Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni phakathi kwabantwana nabantu abancinci: ukujonga ngokubanzi inkqubo yokujonga kwakhona

imvelaphi

Ukusetyenziswa kwabantu abancinci kwimifanekiso engamanyala nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuthumeleni imiyalezo yamanyala ngokufuthi kujongwa njengokuziphatha okuyingozi. Eli phepha linika ingxelo ngeziphumo ezivela 'kuphononongo lokuphononongwa', elijolise ekuchongeni ngendlela echanekileyo kunye nobungqina bobuononografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni phakathi kwabantu abancinci. Apha, sigxile ngokukodwa kubungqina obunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwabantu abancinci kwi-ponografi; ukubandakanyeka ekuthumeleni imiyalezo nemifanekiso engamanyala kunye neenkolelo zabo, izimo zengqondo, indlela abaziphethe ngayo kunye nokuba sempilweni ukuze baqonde ngcono ukwenzakala okunokubakho kunye nezibonelelo, kwaye zichonge apho kufuneka khona uphando lwexa elizayo.

tindlela

Sikhangele kugcino lwedatha ezintlanu zezempilo nezentlalo; kukhangelwa uncwadi olungwevu kwenziwa. Ukuphononongwa komgangatho kuvavanywe kwaye iziphumo zenziwe ngokulandelelana.

iziphumo

Ukuphononongwa kweshumi elinanye kwamanani kunye / okanye izifundo ezifanelekileyo zibandakanyiwe. Ubudlelwane bachongwa phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuziphatha okunesondo okuvumelekileyo. Umanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neenkolelo zesini ezomeleleyo ngokwesini kwaxelwa, kodwa hayi ngokungaguquguqukiyo. Ngokufanayo, ubungqina obungahambelaniyo bomanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwachongwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ponografi kunxulunyaniswa neendlela ezahlukeneyo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, ubundlongondlongo kunye nokuphathwa gadalala, kodwa ubudlelwane bubonakala bunzima. Amantombazana, ngakumbi, anokufumana ukunyanzelwa kunye noxinzelelo lokuzibandakanya nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokufumana iziphumo ezibi ngakumbi kunamakhwenkwe xa isini siba esidlangalaleni. Imiba elungileyo yokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala ngefowuni ixeliwe, ngakumbi ngokunxulumene nolwalamano lwabantu abancinci.

izigqibo

Sichonge ubungqina kuvavanyo lomgangatho owahlukileyo odibanisa iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni phakathi kwabantu abancinci kwiinkolelo ezithile, izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina babusoloko bungahambelani kwaye ubukhulu becala buvela kwizifundo zokujonga kusetyenziswa uyilo olunamacandelo ahlukeneyo, othintela ukuseka nabuphi na ubudlelwane be-causal. Olunye unyino lwendlela kunye nezithuba ezibubungqina zichongiwe. Izifundo ezingqongqo ngakumbi kunye nokusetyenziswa ngakumbi kweendlela ezifanelekileyo ziyafuneka.

Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kuye kwenziwa uhlolo oluninzi oluzimeleyo olwenziwe ngurhulumente wase-UK malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kwabantwana kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu abancinci kwi-intanethi nakwezinye izinto zedijithali (umzekelo, Byron [1]; IPapadopoulos [2]; IBaley [3]). Iingxelo ezifanayo ziye zapapashwa nakwamanye amazwe kubandakanya i-Australia [4,5,6]; Fransi [7]; kunye ne-USA [8]. Ngokusekwe kwisidingo sokukhusela abantwana kwizinto ezibonisa ngesondo kwi-Intanethi, urhulumente wase-UK ubandakanyiwe kwi-Digital Economy Act [9], Imfuneko kwiiwebhusayithi ezingamanyala ukuphumeza ukuqinisekiswa kobudala. Nangona kunjalo, kulandela ulibaziseko oluninzi ekuphunyezweni, kwabhengezwa ekwindla ka-2019 ukuba iitsheki azizukwaziswa [10]. Endaweni yoko, iinjongo zoMthetho wezoQoqosho kwiDijithali ngokunxulumene nokuthintela ukubonakaliswa kwabantwana kwimifanekiso engamanyala ekwi-Intanethi kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nazo ngesakhelo esitsha sokumisela esichazwe kwiphepha leHarms White kwi-Intanethi [11]. Eli phepha le-White licebisa ukuseka uxanduva olusemthethweni lokhathalelo kwiinkampani ezifanelekileyo ukuphucula ukhuseleko kwi-Intanethi nokwenza imisebenzi eyingozi, eya kuthi inyanzeliswe ngumlawuli ozimeleyo [11].

Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukuba abantwana kunye nabantu abancinci ukubukela iphonografi kukhokelela ekwenzakaleni (umzekelo, uMkhukula [12]; Ukutya [13]). Ukongeza, ukuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni (indawo ephambili 'yesini' kunye 'nokuthumela imiyalezo') kuhlala kuyilwa ngaphakathi kwintetho yokuphambuka kunye nomsebenzi ojongwa njengokuziphatha komngcipheko omkhulu kubantu abancinci [14]. Olunye ulwaphulo olucebisayo lubandakanya ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokunyanzelwa ukuba ubandakanyeke kwimicimbi enxulumene nezesondo, nangona oko kuthethwa kukwenzakala bekungasoloko kuchazwa ngokucacileyo.

Eli phepha linika ingxelo ngeziphumo ezivela 'kuphononongo lokuphononongwa' okugunyaziswe liSebe lezeMpilo kunye noKhathalelo lwezeNtlalontle (i-DHSC) eNgilane, ejolise ekuchongeni ngendlela eyiyo kunye nokudibanisa ubungqina kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo phakathi kwabantwana nabantu abancinci. Ngenxa yobubanzi obubanzi, 'uphononongo lokujonga kwakhona' (RoR) yathathelwa ingqalelo njengeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Ii-RoRs zichonga, zivavanya kwaye zidibanise iziphumo ezivela kuvavanyo olukhoyo ngendlela esekuhleni kwaye zinokuqaqambisa ukungabikho kobungqina [15,16,17,18,19]. Apha, sigxile ngokukodwa kubungqina obunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwabantu abancinci kwi-ponografi; ukubandakanyeka ekuthumeleni imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala ngefowuni; kunye neenkolelo zabo, izimo zabo, indlela abaziphethe ngayo kunye nokuba sempilweni, ukuqonda ngcono ukwenzakala okunokubakho kunye nezibonelelo, kunye nokuchonga apho kufuneka khona uphando lwamva.

Sikhangele kwiziseko zekhompyuter ezintlanu sisebenzisa uluhlu lwamagama esihloko kunye nezithethantonye, ​​kubandakanya "iphonografi", "umxholo ocacileyo ngokwesondo" kunye "nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni", kudityaniswe nefilitha yokukhangela uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo^{Kumzantsi 1}. Isicwangciso sokukhangela esipheleleyo siyafumaneka njengefayile eyongezelelweyo (eyongezelelweyo ifayile 1). Olu lwazi lulandelayo lukhangelwe ukuya ku-Agasti / Septemba 2018: Isalathiso seNzululwazi yezeNtlalontle kunye neZicatshulwa (ASSIA), IMEDLINE kunye neMEDLINE kwiNkqubo, iPsycINFO, iScopop kunye neSalathiso seNzululwazi yezeNtlalontle. Akukho zithintelo zabekwa ngomhla wokupapashwa okanye kwindawo. Ukongeza, uphando olwangezelelweyo lwenziwa kwiiwebhusayithi zemibutho ephambili, kubandakanya noMkomishinala waBantwana waseNgilane; Umbutho kaZwelonke woKhathalelo kunye noKhuseleko lwaBantwana (i-NSPCC) kunye newebhusayithi yorhulumente wase-UK. Sikhangele olunye uncwadi olungwevu sisebenzisa uphando oluphambili lukaGoogle.

