ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthetha kwamanqanaba okubaluleka kwenkolo kubomi bomntu bekuphantsi (M = 1.15, SD = 1.12) uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba lusitsho ukuba abalufumani unqulo lubalulekile konke konke (n = 74). Ubumoya babukalwe buphezulu ngokubaluleka (M = 1.49, SD = 1.04) uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba lubala ubumoya njengokubalulekileyo (n = 65).

itafile 1 inika iindlela, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo, kunye nemilinganiselo yamanyathelo okusebenza kwengqondo, amanyathelo okulutha, kunye nemilinganiselo yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP. Inxalenye yabathathi-nxaxheba kwi-BSI-18 yayiyi-12.45 (SD = 9.00). Amanqaku okuthetha kwi-BSI-18 yabemi babafundi abarekhodwe ngaphambili ngo-8.41 (SD = 7.83, n = 266) (Meijer, de Vries, kunye novan van Bruggen, 2011), olusezantsi kakhulu kunolu phando, t(455) = 5.11, p <0.001. Umthathi-nxaxheba uthetha amanqaku kwi-SWLS (M = 24.17, SD = 4.52) zazikwinqanaba eliphakathi lama-20 ukuya kuma-24, ngesiqhelo ngabantu, abahlala kwimimandla ephuhlekileyo kwezoqoqosho (UDiener et al., 1985). Ipesenti yabathathi-nxaxheba abafumene amanqaku ngezantsi koluhlu lwe22%. Amanqaku athatha inxaxheba kwiRAS (M = 29.91, SD = 4.52) zibonisa amanqaku angaphezulu komndilili wenqanaba (M = 28.00), awona manqaku aphezulu abe ngamanqaku angama-35 (IHendricket al., 1998). Kuphela yi-6% yabathathi-nxaxheba abaye bafumana uluhlu lokubandakanyeka okukhulu kubudlelwane kunye nokungoneliseki.

Itheyibhile 1. Iindlela kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kwamanqaku ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, uluhlu lwezinto ezikhobokisayo, amanyathelo okulutha e-IP, kunye nokuvezwa kwe-IP.Ukungafani kwesini kuboniswe ku t amaxabiso

Phawula. I-BSI-18 = Uluhlu lweNgcaciso yeMpawu; I-SWLS = Ukoneliseka nguMgangatho wobomi; i-RAS = Inqaku loVavanyo loLwalamano; I-AUDIT = Uvavanyo lweSazisi seNgozi yokusetyenziswa kotywala; UCUDIT-R = Uvavanyo lwe-Cannabis yoVavanyo lweeMpazamo - oluhlaziyiweyo; I-PGSI = Ingxaki yoNgcakazo yoNgcakazo yoNgcakazo; I-GAIA = Uluhlu lwezinto eziluncedo kumdlalo wabadala; I-IP-CRIT = iikhrayitheriya zekhomputha yokujonga iphonografi kwi-Intanethi; I-CPUI-COMP = ICyber-Pornografi Sebenzisa i-Inventory -Ukulinganisa uMlinganiso.

¹n = 67. ^an = 26. ^bn = 41.

*p <.01. **p <.001.

itafile 1 ibonelela ngeendlela kunye nokutenxa kwimilinganiselo yamanyathelo okulutha. Amanqaku athatha inxaxheba kwi-AUDIT ayekhona M = 4.90 (SD = 4.78) kunye nepesenti yabathathi-nxaxheba kuluhlu olunengxaki yayiyi-25%. ICUDIT-R (M = 2.13, SD = 3.76), kuphela yi-2% yabathathi-nxaxheba abaye bahlangabezana neekhrayitheriya zokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-cannabis. Amanqaku kwi-PGSI (M = 0.34, SD  = 0.89) babephantsi ngakumbi, njengoko bambalwa abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa ukuba bangcakaza kwaphela (9%). Akukho bathathi-nxaxheba badibanayo neekhrayitheriya zokungcakaza okunengxaki, kwaye yi-3% kuphela yabathathi-nxaxheba ehlangabezane neendlela zokuziphatha ngokungqongqo kobungqongqo.SD = 17.39), nge-13% iwela kuluhlu oluphakathi kunye ne-20% kuluhlu lweengxaki.

