Intshayelelo-Ukuba sesondo kumaXesha amaDijithali: iingozi kunye neHarms ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi (2020)

Inzuzo yokukhula kukuba inika ilungelo lokujonga izinto. Ndiqaphela iinguqu ezimbini ezimangalisayo njengoko ndicinga ngomsebenzi wam wezonyango kunye nolutsha kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Okokuqala, umzimba uye waba yindawo yokwahlukaniswa kunye kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo okungaphezulu okanye okuncinci kusisombululo esibonakalayo kwimeko yengqondo yangaphakathi ebuhlungu. Okwesibini, inkqubo yokuba ngezesondo (okt yokuseka a Zizinzile ngokwesondo kunye nesini isazisi nokuba umntu othe waziqhelanisa njani nesondo) iye yaba ngumceli mngeni ngakumbi kunokuba i-psychoanalysis ibisoloko iyiqaphela le nkqubo ukuba injalo, nakwezona meko zintle. Izinto ezimbini zangaphandle zibonakala zibe negalelo kolu tshintsho: ukwenziwa ekhaya koluhlu lwetekhnoloji yangoku kunye nokufikeleleka okukhulu kongenelelo lwezonyango oluye lwaqhelanisa uhlengahlengiso lomzimba onikiweyo - ndiza kujongana nowangaphambili apha.

Isantya esikhawulezayo sophuhliso lwetekhnoloji sodlula kakhulu amandla engqondo okulawula iimpembelelo zengqondo kunxibelelwano lwethu nobuchwepheshe. Njengama-psychoanalysts avela kwixesha langaphambi kokuveliswa kwedijithali, sizama ukuqonda into eyayingeyonxalenye yamava ethu ophuhliso. Amava ethu amaxesha angaphambi kwedijithali anokubonelela ngembono eluncedo, kodwa asinakukwazi ukuyiphepha into yokuba sisi(s) isizukulwana sokugqibela esiya kuba namava elizwe elingeyiyo eyedijithali.

Esi sizukulwana asikhuli kwi-intanethi okanye ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kodwa "ngobomi” (uFloridi 2018, 1). Uphawu olutsha nolusisigxina ngoku lwenkcubeko yothungelwano kukuba unxibelelwano lunxibelelene kwaye uqhagamshelwano lwedijithali, kunye nemisonto eyahlukeneyo yenyani, ngoku yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla yolutsha. Ukubakho kwe enembonakalo yenyani Izithuba zibonelela ngomxholo olawulayo wangoku apho abantu abafikisayo bathethathethana ngezazisi zabo zesini kunye nesini, ngakumbi ngokusetyenziswa kwasekhaya kumajelo asekuhlaleni kunye nephonografi kwi-intanethi. Ngokukodwa, uphuhliso lwezesondo lwenzeka kule mihla kwimeko yentlalo apho ebesakhe samkela "njengeenyani zobomi" (ezifana nomzimba onikiweyo kunye nemida yawo), ngoku zichaphazeleka ngokwanda kwamaqondo obuchule bobuchwephesha. Uphuhliso lwezesondo ngokwalo lulawulwa ngobuchwepheshe. Ukuba siza kuqonda uphuhliso lwezesondo lwesizukulwana sedijithali, kubalulekile ngokwethiyori kunye neklinikhi ukuqaphela ukuba olu tshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe lufuna iingqikelelo ezintsha ze-psychoanalytic zophuhliso lwezesondo.

Njengawo onke amanye amacandelo ehlabathi ledijithali, imozulu entsha yezesondo izisa zombini izibonelelo kunye nokwenzakala. Okona kulungileyo, i-Intanethi ibonelela ngesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuphonononga kunye nokucaciswa kwezesondo zolutsha (Galatzer-Levy). 2012; Shapiro 2008) kwaye kwabaninzi oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukuvezwa koonografi kakuhle ngaphambi kokufika koonografi kwi-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, i online medium ekusetyenzisweni koonografi kufuna ukuphononongwa ngononophelo kwaye ndiya kugxila kule nto ngokukodwa. Uphuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe olwenze ukuba i-pornography ifumaneke kwi-intanethi ayiyona into embi ngokwe-se, kodwa ayilandeli ukuba amava okwabelana ngesondo ngetekhnoloji angathathi hlangothi kwimiphumo yawo ekuphuhliseni ubulili kubantu abancinci.

Kule Intshayelelo yecandelo lalo mbandela kwiphonografi ye-Intanethi, ndiqala ngokushwankathela ngokufutshane uphando malunga nefuthe loonografi kwi-Intanethi kwimpilo yesondo kunye nobudlelwane kubantu abancinci. Ndicebisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwe-Intanethi yangaphambi kwe-Intanethi kunye nephonografi ye-intanethi ayikho nakweyiphi na ingqiqo ethe tye kuphela idigri enye. Oku kungenxa yokuba utshintsho oluphakathi kwi-intanethi, ngeendlela ezinobulumko, ubudlelwane bomntu omncinci kwizinto zesondo ngokubonelela ngendawo ebonakalayo apho umnqweno wesini waneliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ungabonakali, ujongela phantsi amandla a) ukucinga ngomnqweno wakho wesini kunye enye kunye b) ukuvavanya imingcipheko yobulumko ehambelana nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi. Le mingcipheko ibaluleke kakhulu kwisizukulwana sedijithali ekukhuleni kwabo ngokwesondo ngoku kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba kulungiswe iphonografi ye-intanethi. Oku kunokuba neempembelelo ngokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo koburheletya kwi-intanethi okanye ngakumbi ngokungathanga ngqo ngokuzibandakanya neqabane apho iphonografi ye-intanethi yazisa iingcamango zabo zesini kunye nabakulindeleyo.