Isihloko kunye nokukhutshelwa kweerekhodi, kunye namaphepha apheleleyo okubhaliweyo ahlolwe ngabavavanyi ababini ngokuzimeleyo. Iziphumo ezixeliweyo kwiphepha langoku zisekwe kuvavanyo lokuhlangabezana nezi nqobo zilandelayo:

• Ukugxila kubantwana nakubantu abancinci (nangona kuchaziwe) ukusebenzisa iphonografi, ukuthumela imiyalezo kunye okanye zombini. Naluphi na uhlobo loonografi (oluprintiweyo okanye olubonakalayo) lwaluthathwa njengelifanelekileyo.
• Iziphumo ezixeliweyo ezinxulumene noonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nolwalamano lwabo neenkolelo zabantu abatsha, izimo zengqondo, indlela yokuziphatha okanye impilo.
• Kusetyenziswe iindlela zokuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo, ezazifuna ukuba ababhali, ubuncinci, baphande ubuncinci kwimithombo emibini, omnye wabo ekufanele ukuba waba sisiseko sedatha; Iikhrayitheriya ezicacileyo zokubandakanywa / ukukhutshwa ezibandakanya izinto eziphambili zokuphonononga kwaye ibonelele ngokudibeneyo kweziphumo. Oku kunokuba kukudityaniswa kweenkcukacha-manani ngohlobo lohlalutyo lweemeta okanye ingxelo ebalisayo yokufunyaniswa kwizifundo ezibandakanyiweyo. Uphengululo lwalungakulungelanga ukufakwa ukuba ababhali bachaze umntu ngamnye kubandakanya isifundo kungekho nzame zenziweyo zokudibanisa iziphumo kwisiphumo esinye kwizifundo ezininzi.

Uphengululo luyafuneka ukugxila ikakhulu kwimifanekiso engamanyala okanye ngokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nabantu abancinci kwaye lunokubandakanya izifundo ezisisiseko zalo naluphi na uyilo (ubungakanani kunye / okanye ubulunga). Ukuphononongwa akubandakanywa ukuba bajolise ikakhulu kwimixholo yezesondo kwimithombo yeendaba engeyiyo eyamanyala efana neenkqubo zikamabonwakude, imidlalo yevidiyo okanye iividiyo zomculo. Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngefowuni kwathathelwa ingqalelo ngokubanzi njengokuthumela okanye ukufumana iifoto okanye imiyalezo eneentlobano zesini okanye iifowuni.

Idatha ikhutshwe kuphononongo ngalunye kwiimpawu eziphambili kubandakanya iindlela zokuphononongwa, inani labemi kunye neziphumo. Ukukhutshwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngumvavanyi omnye kwaye kwajongwa ngumvavanyi wesibini.

Uphengululo ngalunye luye lwavavanywa ngokunzulu ngokweDatabase eguqulweyo yeeMpawu zoPhononongo lweZiphumo (DARE)20]. Ukuphononongwa komgangatho kuvavanywe ngumvavanyi omnye kwaye kwajongwa ngomnye. Inkqubo yovavanyo ebalulekileyo ibisetyenziselwa ukwazisa izigqibo malunga nemithombo enokubakho yokucalucalulo kunye nesoyikiso kukunyaniseka nokuthembeka kweziphumo ezichazwe kuphononongo.

Iziphumo zahlanganiswa ngokulandelelana kuphononongo kunye nokuthelekisa kunye nokungafani, apho kufanelekileyo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlanganisa, yonke idatha ekhutshwe kuphononongo olunxulumene nodidi olunye olubanzi okanye umxholo (umzekelo indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo) zahlanganiswa kunye nokufana kunye nolwahluko kwiziphumo ezichongiweyo kuzo zombini ukuphononongwa nakuphononongo lophononongo. Isishwankathelo esichazayo sezona ziphumo ziphambili zichaziweyo kuphononongo emva koko saveliswa. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwizifundo zobungakanani kunye nomgangatho zadityaniswa ngokwahlukeneyo phantsi kwesihloko esifanelekileyo sesihloko. Asenzanga sicinge ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa malunga nokuba iziphumo ezithile ziyingozi okanye akunjalo. Igama elithi abantu abatsha lisetyenziswa kweli candelo lilandelayo ukujongana nolutsha kunye nabantwana. Khange siyibhalise iprotocol yolu hlaziyo kwi-PROSPERO ngenxa yexesha, kodwa sivelise isikhokelo seprojekthi esivunywe yi-DHSC. Oku kumisele ukugxila kuphononongo, iindlela eziza kusetyenziswa kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo lomsebenzi.

Emva kophicotho, izihloko ezingama-648 kunye nezibhengezo kunye namaphepha angama-241 apheleleyo abekiwe. Ukuphononongwa kweshumi elinanye kufezekise iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa ezichazwe apha ngasentla. Ukuhamba koncwadi ngokujonga kwakhona kubonisiwe kwi Ikhiwane. 1.

Ukuhamba kwezifundo kuphononongo

Ubungakanani bomfanekiso opheleleyo

Inkcazo yokujonga kwakhona

Kuphononongo lwe-11, ezintathu zigxile kwimifanekiso engamanyala [21,22,23]; ezisixhenxe zijolise ekuthumeleni imiyalezo yamanyala ngefowuni^{Kumzantsi 2} [24,25,26,27,28,29,30]; kunye nohlolo olunye lwaluthetha ngamanyala kunye nokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala [31]. Iimpawu eziphambili zophononongo lwe-11 zibonelelwe kwiTheyibhile 1.

Uphengululo ezimbini zichaze iziphumo zomgangatho kuphela [26, 27]. Uphengululo ezintlanu luchaze iziphumo zobalo kuphela [23, 24, 29,30,31], kunye neziphumo ezine ezixeliweyo kuzo zombini ezi ntlobo zezifundo zokuqala [21, 22, 25, 28]. Olunye uphononongo luxelwe kuphela kwiziphumo ezivela kwizifundo ezide [23]. Uphengululo lwesibhozo lubandakanya izifundo ezinqamlezayo kuphela okanye zombini ezinqamlezayo kunye nophando olude [21, 22, 24, 25, 28,29,30,31]. Kuphononongo, uninzi lwezifundo lwalunamacandelo ahlukeneyo kunye nedatha eqokelelweyo kusetyenziswa iindlela ezinje ngemibuzo esekwe kwiphepha lemibuzo, udliwanondlebe lomntu kunye namaqela ekugxilwe kuwo.

Idatha kuvavanyo ezintathu zadityaniswa ngokwezibalo kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lweemeta [29,30,31] kwaye uphononongo olunye lwenze uhlengahlengiso lwekhwalithi yeemeta-ethnographic [26]. Olunye uphononongo luxele into ebalulisayo yokufumanisa iziphumo. Kuko konke ukuphononongwa, uninzi lwezifundo zibandakanya ukuvela eMelika naseYurophu (ngakumbi iNetherlands, iSweden neBelgium), kodwa ulwazi malunga nelizwe lemvelaphi aluzange luxelwe ngendlela.

Ngokubanzi, ukubandakanywa nokuphononongwa kwesihloko esifanayo kugxilwe ngokufanayo kwinqanaba lokulinganisa kunye neekhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa. Imihla yokupapashwa yezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kwiziphumo ezisibhozo kwezingama-11 zokuphononongwa zaqala phakathi kuka-2008 no-2016 [23, 24, 26,27,28,29,30,31]. Inani labanomdla kulo lonke uphononongo lubandakanya abantwana abakwiminyaka yobudala ukuya kwiminyaka eli-18, kodwa kukho umahluko phakathi kokuphononongwa ngokwemida ephezulu yeminyaka, ekuxoxwa ngayo ngakumbi kwicandelo lokusikelwa umda. Ukwahluka phakathi kokuphononongwa kwaqatshelwa: Ngokujonga iphonografi, iWatchirs Smith et al. [31] kugxilwe ekuvezweni komxholo kwiiwebhusayithi ezibonisa amanyala / kwi-intanethi. Ukongeza, bobabini uHandschuh et al. [30] kunye no-Cooper et al. [25] ijolise ekuthumeleni isini ngokuchaseneyo nokuzifumana.