Ukusetyenziswa koonografi

Iminyaka yobudala bokuvezwa okokuqala kwi-IP yayiyiminyaka ye-12.78 yamadoda (SD = 1.92), kunye neminyaka eli-15.10 (SD = 3.42) yabasetyhini. Malunga nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-IP, abesilisa nabasetyhini bahluke kakhulu, χ²(6) = 8.87, p <0.001. Abasetyhini, i-46% (n = 48) khange ayisebenzise i-IP ngokuphulula amalungu esini nantoni na, I-23% (n = 24) bayisebenzise ngaphantsi kwenyanga, i-11% (n = 12) kanye ngenyanga, i-11% (n = 11) ngaphezulu kwakanye ngeveki, kunye ne-10% (n = 10) kanye ngeveki. Kwabesilisa, 5% (n = 4) ibonise ukuba abayisebenzisi i-IP ngokuphulula amalungu esini, 6% (n = 5) yamadoda asebenzise i-IP ngaphantsi kwenyanga, i-8% (n = 7) isebenzise i-IP kube kanye ngenyanga, i-12% (n = 11) wasebenzisa i-IP kube kanye ngeveki, i-36% (n = 31) isetyenzisile i-IP ngokuphulula amalungu esini ngaphezu kwesinye ngeveki, I-27% (n = 24) kusetyenziswa i-IP yonke imihla, kunye ne-5%n = 4) ibonise ukuba basebenzisa i-IP ngokuphulula amalungu esini kabini ngemini okanye nangaphezulu.

Uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo lokuvezwa kokuqala kwamanyala kwi-Intanethi

Uhlalutyo oluchazayo lomxholo lwalusetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya inkcazo ebhaliweyo yokuvezwa kokuqala kwi-IP ye-84 yamadoda kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba be86. Uninzi lweempendulo (i-57%) ezichazwe ukuba zichazwe okokuqala kwi-IP ngokukhangela ngabom kwi-IP kwikhompyuter yabucala ngelixa labucala. Ezona zihloko zihlanu zixhaphakileyo zifunyenwe kwinkcazo ethatha inxaxheba yokubonakaliswa kwazo okokuqala yayiyimvakalelo yokufuna ukwazi (i-34%), elandelwa ziimvakalelo zokungakhathali / ukudideka (i-24%), uchulumanco (i-15%), ukuziva unetyala / ukungaziphathi kakuhle (i-14%), ekugqibeleni i-arousal (11%).

Ukwenza iikhowudi kumgangatho wamava kwakusekwe kulwimi oluvakalayo okanye olungenanto. Ulwimi olunjengokuthi "ukonwabele" okanye "uyolo" lwenziwe lwancoma lwalunomdla, kwaye ulwimi olunje ngokuthi "ungakhululekanga" okanye "gross" lwalunombhalo njengento emnandi. Iimpendulo zazenziwe zadityaniswa njengomxube ukuba kusetyenziswa inani elilinganayo nelilungileyo okanye elingelolulwimi olusebenzayo okanye ukuba akukho luvo lucacileyo kulwimi olusetyenzisiweyo luya kuchongwa. Amadoda akala kakhulu ukukhupha kwabo okokuqala kwi-IP njengamava anomdla (i-35% yeempendulo zamadoda) nge11% yeempendulo zamadoda ezichaza amava amabi, kunye ne-24% echaza amava axubeneyo. Abasetyhini banamava amabi ngakumbi kunamadoda (i-34% yeempendulo), nge-20% yeempendulo zabasetyhini ezichaza amava anomdla, kunye ne-26% yeempendulo ezichaza amava axubeneyo. Umahluko phakathi kwamava amahle kunye nokubi kumadoda namabhinqa kwakubalulekile, χ²(2) = 13.04, p <0.005, kunye nabesilisa kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunabafazi ukukala ukubonakaliswa kwabo okokuqala njengamava amahle. Abathathi-nxaxheba abathandathu ababhinqileyo bachaze ukuba babonakaliswe okokuqala kwi-IP ngenye into ebalulekileyo, uninzi lwazo olunamava amabi. Uninzi lwabantu ababhinqileyo ababenamava aqinisekileyo abafumenanga amava evusa inkanuko yesini kwaye bachaza amava njengenye yokuzihlaziya okanye yokuhlekisa (iipesenti ezingama-41 zamava amnandi ababhinqileyo). Okokugqibela, uninzi lwamadoda afuna i-IP ngenjongo yokuvezwa kwabo okokuqala (iipesenti ezingama-73), ngokuchasene nokuyijonga ngengozi (19%). Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba ababhinqileyo bachaze ukuba bakhubekile kwi-IP bengaqondanga okanye baziswa kuyo ngaphandle kokuqonda kwabo (iipesenti ezingama-37 zeempendulo). Umgangatho wamava okuvezwa kokuqala awufunyanwanga unxulunyaniswa nexesha le-IP kunye nomthamo wokusetyenziswa kwaye kwakungekho mgangatho wokuvezwa kokuqala okunxulunyaniswa namanqaku aphezulu kumanqanaba okulutha kwe-IP.