Iphonografi kwi-Intanethi: ngumba wezempilo yoluntu?

Kwabaninzi, ukusebenzisa iphonografi ngumsebenzi wabucala, ongafane uxoxwe ngokuphandle okanye uhlolwe. Ukwenziwa kwasekhaya kwi-Intanethi kunye nokungeniswa kwe-smartphone kuye kwaqinisa iingxoxo malunga nephonografi kuba uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji lwenza ukuba lufikeleleke ngoko nangoko kodwa lufihlwe ngakumbi. Zange ngaphambili ngokukhawuleza, kulula okanye kubanzi, uluhlu lomxholo kukucofa kude. Kwaye (uninzi) simahla. Ngo-2018 I-Pornhub ifumene ama-33.5 eebhiliyoni zokutyelelwa – oko kuthetha ukuba iyonke yezigidi ezingama-92 zotyelelo lwemihla ngemihla.¹ Uphononongo lwase-UK lwabantwana abaneminyaka eyi-11-16 iminyaka ibika ukuba i-28% ye-11-14 ubudala kunye ne-65% ye-15-16 yeminyaka ubudala ibone iphonografi kwi-intanethi (uMartellozzo et al. 2016). Ukulawulwa kokufikelela kwiphonografi kwi-Intanethi kubantu abaneminyaka engaphantsi kweshumi elinesibhozo kubonakaliswe ukuba akunakwenzeka.

Ngelixa i-Intanethi inokwenza kube lula ukufikelela kulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo oluxhasa impilo-ntle, uphando kule minyaka ilishumi elinesihlanu idlulileyo lubonisa indlela imifanekiso engamanyala ekwi-Intanethi enokuthi ibeke umngcipheko kwimpilo yezesondo kubantu abancinci kunye nokujongela phantsi ubume bokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ngaphambi kokwanda kweesayithi zephonografi kwi-intanethi,² umyinge we-avareji yeengxaki zesondo, ezifana ne-erectile dysfunction (ED) kunye nomnqweno wesondo ophantsi, wawuphantsi, uqikelelwa malunga ne-2% -5%. Ngoo-1940 ngaphantsi kwe-1% yamadoda angaphantsi kwamashumi amathathu anamava, okanye ubuncinane axeliwe, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile (Kinsey, Pomeroy, kunye noMartin. 1948). Ngowe-1972 eli nani lenyuka laya kutsho kwisi-7% (uLaumann, uPaik, noRosen 1999). Namhlanje amaxabiso aphakathi kwama-30% nama-40%. Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukwanda okuphawulweyo kwiingxelo zokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo kumadoda angaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40, kuluhlu lwe-30% -42% (Park et al. 2016). Izifundo kubafana abancinci abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25 ubudala kunye nabafikisayo abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 bapeyinta umkhwa ongaguqukiyo kwicala lokunyuka kwezi ngxaki zesondo (O'Sullivan 2014a, 2014b). Oku kungqinwa bubungqina bokunyuka kokuthunyelwa kunyango lwengqondo yesini.³ Kubantu abaneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-19 kuphela, e-UK, iNkonzo yezeMpilo yeSizwe irekhode ukonyuka okuphindwe kathathu kokuthunyelwa kunyango lwengqondo phakathi kuka-2015-2018.⁴

Izifundo ezijonge ngaphaya kwamazinga okuxhaphaka kwezi ngxaki, zifumene unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile, i-libido ephantsi, ubunzima be-orgasming (Carvalheira, Træen, kunye neStulhofer 2015; UWéry kunye noBillieux 2016), kunye nokukhetha iphonografi ngaphezu kwesondo sokwenyani kunye neqabane (Pizzol, Bertoldo, kunye neForeta 2016; Sun et al. 2015). Efanelekileyo kumbuzo we-causation, nangona le nto ayinakubizwa ngokuba yi-etiology ye-vis-à-vis, sinobungqina bokuba ukupheliswa kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi kunokubuyisela ukusebenza kakuhle ngokwesondo, ukubonelela ngenkxaso eyongezelelweyo kwingxabano ekhoyo kwi-intanethi. imifanekiso engamanyala idla ngokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kukungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo (Park et al. 2016).

Ukonyuka kokubukela iphonografi kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokwabelana ngesondo kwasebuncinaneni, kunye namanani aphezulu amaqabane kunye namaqabane esini angaqhelekanga (uLivingstone noSmith. 2014). Nangona kunjalo, ngokwandayo, kukho inkxalabo ekhulayo yokuba imeko iyonke phakathi kwe-millennials ibhekiselele ekubeni nayo Ngaphantsi ngesondo (Twenge, Sherman, kunye noWells 2015), kunye nophononongo olulodwa lwe-18-20 iminyaka ubudala echonga ikhonkco eliqinileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi kunye nokuhoxiswa kobudlelwane bezesondo bokwenene (Pizzol, Bertoldo, kunye neForeta 2016). Ngeli xesha ekuhambeni kwexesha sinokuqikelela kuphela ngentsingiselo yeendlela ezinjalo. Sifuna uphando olungakumbi lwelongitudinal kunye nophando lwengqondo yengqondo ukuze siqonde okwenzekayo kwihlabathi langaphakathi. Kusenokwenzeka, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iintsingiselo ezinjalo zibonisa indlela ukhetho olufikeleleka lula lwezokwabelana ngesondo ngokwetekhnoloji luxhomekeke ngokulula kutsalo lwe-narcissistic lobudlelwane obuncinci kunye nesini esikude kakhulu. Okunye kufuna ngokwasengqondweni; ukuba itekhnoloji inokuthintela ukudibana nabanye, oku kubonelela ngeendlela ezimfutshane ezinokuhenda, ngakumbi kwabo bantu bancinci basokola ngemizimba yabo kunye nesini.