Horvath okqhubekayo. [21] bachaze uphononongo lwabo 'njengovavanyo olukhawulezileyo lobungqina' kwaye babandakanya kungekuphela nje uphando olwenziwayo nolungafundiswanga kodwa kunye 'nokuphononongwa' kunye nohlalutyo lweemeta, amaxwebhu omgaqo-nkqubo kunye nezinye 'iingxelo'. Ngokufanayo, iikhrayitheriya zokufaneleka ezisetyenziswa ngu-Cooper et al. [25] kuvunyelwe ukufakwa 'kweengxoxo zophando ezingezizo ezomkhosi' (iphe. 707) kunye nezifundo zaseprayimari. Kuphononongo lonke, upapasho oluninzi luye lwadityaniswa kwisifundo esifanayo sophando. Umzekelo, Koletić [23] yayiquka amaphepha angama-20 awayenxulunyaniswe nezifundo ezisithoba zophando. Ukongeza, uPeter noValkenburg [22] uxele ukuba izifundo / amaphepha amaninzi asebenzise isampulu yedatha efanayo.

Kwakukho ukugqabhuka okubonakalayo kwizifundo zaseprayimari ezibandakanyiweyo kuphononongo, olwalungalindelwanga kunikwa ukufana kubungakanani phakathi kokuphononongwa. Umzekelo, uphononongo ezintathu zadibanisa idatha ebalanayo kubudlelwane phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo yamanyala kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, naphakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuziphatha okungekho ngokwesondo kwimpilo njengokusebenzisa iziyobisi. UBharse-Dias okqhubekayo. [28] ucaphule amaphepha asixhenxe ahlukeneyo ajongene nobudlelwane, uVan Ouytsel et al. [24] icaphule ezintlanu, kwaye amaphepha amathathu aqhelekile kuzo zombini ezi ziphumo. Onke amaphepha amahlanu acatshulwe nguVan Ouytsel et al. Kwaye ezine nguBarrense-Dias et al. babandakanywa ngu-Cooper et al. [25]. Ukuphononongwa nguHorvath et al. [21], UPeter noValkenburg [22] kunye noKoletić [23] ndinezifundo ezine ezifanayo ezathetha ngokusetyenziswa kwamanyala kunye nokuziphatha okuvumelekileyo kunye neenkolelo zesini ezichaseneyo.

Ukuphononongwa komgangatho

Uvavanyo lokujongwa kwakhona ngokuchasene neendlela zokuguqula i-DARE zibonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 2. Lonke uphononongo lwalukalwe njengolwaneleyo kumhlaba wokukhangelwa koncwadi kunye nokunika ingxelo yenqobo yokubandakanywa / yokukhutshelwa ngaphandle. Kuphononongo olithoba, uphando lwenziwe ubuncinci kwindawo ezintathu zolwazi [21, 23,24,25,26, 28,29,30,31]. Kuphononongo ezimbini, uphando lwenziwe kusetyenziswa inani elincinci ledatha, kodwa zongezwa ngokusebenzisa eminye imithombo enje ngokujonga uluhlu lwesalathiso okanye ukukhangela kwi-intanethi [22, 27]. Kuphononongo ezimbini, ligama elinye kuphela, 'ukuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni' kwasetyenziswa njengegama lokukhangela [24, 29]. Lonke uphononongo luxele iikhrayitheriya zokufaneleka kokugubungela zonke okanye uninzi lwezi zinto ziphambili zokuphononongwa: inani labemi; indlela yokuziphatha (okt iphonografi, ukuthumela imiyalezo kunye okanye zombini); ukukhupha okanye iziphumo zomdla; kunye nokupapashwa / uhlobo lokufunda.

Ubungakanani apho ababhali bahlanganisa khona iziphumo bezahluka kodwa zanele kuzo zonke izinto eziqwalaselwayo. Zintathu uphononongo olwenziweyo iziphumo ngokulandelelana zilinganiswe zaphezulu kule nqobo njengoko zibonelela ngesindululo esasineenkcukacha kwaye sinabileyo ekuzobeni kunye nasekuxeleni iziphumo kwizifundo ezininzi [22, 24, 28].

Ukuphononongwa kwavavanywa ngokweendlela ezimbini ezongezelelweyo: ukunika ingxelo ngeenkcukacha zophando, nokuba ngaba kuvavanywa umgangatho wendlela yezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo. Uphengululo lwesibhozo lubonelele ngeenkcukacha zezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo ngohlobo lwetafile yeempawu ezichaze uluhlu lolwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nesampulu yabemi, uyilo lokufunda, izinto eziguquguqukayo kunye / okanye iziphumo zomdla / iziphumo eziphambili [22,23,24, 26, 28,29,30,31]. Olunye uphononongo ezintathu lubonelele ngeenkcukacha ezimbalwa malunga nezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo [21, 25, 27].

Kuphononongo olune, enye indlela yovavanyo lomgangatho ixeliwe [21, 27, 30, 31]. Ukongeza, uPeter noValkenburg [22] khange benze uvavanyo olusemgangathweni lwezifundo ezizodwa, kodwa banike ingxelo kuvavanyo olunzulu lwezinto ezifunyanisiweyo kuphononongo lwabo, ezibandakanya ukuchonga ukukhetha kwicala loyilo lokufunda kunye neendlela zokwenza isampulu. UWilkinson okqhubekayo. [26] ixelwe ngaphandle kwamaphepha ngokusekwe kumgangatho ophantsi wendlela kodwa ayikhange ichaze ukuba uvavanyo lomgangatho lwenziwe. Horvath okqhubekayo. [21] uxele ukubeka ucinezelo oluncinci kuhlanganiso kwizifundo ezilinganiswe 'njengomgangatho osezantsi' ngokusekwe kuvavanyo olulinganisiweyo 'loBungqina boBungqina'32].

Ingabonakala kwiTheyibhile 2 uphononongo ezimbini (Handschuh et al. [30] kunye nababukeli uSmith et al. [31]) kuvavanywe ukuhlangabezana nazo zontlanu iikhrayitheriya. Uphengululo ezintlanu (Van Ouytsel et al. [24]; UPeter noValkenburg [22]; UBharse-Dias okqhubekayo. [28]; UKosenko et al. [29] kunye noWilkinson26]) yahlangabezana neekhrayitheriya ezine, kubandakanya ukunika ingxelo yokubaliswa okuphezulu komgangatho wezinto ezifunyenweyo okanye uhlalutyo lweemeta.

Ukuxelwa kweendlela zokuphononongwa ngokubanzi bekungonelanga kulo lonke uphononongo, oluthintele uvavanyo lokuthembeka ngokubanzi okanye ukubakho kokukhetha. Umzekelo, uninzi lohlolo aluzange lubonelele ngolwazi malunga nenani labavavanyi ababandakanyekayo kwizigqibo zovavanyo okanye ukukhutshwa kwedatha.

Isimo sengqondo kunye neenkolelo

Ubungqina babungangqinelani kuzo zone uphononongo lobudlelwane phakathi kokujonga kwabantu abancinci izinto ezibonisa isondo, kunye nokuziphatha okuqinisekileyo ngokwesini [21,22,23, 31]. 'Isimo sengqondo esivumelekileyo sezesondo' ligama elisetyenziswe kuvavanyo, kodwa akusoloko kuchazwa. UPeter noValkenburg [22] ndiyisebenzisele ukuchaza izimo zengqondo ezithandekayo kwisini esingaqhelekanga, ngokwesiqhelo ngaphandle kobudlelwane bezothando.

Uphengululo olune oluchaze ubungqina bokudibana phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neenkolelo zesini ezomeleleyo zesini, kubandakanya nokujonga abantu basetyhini njengezinto zesondo, kunye nokuziphatha okuqhubela phambili kwiindima zesini [21,22,23, 31]. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina bobudlelwane phakathi kwamanyala kunye neenkolelo zesini ezichaseneyo ngokwesini azange zichongwe ngokufanayo. Olunye uphononongo olude olubandakanyiweyo kuphononongo ezintathu alufumananga nxu lumano phakathi kokuphinda ubukele iphonografi kwi-intanethi kunye neenkolelo zesini ezichaseneyo ngokwesini [21,22,23].

Ubungqina buchazwe kwizicelo ezithathu ezibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nolunye uluvo kunye neenkolelo zesini, kubandakanya ukungaqiniseki ngokwesondo; ukuzibandakanya ngokwesondo; ukoneliseka ngokwesondo / ukungoneliseki; iinkolelo ezingekho ngqiqweni / izimo zengqondo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kunye 'nokuziphatha gwenxa' kubudlelwane [21,22,23]. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo bezihlala zisekwe kwisifundo esinye okanye ezibini kuphela, ngokudibana kuvavanyo.

Umsebenzi wesondo kunye nezenzo zesondo

Ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo ezide kunye nezo zinqamlezayo ezixeliweyo kuphononongo ezine zacebisa umanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokwanda kwamathuba okuzibandakanya kwezokwabelana ngesondo kunye nezinye izinto zesondo ezinje ngesondo lomlomo okanye ezimpundu21,22,23, 31]. Isini kunye nenqanaba lokushicilela zichongiwe njengeemodareyitha zombutho phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuqala ukulala ngesondo kuhlolo olunye [22]. Izifundo ziye zaxelwa kuphononongo olungafumananga ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha, kubandakanya ukuhlangana ngaphambi kweminyaka ye-15, okanye izifundo zifumene imibutho engahambelaniyo [21,22,23, 31].

Umanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya kwisini esingaqhelekanga okanye isondo kunye namaqabane amaninzi waxelwa kwizibuyekezo ezintathu [21, 22, 31]. Nangona kunjalo, umanyano phakathi kwesini esingaqhelekanga kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala kufunyanwa kuphela kulutsha lwabasetyhini kolunye lwezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo nguPeter noValkenburg [22]. Ukongeza, olunye uphononongo oluchaze ukuphononongwa kathathu alufumananga unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuba nenani eliphezulu lamaqabane ezesondo [21, 22, 31].

Ubungqina obuqhagamshela ukusetyenziswa koonografi kumngcipheko wesondo wokuthatha abantu abancinci babungahambelani. Uphengululo oluthathu luxele unxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuziphatha 'okuyingozi' ngokwesini, kubandakanya ukuba neentlobano zesini ezingakhuselekanga kunye nokusebenzisa iziyobisi / utywala ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo [21, 22, 31]. Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphononongo olubandakanyiwe kuphononongo ezimbini aluphumelelanga ukufumanisa unxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuzibandakanya kwisini esingakhuselekanga [22, 23].

Zombini uHorvath et al. [21] noPeter noValkenburg [22] kubandakanya izifundo ezinomgangatho ophakamisa ukuba abantu abancinci banokufunda iinkqubo zesondo kunye nezikripthi zokwenza ngokwesondo kwimifanekiso engamanyala, enokuthi ibe nefuthe kulindelo nasekuziphatheni kwabo. Imifanekiso engamanyala ikwabonwa njengomgangatho wokugweba ukusebenza ngokwesondo kunye neenjongo zomzimba kwizifundo ezithile ezifanelekileyo. Ubungqina obuxelwe nguHorvath et al. [21] ibonise ukuba abanye abantu abancinci babona iphonografi njengomthombo olungileyo wolwazi ngesondo, izimvo, izakhono kunye nokuzithemba.

Umanyano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zesondo ichongiwe kuphononongo olithandathu [24, 25, 28,29,30,31]. Uhlalutyo lwakutshanje lweemeta lwezifundo ezintandathu [30] ifumanise ukuba iingxaki zokuxela into eyenziweyo okanye eyenziwayo ngokwesondo iphantse iphindaphindwe kathandathu kubantu abancinci abathumela isini, xa kuthelekiswa nabangathumanga (OKANYE 6.3, 95% CI: 4.9 kuye ku-8.1). Uhlalutyo lwangaphambili lweemeta [31] ndafumanisa ukuba ukuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni kunxulunyaniswa nokwanda kokulala ngesondo (kwilungu lobufazi kuphela okanye kwilungu lobufazi, ezimpundu okanye ngomlomo) (OKANYE 5.58, 95% CI: 4.46 kuye ku-6.71, izifundo ezihlanu) kunye nezinto ezenziwa ngokwesondo kutshanje (OKANYE 4.79 , 95% CI: 3.55 ukuya ku-6.04, izifundo ezimbini). Olunye uhlalutyo lweemeta lwezifundo ezili-10 [29], uxele umanyano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba 'kwimisebenzi yesondo ngokubanzi' (r = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.23 ukuya 0.46). Kwakukho ukugqabhuka okubonakalayo kwizifundo zaseprayimari kuhlalutyo lwe-meta olwenziwe nguWatchirs Smith et al. [31], UKosenko okqhubekayo. [29] kunye noHandschuh et al. [30]. Izifundo ezihlanu kwezi-10 zibandakanyiwe kuhlalutyo lweemeta nguKosenko et al. zazibandakanyiwe kuhlalutyo lweemeta lwangaphambili nguWatchirs Smith et al. Oko bekujolise ekubeni 'wakha' wabelana ngesondo. Olona hlaziyo meta lwamva nje ngu Handschuh et al. kubandakanya isifundo esinye kuphela esingekho kuhlalutyo lweemeta nguKosenko et al. Ukongeza, kwa ezi zifundo zithathu zibandakanyiwe kuzo zontathu iindlela zokuhlalutya imeta.

Uphengululo olune luchonge umanyano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo yemifanekiso yamanyala kunye nokuba nenani eliphezulu lamaqabane ezesondo [29] okanye amaqabane amaninzi, ngokwexesha elingafaniyo [24, 25, 31]. Nangona kunjalo, kolunye lwezifundo ezichazwe nguVan Ouytsel et al. [24Umbutho wawukho kuphela phakathi kwamantombazana. UKosenko et al. [29] uxele ukuba umanyano phakathi kwe-sexting kunye nenani lamaqabane lincinci (r = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.16 ukuya ku-0.23, izifundo ezisixhenxe). Ababukeli uSmith et al. [31] ifumanise ukuba ukubanamaqabane amaninzi owabelana nawo ngesondo kwiinyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-12 ezidlulileyo bekuphindwe kathathu ngaphezulu kubantu abancinci abathumele imiyalezo ngefowuni xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangenayo (OKANYE 2.79, 95% CI: 1.95 ukuya ku-3.63; izifundo ezibini).

Ubungqina obungangqinelaniyo bomanyano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo nge-sexting kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni ngokwesini kuye kwaxelwa kwizifundo ezintlanu [24, 25, 28, 29, 31]. UKosenko et al. [29] ndifumene umanyano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwizenzo zesondo ezingakhuselekanga ezivela kuhlalutyo oluhlanganisiweyo lwezifundo ezisithoba, kodwa ubukhulu bobudlelwane babuncinci (r = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.09 ukuya 0.23). Ngokwahlukileyo, olunye uhlalutyo lweemeta lwezifundo ezibini [31] akafumananga unxibelelwano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezokwabelana ngesondo ngendlela engenasondo kwinyanga enye okanye ezimbini ezidlulileyo (OKANYE 1.53, 95% CI: 0.81 ukuya ku-2.25). Uphengululo ezintathu24, 25, 31] uxele ukuba ukuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni kunxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kotywala okanye ezinye iziyobisi ngaphambi / ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo (iWatchirs Smith, OKANYE 2.65, 95% CI: 1.99 ukuya ku-3.32; izifundo ezibini) [31].

Ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezinobungozi

Umanyano phakathi kwe-sexting kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (utywala, icuba, intsangu kunye nezinye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni) kuxeliwe kuphononongo ezintathu [24, 25, 28]. Ukongeza, isifundo esinye esixelwe nguBarrense-Dias et al. [28] ndifumene umanyano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo yemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokulwa ngokwasemzimbeni phakathi kwamakhwenkwe. Ababhali abafanayo bakwachonga ubungqina kolunye uphononongo lobudlelwane phakathi kwemiyalezo yokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemikhwa nokuthumela ezinye izinto 'ezinomngcipheko' njengokuhamba isikolo nokungena engxakini ngootitshala okanye ngamapolisa. Ngokufanayo, isifundo esinye sifakwe nguVan Ouytsel et al. [24] uxele ukuba abafundi besikolo abathumela imiyalezo ngefowuni kunokwenzeka ukuba babandakanyeke 'kulwaphulo-mthetho'. Ukwahluka 'kobugwenxa' kwachazwa kukuzibandakanya kwabaphenduli ngaphambili kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezilithoba ababhali ababezithathela ingqalelo njengezinto ezigwenxa, ezinje ngokuba, ukungabikho esikolweni, ukutshaya nokusela. Ubungqina bokunxibelelana phakathi kwamanyala kunye nokwaphula umthetho okanye ukungaziphathi kakuhle kwakuxeliwe kuphononongo ezimbini21, 22]. Ngapha koko, bobabini uHorvath et al. [21] noPeter noValkenburg [22] kubandakanya isifundo esinye esichonge unxibelelwano phakathi kwamanyala kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nobundlongondlongo