Ubalo lwabantu kunye nokuvezwa kwe-Intanethi

The t Uvavanyo lokuthathwa kwenxaxheba yabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kufumanise ukuba kusenzeka rhoqo ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP ngenyanga kubathathi-nxaxheba abangatshatanga (M = 9.07, SD = 10.50) yayiphezulu kakhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kwabathathi-nxaxheba kubudlelwane (M = 6.27, SD = 8.92), t(189) = 1.99, p = 0.05. Inkqubo ye- t Iimvavanyo zikwaqinisekisile ukubakho kwamanqaku aphezulu kwimigaqo ye-IP yomlutha yabathathi-nxaxheba, ababengatshatanga (M = 9.16, SD = 8.50) kunabathathi-nxaxheba kubudlelwane (M = 5.65, SD = 7.18), t(189) = 3.08, p = 0.002.

Ubudala bokuvezwa kokuqala kwi-IP (M = 13.95, SD = 3.00) yafunyanwa inxulumene kakhulu nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-IP kunye nokulutha (jonga kwiTheyibhile 2). Abathathi-nxaxheba abaye bavezwa kwi-IP kwasekuqaleni babenakho ukusebenzisa i-IP rhoqo (r = -27, p <0.001), baneeseshoni ze-IP ezinde (r = -16, p = 0.033), kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane amanqaku aphezulu kwi-DSM-5 ye-Intanethi engamanyala (IP-CRIT; r = -28, p <0.001) kunye ne-CPUI-COMP amanyathelo (r = -29, p  <0.001). Okokugqibela, ukubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwe-IP kuye kwafunyanwa kulungelelaniswa kakhulu nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwe-IP. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaye bafumana ithuba elide kwi-IP kwakhona babenethuba elingakumbi lokufumana iiseshoni ze-IP ngenyanga (r = .25, p = 0.003).

Itheyibhile 2. Amanyathelo okusebenza kwengqondo, umlutha, kunye nokuchazwa kwenkqubo ye -IP ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nemilinganiselo yokulutha kwe-IP.

Phawula. I-BSI-18 = Uluhlu lweNgcaciso yeMpawu; I-SWLS = ukoneliseka kwinqanaba lobomi; i-RAS = isilinganiselo sovavanyo lobudlelwane; AUDIT = Uvavanyo lokuchongwa kotywala; I-CUDIT-R = ukuvavanywa kokuchithwa kwentsholongwane ye-cannabis-ehlaziyiweyo; I-PGSI = ingxaki yengxaki yokungcakaza ngokungqongqo; I-GAIA = Uluhlu lwezinto eziluncedo kumdlalo wabadala; I-IP-CRIT = iikhrayitheriya zekhomputha yokujonga iphonografi kwi-Intanethi; I-CPUI-COMP = i-cyber-pornography esebenzisa i-inventri-inyathelo lokunyanzelwa.

*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala kwi-Intanethi kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo

itafile 2 inikezela unxibelelwano lwePearson phakathi kwe-BSI-18, i-SWLS, kunye namanqaku eRAS kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP. Lilonke, kwakungekho kuncinci ukuhlangana phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye neengxelo zokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo. Tnantsi into encinci kodwa engahambelaniyo nonxibelelwano olufumanekayo phakathi koneliseko lobomi kunye nesixa sokusetyenziswa kwe-IP (r = -15, p = 0.04). Abathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzisa ivolumu ephezulu ye-IP / iseshoni babenako ukukala ukwaneliseka kobomi babo njengezantsi.

Iingxelo ngokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokuthelekiswa neendlela zokuthintela i-IP (jonga kwiTheyibhile 2). Ukudityaniswa okuphambili kwafunyanwa phakathi kwe-IP-CRIT kunye ne-BSI-18 yamanqaku (r = .26, p <0.001) kunye namanqaku e-LSS (r = -32, p  <0.001). Abathathi-nxaxheba kunokwenzeka ukuba babe nexhala eliphakemeyo ngokubanzi kunye nokubandezeleka, kunye nokwaneliseka kobomi obuphantsi, ukuba baxela iimpawu zokusetyenziswa kwe-IP. Ukusetyenziswa okusetyenziswayo kwe-IP kwakhona kunento encinci kodwa enokubakho engahambelani kakuhle ne-RAS (r = -26, p = 0.03). Umyinge we-CPUI wokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-IP nawo wadityaniswa kakhulu ngamanqaku aphezulu kwi-BSI-18 (r = .25, p <0.001), amanqaku asezantsi kwi-SWLS (r = -36, p <0.001) aNdiza konakala ngakumbi ukuba namanqaku asezantsi e-RAS (r = -32, p  = 0.009). Abathathi-nxaxheba abachonge njengabanemilinganiselo yokulutha kwi-IP babonisa amanqanaba aphezulu okubandezeleka kunye namanqanaba asezantsi obomi kunye nolwaneliseko lobuhlobo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi iphonografi kunye nezixhasi

Ulungelelwaniso lwePearson lwaludityaniswa ukuthelekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nokulutha kwe-IP namanye amanyathelo okulutha: utywala (AUDIT), i-cannabis (CUDIT-R), ukungcakaza okuyingxaki (PGSI), kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo (GAIA). Uqhakamshelwano olubalulekileyo lwafunyanwa phakathi kwefrikhwensi yokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nawo onke la manyathelo otobelo (jonga kwiTheyibhile 2).

Umda wokusebenzisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi

Ukuvavanya ukuba umda wokusetyenziswa kwe-IP enobungozi ukhona, uhlalutyo lophononongo ngokulandelelana olusetyenzisiweyo ukuphanda ubunjani bolwalamano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo, kunye nokuchonga ubudlelwane be-curvilinear, ngok I-Wuensch (2014). Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 3, abukho ubudlelwane obalulekileyo obufunyenweyo nge-BSI-18, i-SWLS, okanye i-RAS. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo abubonakali ngathi buyimpazamo, kwaye ke ngoko, akunakubekwa mda ekusebenziseni i-IP eyingozi.Ngoba kunjalo, kukho ubudlelwane obonakalayo be-curvilinear obufunyenwe kunye ne-IP-CRIT (r = .39, p <0.001) kunye neCPUI-COMP (r = .40, p <0.001) Ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP (jonga amanani 1 kwaye 2). Ekuqaleni, amanqaku kuwo omabini amanyathelo e-IP anyuka kwi-zero, kodwa emva koko kumathafa. Amanqaku okusetyenziselwa i-IP asetyenziswayo avela kumathafa e-15 IP iiseshoni / ngenyanga, nakumanqaku e-∼14.00. Amanqaku kwi-CPUI-kunyanzeliso isilinganiselo (i-COMP) ithafa elisentabeni kwi-13 IP iiseshoni / inyanga kunye kumanqaku ∼18.00. Nangona kunjalo, la manqaku akhuphuka kabukhali kwi-curve ekhawulezayo xa iiseshoni zenzeka ngaphezulu kube kanye ngemini. Ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla okanye okukhulu kwe-IP, kukho ukunyuka okubonakalayo kumanqanaba emilinganiselo ye-IP.

Umzobo 1. Ubudlelwane be-Curvilinear phakathi kwefrikwensi yokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye neikhowudi ze-IP eziluqilima zilungiswe ukusuka kwi-DSM-5. Umgca wokulingana okufanelekileyo ucebisa ukuba umlutha weplate ye-IP ekusebenzeni kweeseshini ze-15 / ngenyanga kodwa inyuka kanye xa abathathi-nxaxheba baqala ukusebenzisa i-IP kanye ngosuku

Umzobo 2. Ubudlelwane be-curvilinear phakathi kokuhamba rhoqo kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nomgaqo we-CPUI wokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-IP. Qaphela ukufana kunye nomgca wokulunga ofanelekileyo kuMzobo 1.CPUI-COMP plateaus kwiiseshini ze-13 / inyanga kodwa ke inyuka xa abathathi-nxaxheba besebenzisa i-IP kube kanye okanye ngaphezulu ngosuku

Itheyibhile 3. Uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo lwe-polynomial regression of use IP, psychosocialfunctioning, kunye namanyathelo okusetyenziswa kwe-IP okuluthayo.

Phawula. I-IP = I-Intanethi iphonografi; i-SWLS = ukoneliseka kwinqanaba lobomi; I-RAS = inqanaba lokwabelana ngobuhlobo; I-IP-CRIT = i-DSM-5 ye-Internetpornography eguqulweyo yokusetyenziswa kweekhomputha; I-CPUI-COMP = uluhlu lwe-cyber-pornographyuse-ukunyanzeliswa.

^an = 67.

*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

ingxoxo

Amanqaku aphezulu kwimilinganiselo yokusetyenziswa kwe-IP alungelelaniswe nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-IP rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kwakungekho nxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwesixa kunye nobuninzi bokusetyenziswa kwephonografi yomntu kunye nokulwa noxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, kunye nobomi kunye nolwaneliseko lobudlelwane.. Uqhakamshelwano olubalulekileyo kumanqaku aphezulu e-IP ethengisa iziyobisi kubandakanya ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwe-IP, umlutha kwimidlalo yevidiyo, nokuba yindoda. Ngelixa ezinye zeziphumo ezilungileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-IP zibhaliwe kuncwadi lwangaphambili (Ubanzi, 2002; I-Correll, 1995; IHald kunye neMalamuth, 2008; UKaufman et al., 2007; IKingston neMalamuth, ngo-2010; I-Koch kunye neSchockman, ngo-1998; McLelland, 2002; IPoulsen, iBusby, kunye neGalovan, ngo-2013), Iziphumo zethu azibonisi ukuba ukusebenza kwengqondo kuphucuka ngokusetyenziswa okuphakathi okanye okuqhelekileyo kwe-IP.

Umda wokusebenzisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi

Tukusilela ukufumana ubudlelwane obuluqilima phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-IP kunye nokusebenza gwenxa kwengqondo (ukuxhalaba ngokubanzi kunye noxinzelelo, ulwaneliseko lobomi, ulwaneliseko lobuhlobo) icebisa ukuba isiphumo esipheleleyo sokusetyenziswa kwe-IP asiyongozi kwaye siyenzelwa. Nangona kunjalo, amanqaku aphezulu e-IP angamakhoboka ayadityaniswa nokusebenza gwenxa kwengqondo. Amanqanaba ngamanyathelo athatyathwayo e-IP anda xa abathathi-nxaxheba bebonise ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP okungenani ngonyaka, kodwa la manqaku ekugqibeleni abekwa kabini emva kokuba abathathi-nxaxheba beyisebenzisa rhoqo ngosuku lwesibini. Ngelixa oku kunokutolikwa njengobungqina bokuba i-IP iyabhebhetheka ngokwemvelo, yintoni enokwenzeka kukuba la manqaku e-14.00 ye-IP-CRIT kunye ne-18.00 yemilinganiselo ye-CPUI-COMP ngamanqaku abasebenzisi be-IP bokuzonwabisa. Ngokwendalo, kuya kubakho amanqaku anokubonwa kulo naliphi na inqanaba xa umthathi-nxaxheba esebenzisa i-IP, nokuba olu setyenziso alunakulungeleka njengomlutha.

Sibone utshintsho olukhulu ekusebenziseni umlutha kwe-IP xa abathathi-nxaxheba besebenzisa i-IP kanye ngosuku okanye nangaphezulu. Ngaphezulu kwesiqhelo, kukho ukunyuka kwamanqaku okufumana iziyobisi. Le patheni inokucebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP okuluthayo, okunxulunyaniswa nokusebenza ngokusempilweni kwengqondo, kuvela kuphela xa abantu beqala ukusebenzisa i-IP mihla le. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko idatha evela kumanyathelo okusetyenziselwa i-IP yayisuselwa kwingxelo yakho, oku kukwabonisa ukuba ukusebenza ngokungekuhle kwengqondo kunokuhambelana nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-IP kuphela xa umntu evakalelwa kukuba ukusebenzisa kwabo kuyingxaki okanye kukulutha. Nokuba uxinzelelo lomntu ngamnye lubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kwe-IP okanye ibonisa indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ekukrokreleni kwabo ukuba likhoboka.

Umahluko ofanayo phakathi kwenqanaba lokusebenzisa kunye nesiyobisi uye waxelwa kwincwadi yoncwadi olungamandla okungcakaza (ICharlton kunye neDanforth, 2007, 2010; I-Wong kunye neHodgins, ngo-2013). Nangona ukubandakanyeka okuqinileyo kuyimeko eyimfuneko yokufumana iziyobisi okanye ukudlala ingxaki, ukubandakanyeka ngokuqinileyo akuhambelani nokulutha.

Ubungozi basemngciphekweni

Iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku zibonisa ukuba abantu abona basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokusetyenziswa kwe-IP ngamadoda angamadoda atshatyelwe kwi-IP besebancinci. Ukuqala ukuboniswa okokuqala kwi-IP kukhankanywa rhoqo kuphando njengokuhambelana nokusebenza kwengqondo okuhlwempuzekileyo.Izi ngxaki zinokubandakanya ukwanda kokuziphatha okubi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwiminyaka ezayo (I-Ybarra kunye neMitchell, ngo-2005), indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ebusheni (ISinković, Štulhofer, kunye neBožić, 2013), kunye nokunyuka kokuqina kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo (Umkhukula, i-2009). Sebenzisa i-IP njengesihlomelo, okanye mhlawumbi obambeleyo, kwimfundo yezesondo kudala ithuba lolutsha lokuphuhlisa izimvo eziphosakeleyo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kunye nesini. Ukuqhubeka kokufunda kweli qela lobudala bokukhula kuya kubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nolu luvo.

Gender

Amadoda ayengabasebenzisi be-IP ababalaseleyo kolu phando kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba achonge njengosetyenziswayo lwe-IP. Ukufumana kuyahambelana noncwadi olukhoyo. Oku akuthethi ukuba abasetyhini abakho semngciphekweni wokuphuhlisa ukusebenzisa i-IP, kodwa amadoda abonakala njengabantu abaqhelekileyo. Isizathu sokuba amadoda afumane iphonografi kangaka, abanye baye babonisa indaleko ukufumana inkcazo (IVasey kunye ne-Abild 2013; I-Wilson, i-1997, 2014). Uluvo oluxhaphakileyo (oluhlala luhleli) kukuba amadoda aguqulwa aba “ziintambo ezilukhuni” ukukhetha amanani amakhulu abalingani bezesondo, kuba le yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokudlulisela imizila yemfuza. Ngelixa le nkcazo inemfanelo yayo, yenza ingcinga yokuba amadoda amiselwe kwangaphambili ngenxa yokuvela kwawo kwangaphambili ukubonisa oku akuthandayo. Oku kunye nokunye okuqiqisiweyo okubekwe kwisazinzulu sendaleko kunesiphelo sabo kwaye kunokubangela ukungaqondani malunga nokuziphatha komntu (Ukudibana et al., 2010). Yintoni enokwenzeka kukuba isimo sengqondo sanamhlanje soluntu kunye nezithethe ezamkelweyo zesini sokuziphatha ngokwesini ziyaluqhuba olu khetho ku-IP, ngelixa izimo zengqondo zesithethe kunye nezithethe zokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini azenzi (Malamuth, 1996). Uphando lubonise ukuba bobabini abantu besini abasebenzisa i-IP bayonwabele ngokulinganayo, kuxhomekeke kumxholo (ICiclakuti, 2004; IPoulsen, iBusby, kunye neGalovan, ngo-2013). Ukusetyenziswa kwamadoda kwe-IP kunokuba yinto eyamkeleka ngokwasentlalweni kunokuba kunjalo kumabhinqa kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona.

Imidlalo ye-IP kunye nevidiyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwesiyobisi se-IP kubonakala kulungelelaniswe ngokumodareyitha kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ze-videogame. Oku akufuneki kumangalise, kuba kukho ukufana okuqinileyo phakathi kwezi ziyobisi zibini. Zombini zisebenzisa iikhompyuter kunye ne-Intanethi, kwaye indlela ephakathi ekunokuthi ifunyanwe kwaye inxibelelane nayo phantse iyafana. Ngapha koko, imidlalo emininzi yevidiyo yabantu abadala kunye neempazamo yenziwe kule minyaka idlulileyo (umzekelo, iBron Craft, indawo yokuLonwabo uLarry) kwaye ukuthandwa kwabo kuya kusanda. Imidlalo yevidiyo yezorhwebo iyaqala ukubonisa ukwanda kwamanqanaba omxholo wesondo (umzekelo, uThixo wemfazwe, iWitcher, Grand Theft Auto).

Ngenxa yokufana kwezi ndlela zimbini, kunokwenzeka ukuba umlutha kwimidlalo yevidiyo kunye ne-IP inokuthi yomelezane. Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-IP kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yemidlalo yevidiyo zombini zihambelana ngokulinganayo neengxelo zokuzahlula kunye nesizungu, njengoko zombini iindlela zokudlulisa zihlala zisetyenziswa njengeendawo zonxibelelwano loluntu (Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; I-Yoder, iVirden, kunye ne-Amin, ngo-2005). Oku kungadala ingozi yokuba umntu angalufumani rhoqo unxibelelwano lwentlalo, kwaye endaweni yoko kunqongophele ukunxibelelana kwezaseburhulumenteni kwimidlalo yevidiyo kunye ne-IP. Amadoda akwishumi elivisayo anokuthambeka ngakumbi kulo mjikelo (IJansz, 2005; USabina et al., 2008), kunye nophando oluthe kratya kunxibelelwano phakathi kwezi ziyobisi zibini lunokucacisa unobangela kunye nomngcipheko wokubakho kokukhula kolutsha.

Imida

Zonke iimpendulo zabathathi-nxaxheba zazisekelezwe kwingxelo yakho. Kungenzeka ukuba abanye abathathi-nxaxheba banokuthi babe nokuxoka ngenxa yobuthathaka bemibuzo. Kuyenzeka ukuba abanye abathathi-nxaxheba babegqithise amandla xa bephendula (umz., Ukunika ingxelo i-IP ukusebenzisa kwabo kwakukukhulu kunokuba bekunjalo), okanye baqikelele ngokuchanekileyo indlela abaziphethe ngayo. Umnqweno wentlalo usenokuba wadlala indima enkulu kwindlela abathathi-nxaxheba abayiphendule ngayo imibuzo. Nangona abathathi-nxaxheba babonelelwe ngeekhompyuter zabucala xa kugqitywa amanyathelo, abanye basenokuba neentloni kakhulu ukunika iimpendulo ezichanekileyo. Abanye kusenokwenzeka ukuba babenolwazi lwangaphambi koko ithiyori yeziyobisi i-IP kwaye bafuna ukubonisa okanye ukuyiphikisa le thethi. Ukongeza, ukuqeshwa kwabafundi abathathe iikhosi zezifundo ngengqondo kunokuba kuchaphazele iimpendulo. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba basenokuba babekhe babonakaliswa kwangaphambili okanye ulwazi lwesikali lufakiwe. Ukuqeshwa kolunye uhlaselo lwabafundi, okanye ngokuqinisekileyo ngaphandle kwamanani abafundi, kunokuba ngabameli belizwe ngokubanzi.

Izikali ezisetyenziselwe ukuvavanya umlutha we-IP kolu phando, umlinganiselo we-CPUI-COMP, i-GAIA, kunye nemilinganiselo ye-IP eyongeziweyo, ehlengahlengiswe kwi-DSM-5, ayinazo iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokusika ukubonisa ukunyuswa okufanelekileyo kwezonyango. Ke ngoko, ayicacanga into eyenziweyo njengemilinganiselo yokusebenzisa ngokuthelekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP okanye ividiyo yevidiyo ngokusekelwe kula manyathelo.

Okokugqibela, njengoko olu phononongo lusebenzisa uyilo lolungelelwaniso, akukho mabango achazayo anokwenziwa malunga nomqobo wokusetyenziswa kwe-IP oyingozi okanye umngcipheko. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo eziveliswe kolu phononongo zimi ngokuchasene namabango amaninzi athandwayo kunye nemibono ngokusetyenziswa kwe-IP.

Izikhokelo zekamva

Uhlaziyo lolu phononongo kufuneka lubandakanye ukufunyanwa kwenani elikhulu labathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda, kwaye mhlawumbi nohlobo lofundo olupheleleyo luqulathwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda. I-bakoat koku, nangona kunjalo, iya kuba bubunzima ekufumaneni iqela lolawulo, kuba ayiqhelekanga into yokuba amadoda angazange ayisebenzise i-IP.

Kuya kufuneka ukuba kuqhubeke uviwo kwisiphumo esidibeneyo semidlalo yevidiyo eyingxaki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-IP. Isifundo esikhoyo siqokelele iimpendulo zenani elikhulu labadlali abadala, kodwa kuya kuba luncedo kwakhona ukujonga iminyaka esencinci kufutshane nobudala bokuziveza okokuqala. Iziphumo zemidlalo yevidiyo kunye ne-IP kwiingqondo zolutsha sisihloko esinobuthathaka kakhulu, kwaye ukufumana imigaqo yokuziphatha kunokuzisa umba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuyila uphononongo lwoluhlu lobudala bokufikisa kungakhulisa kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu malunga nengxaki ye-IP kunye nokusebenzisa i-videogame ekuphuhliseni nasekuqiniseni amandla omnye komnye.

isishwankathelo

Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP mihla kunokunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nokusebenza kakubi kwengqondo. Ukusebenza kakubi kwengqondo nokusebenza kakubi kuye kwavela kuphela xa umntu othile echazwe njengosebenzisa i-IP. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ukuzazisa njengomlutha we-IP kungangunobangela wokubandezeleka kunye nokusebenza kakubi kwengqondo, hayi i-IP ngokwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukubakho kokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kwe-IP ukukhokelela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo. Kunokubakho ubudlelwane kunye nokusetyenziswa okulutha kwe-IP kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ze-videogame, njengoko ezi ndlela zimbini zisetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha njengendawo yokunxibelelana nabantu abaphilayo. Oku kufakwa endaweni kunokubangela isiphumo esihlanganisiweyo sokusebenza kakubi kwengqondo ngokusebenza kwexesha. Ukongeza, ukubonakaliswa kwangoko kwi-IP kungakhokelela kumngcipheko ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kwe-IP okuyingxaki.Adolescent amadoda anokuba liqela elisemngciphekweni, kwaye isifundo esizayo kunye naba bantu sinokukuqinisekisa oku kwaye sicacisa ngakumbi iinkcukacha zomngcipheko.

Igalelo labalobi

I-CH kunye ne-DH benze ingqiqo yesifundo kunye noyilo, uhlalutyo lwedatha, uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani.

Ukugqubana kwemidla

Ababhali baxela ukuba akukho buhlobo bezemali okanye obunye ubudlelwane obuhambelana nomxholo weli nqaku.

Isihlomelo

Oku kulandelayo yimibuzo malunga nokusebenzisa kwakho iphonografi kwi-Intanethi. Nceda uphendule ngokunyaniseka nangokona kulwazi lwakho. Iimpendulo zakho azaziwa kwaphela kwaye azinakulandelwa naluphi na ulwazi oluchongiweyo. Zonke iimpendulo kufuneka zibhekise kwiinyanga ze-12 zokugqibela.

1. Ngaba uchitha ixesha elininzi ucinga ngemifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi nokuba awuyisebenzisi okanye uyicwangcisa xa ungayisebenzisa kwakhona? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

2. Ngaba uziva ungaphumli, unomsindo, unomsindo, unomsindo, unxunguphalo, okanye ulusizi xa uzama ukunciphisa okanye ukuyekisa ukusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi, okanye xa ungakwazi ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi. (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

3. Ngaba uziva isidingo sokusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ukwandisa ixesha? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

4. Ngaba uziva isidingo sokusebenzisa iindlela ezingaphezulu okanye ezingcolileyo zephonografi kwi-Intanethi ukufumana inani elifanayo lokuchulumancisa okanye ukonwaba owawukhe wakhona? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

5. Ngaba uziva ngathi kufanele usebenzise iphonografi encinci kwi-Intanethi kodwa awukwazi ukunciphisa ixesha olichitha uyisebenzisa? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

6. Ngaba uphulukana nomdla okanye unciphise ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezinye izinto zokuzihlaziya (zokuzonwabisa, iintlanganiso nabahlobo) ngenxa yemifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

7. Ngaba uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi nangona uyazi imiphumo emibi, njengokungalali ngokwaneleyo, ukufika kade esikolweni / emsebenzini, ukuchitha imali eninzi, ukuxabana nabanye, okanye ukutyeshela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

8. Ngaba uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ukuphulula amalungu esini nangona ujongene nokungakwazi okanye ubunzima ekufezekiseni isini sakho sokuvuselela inkanuko? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

9. Ngaba uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-Intanethi iphonografi ngokuhambisa indlwabu nangona ujongene nokungakwazi okanye ubunzima ekufezekiseni i-orgasm? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

10. Ngaba uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ukuphulula amalungu esini nangona uva iintlungu zomzimba? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

11. Ngaba uzama ukugcina usapho lwakho okanye abahlobo bakho bangazi ukuba uyisebenzisa kangakanani iphonografi kwi-Intanethi? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

12. Ngaba usebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ukuba ubaleke okanye ulibale ngeengxaki zakho? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

13. Ngaba usebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ukukhulula iimvakalelo ezingonwabisiyo njengokuziva unetyala, unxunguphalo, ukungancedi, okanye ukudakumba? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

14. Ngaba ukusebenzisa kwakho iphonografi kwi-Intanethi kuyongeza umngcipheko wokuphulukana nobudlelwane obalulekileyo, imisebenzi, imfundo okanye amathuba emisebenzi? (Akunjalo kwaphela / Rhoqo / ngamanye amaxesha / Rhoqo)

Ucaphulo