Olunye uphando luqaphele ifuthe lephonografi kwi-intanethi kumfanekiso womzimba kunye nokuzithemba, kunye neendlela ezibonisa abasetyhini abancinci bekhetha ukususwa kweenwele ze-pubic ukuze bajonge i-pre-pubescent kunye ne-labiaplasty. Zombini ezi zicelo zokuthambisa ziye zanda kakhulu, zibonakala zihambelana nokufumaneka koonografi kwi-intanethi (Gambotto-Burke 2019). Umzekelo, izicelo ze-labiaplasty zonyuke nge-80% kwisithuba seminyaka emibini kumantombazana aneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-18 (Hamori). 2016). Phakathi kwamakhwenkwe nawo, ukuzixakekisa kakubi ngenkangeleko yemizimba yawo kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa koonografi kwi-intanethi kunye noko kubizwa ngokuba “ziingcamango zomzimba” ezikhuthazwa ngabadlali bephonografi ngamadoda (iVandenbosch kunye ne-Eggermont). 2012, 2013).

Impembelelo kwimpilo yezesondo nayo kufuneka iqwalaselwe kunye nobungqina obukhulayo bokuba likhoboka lephonografi ekwi-Intanethi esabelana ngeendlela ezisisiseko ezifanayo kunye nokukhotyokiswa kweziyobisi (umzekelo, uLove et al. 2015). Ingxaki yokusetyenziswa komlutha ichongiwe njengomngcipheko othile wephonografi kwi-Intanethi ngokuchasene nefomathi yayo yangaphambi kwe-Intanethi. Uninzi lwezifundo zibonise ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi kwabasebenzisi rhoqo be-pornography kwi-intanethi kunye nolawulo olunempilo malunga nokukwazi kwabo ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza imifanekiso emitsha yesondo. Oku kuqondwa njengesiphumo sokuhlala ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwimifanekiso xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni (Brand et al. 2016; Cordonnier 2006; Meerkerk, van den Eijnden, kunye neGarretsen 2006). Nangona umngcipheko wokuba likhoboka lephonografi ekwi-intanethi yeyona nto inokwenzeka ukuba yandiswe ziimeko ezingalindelekanga ezithile zomxholo we-Intanethi (jonga uWood. 2011; Iinkuni 2013), eneneni, njengoko ndiza kucacisa kamva, akufuneki sibize umngcipheko wokuba likhoboka lotywala ukuze senze ityala lemiba eyingxaki yokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi ngabantwana kunye nabafikisayo.

Uphando luye lwaphakamisa ikhonkco phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi kunye nokwanda kobundlobongela bomzimba kunye / okanye ngamazwi kwabasetyhini. Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba okukhona umntu ejonga iphonografi, kunye nephonografi egqithisileyo ngakumbi, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba umthengi abe nezimo zengqondo ezinobundlobongela kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba avumele abafazi (Hald, Malamuth, kunye noYuen 2010). Iziphumo zexesha elide kunye nezenkcubeko zidibanisa ubundlongondlongo bezesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi enobundlobongela (Ybarra, Mitchell, kunye neKorchmaros. 2011). Ukunyanzeliswa ngokwesondo, ukuxhatshazwa kunye nezimo zengqondo ezingalunganga kwicala lamakhwenkwe afikisayo zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi, njengoko kunyuka kwamathuba okuthumela imiyalezo nge-sext (uStanley et al. 2018a, 2018b; I-Ybarra, uMitchell, kunye neKorchmaros 2011). Impembelelo ayiphelelanga kumakhwenkwe: amantombazana amancinci asebenzisa ukuziphatha okunyanzeliswa ngokwesondo anika ingxelo yokubukela iphonografi enobundlobongela kakhulu ngaphezu kweqela lokulawula (Kjellgren et al. 2011).

Nakwimeko yoonografi obunganyanzelisiyo, kukho inkxalabo (kunye nobungqina obuthile) bokuba abantu abancinci abanamava ngokwesondo, baxhotyiswa yimifanekiso engamanyala ye-intanethi ukuze babone isini esisibonakalisa “njengenyani” kunokuba siyingcinga, kwaye oku, jike, ibe nefuthe elibi kwizimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kokwenyani ngokwesondo (uLim, uCarrotte, kunye noHellard 2016a, 2016b; Martellozzo et al. 2016) kwaye ke ngoko ukwaneliseka kubudlelwane bokwenyani.

Ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibonisa indlela yekhonkco, nangona kunjalo kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni ezo zifundo zingagqibekanga okanye eziphikisanayo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-intanethi kunye nokuziphatha okunobundlobongela ngokwesondo (uHorvath et al. 2013). Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo bulawulwa ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye bunokumodareyithwa ziiyantlukwano zabantu ngabanye, bekhuthaza ukuba kulumke ngokuchasene nokuziphatha ngokubanzi (iMalamuth, Hald, kunye neKoss 2012). Nangona kunjalo, nangona kufuneka silumke ekuzobeni ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, oku akuphazamisi kwi-intanethi. iminikelo ukwenzakalisa kwindawo yempilo yezesondo kunye kumgangatho wobudlelwane obusondeleyo obumiselwa ngabantu abatsha.