Umanyano phakathi kokuchazwa kwimithombo yeendaba ezesondo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nobundlongondlongo sele kufunyenwe kuphando olude kunye nolwecandelo. Ukuphononongwa kathathu kuchonge umanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokwenziwa kwe-Sexual Harassment okanye indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kubandakanya nokunyanzelwa kwesondo [21,22,23]. Kwesinye isifundo esixeliweyo kuphononongo ezintathu, ikhonkco phakathi kokunyanzelwa ngokwesini kunye nokujonga imithombo yeendaba ezesondo ngokucacileyo kwafunyanwa kubafana kuphela. Olunye uphononongo lubandakanywe nguHorvath et al. [21] ingxelo ezifunyenweyo ezibonisa ukuba iphonografi yayinxulunyaniswa kuphela nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kumadoda amancinci awayezimisele ukuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo. Ngapha koko, isifundo esisekude sibandakanyiwe kuzo zontathu iindlela zokuphononongwa kufunyenwe unxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo okanye ukubetha, kodwa kuphela xa kujongwa izinto ezinobundlobongela. UPeter noValkenburg [22] uxele nobungqina obuvela kwisifundo esinye esifumene umanyano phakathi kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa kwabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamaphephancwadi abonisa amanyala kunye neekomikhi, kodwa kungakhange kubekho mntu unxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweefilimu ezibonisa amanyala kunye neevidiyo. Kwizifundo ezibini ezivavanywe nguHorvath et al. [21], Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi kunye / okanye ukubukela iphonografi enogonyamelo yayixhaphakile phakathi kwabafundi bezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo abangamadoda nabasetyhini ababeziphethe kakubi ngokwesini xa kuthelekiswa noontanga ababengenalo.

Uphengululo olubini luxele umanyano phakathi kokubukela iphonografi kunye nokuba lixhoba lobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo okanye ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, ngakumbi phakathi kwabafazi abancinci [21, 22]. Uphengululo oluthathu luchaze iziphumo kwizifundo ezibonisa ukuba ulutsha luthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso engamanyala.24, 25, 31]. Cooper okqhubekayo. [25] Uqhubeke waxela umanyano phakathi kokufumana i-sext kunye nokufumana ubundlobongela phakathi kwabantu kwisifundo esinye sabafundi baseyunivesithi.

Ukunyanzelwa, ukuxhatshazwa nokuhlukunyezwa

Uphengululo oluthathu luxele ukuba amantombazana, ngakumbi, anokufumana ukunyanzelwa kunye noxinzelelo lokuzibandakanya nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni [25, 26, 28]. Umbutho wawuchongiwe phakathi kokuxhatshazwa, ukuxhatshazwa kwi-intanethi okanye ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni [24, 25, 28]. Umzekelo, isifundo esinye esinqamlezayo esifakwe nguBarrense-Dias et al. [28] yafumanisa ukuba amantombazana akwishumi elivisayo awayekade elixhoba lokuxhatshazwa kwi-intanethi kunokwenzeka ukuba athumele imiyalezo ngefowuni. Ngapha koko, Cooper et al. [25] ichonge umngcipheko omkhulu weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuxhatshazwa kwabasetyhini kwabasetyhini ababandakanyeka ekuthumeleni imiyalezo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngokusekwe kwelinye lamacandelo abafundi beekholeji. Bakwaphinde baxela iziphumo ezivela kolunye uphononongo olucebise ukuba abantu abancinci abazibandakanye ngokuzithandela 'ekuvezeni ezesondo' kwi-intanethi kunokwenzeka ukuba bobabini bafumane kwaye benze i-intanethi.

Iziphumo ezisemgangathweni ezichazwe kuphononongo ezine zacebisa ukuba amantombazana abandakanyeka nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni angafumana unyango olubi ngakumbi kunamakhwenkwe, kwaye banokufumana isigwebo esikhulu kunye neziphumo eziqinisekileyo, ukuba imifanekiso iba esidlangalaleni ngenxa yokwabelana ngokungavumelaniyo [25,26,27,28]. Isifundo esinye sobungakanani sivavanywe ngu-Cooper et al. [25] ifumanise ukuba amakhwenkwe, ngakumbi, anokuba nakho ukuxhatshazwa okanye abe ngamaxhoba okungabelani ngemifanekiso. Zombini Cooper et al. [25] kunye noHandschuh et al. [30] uxele ukuba abantu basetyhini babekhathazwa zizicelo zokuthumela imiyalezo engamanyala kunamadoda.

Impilo yengqondo kunye nokuba sempilweni

Izifundo ezizodwa ezichazwe nguKoletić [23] noPeter noValkenburg [22] idibanise ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokwanda kokujonga umzimba kumakhwenkwe. Ukongeza, uHorvath et al. [21] noPeter noValkenburg [22] kubandakanya izifundo ezisemgangathweni ezifumanise ukuba abafazi abancinci, ngakumbi, bakholelwa ekubeni iphonografi ibonisa umzimba ongafikelelekiyo wabasetyhini, kwaye baziva bengathandeki xa kuthelekiswa. Bakwachaze ukuba baziva benyanzelekile yimiyalezo enxulumene nomfanekiso womzimba ogqithisiweyo. Horvath okqhubekayo. [21] uxele ubungqina obungahambelaniyo bomanyano phakathi kwamanyala kunye noxinzelelo: ukubonakaliswa koononografi kwakuhambelana nokudakumba kwizifundo ezibini, kodwa owesithathu akafumananga unxibelelwano phakathi kokufikelela kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye noxinzelelo okanye isizungu. Koletić [23] uxele iziphumo ezivela kufundo olude olufumene uxinzelelo kwisiseko lwalunxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kweefografi ngabakwishumi elivisayo kwiinyanga ezi-6 kamva.

Uphengululo oluthathu luchaze ubungqina obungahambelaniyo kunxibelelwano phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo enempilo kunye nempilo yengqondo [24, 25, 28]. Olunye uphononongo lubandakanywe nguBarrense-Dias et al. [28] ichonge umanyano phakathi 'kobunzima bengqondo' kunye nokwanda kokufumana isini kunye 'nokwenzakaliswa' ngabo. Zonke ezi zinto zintathu ziphononongweyo zichaze ubungqina bobudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo, okanye iimpawu zoxinzelelo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni. Kwisifundo esinye esifakwe bobabini uVan Ouytsel et al. [24] kunye no-Cooper et al. [25], umbutho waxelwa phakathi kokuzibandakanya nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuziva ulusizi okanye ungenathemba ngaphezulu kweeveki ezimbini kunyaka ophelileyo. Umbutho wachongwa kwakhona phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo yemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokucinga okanye ukuzama ukuzibulala kunyaka ophelileyo. Kwisifundo esinye esivavanywe nguBarrense-Dias et al. [28], Umbutho woxinzelelo wachongwa kuphela kubafazi abancinci. Olunye uphononongo oluchazwe kuphononongo ezintathu alufumananga budlelwane phakathi kokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni kunye noxinzelelo, okanye ukuthumela imiyalezo kunye noxinzelelo [24, 25, 28].

Kuvavanyo olunye lwabasebenzisi be-intanethi abali-1,560 ababandakanyiwe kuphononongo ezintathu, isihlanu sabaphenduli abathumele umyalezo ngefowuni babika isiphumo esibi ngokweemvakalelo (ukuziva ukuba bacaphuke kakhulu okanye banomsindo kakhulu, baneentloni okanye bayoyika) [24, 25, 28]. Ikwasekwe kwiziphumo zophando olunye, uBarrense-Dias et al. [28] Ucebise ukuba amantombazana kunye nabakwishumi elivisayo abancinci banamathuba okuxela ukukhathazeka okanye ukwenzakala ngenxa yokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni.

ubudlelwane

Uphengululo oluthathu luchonge izinto ezilungileyo zokuthumela imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala ngamanyala malunga nobudlelwane nabantu abancinci kulutsha [25,26,27]. Umzekelo, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala ngefowuni kuye kwachazwa lolunye ulutsha njengesixhobo esifanelekileyo sokudlala ngothando nangokwenza amalinge, kunye nenye indlela ekhuselekileyo yokulala nomntu okwenyani. Ukuthumela imiyalezo nge-SMS kuye kwanceda ekulondolozeni ubudlelwane obukude.

Iziphumo ezivela kuvavanyo lwe-11 zadityaniswa ukuze zibonelele ngesishwankathelo kunye novavanyo lobungqina obukhoyo ngokunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwabantu abancinci kwi-ponografi kunye nokuzibandakanya ekuthumeleni imiyalezo, kunye neenkolelo zabo, izimo zengqondo, indlela abaziphethe ngayo kunye nokuba sempilweni. Izifundo kuzo zombini iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni zihlala zenziwe ngaphakathi 'kweziphumo ezibi' zeparadigm, ethatha indlela yokuziphatha ethile yesondo ebonisa umngcipheko okanye ukwenzakala [33]. Kule paradigm, ukubhencwa kwimithombo yeendaba ezingamanyala ngokwesini kuthathwa njengokukhuthaza ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni 'okuyingozi' [33, 34].

Le RoR ichonge umanyano phakathi kokubini ukusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuziphatha okuthile ngokwesondo. Ezinye zezi ndlela zokuziphatha, ezinjengokuzibandakanya kwisini esingaqhelekanga, ukwabelana ngesondo ezimpundwini okanye ukuba nenani eliphezulu lamaqabane, kwiimeko ezithile zinokuba nemingcipheko ethile, kodwa akukho nanye kuzo, okanye enesimo sengqondo esivumelekileyo sesini, ngokwazo ziyingozi.33, 35].

Ubungqina bomanyano phakathi kokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala, ngokukodwa, bekuhlala kungahambelani kuphononongo nakwizifundo kwizifundo. Iziphumo ezingahambelaniyo ziye zaxelwa kubudlelwane phakathi kokubukela iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni kunye nempilo yengqondo, kunye naphakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neenkolelo zesini ezibonisa ukungakhathali. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nobundlongondlongo bubonakala buntsokothileyo kunye nezifundo ezithile ezibonisa ukuba unxibelelwano kuphela kunye nemithombo ethile yamanyala, umxholo othile wephonografi okanye abafana abancinci abathanda ubundlongondlongo.

Imiba yendlela

Ukuphononongwa komgangatho kwahluka kwaye uninzi lunezithintelo eziphambili, kodwa zonke ezilishumi elinanye zithathwa njengezikwimigangatho eyoneleyo. Ngokukodwa, uphononongo lukaHorvath et al. [21] kunye no-Cooper et al. [25] kungabandakanywa ubungqina obuvela kwinani elingaziwayo leempapasho ezingezizo ezobugcisa. Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki malunga nemithombo yobungqina ethiwe thaca kwezi ngxelo zimbini, iziphumo zabo kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo.

Eminye imiba ephambili yendlela ichongiwe kunye nokuphononongwa kunye nezifundo eziphambili ezibandakanyiweyo kuzo. Ngokubalulekileyo, uninzi lobungqina bamanyala kunye nokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala ngefowuni buthathwe kwizifundo zokujonga kusetyenziswa uyilo olunamacandelo ahlukeneyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza izigqibo malunga nokuba imibutho exeliweyo isisiphumo okanye unobangela wokubukela iphonografi okanye ukuzibandakanya nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni. Umzekelo, kunokuba yimeko yokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala ekhuthaza abantu abancinci ukuba babelane ngesondo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uKosenko et al. [29] Ucacisile, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni ngumsebenzi owenziwa ngabantu abasele besabelana ngesondo, kwaye kuyafana nangokujonga iphonografi. Kwangokunjalo, abantu esele benesimo sengqondo sokuyekelela ngakumbi kunye neenkolelo ezibonisa isini banokuba nomtsalane ngakumbi kwimifanekiso engamanyala.

Ukuphonononga ababhali bachaze ubume obunqamlezileyo bobungqina njengesithintelo esibalulekileyo, kwaye uphando oluthe kratya olude lwacetyiswa ukuba kuphuculwe ukuqonda kobudlelwane bexeshana phakathi koonografi okanye ukuthumela imiyalezo ngesondo kunye noluhlu lweziphumo. UPeter noValkenburg [22] sigxininise isidingo sokubandakanya uluhlu lwezinto ezinokubakho ezinokubakho kulawulo kuhlalutyo lweenkcukacha zobude ukunciphisa amathuba okubhidana kunye nokufumana imibutho enobuxoki. Ngokubalulekileyo, aba babhali baphinde babalaselisa inyani yokuba ngelixa izifundo ezimalunga nobude ngokubanzi zinobungqongqo bendlela enkulu kunoyilo olunamacandelo ahlukeneyo, zisahambelana nendalo kwaye azibonisi ukubakho.

Ngenxa yobukho bemibutho enobuhlobo ngenxa yokudideka, iziphumo kwizifundo esele zikho kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo. UPeter noValkenburg [22] ibonakalise ukwahluka okubanzi kwindlela abaphandi abazame ngayo ukuzihlengahlengisa ukuze badideke kwizifundo esele zikho, abanye belawula kuphela inani eliqingqiweyo lezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinje ngabantu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iingqikelelo zokuziphatha ezichongiweyo kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka zinokuthi zingalawulwa ngexesha lohlalutyo, elinciphisa inqanaba lokuzithemba elinokubekwa kwiziphumo.

Ubungqina bucebisa ukuba ingqwalaselo eyoneleyo inikwe imeko yomxholo kwizifundo ezinobungakanani malunga nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nabantu abancinci. Umzekelo, akukho zifundo ziphononongwe nguVan Ouytsel et al. [24] waye wahlula phakathi kwemixholo eyahlukeneyo apho ukuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso yamanyala ngefowuni kunokwenzeka, kwaye oku kwaqondwa njengesithintelo. Iziphumo ezinxulumene nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni zinokuphembelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo zomxholo kubandakanya imeko yobudlelwane yabantu ababandakanyekayo kunye neenjongo zabo zokuthumela imiyalezo. UVan Ouytsel et al. Ucebise ukuba eminye yemibutho exeliweyo phakathi kwe-sexting kunye nokuziphatha ayinakubambeka inyani emva kolawulo lomxholo apho kwenzeka khona ukuthumela imiyalezo.

Izifundo ezifanayo zichaze iziphumo ezingahambelaniyo kubudlelwane phakathi koononografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye neziphumo ezininzi zomdla. Ukungangqinelani kunokwenzeka ukuba kunxulumene, ubuncinci kwinxalenye, kwi-heterogeneity kwindlela olwenziwe ngayo uphando lwangaphambili. Ngokukodwa, kwabakho umahluko ophawuliweyo kwingqikelelo kunye nenkcazo yokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nemifanekiso engamanyala. Umzekelo, uphononongo lokuthumela imiyalezo yeefowuni [[28,29,30,31] uxele ukuba izifundo zahlukile nokuba kugxilwe kumyalezo othunyelweyo, ofunyenweyo okanye zombini. Umahluko waphawulwa kwiindidi zemiyalezo efundwayo, (njengomfanekiso kuphela, isicatshulwa kunye nemifanekiso okanye ividiyo), nakwigama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza umxholo womyalezo, ngokwemigaqo evulekileyo kutoliko lomntu ngamnye. Umzekelo, amagama aquka 'isini', 'ezesondo' 'ngokucacileyo ngokwesondo', 'ukucebisa', 'inkanuko', 'inkanuko' 'phantse unganxibanga' okanye 'unganxibanga'. Ngokufanayo, iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo kunye nesigama zisetyenzisiwe kwizifundo zoononografi, umzekelo 'izinto ezilinganiswe nge-X'; 'imithombo yeendaba ecacisa ngesondo'; kunye 'nemithombo yeendaba ezesondo' [23]. Umahluko onjalo ubonwa ubonakalisa umahluko phakathi kwezifundo ekucingeni iphonografi kunye nomxholo othile womdla. Ukuphonononga ababhali baqaqambisa ukusilela kwezinye izifundo ukubonelela ngenkcazo okanye inkcazo yamagama aphambili. Umahluko wafunyanwa nakwezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngeminyaka yobudala, iziphumo ezithile ezifundiweyo, umlinganiso wesiphumo kunye namaxesha okukhumbula isimilo (umz. Njalo, kunyaka ophelileyo okanye kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo). Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zinto zenza uthelekiso phakathi kweziphumo zophando, kunye nokuvavanywa kwesiseko sobungqina, kunzima kakhulu.

Ingxaki ye-heterogeneity yaqaqanjiswa kuphononongo ezintathu kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lweemeta. Ababukeli uSmith et al. [31] Uqikelelo oluhlanganisiweyo aluzange lubalwe kumanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye neendlela ngeendlela zokwabelana ngesondo ngenxa yobuninzi be-heterogeneity. Ukongeza, bobabini uKosenko et al. [29] kunye noHandschuh et al. [30] baxela amanqanaba amakhulu okwahlukahlukana kuhlalutyo lwabo oluhlanganisiweyo. Handschuh okqhubekayo. [30] uxele uhlalutyo lweemeta ezininzi ezinxulumene nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo yesondo: Iziphumo zaxelwa kubo bonke abantwana abakwishumi elivisayo abadibeneyo, emva koko kwabesilisa nabasetyhini ngokwahlukeneyo. Uhlalutyo luveze ukungafani kobuntu ukuba bube bukhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe ngamathuba kuphela, nge I² kuqikelelwa kwi-65% yabo bonke abantwana abafikisayo. Amaxabiso e- I² ye-50% kunye ne-75% ithathwa njengemele ukumodareyitha kunye nokuphakama kobungqingqwa ngokulandelelana [36]. Xa kwahlaziywa ngesondo, amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu e-heterogeneity afunyanwa: I² = 86.4% yamadoda kunye I² = 95.8% yabasetyhini. Uhlalutyo lwamaqelana lwenziwa, kodwa alwazanga ukuchaza ukungafani. UKosenko et al. [29] ikwaxele uhlalutyo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesondo kunye nokuthumelelana imiyalezo yemifanekiso engamanyala apho ubu-heterogeneity babalwa khona I² = 98.5% (imisebenzi yesondo ngokubanzi); I² = 87.5% (isini esingakhuselekanga) kunye I² = 42.7% (inani lamaqabane ezesondo). Ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu e-heterogeneity afunyenweyo, iziphumo kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo.

Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kuvavanywe ubungakanani bokungaphaya kokufunda kuphononongo lwazo zonke iziphumo ezixeliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko bekulindelwe, sifumanise ukuba kwezinye iziphumo bekukho ukugqabhuka okukhulu kwizifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kuphononongo nakuhlalutyo lwe-meta. Oku kubandakanya ukugqobhoza kwizifundo ezinika ingxelo kumanyano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neenkolelo zesini, izimo zengqondo kunye nomsebenzi kunye naphakathi kwemisebenzi yesondo kunye nokuzibandakanya nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni. Ukubandakanywa kwesifundo esinye okanye kwizifundo kuvavanyo oluninzi kunokunika isiqinisekiso sokuba uphononongo lomntu lwenziwe ngendlela engaguqukiyo kwaye iziphumo zabo zibonisa uncwadi olukhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bezifundo eziphambili ezigqithileyo kuphononongo kuthathelwa ingqalelo njengomba onokubakho weRoRs [16, 18]. Umzekelo, ukugqagqana kokufunda kunokuba ngumthombo wokhetho, xa izifundo ezithile, ngakumbi ezo zincinci okanye ezikumgangatho ophantsi, zimelwe ngokugqithisileyo ngokubandakanywa kuphononongo oluninzi [16]. Inokuthi ikhokelele kugqithiso lobungakanani kunye namandla esiseko sobungqina.

Ubungqina obuphambili kwizithuba kunye nophando lwexesha elizayo

Igama elithi iphonografi ligubungela uluhlu lwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwaye uhlobo lomxholo obukeleyo lunokubaluleka ngokubhekisele kwingozi ezinokwenzeka, njengoko kubonisiwe ziziphumo kubudlelwane phakathi kobundlobongela kunye noonografi (okt unxibelelwano nolwaphulo-mthetho lwachongwa kuphela xa kujongwa iphonografi ). Ngelixa olunye uphando lujolise kwimithombo ethile yemathiriyeli, enje ngephonografi ekwi-Intanethi, izifundo nabantu abancinci kubonakala ngathi baphathe ikakhulu iphonografi njengezinto ezihambelana nazo ngokomxholo. Njengoko abanye ababhali befumanise, kukho isidingo sophando oluthe kratya oluphanda ngokwahlukeneyo, okanye olwahlulahlula iimpembelelo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomxholo wamanyala [23].

Ngelixa kukho inkxalabo yokuba uninzi lwabantu abancinci lufikelela kwi-stylized, ihlazo okanye ubundlobongela obunobundlobongela, kukho ukungabikho kolwazi ngokubanzi kunye nokuqonda malunga nezinto ezingamanyala ezibukelwa ngabantu abancinci [21, 22]. Intetho yangoku isekwe ikakhulu kuluvo okanye intelekelelo malunga nokufikelela kulutsha [21]. Olunye uphando luyafuneka ukuphanda uhlobo lomxholo wephonografi ojongwe ngabantu abancinci kunokuba bathembele kwingqikelelo.

Ubungqina buchongiwe ukubonisa ukuba abantu abancinci abamkeli ngokungangqinelaniyo oko bakubonayo kwimifanekiso engamanyala. Umzekelo, uPeter noValkenburg [22] ibonise ukuba ngokomndilili ulutsha aluboni iphonografi njengomthombo wokwenene wolwazi ngesondo. Ngokufanayo, uHorvath et al. [21] uxele ubungqina bokuba ulutsha oluninzi luyabona ukuba iphonografi inokubonisa imiyalezo egqwethekileyo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo, ubudlelwane, amandla kunye neenjongo zomzimba. Iziphumo ezinjalo ziyahambelana nolunye uphando lweendaba, olubonisa ukuba abantu abancinci abayonto nje 'yokukhohlisa' okanye 'amaxhoba' emiyalezo yemidiya. Endaweni yokuba, abantu abancinci bafunyaniswe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekuthatheni inxaxheba kumajelo eendaba ahlukeneyo [37,38,39,40].

Ababhali abohlukeneyo kubandakanya u-Attwood [34] kunye noHorvath et al. [21] ibonakalise ukubaluleka kokuqhuba uphando ngakumbi kugxilwe kwiindlela abantu abancinci abajonga ngayo, baqonde kwaye bazibandakanye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zemithombo yeendaba. Olunye uphando olusemgangathweni olujonga izinto ezinefuthe kulutsha ekuboneni iphonografi, kunye nendlela abasabela ngayo, kunokuba luncedo kakhulu.

Ukuhanjiswa okungavunyelwanga ngokwesondo kwabonwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Iziphumo ezimbi ezinokubakho kumthumeli zixeliwe ukuba ngaba isini senziwe esidlangalaleni, esasibandakanya ukoyisa udumo, ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwi-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezo ziphumo azisosiphumo ngqo okanye esingenakuphepheka sokuthumela umyalezo nge-sext. Endaweni yoko zibangelwa kukungcatshwa kokuthenjwa kunye nokusukela ekuhlaselweni lixhoba kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini ngokwesini malunga nokuziphatha okwamkelekileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokuzimela, ngakumbi amantombazana [14, 41]. Izifundo ezifanelekileyo zibonisa ukuba ulwabelwano ngesondo aluchaphazeli ikakhulu kumantombazana, kodwa oku akuxhaswanga yidatha ekhoyo. Uhlalutyo lweemeta oluqhutywa nguMadigan et al. [42] akafumananga unxibelelwano phakathi kwesini / isini kunye nokuxhaphaka kokuthunyelwa kwamanyala ngamanyala ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukuhambisa imiyalezo engavumiyo. Ababhali balumkisile ukuba uhlalutyo lweemeta ekwabelaneni ngesondo ngokungekho mthethweni lwalusekwe kwiisampulu ezincinci kwaye bacebisa uphando olongezelelekileyo lokuvavanya ukwanda. Ukongeza kwizifundo ezongezelelekileyo, ukuhanjiswa okungavunyelwanga ngokwesondo ngabantu abancinci kuqinisekisa uviwo oluthile olunzulu ngakumbi kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifanelekileyo. Uphando olujolise ekwaziseni izicwangciso zokuthintela ukungabelani ngesondo ngokungabalulekanga kunokuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ababhali abaninzi bokuphononongwa bachonga ukunqongophala kophando kwimpembelelo yesazisi sentlalo enje ngobuhlanga, inkanuko yesini okanye ukukhubazeka kwiziphumo. Esi sisithuba esibalulekileyo kulwazi, ngakumbi njengoko idatha yokuxhaphaka echaziweyo iphakamisa ukuba ukuzibandakanya nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye / okanye iphonografi kunokuba phezulu kubantu be-LGBT nakwabo bavela kumaqela amancinci [22, 25, 28, 43]. Ngokukodwa, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba abantu abancinci be-LBGT basebenzisa iphonografi njengomthombo ophambili wolwazi malunga nokwabelana ngesondo, kunye nokuphonononga ubuni babo kunye nokwazisa ukulungela kwabo ukuzibandakanya kwimicimbi yesondo [21, 22, 33, 44]. Uphando olwamkela umbono wokudibana luya kuba luncedo ekuqondeni iimpembelelo ezidibeneyo zezazisi zentlalo kwiziphumo zomdla.

Isiseko sangoku sobungqina asinantlukwano ngokwendawo, uninzi lweziphumo ezivela kwizifundo ezenziwa kwinani elincinci lamazwe kuphela. Ubungakanani bokufunyanwa ngokubanzi kumazwe onke akucaci. Olunye uphononongo luchonge ubungakanani ilizwe elinenkcubeko yenkululeko njengeyona nto ichonga ubukho, okanye ubungakanani, bokungafani kwesini ekusebenziseni iphonografi [22]. Inkcubeko kunye neminye imicimbi yelizwe ekhethekileyo inokuba nefuthe kubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye neenkolelo, izimo zengqondo, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuba sempilweni. Umzekelo, ukufikelela kwizifundo ezibanzi, ezifanelekileyo nezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nemfundo yobudlelwane.

Ngelixa ezinye zezinto ezintle kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuzibandakanya nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni zichongiwe, ugxininiso oluphambili lwezifundo ezichazwe kuphononongo, lwaluneziphumo ezinokubakho ezimbi, okanye iziphumo ezazenziwe ngababhali bokuphononongwa njengezimbi. Isidingo sophando lobuninzi sokwamkela umbono obanzi kwaye sivavanye izinto ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala kubantu abancinci kwagqitywa kuphononongo lukaPeter noValkenburg [22] kunye noKoletić [23].

Imida

Siqhube le RoR sisebenzisa iindlela ezingqinelanayo nemigaqo ephambili echazwe kwisikhokelo esipapashiweyo, umzekelo uPollock et al. Ngo-2016 [45] kunye no-2020 [46]. Le RoR inikwe umda kukugxila okuthile okwamkelweyo kuvavanyo lomntu ngamnye, kunye nomgangatho wokunika ingxelo kwizifundo ezisisiseko kunye neziphumo zabo ngababhali bovavanyo. Ezinye iziphumo zinokuthi zishiywe, zichazwe ngokukhethekileyo okanye zichazwe ngokungachanekanga. Zombini ezi zinto zisebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngefowuni zizinto ezinobuzaza kwaye ngenxa yoko ukuxelwa kweendlela zokuziphatha kunokuba nefuthe ekuthandeni abantu. Phantse lonke uphononongo lubandakanya kuphela izifundo ezipapashwe kwiijenali ezijongwe ngoontanga kwaye zabhalwa ngesiNgesi, ezinokuthi zibe ngumthombo wokhetho.

Iqela elinomdla kule RoR yayingabantwana kunye nabantu abancinci ukuya ebudaleni, kodwa uphononongo oluninzi lubandakanya izifundo ezazinomda wobudala obungaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi elinethoba. Ukongeza, uphononongo olwenziwe nguKosenko et al. [29] kunye nababukeli uSmith et al. [31] kubandakanya okungenani izifundo ezintathu nabantu abaneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu kuphela. Uluhlu olubanzi lobudala bezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kolunye uphononongo, kunye nenyaniso yokuba idatha kwizifundo ezininzi yathathwa kubantu abaneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu kuphela, ngenxa yoko banokubakho umda kwimeko yokuvavanya amava abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abancinci.

Sichonge uphononongo olupapashiweyo ukuya ekuqaleni kwekwindla i-2018, kodwa iziphumo eziqinisekisiweyo zazisekwe kwidatha efunyenwe kwizifundo zaseprayimari zangaphambili. Ukuphonononga ababhali abakhange bakhangele ngaphaya kwe-2017 kwizifundo ezisisiseko zokuthumela imiyalezo yemifanekiso kunye no-2015 kwabo bakwamanyala. Ke, idatha epapashwe kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu edlulileyo ayimelwe kule RoR. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubekho uphononongo olupapashwe ukusukela nge2018 ekusebenziseni iphonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nabantu abancinci. Nangona kunjalo, akunakulindeleka ukuba naluphi na uphononongo olufanelekileyo olupapashwe kwelo xesha lifutshane belinokutshintsha kakhulu iziphumo zethu kunye novavanyo lwesiseko sobungqina.

Sisebenzise iikhrayitheriya ze-DARE eziguqulweyo ukuxabisa ngokunzulu ukuphononongwa kubandakanya oku kwaye kwamkelwa njengomda osikelwe umda. Iikhrayitheriya ze-DARE zazingayilwanga ekuqaleni njengesixhobo sovavanyo olusemgangathweni kwaye azange ziqinisekiselwe umsebenzi. Ngelixa iikhrayitheriya zijolise kwinani elincinci leempawu, abavavanyi babenakho ukongeza iikhrayitheriya xa besenza uvavanyo ngokurekhoda nakuphi na ukuqaphela okubalulekileyo ngokubhekisele kwimicimbi yendlela okanye imithombo yokukhetha. Sihlanganisile oku kuqatshelweyo kwiziphumo zenkqubo yovavanyo.

Ubungqina buchongiwe budibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala kunye nokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso engamanyala phakathi kwabantu abancinci kwiinkolelo ezithile, izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina babusoloko bungahambelani kwaye uninzi lwazo luvela kwizifundo ezinamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ethintela ukusekwa kobudlelwane obunobangela. Isiseko sangoku sobungqina sikwanqunyelwe kweminye imiba yendlela ehambelana nezifundo ezisisiseko kunye nokuphononongwa kwezi zifundo, kunye nezikhewu eziphambili kuncwadi, ezenza ukuba kube nzima ukufikelela kwizigqibo.

Kwixesha elizayo, ukusetyenziswa kwezifundo ezinobunkunkqele kunye nobungqongqo obunokubakho kunokunceda ekucaciseni ubudlelwane obunomdla. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba olo phando akunakulindeleka ukuba lubenakho ukufumanisa okanye ukwahlula ngokuqinisekileyo 'isiphumo' sephonografi kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo nemifanekiso yabantu abatsha. Izifundo ezifanelekileyo ezinika ubunzima kumazwi abantu abancinci ngokwabo banendima ebalulekileyo ekufuneka bayidlalile ekufumaneni ukuqonda okubanzi kunye nokuqonda okungalunganga kobudlelwane babo nemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemifanekiso engamanyala.

Ayingeni.

1. 1.

   https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/searchstrategies.asp Inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo encinci yecebo lokucoca lasetyenziselwa le RoR.

2. 2.

   Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphononongo lukaHandschuh et al. Okubandakanyiweyo kwingxelo eya kwi-DHSC bekusekwe kwinkomfa engabonakaliyo epapashwe ngo-2018. Iziphumo ezixeliweyo kwiphepha langoku zisekwe kwinqaku elipheleleyo lababhali abapapashiweyo kuphononongo lwabo kwi2019.

NDIYABONA:

Ixesha lokuzithemba

I-DHSC:

ISebe lezeMpilo kunye neNtlalontle

I-LGBT:

I-Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender

OKANYE:

Uhlobo lwamazinga

RoR:

Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwezimvo