I-Media Media kunye neNtlalo-ntle kunye neMpilo (2017)

I-2017 Nov; 140 (Suppl 2): S162-S166. i-Doi: 10.1542 / peds.2016-1758X.

I-Collins RL1, IStrasburger VC2, Brown JD3, UDonnerstein E4, I-Lenhart A5, Iwadi ye-LM6.

Abstract

Umxholo wesondo uxhaphake kakhulu kwimithombo yeendaba zemveli, kwaye ukubonakaliswa kunqabile ukubonisa uxanduva kunye nomngcipheko (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwekhondom, ukukhulelwa) okunxulunyaniswa nokwabelana ngesondo. Ukubonakaliswa kwesi siqulatho kunxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwisimo sengqondo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kunye nesini, ukuqhubela phambili kwinto yesondo, ukukhulelwa kunye nosulelo olosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo phakathi kolutsha. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi oluncinci luyafumaneka malunga neemodareyitha kunye nabalamli beziphumo. Sazi okuncinci malunga nemidiya yedijithali, umxholo wabo onxulumene nokwabelana ngesondo, kunye nefuthe labo elinokubakho kulutsha. Idatha evela kwizifundo ezimbalwa zolutsha oludala ibonisa ukuba ukuboniswa ngokwesondo kwiindawo zosasazo zasekuhlaleni zinxulumene neenkolelo ezinengxaki kunye nokuziphatha phakathi kwabo bathumela lo mxholo naphakathi kwababukeli. Imifanekiso engamanyala ekwi-Intanethi ibonakala iyingxaki kulutsha kunakwimithombo ye-intanethi. Ngenxa yobuninzi kunye nokwanda kwexesha elichithwa lulutsha kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuvuleka kwabo kuphuhliso lokuchaphazela, uphando oluthe kratya kwimithombo yeendaba zesini yedijithali iyafuneka. Abo benza lo msebenzi kufuneka bachonge iziphumo ezinokubakho zokusetyenziswa kunye namathuba okuphucula impilo yesondo kulutsha ngokusebenzisa imidiya yedijithali. Izifundo ze-on-and-on-line media apho abaphandi bavavanya abaphulaphuli abancinci beendaba, bachonga iinkqubo ezichaza iziphumo zosasazo ngokwesini kwindlela yokuziphatha, kunye neemodareyitha zeziphumo ezifunekayo. Ezo zifundo zinokusetyenziselwa ukwazisa ngongenelelo ukunciphisa iziphumo ezibi kunye nokwandisa iziphumo ezilungileyo zosasazo. Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka bakhuthaze ukuphuculwa kongenelelo olunje, kubandakanya izixhobo zokunceda abazali ukuba babone kwaye balawule iimpembelelo ezimbi zosasazo kwimpilo-ntle yabantwana babo kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusasazwa kweenkqubo ezintsha zokufunda nokubhala ezinxulumene nempilo yesondo.

PMID: 29093054

DOI:I-10.1542 / peds.2016-1758X

State Current

Izinto ezininzi zinegalelo ekukhuleni kwesimo sengqondo sokwabelana ngesondo, iinkolelo, kunye nokuziphatha, kubandakanya nokukrexeza kwezesondo kwangoko. Inye yeendaba.

Imidiya yeMveli kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, iziPhumo, kunye neziPhumo

Umabonwakude, iimuvi, umculo kunye neemagazini zinomxholo omkhulu wesini kunye nengxoxo encinci yeemvakalelo, uxanduva, okanye umngcipheko onxulumene nomsebenzi wesondo (umzekelo, ukukhulelwa, usulelo ngesondo, ukulawula ukuzala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhondomu). Ukwabelana ngesondo kubonakaliswa ngamazwi nangezenzo, kunye nabalinganiswa abaxoxa ngesondo abaye banayo okanye bafuna ukuba nayo, iziqhulo ezingamampunge kunye nengxoxo engapheliyo, ingcebiso evela kwiimagazini malunga nobuchule “bokuqhubekisa iqabane lakho,” kunye neziqendu ezibonisa imisebenzi evela “ekwenziweni” ukuya kwisini. . Kwi-2005, ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu seenkqubo zikamabonwakude zazinomxholo wesondo, kodwa ukubonwa kukhuselekile ngesondo bekungaqhelekanga.1

Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zobungqina zinxibelelanisa ukwabelana ngesondo kwimidiya yendabuko ngokutshintsha kwesimo sengqondo, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye neziphumo. Kwizifundo ze-21, abaphandi basebenzise idatha ye-longitudinal ukufumana unxibelelwano olunokubangelwa kunye nesiphumo phakathi kokuvezwa komxholo wesondo kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kwangaphambili.2 Olona hlobo lufanelekileyo kunye nolunyanzelekileyo kumbono wezempilo yoluntu luvavanyo lwe-3 lwexesha elide kolutsha apho abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ulutsha olunokutya okunamajelo eendaba lwalunezixhobo ezikhulu zesini xa kwakusenziwa uphando ekuqaleni, kunokwenzeka ukuba luqalise ubudlelwane ngokulandela (1-2 kwiminyaka kamva ).3-5 Obu budlelwane bugcinwe emva kokwenza ingxelo ngenxa yeshumi elinanye lemiba enxibelelene neendlela zosasazo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ezinjengokuhlonela inkolo nokubeka iliso kubazali kwimisebenzi yabantwana babo kunye nalapho bahlala khona. Kwi-1 yezi zifundo, abaphandi bafumene ubudlelwane phakathi kokubhengeza umxholo wesondo kunye nokukhulelwa okulandelayo.6 Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo azicebisi kuphela ukuba imithombo yeendaba ikhuthaza ukusebenza ngokwesondo kodwa nokuba into ekhuthazwayo iyindawo yokwenyusa.

Uninzi lwabaphandi bakubhale phantsi ukunxibelelana phakathi kokuchazwa kweendaba zesini kunye nezimo zengqondo kunye neenkolelo. Kuphononongo olubanzi lwezifundo ze32, uWadi7 Iqukumbele into yokuba ukusetyenziswa kweendaba zosondo kuyayamaniswa nokwamkelwa okuphezulu kwesini kunye nokuqonda ukuba isini esihlala sisenzeka okanye esixhaphakileyo. Kwesinye isifundo,8 Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukutya okusasazo kuphezulu kumxholo okwabelana ngesondo kuxela ukukhuseleka kwabaselula kwisini esisebenzayo, iziphumo ezilindelekileyo ezinxulumene nesondo, kunye nemikhwa eyaziwayo yoontanga. Kwelinye icala, kubonakala ngathi imidiya yezesondo inokuphakamisa iinkolelo zesini kunye nesimo sakho sengqondo. Ulutsha oluxele ukuba lubone umabonakude exubusha ngokusebenza kweekhondomu batshintsha iinkolelo zabo malunga nokuba iikhondomu zihlala zithintela ukukhulelwa.9 Kwisifundo esongezelelweyo, abaphandi babele abafundi beekholeji ukuba babukele iziqendu zikamabonwakude ezibandakanya ukuboniswa kwetyala okanye ukuzisola ngomsebenzi wesondo okanye iziqendu ezifanayo ngaphandle kwezi ziphumo. Ababukeli beziphumo ezibi baxele iimbono ezingathandekiyo ngesini sangaphambi komtshato.10 Abaphandi abaqhuba ungenelelo bagcinise imali kwiimpembelelo ezinje njengendlela yokuphucula indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo enxulumene nempilo yoluntu.

Imidiya yeMveli, amaNqaku amaSondo eSini, kunye neZizathu zesini

Amajelo osasazo nawo abonakala ephembelela ulutsha "imibhalo yesondo," okanye ukwabelana ngeenkolelo zenqanaba loluntu malunga nendlela abantu ekufuneka benze ngayo kwiimeko zesondo. Ezi skripthi zibalulekile ngokwazo kwaye zinokuba nefuthe kwimpilo yezesondo, ulonwabo, ukuthatha umngcipheko kunye nokungasebenzi. Ngaphakathi kumajelo osasazo aseMelika aseMelika, umbhalo oxhaphakileyo ngokwesini ulindele ukuba amadoda alandele ubudlelwane bezesondo, abeke phambili ulwabelwano ngesondo kunye nolonwabo ngaphezulu kwemvakalelo, aphathe abantu basetyhini njengezinto zesini, kwaye ayale iimvakalelo zesini esifanayo okanye isimilo "sobufazi". Abasetyhini kulindeleke ukuba babeke imida yesini, benze ngokwesondo, basebenzise imizimba yabo kwaye bajonge ukutsala amadoda, babeke imvakalelo kunye nokuzibophelela malunga nokwabelana ngesondo, kunye nokunciphisa umnqweno wabo.11 Ukuveza rhoqo imithombo yeendaba zemveli kunxulunyaniswa nenkxaso yezi mbono kunye neembono ezigwenxa ngabafazi.7

Ukuboniswa kwabasetyhini ngokubonakalayo ngokwesondo kubonakaliswa kwi-52% yezentengiso zeemagazini, i-59% yevidiyo yomculo, kunye ne-32% yeengoma zomculo zegcisa lesilisa.7 Izifundo ezingaphezu kwe-100 zivelise amakhonkco phakathi kokuvezwa kolutsha kumxholo wokujonga kunye nokuzithemba kwabo basetyhini okanye ukuzithemba.7 Abo bavezwe ekubonakaliseni okubonakalayo bayanyamezelana okanye bavumelane nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, inkolelo zesini zomtshato, intsomi yodlwengulo, iintsomi zokuphathwa gadalala ngokwesini, kunye nobundlobongela phakathi kwabantu ababandakanyekayo ngaphandle kokuchazwa kwaye banamava okungoneliseki komzimba, ukubonakala kwenkxalabo, kunye neenkolelo zokutya ezingalunganga.7

Amashumi amabini anesixhenxe eepesenti kwimidlalo yevidiyo eye yabekwa Teen kwimidlalo yezesondo.12 Ukuvezwa kwalo mxholo kunxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kokungavani kwezesondo, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, kunye nokuzama okanye ukugqiba udlwengulo phakathi kolutsha lwe14 ukuya kwi-21.13

Abafazi babelwe ngokungaphantsi kwimidlalo yevidiyo, kwaye xa bekho, banomdla ngakumbi kunamadoda ukuba aboniswe ngembonakalo yesini okanye ngesinxibo esibonisa isini.7 Abantu abatyhilelwe abasetyhini ababelana ngesondo kwimidlalo yevidiyo bavuma ukwamkelwa okukhulu kwiintsomi zodlwengulo kunye nokunyamezelwa ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunabanye.7 Ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo njengomntu obhinqileyo owabelana ngesondo kubonakala kuphumela kukusebenza okuncinci kunye nokuziphatha okungathandekiyo kwisakhono sokuqonda kwabasetyhini.14

Imidiya yeNtlalontle: Umthombo omtsha weMxholo weSondo kunye nobuDlelwane

Xa sithelekisa imidiya yezokwabelana ngesondo, sazi okuncinci malunga nemithombo yeendaba zentlalo, imixholo enxulumene nezesondo, nendlela abanokuthi babe nefuthe ngayo kulutsha.2 I-Facebook ihlala iyeyona iqonga losasazo laseburhulumenteni eUnited States, eline-71% yabakwishumi elivisayo abakwiminyaka ye-13 ukuya kwi-17 isebenzisa indawo.15 Ukusukela i-2012, ukusetyenziswa kweendaba zosasazo ngabantu abancinci kuphawulwe ngokuhlukahlukana kwamaqonga atyelelweyo, kunye nolutsha oluninzi lokudibana kwiqonga leziza ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa abazenza rhoqo, kubandakanya i-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-Snapchat, i-Twitter, nezinye, ezenza ukuphanda ngefuthe lesiza sokunxibelelana kwezentlalo ukuba nzima kangakanani.16

Abaphandi baqala ngoku ukuphonononga ukuba ingaba olunye lolu phando lukhankanywe apha ngasentla lubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokuchaphazeleka kwimidiya yezesondo kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwezesondo ngokubanzi malunga nokusebenzisa kwabaselula kwisini seendaba zosasazo. Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukuziveza ngokwakho okunxulumene nesini kwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha komngcipheko wesini ngaphandle komgca (kubandakanya nokwabelana ngesondo nomntu ongatshatanga naye).17 Uphando lwamva nje olwenzelwe ulutsha lwaseDutch luveze ukuba ukubhencwa kukuzibonakalisa okwenziwe ngokuvakalayo kwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunye nokwabelana ngemifanekiso ekroliweyo okanye izixhobo ezenziwe bobabini zihambelana neenkolelo zolutsha ukuba kubalulekile ukuba "kuphume ngokwesondo" (ukugcwala, ukusendle, ukuhenda) , kunye nokunikeza imbonakalo yokuba umntu uyabelana ngesondo).18 Ababhali bophononongo olufanayo bafumanisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwezinto ezibonakala zinesondo ngokuziphatha ngokungazenzisiyo nokuzimisela ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okubi ngokwesini kuba kukonyusa uluvo olulungileyo loontanga ababandakanyeka kwezi ndlela zokuziphatha.18

Ukusetyenziswa kweendaba zosasazo kukwabonakala kunxulumene nokuzithemba, ukuhlazeka emzimbeni, kunye nokunciphisa ukuzithemba ngokwesondo.7 Olunye uphononongo lubonisa ukuba amajelo eendaba ezoluntu aphembelela ulutsha olubandakanyeka kubudlelwane bokungathandani okanye obunobundlobongela ngokuthandana “ngokuchaza kwakhona imida phakathi kwabathandanayo.” Imithombo yeendaba zentlalo zazisetyenziselwa ukubeka esweni okanye ukulawula iqabane, ukubetha ngogonyamelo neqabane, ukuthintela ukufikelela kulo kunye Ukunxibelelana kwakhona emva kwesiqephu esinobundlobongela okanye ukwahlukana.19

Nangona uninzi lwabaphandi abafunda amajelo ezesondo begxile kwiziphumo ezigwenxa zokusebenzisa amajelo eendaba, amandla akhethekileyo eendaba zentlalo ukufikelela kwinqanaba elikhulu labaselula ngolwazi lokuphucula impilo yezesondo aluzange luphulukane nemibutho enale njongo. Ababhali bophando lwakutsha nje bafumanise ukuba i-10% yabakwishumi elivisayo bafumana ulwazi oluninzi lwezempilo kwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunye ne-23% bafumana ubuncinci ukusuka kwimidiya yoluntu; I-18% iphande ngezifo ezosulela ngesondo kwi-intanethi.20

Ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo

Ukuthumelelana iifoto ngefowuni kubandakanya ukutshintshiselana ngomxholo wezesondo (okubhaliweyo okanye imifanekiso) ngeeselfowuni okanye kwi-Intanethi. Amanqanaba okuthumelelana iifoto phakathi kolutsha ayahluka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda, iisampulu zeempawu, kunye neenkcazo zekota.21 Kwisampulu ezimele kuzwelonke zolutsha, iqondo lokuthumela imifanekiso yesini ngokwakho yi-5% ukuya kwi-7%.22,23 Phantse i-7% ukuya kwi-15% ifumene i-sext.22,24 Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo nemiyalezo ethunyelweyo kunokuba yinto exhaphakileyo yokuhlola ngokwesini okwishumi elivisayo kunye nokuzivavanya.23 Ihlala iyinxalenye yolwalamano olukhoyo okanye olusakhulayo. Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo nemiyalezo ethunyelweyo kunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko othile Ngamanye amaxesha iyacinezelwa okanye inyanzelwe.25 Izesondo ngamanye amaxesha zidluliselwa kumntu wesithathu njengendlela yokuxhaphaza okanye yokuziphindezela.26 Abathumela ulutsha kwezesondo ngamanye amaxesha bayatshutshiswa phantsi kwemithetho yamanyala yabantwana.26 Okokugqibela, ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo engcolileyo kunxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha komngcipheko wokufikisa, kubandakanya isenzo sesondo, ukuthatha ingozi yokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi,23 Ukucebisa ngemfuneko yongenelelo lokunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nolutsha lokuthumela imiyalezo.

Imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi:

Itekhnoloji entsha yandise ukufikelela kolutsha kwimifanekiso engamanyala. Imifanekiso engamanyala ekhompyutheni yahlukile kwimifanekiso engamanyala edlulileyo ngeendlela ezithile ezigxekayo.27 Umxholo okwi-Intanethi uhlala "uvuliwe" kwaye uyaphatheka, uvumela ukufikelela nangaliphi na ixesha nakweyiphi na indawo. Inganxibelelana kwaye ibandakanyeke ngakumbi, ngoko kunokubakho ukwanda kokufunda kunye nexesha lokubonisa. Iindlela ezigqithisileyo zobundlobongela okanye ezesondo zixhaphake kakhulu kwi-Intanethi kunakwimithombo yeendaba eqhelekileyo.27 Uthatho-nxaxheba luyimfihlo kwaye alwaziwa, oluvumela abantwana nolutsha ukuba bakhangele izixhobo abangakhange bazikhangele kwimidiya yendabuko. Okokugqibela, ukubhengeza imithombo yeendaba kwi-Intanethi kunzima kakhulu kubazali ukuba babeke iliso kunokuvezwa kwemithombo yeendaba kwiindawo zemveli. Izifundo zikazwelonke nezamazwe aphesheya zibonisa ukuba ukuboniswa kumanyala ekhompyutheni kuxhaphakile phakathi kwabafana kwaye akuqhelekanga kumantombazana. Ngaphakathi e-United States, i-42% ye-10 ukuya kwi-17 abaneminyaka yobudala babone iphonografi kwi-Intanethi, nge27% besithi ngabom babukela izinto ezinjalo.27 Uvavanyo lwe-15 ukuya kwi-18 yeminyaka ubudala yafumana i-54% yamakhwenkwe kunye ne-17% yamantombazana avunyiweyo ukuba abukele ngenjongo.27

Uphando lwexesha elizayo

Izifundo apho abaphandi bajonga ababukeli abasasazi abancinci, ukugxila kwiinkqubo ezinokuthi zichaze imiba yezesondo ngesiphumo sokuziphatha, kwaye kujonge kwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo ziyafuneka.

Abaphandi kufuneka bachonge iimodareyitha ezinokuthenjwa ezinokuthi zisetyenziselwe ukuyila okanye ukujolisa kungenelelo, kubandakanya neempawu zolutsha ezinje ngenqanaba lokukhula, ubuhlanga, kunye neempawu zomxholo wesondo. Bonke abasebenzisi beendaba abayi kusondela kwimixholo yemithombo yeendaba ngokwesondo kunye namandla afanayo okuqonda okanye umdla njengabanye. Izinto zophuhliso kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo kwaye zivavanywe njengeemodareyitha zempembelelo njengoko sivavanya ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba kunye nomxholo ochaphazela iinkolelo zesini kunye nokuziphatha kwabantwana nakwishumi elivisayo. Siyazi ukuba abantwana abancinci (<7-8 yeminyaka ubudala) banengxaki yokwahlula phakathi kwento eyenzekayo kwiscreen kunye nento enokwenzeka kubomi bokwenyani. Ukuthatha amandla okuqonda kunye nokuqwalaselwa kuya kubaluleka njengoko siqonda ngakumbi malunga nokuba abantwana bafunda njani malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kumajelo eendaba. Kwangokunjalo, ukukhula ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwasentlalweni kunye nokukhula kwengqondo kunokuchaphazela ubuchule kunye nokulungiswa komxholo wemithombo yeendaba zesondo,28 njengoko kunokuhlakulela ulwazi ngokwabelana ngesondo. Uphuhliso lobuchopho olungaphelelanga lugxotha ulutsha ukuba lubandakanye kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezinobungozi kwaye lunokuchaphazela indlela ekufunwa ngayo oko kwenziwa kwimithombo yeendaba zesini.

Ulutsha oluncinci lunokuchaphazeleka kancinci xa kuboniswa imithombo yeendaba.29 Ukufundwa okungakumbi kobuhlanga kunye nokwahluka ngokobuhlanga kunokunceda ekuchongeni iindlela zokukhuthaza ukumelana neempembelelo zeendaba ezimbi kulo lonke ulutsha.

Iimpembelelo kwimidiya kuphuhliso lwezesondo kunye nezempilo zinokuthi zibe zezakhayo, kwaye uphando ngakumbi luyafuneka ekuchongeni (i-1) iindlela zokutsala ulutsha (kunye nokufumana ulutsha ukudala) umxholo kunye (2) yezinto ezibonisiweyo ezinciphisa umngcipheko okanye ukuphucula impilo kunye intlalontle.

Kubalulekile ukuba ababhali bezifundo zexesha elizayo balinganise inkxalabo malunga nokuqinisekiswa kwendalo kunye nokuxhalatyiswa, mhlawumbi ngokusebenzisa iindlela ngeendlela (umzekelo, zombini ulingo lwelabhoratri kunye nophando olunqamlezayo) okanye basebenzise uyilo olubandakanya le bhalansi ngokwemvelo (umz. , uvavanyo lwendalo, uvavanyo-lokuvavanywa kokulinganiswa kweempendulo zomzuzwana ekuvezeni, okanye uphando olude lweesampuli zabameli).

izindululo

Iiklinikhi kunye nabaBoneleli

Iiklinikhi kufuneka zilandele iingcebiso kwiAmerican Academy of Pediatrics statement on sexourse, contracourse, and media.30

Abenzi bepolisi

Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka benze oku kulandelayo:

  • Fundisa abazali ngamandla eendaba ezesondo;

  • ukubonelela ngezixhobo zokunceda abazali babone ingxaki eyabelana ngesondo, ukubaxhobisa ukuba banciphise ukubonakalisa abantwana babo kunye nokudalwa komxholo, nokubanceda ukuba baxoxe ngempembelelo enokubakho nabantwana babo;

  • ukuqhuba intsebenziswano phakathi kwabavelisi beendaba okanye amaqonga kunye nabaphengululi beendaba okanye iingcali zempilo ukumisela ukuboniswa okuyingxaki nokwandisa imiyalezo ephilayo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokwabelana ngesondo;

  • ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwamanyathelo amatsha, ubungqina-zongenelelo olusekwe kubungqina oluthatha ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala ngakwigumbi lokufundela; kwaye

  • ukukhuthaza uphando apho kujongwa khona iintlobo ezintsha zeendaba zosasazo, kubandakanya imithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunye nefuthe labo kwimpilo-ntle yabaselula.

Abenzi bePolisi kunye nabaFundisi

Abenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nootitshala kufuneka benze oku kulandelayo:

  • Tyala imali ngokuqhubekeka kuphuhliso kunye nokusasazwa kwekharityhulamu yokufunda nokubhala kunye

  • yenza ingxoxo yemidiya yezesondo nefuthe layo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo yezempilo nezesondo ezikolweni.

Imihlathi

  • Yamkelwa ngo-Apreli 19, 2017.
  • Imbalelwano kwidilesi eya kuRebecca L. Collins, PhD, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA 90407. I-imeyile: [imeyile ikhuselwe]

  • UKUCHITHWA KWEMALI: Ababhali bavakalise ukuba abanabuhlobo bezemali obuhambelana neli nqaku ukuba baliveze.

  • UKU FUNDA: Esi songezo sikhethekileyo, “Bantwana, Bafikisayo, nakwizikrini: esikwaziyo noko sifuna ukuFunda,” senziwe senziwa ngenkxaso yemali yaBantwana kunye neeScreen: Iziko leDijithali leendaba kunye nophuhliso lwabantwana.

  • ISIQINISEKISO SOKUXHASA UKUFUNDA: Ababhali bavakalise ukuba abanazimpikiswano ezinokubakho ezichazayo.

Ucaphulo

  1. ↵
    1. Kunkel D,
    2. Eyal K,
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Jonga i-Abstract