Indima yesantya kunye nefuthe layo 'kumsebenzi womnqweno'⁵

Ngaphambi kwe-Intanethi sahlala kwihlabathi endilibonakalisileyo kwenye indawo njengehlabathi le-3D (isire) apho "Desire” yalandelwa ngu “Delay" kwaye ekugqibeleni "Dngokuphila” koko besikufuna (Lemma 2017). "Umsebenzi womnqweno" ngokwasengqondweni (oko kukuthi umsebenzi wengqondo osaziyo kunye nongekho zingqondweni olandela amava omnqweno wokuziphendulela) uxhomekeke kuphuhliso lwesakhono sokunyamezela ukulinda kunye nemeko yodano enokuthi ibangele oku. Ngokwahlukileyo, isizukulwana sedijithali sikhula kwihlabathi le-2D (esire). "Umnqweno" uphumela "kuNikezelo" ngokukhawuleza kwaye udlula ngokupheleleyo amava "Ukulibaziseka". Inqaku eliphambili lokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-intanethi kukuba liphelisa, okanye linciphisa kakhulu, amava okuchasa ukwaneliseka komnqweno womntu. Izithintelo zangaphakathi (umz. ihlazo) kunye nezangaphandle ziyasuswa okanye zinqunyanyiswe okwethutyana. Isantya (esinyuswe ngeendleko zokufikelela kwi-pornography kwi-intanethi) ngoku kunciphisa umgama phakathi komnqweno kunye nokwaneliseka: akukho mzamo kunye nokulinda. Ngokufanelekileyo, "amava omjikelezo womnqweno uye wachithwa yi-intanethi ye-intanethi" (uLemma 2017, 66).

Umlamli "wokulibazisa" - wexesha ekufuneka silamkele njengelinikiweyo - libalulekile ngokwasengqondweni kuba kukudibana nokulibaziseka okwenza ukuba ukumela yomnqweno engqondweni. Ngaphandle kokuvezwa kumava okulibaziseka okanye ukukhungatheka umnqweno ulahlekelwa yimilo yayo ye-3D eya kuvumela imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yamava omnqweno ukuba amelwe engqondweni.

Impembelelo ebalulekileyo yokuchazwa kwesazisi ngokwesondo kumaxesha edijithali, kukuba iphonografi ye-intanethi ngoku inokufumaneka ngokulula nangokukhawuleza, kukho. ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kolamlo. Okanye, ukubeka ngenye indlela, ukuba itekhnoloji inokuthiwa "ngumlamli", isebenza ngokuqhawula unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba ngaloo ndlela ijongela phantsi ulamlo olunokuba luncedo lwenkqubo yokubonakalisa. Iphonografi ekwi-Intanethi idibanisa umzimba ngomatshini owanelisayo onikezela ngempompo oko ingqondo bekuya kufuneka (ngaphezulu) iqhubeke kancinci kwaye ngandlela ithile idibanise ngokumelwa komnqweno.

Ukumelwa ngokwasengqondweni (kwesibini) ukumelwa kwamava kunika izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo: kusivumela ukuba sibonakalise ngaphambi kokuba senze into yokuba isenzo sisekelwe yinkqubo yokuqonda kunye nemvakalelo exhasa (ngaphezulu) ukhetho lokuzimela kunokuba luqhutywe yimiba engekho zingqondweni. Ukugqithisa kakhulu, ukuxiliswa kwe-stimuli yesondo, kuyingxaki kuba ayishiyi indawo yokuba ingqondo imele into eyifunayo okanye ifuna kwaye ihlolisise ukuba lo mnqweno ugcina impilo-ntle okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, unokuba yingozi.

Kwi-Intanethi, oselula “uvezwa” ngokukhawuleza enemifanekiso emininzi engamanyala. Oku kukhuthaza utshintsho olukhawulezayo ukusuka kwimeko yokubonakaliswa kwesibini somnqweno wokuvuselela okucocekileyo kunye nemvakalelo ephantsi kwayo nayiphi na imbonakalo. Oku kunokwenza iyelenqe lokunyuka ngokukhawuleza okunokuba yingozi (kumntu kunye / okanye komnye) ukuziphatha kwi-intanethi, into eyayingenakwenzeka kwisikali esifanayo sangaphambi kwe-Intanethi: umzekelo, imagazini engamanyala okanye ividiyo ye-VHS ayizange ivumele nakuphi na ukunyuka kwangoko. kwizinto eziphandwayo.

Isantya sofikelelo kunye nomthamo wemifanekiso yezesondo efumanekayo kwi-intanethi ngokugqithiswa ngokugqithisileyo "kwentetho". Ngokumalunga nophuhliso lwezesondo, uFreud's (1930) inqanaba lokulinda lithatyathwe endaweni (Lemma 2017). Ngoku sibona abantwana abakwinqanaba le-latency kodwa babonakala ngathi babelana ngesondo kakhulu. Endaweni ye-latency kukho le nto ndibize ngayo ukuthetha ngokuphandle: umntwana we-latency age uhlala enomdla njengomntwana we-Oedipal kwaye, njengoko uGuignard ebeka;

Kunye nabanye abahlalutyi (umz. Guignard 2014) Andisayi kucinga ukuba kunengqiqo ukucinga uphuhliso lwezesondo ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba le-latency. Nangona kunjalo, ndicinga ukuba uphuhliso lwezesondo luthatha inguqu ethile ngexesha lokufikisa kwaye oku kubonisa inqaku lengxaki kulutsha oluninzi. Inkqubo yengqondo yokufikisa idla ngokuqalisa uphononongo lwesazisi somntu iingcambu emzimbeni: umntu oselula kufuneka adibanise umzimba wakhe oguqukayo wokufikisa kumfanekiso anawo ngaye. Le nkqubo yangaphakathi intsonkothileyo nengazinzisiyo namhlanje ityhileka kwimeko yentlalo eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo apho itekhnoloji ithoba iinkqubo ezibonisa ifuthe kumandla okulawula iimvakalelo, ukunxulumana nabanye kunye nokusebenza ngokuzimela. Kumxholo wephonografi kwi-intanethi, okubizwa ngokuba "ukhetho" kumntu omncinci malunga nokuba atye iphonografi kwaye, ukuba kunjalo, luhlobo luni oluthile, lubaluleke kakhulu ngokwengqondo: ukuphishekela "i-vanilla" iphonografi ayifani kwaphela kulutsha. umntu ovuswa kukubukela amagumbi okuthuthumbisa. “Ukhetho” lunentsingiselo kwaye luneziphumo ngokwasengqondweni malunga nendlela umntu oselula anxulumana ngayo naye (kunye nomnqweno wakhe wesondo) kunye nendlela anxulumana ngayo nabantu abanokuba ngamaqabane.

Isipili esiMnyama: ngumnqweno kabani phofu?

Kuyafaneleka ukukhula ukuba umntwana ofikisayo azikhangelele isipili esingaphaya kwamanani abazali ukuze acacise kwaye adibanise ubunikazi bezesondo:

I-Black Mirror ihluke ngeendlela ezilumkileyo ezivela kumajelo angaphambili, kungekhona nje kuphela njengoko ibeka umntu osemtsha kuluhlu olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili lomxholo wesondo, kodwa nangenxa yokuba esi sibuko singena ngokungenangqondo kwiiprojekthi kumbukeli kunokuba "ukubuyisela umva". "Ityhala" imifanekiso kunye neemvakalelo emzimbeni nasengqondweni, ngamanye amaxesha naxa umntu osemtsha engakhange afune ngenkuthalo imifanekiso enjalo. Xa ukukhangela kunenjongo ngakumbi, i-intanethi ye-intanethi inika umntu oselula ngesondo à la Carte: uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezikhethwayo zesini ezingayi kuchazwa ngolu hlobo de zichazwe kwi-intanethi:

Isibuko esiMnyama siyahenda kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukuxhathisa kuba sibonelela ngokulula ngemifanekiso ebambekayo kunye neemeko zesondo ezibonelela ngokusondeleleneyo nephupha lokuphulula amalungu esini (Laufer 1976), ngoku ivunywe ngokwentlalo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwephesha. Nangona kufuneka siqaphele ukuba oku kunokubonelela ngokuqinisekiswa kwento eziva iphazamisa ngaphakathi, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku umntu omncinci ufumana into enexabiso kubo njengoko bezabalaza ukwenza ingqiqo yeemvakalelo zesini kunye neengcinga, kungenxa yokuba i-Black Mirror ibonelela. Iimeko zezesondo esele zenziwe ezi akufuneki zibe zezakhe nto leyo ejongela phantsi ukusekwa kobuntu obuhlangeneyo bezesondo. NjengeGalatzer-Levy (2012) wenze isindululo, imifanekiso/iintelekelelo ezithinjwe ngolu hlobo ekugqibeleni azivakala ukuba zezakhe. Ndingongeza kolu qwalaselo luxabisekileyo lokuba indibaniselwano yolu hlobo lokuzikhwebula kuyo nayiphi na i-arhente phezu kweengcinga zesondo zomntu ngelixa enyanzelwa ngabo ngaxeshanye, kuphazamisa kakhulu uzinzo kumntu oselula. Imeko kaJanine ikubonisa kakuhle oku.

UJanine wayeneminyaka eyi-7 xa eqala ukujonga imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-intanethi emva kokuziswa oku ngabahlobo bakadade wabo omdala. Ngexesha lokudibana kwam naye eneminyaka eyi-16, wayesebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi phantse yonke imihla. Wayevuyiswa, enyanzelekile kwaye ephazamisekile ngokusetyenziswa kwakhe ngokulinganayo. Wachaza ubunzima obubonakalayo ngenkangeleko yakhe: wayefuna i-labiaplasty ukuze abukeke njengabadlali be-pornography ababebukele abo bobabini wayefuna ukubaxelisa kwaye naye wayevuswe kakhulu. Wayebhidekile ngesini sakhe: wayengaqinisekanga ukuba ulifanasini okanye uthandana nesini esinye na yaye ngamanye amaxesha wayesoyika ukuba usuka ayithiye isini.

Njengoko umsebenzi uqhubela phambili kwacaca ukuba uJanine uye wasokola ukudibanisa umzimba wakhe wokufikisa ekuzimeleni kwakhe. Eneminyaka eli-13 ubudala, wakhumbula ukubona amabele akhe amakhulu aziva “ezonyanya” kwaye wazifumana etsalwa yimifanekiso yamantombazana anesifuba esicaba. Waqalisa ukumnqanda ukutya.

U-Janine waxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngomnye wabahlobo abangamadoda abadala malunga neshumi elinesibini leminyaka. Wayecinga ukuba “wayethandana” nale ndoda (iminyaka emininzi ubudala kunaye) phezu kwako nje ukuba neentlobano zesini okokuqala, nto leyo awayengayithandi ngenxa yokuba wayenxilile, yaye oko kwakubuhlungu gqitha kuye. Noko ke, kamva wavakalelwa kukuba phezu kwako nje oku kuqalisa kabuhlungu, babenolwalamano olukhethekileyo yaye wayemenza azive elilolo. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-13 ubudala, wanyamalala. Ukhumbule ukuba kulapho waqala khona ukurhoxa kwabanye kwaye wachitha ixesha elide lexesha lakhe kwi-Intanethi.

U-Janine uchaze ukunyuka okuthe gqolo ukutyhubela iminyaka kubume boonografi abuphendle kwi-Intanethi. Wafumanisa ukuba ukuvuseleleka kwakhe ngokwesondo kuthatha ixesha elide, kwaye ke wakhangela imifanekiso emitsha eyamnika "ukubetha" okukhawulezayo. Esoyika yaye eneentloni, ekugqibeleni wathetha nam ngengqiqo yakhe yokuba wayengakwazi kuzibamba. Okukhona wayeziva engakwazi ukulawula iingcinga zakhe zesini kunye nengqondo, kokukhona wayegxila ekulawuleni oko wayeziva efikeleleka lula, ngokungathi kunjalo: ubunzima bakhe. Wayethe phithi kukubala ii<em>calories waza wehla emzimbeni. Yayiyingxaki yokutya eyakhokelela ukuba abazali bakhe bamfunele unyango kodwa njengoko umsebenzi wawuqhubeka kwacaca ukuba le yayiyincam nje yokuphulukana nokulawula ingqondo yakhe.

Njengabanye abantu abaselula endisebenza nabo kule mihla, uJanine ngokuchukumisayo wadlulisela amava okuziva kwinceba yomzimba ovakalelwa kukuba awulawuleki kunye nokhetho lwesini awayengaqinisekanga ngalo ngokupheleleyo. apha ukhetho. Ulamlo lobuchwephesha luyabhidanisa unxulumano umntu oselula analo nomnqweno wakhe. Uphuhliso lwezesondo olubotshelelwe ngomatshini lujongela phantsi ukudityaniswa kophuhliso olubalulekileyo lwembali yobuqu, ungquzulwano olungekho zingqondweni kunye nomnqweno wesini: "Ixabiso lelokuba amava acaba kwaye anokuba ngekhonkrithi" (Lemma 2017, 67).

Umbuzo obalulekileyo ngowokuba yintoni eyahlula abo bantu bancinci bajikela ikakhulu kunxibelelwano lwe-intanethi njengendlela ekhuselekileyo yokurhoxa kubudlelwane obuqulathiweyo kwaye ngakumbi ngakumbi kubume. zesondo ubudlelwane. Kwakhona, oku kufuna uphando olungakumbi. Ngokusekelwe kwimigqaliselo yam kwigumbi lokubonisana, ndicebisa ukuba akukho ndlela enye yophuhliso okanye i-psychopathology ethile enokunika iimpendulo ezithembekileyo kulo mbuzo. Nangona kunjalo, kwabo bantu bancinci basemngciphekweni wokuzabalaza neemfuno ezenziwe engqondweni ngotshintsho lomzimba lokufikisa (ngenxa yokusilela kophuhliso kunye / okanye iingxabano), ukuhlehla kwiindawo ezibonakalayo kungqina ngakumbi kunyanzelekile kuba kubavumela ukuba balawule. Ukubhideka kunye nonxunguphalo malunga nomzimba wokwenyani ngokufaka umgama okhoyo phakathi kwabo kunye nabanye naphakathi kwemizimba yabo nengqondo.

I-intanethi ye-intanethi nganye ayibangeli iingxaki zengqondo. Endaweni yoko, ndicebisa ukuba inokubonelela ngesithuthi esiqiniswe ngokwenkcubeko kwaye sifikeleleke ngokulula ukulungiselela ukumiselwa kongquzulwano olunxulumene nobume bethu obukhoyo apho abanye abantu abafikisayo bagqalwa ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yeembali zabo zophuhliso. Le ndlela yokunxibelelana ifaneleke ngokufanelekileyo ukuba "isetyenziswe kakubi" kwinkonzo yokulawula amava aphazamisayo obunye avakalelwa ukuba abekwe ngokufanelekileyo emzimbeni. Njengoko ndikhe ndachaza kwenye indawo (Lemma 2014), oku kunokuqondwa njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wezinye iimpawu ezithile ze-cyberspace ezifana nendlela enokuxhasa ngayo ukukhanyelwa kobunyani, indlela enokusetyenziswa ngayo ukuphelisa ubunyani bomahluko kunye nokwahlula okanye ukukhuthaza inkohliso yokungafihli phakathi kwabantu. Ngokusisiseko, ingasetyenziselwa ukuguqula ubudlelwane phakathi kwenyani yangaphakathi neyangaphandle:

Indawo ebonakalayo kunye nokuhenda ukwenza ngokwezifiso

Uphawu oluchazayo lwelizwe lokwenyani lobudlelwane bokwabelana ngesondo kukungacingeki kwalo ngenxa yobukho bokwenene bomnye 'omnye', obeka imfuno. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwindawo yephonografi ebonakalayo, sibona ukukhukuliseka kwemigaqo yenyani ngokwesondo, hayi kancinci kuba awukho omnye umzimba "wokwenyani" wokuzibophelela ngokwenyani kunye nemida. Indawo ebonakalayo inikezela ukuhlehla kwinyani ukuya kwifantasy apho kungekho zithintelo kukwaneliseka komnqweno.

Nokuba iphonografi ye-Intanethi inokwenza kuphela inkohliso yokulawula enye, oku kunokuba neziphumo zengqondo ezinefuthe elibi kubudlelwane bokwenyani ukuba oku kuguqula indlela umntu omncinci anxibelelana ngayo naye kunye / okanye nabanye abakwindawo yakhe. ubomi. Ngokomzekelo, esinye isigulana esiyindoda esineminyaka elishumi elinesithoba ubudala, sasinamakhubalo athile esini awayekwazi ukuwanelisa kwi-intanethi. Oku kwamzisela uyolo olukhawulezileyo olwamkhulula kwezinye iimeko ezingathandekiyo zengqondo ezifana nokudakumba kwakhe kunye nentiyo yomzimba wakhe. Ewe, ukuthintelwa kweemvakalelo kuye kwafunyanwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nengxaki yokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kumadoda nabasetyhini (Baranowski, Vogl, kunye neStark 2019). Okwexeshana, xa ndikwi-intanethi, isigulana sam sasiziva silawula ezo meko zinzima zengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elininzi alichitha kwi-intanethi, kokukhona wayeziva ehlukanisiwe nesithandwa sakhe esasisebumnyameni malunga nomsebenzi wakhe we-intanethi kunye nobugqi bakhe. Ubomi bokwabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi barhweba ixesha elifutshane "lokulawula" kwiimeko zengqondo ezigwenxa ixesha elide lokungabi nakuzinceda njengoko ezikhwebula kwiingcambu.

Isimo sengqondo esingena kumntu osemtsha xa esebenzisa iphonografi ye-intanethi yinto enye engabonakaliyo enye iyancipha ibe yinguqulo elungiselelwe "enye" ​​evakalelwa ukuba ilawulwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso kuphuculwe kakhulu kwi-intanethi njengoko inani lemifanekiso kunye neevidiyo livumela umbukeli ukuba akhethe kakhulu kwaye ngaloo ndlela akhulise imeko yengqondo enamandla onke. Ngokwahlukileyo, kubudlelwane obukhoyo, obunye "obunye", sinokuthi, bubeka ukulibaziseka (okukhathazayo) kweentlobo kuba kufuna umlinganiselo womsebenzi wengqondo. Ngokomzekelo, kufuneka siqwalasele zabo umnqweno wesini, yaye oko kuthabatha ixesha, kunokunxunguphalisa kwaye kuthintele ulwaneliseko olukhawulezileyo lomnqweno wethu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iphonografi ye-intanethi ivumela umntu osemtsha ukuba azikhusele kwi-immediaty ephazamisayo yehlabathi loqhagamshelwano lwabantu.

"Umsebenzi womnqweno" kunye nokuxhalaba oku kudibanisa (umzekelo wokuxhomekeka), ukufutshane-ujikelezwe ngokufikelela ngokulula nangokukhawuleza kwimifanekiso yoonografi kwi-intanethi. Ukulinda omnye wokwenyani onokusifuna okanye ongasifuniyo kuthatyathelw’ indawo “ngomnye wamanyala” oye abe yinto enokusetyenziswa kwaye apho ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo kungathintelwa bubunzima beminqweno eyahlukeneyo kunye neepatheni zokuvusa inkanuko, okanye ukuthathelwa ingqalelo komnye umntu. iimfuno ezinokuthi, ngokulandelayo, zifune ukuba sichonge ngentelekelelo kunye nezinye. Isantya ngoko sikhulisa amathuba okuba inkqubo yengqondo esisiseko eyimfuneko yokugcina ubudlelwane obuhle, iyajongelwa phantsi. Ndibiza le nkqubo yengqondo esisiseko "ingqondo yomnqweno" kwaye ndiya kucacisa oku ngokulandelayo.

Umnqweno wesini ngengqondo

Isantya kunye nokukhululeka kokufikelela kwimifanekiso engamanyala ekwi-intanethi, kunye nokutshintsha kwengqondo okubangelwa ziimeko ezithile ezinokuthi zenzeke kwi-intanethi echazwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yonakalisa inkqubo ebalulekileyo yezengqondo - ingqondo – oko kungundoqo kuphuhliso lwezesondo olusempilweni kunye nobudlelwane bezesondo obusebenza kakuhle. Ndicebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe ngokwesiqhelo online iphonografi ayiqeqeshe, okanye ithintele, ukukhula kunye nokusebenzisa amandla okuqonda umnqweno wesini kunye nomnqweno womnye. Oku kubonisa esona sisongelo kuphuhliso lwezesondo kwisizukulwana sedijithali (Lemma 2020).

Ukubaluleka kwengqondo kubudlelwane obuphilileyo bomntu kunye nokuphila kakuhle kwengqondo kuyavunywa ngokubanzi kwiincwadi zengqondo kunye ne-psychoanalytic. Ukucinga ngengqondo kubandakanya ukukwazi ukubonakalisa indlela ubani aziphethe ngayo (ukuzicingela ngokwakhe) kunye nokuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha yomnye umntu (enye-ingqondo) esekelwe kuxabiso lokuba indlela yokuziphatha isekelwe kwiimbono zangabom (umz. iinkolelo, iimvakalelo, iminqweno kunye neminqweno). Kwimeko yezesondo, ukucinga ngengqondo kuxhasa amandla omntu okucinga, umzekelo, ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba unamandla kangakanani umnqweno womntu wesini, oku akuthethi ukuba iqabane lethu livakalelwa ngendlela efanayo. Ngapha koko, oku kufuna ukuba silawule umnqweno wethu othintelweyo xa ungabuyiselwa. Ukucinga ngengqondo koko kunceda ukuzisa umbono wokuba kutheni iqabane lisenokungafuni ukwabelana ngesondo kuba lisivumela ukuba sinxulumane neqabane njengokuba sinengqondo eyahlukileyo kunye nokuzikhethela: kusenokwenzeka ukuba iqabane lidiniwe okanye liziva lixakeke yinto ethile ngelo xesha. Kulo mzekelo, ukucinga ngengqondo kunganceda kungekuphela nje ngolawulo lwempembelelo (okt kuthintela impendulo endlongondlongo kwimvakalelo yokulahlwa) kodwa kukwanciphisa umngcipheko “wobuqu” ngakumbi kunye nokutolika okungalunganga kokunqongophala kweqabane.

Ukucinga ngengqondo yinxalenye kunye nenxalenye yokuzazi kwaye ke kubalulekile ekuzilawuleni, yiyo loo nto ingqondo engasebenziyo inokukhokelela uluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo ezijongela phantsi impilo-ntle yengqondo (Bateman kunye neFonagy 2019). Ukuba iphonografi ekwi-Intanethi ijongela phantsi amandla okucinga ngomnqweno wakho wesini kunye nowomnye, umzekelo ngokukhuthaza imibhalo yezesondo ethathwa njengesondo sokwenyani ngumntu omncinci, kodwa ihlala ithwala kancinci okanye ingabikho budlelwane kwinto iqabane lesondo elifuna ukukwenza. , ngoko ke ulwalamano lobuqu lusenokonakala. Oku kunokusebenza, umzekelo, ngokukhuthaza izimo zengqondo ezijongela phantsi iqabane kuba ezi ziqhelekile yiphonografi. Oku kuqheleke kakhulu ukubonwa xa usebenza nabaguli abancinci abancinci abalindele "isondo esonwabisayo" exhaswa sisidima esithob' isidima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha sinobundlobongela bezehlo ezijongwa kwi-intanethi ezivakala ziqhelekile kunxibelelwano lwe-intanethi emva koko zinyanzeliswe amaqabane ngesondo athi, , uzive uphantsi koxinzelelo lokuthobela kuba yiloo nto bacinga ukuba "amakhwenkwe ayifunayo" - isikhalazo esiphindaphindiweyo kwizigulane zam ezincinci zabasetyhini.

Ukucinga ngengqondo ngumcimbi wesidanga kwaye kuxhomekeke kumxholo kunye nobudlelwane, kodwa okubalulekileyo ukungazinzi ngengqondo rhoqo kukhokelela ekungacingeni ngengqondo. Okukhona sihlala kwiimeko apho ukucinga ngengqondo kuthintelwe okanye kungaxhaswanga, kokukhona sinokutyeshela imiba yamava ethu ejongela phantsi impilo-ntle yethu yengqondo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi kunokuba yingxaki kwaye kutheni ibeka umngcipheko othile kwisizukulwana sedijithali.

Isiphelo: ukukhusela i Phuhliso ngokwesini

Kwisizukulwana sedijithali ngokuthe ngqo, iphonografi ye-intanethi ngumxholo omtsha wokufuna ukwazi ngokwesondo kunye nokulinga kwaye, njengoko kunjalo, kubonakala kunengqiqo ukuphakamisa ukuba idlala indima ekuphuhliseni ubulili. Oku akukona nje umdla we-psychoanalytic. Ikwaphakamisa iinkxalabo zokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kwimpembelelo yoonografi kwi-intanethi "kwintlalontle" yabantwana ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso lwezesondo (uGraf noSchweiger. 2017, 39).

Ulamlo lwetekhnoloji ngokwenene lube yimeko echazayo yenkcubeko yangoku. Ithiyori ye-Psychoanalytic kunye nokusebenza kufuneka kuchazwe kulo mongo omtsha. Ngamaxesha edijithali umzimba womntwana awusekho libidinised ngokuchongwa kwakhe nabazali. Unxibelelwano lomntwana netekhnoloji ludlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumava akhe akhoyo. Kule mihla umzimba wobuntwana unophawu lwetekhnoloji ebotshelelwa kuyo kunye nehlabathi elibonakalayo elandisa ijografi yenyama kunye neyengqondo ibe ngcono kwaye ibe mandundu.

Imeko yephonografi ekwi-Intanethi ibonisa ngokucacileyo isidingo esicinezelayo sempendulo eqwalaselwayo ngokwasengqondweni kumngcipheko owenzayo. Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ubudala kunzima ukuphumeza kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ziye zasilela kwaye/okanye ziye zalahlwa njengezicwangciso zokujongana nale mingcipheko. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba ingxaki ivela ngenxa yobugcisa obutsha, isisombululo akufuneki sibe sesobuchwepheshe. Ngokuchasene noko, kucacile ukuba ngenxa yokuba iteknoloji ikhulisa umngcipheko ongenako ukuncitshiswa ngokuthembekileyo ngenxa yokuxhaphaka kolamlo lwezobuchwepheshe kwinkcubeko yethu, kufuneka sicinge ngezisombululo ezingaphelelanga kwiteknoloji. Iingcali zengqondo kufuneka ziqhube ngaphaya kwemida yegumbi lokubonisana ukuze zibandakanye umgaqo-nkqubo kunye namanyathelo amakhulu ezempilo kunye nezemfundo ukwazisa ungenelelo oluqinisa ukuqina kwengqondo yabantu abatsha ukulawula ukuba yintoni iteknoloji eyenza ukuba kwenzeke okanye kube lula, ngakumbi ukuba oku akufuneki ukuba kube ngcono. ngokubhekiselele kwimpilo yengqondo. Kufuneka siphuhlise ukungenelela kwengqondo-ntlalo yoluntu "i-inculate" bonke abantwana kunye nolutsha malunga neengozi ezinokuthi zenzeke kwi-intanethi (i-Lemma 2020). Kanye njengoko isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane singenakuqinisekisa ukuba asiyi kufumana umkhuhlane, akukho ngenelelo ngokuchasene nobungozi obunokubakho boonografi kwi-Intanethi kuya kuba bubungqina obugcweleyo kodwa kusenokufaka isandla ekunciphiseni iingozi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ulawulo lwedijithali (uFloridi 2018) yinkxalabo ecinezelayo. Njengee-psychoanalysts sinomzekelo oxabisekileyo wengqondo onokuthi kwaye ufanele ukufaka isandla kwiingxoxo zangoku malunga nefuthe lephonografi ye-intanethi. Njengoko uFloridi ebeka ngokufanelekileyo: