Izimvo: Idatha ivela ku-2005. Yaqokelelwa ngodliwanondlebe ngomnxeba, endaweni yokuba ingaziwa. Ndiyabuza ukuba unyanisekile kwaye uvule umntwana uya kuba njani xa exoxa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-porn (kwaye ngaloo ndlela imikhwa yokuphulula amalungu esini) nomntu ongamaziyo kwifowuni- ngakumbi usebenzisa umgca wosapho wosapho.
imvelaphi
Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nabantwana iZiko loPhando, iYunivesithi yaseNew Hampshire, i10 West Edge uGqr, Durham, NH 03824, USA. [imeyile ikhuselwe]
Abstract
INJONGO:
Injongo yayikukuvavanya ubungakanani bokungafunekiyo kunye nokufuna ukuboniswa kwi-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi kunye nezinto ezinobungozi.
IINDLELA:
Uvavanyo lwefowuni lwesampulu yesizwe elimele ulutsha lwe1500 Abasebenzisi be-Intanethi abaneminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-17 yaqhutywa phakathi kukaMatshi noJuni 2005.
IINKCUKACHA:
Amashumi amane anesibini eepesenti ulutsha lwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abonakele kwimifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kunyaka odlulileyo. Kuzo, i-66% ichaze ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo. Uhlalutyo olunobunkunkqele bezinto ezisetyenziswayo lwasetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa ulutsha kunye nokuvezwa okungafunekiyo kuphela okanye nakuphi na ukubonakaliswa okufunwayo kunye nabo bangenakho ukubonakaliswa. Ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo kunxulumene nomsebenzi omnye we-Intanethi, okt usebenzisa iinkqubo zokwabelana ngefayile ukukhuphela imifanekiso. Ukucoca kunye nokuthintela isoftware kunciphise umngcipheko wokubhengeza okungafunekiyo, njengoko kuye kwabakho kwinkcazo yezokhuseleko kwi-Intanethi ngabezomthetho. Amanqanaba okuvezwa okungafunekiyo ayephezulu kulutsha, ulutsha oluxele ukuba luyangcungcuthekiswa okanye lucelwa ngokwesondo kwi-intanethi okanye ngabantu abaxhatshazwayo ngaphandle kweintanethi, kunye nolutsha olufumene amanqaku kumda womda okanye kuluhlu lwezonyango olubalulekileyo kuLuhlu lokuZiphatha lokuZiphatha koMntwana. Amanqanaba okuvezwa okufunwayo ayephezulu kulutsha, amakhwenkwe, kunye nolutsha ababesebenzisa iinkqubo zokwabelana ngefayile ukukhuphela imifanekiso, bathetha kwi-Intanethi kubantu abangaziwayo ngesondo, basebenzisa i-Intanethi kumakhaya abahlobo, okanye bafumana amanqaku kumda womda okanye kubungakanani bezonyango kuMntwana. Uluhlu lokuziphatha lokujonga ulwahlulo lokophula umthetho. Ukudakumba nako kunokuba ngumngcipheko kulutsha. Ulutsha olusebenzisa ukuhluza kunye nokuthintela isoftware babenamathuba amancinci okubhengeza okufunwayo.
IMISEBENZI:
Olunye uphando olunxulumene nefuthe elinokubakho lokubonisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi kulutsha lufanelekile, xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo imeko ephezulu yokuvezwa, into yokuba ukuvezwa okuninzi akufuneki, kunye nolutsha olunamaxhoba athile asengozini, njengokudakumba, ukuxhatshazwa phakathi kwabantu, kunye nokuthambekela kokungakhathali, ukubonwa ngakumbi.
Amagama abalulekileyo: Internet, izinto ezabelana ngesondo, iphonografi, abakwishumi elivisayo
Kubekho ixhala elikhulu malunga nobungozi obenokubakho kulutsha lokuba baveze imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi. Ezi zinto zixhalabisayo zibonakalisiwe ziziko lezonyango,1-4 Iingcali zengqondo,5-8 uluntu,9 Ingqungquthela,10,11 kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US.12,13 Xa sisonke sidibene kunye, ezi zinto zixela inkxalabo zibonisa ukuba kukho isivumelwano esibanzi sokuba ulutsha lufanele ukukhuselwa kwi-Intanethi.
Ukuphelisa le nkxalabo lulwazi lokuba ulutsha oluninzi luvezwa kwi-Intanethi.14-21 Olunye lwezi zinto ziboniswa ngokuzithandela. Kuphononongo lwe-2005, ababhali bafumanise ukuba i-13% yabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi i-10 ngokusebenzisa iminyaka eyi-17 yeminyaka batyelele iiWebhusayithi ezilinganiswe nge-X ngenjongo kunyaka odlulileyo.14 Nangona kunjalo, nangakumbi ulutsha (i-34%) bavezwa kwi-intanethi bengafuni nokuyibona, ngokuyintloko (ngolwandelo) amakhonkco kwiisayithi zephonografi ezavela ekuphenduleni okanye kwidilesi yeWebhu engaphendulwanga okanye amakhonkco ngaphakathi kwiWebhusayithi. , izibhengezo zentengiso, kunye ne-imeyile zogaxekile.14 Eli nqanaba lokuvezwa okungafunekiyo linokuba yinto entsha; Phambi kokuba kuphuhliswe i-Intanethi, zazimbalwa iindawo ulutsha oluhlala rhoqo apho banokuthi badibane khona rhoqo ngemifanekiso engamanyala. Nangona bukhona ubungqina bokuba uninzi lolutsha alukhathazeki ngokukodwa xa ludibana nabantu abangamanyala kwi-Intanethi,14,17 ukuboniswa okungafunekiyo kunokuba nempembelelo enkulu kulutsha ngakumbi kunokudibana ngokuzithandela kunye nemifanekiso engamanyala. Olunye ulutsha lunokuba ngokwengqondo nangophuhliso olungakulungelanga ukuboniswa okungafunekiyo, kwaye imifanekiso ekwi-intanethi isenokuba nemifanekiso ebukhali kwaye igqithe ngaphezulu kunokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala evela kweminye imithombo.9,14
Ukongeza kwiinkxalabo, ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo kwimifanekiso engamanyala kwi-intanethi kuye kwanda, ukunyuka ukuya kwi-34% yabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi kwi-2005 ukusuka kwi-25% kwi-1999 ukuya kwi-2000, kunye nokwanda phakathi kwawo onke amaqela eminyaka (i-10-17 iminyaka) kunye namakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana.22 Ngapha koko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwandise ngokukhawuleza ukusukela kwi-2000.23 Iipesenti ezingama-85 zolutsha i-12 ukuya kwi-17 yeminyaka ubudala isebenzisa i-Intanethi kwi-2005, xa kuthelekiswa ne-73% kwi-2000. La manani acebisa ukuba izigidi zolutsha olusebenzisa i-Intanethi ziveliswe imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi rhoqo ngonyaka.14 Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi malunga nokukhula komkhondo wokubhengeza imifanekiso engamanyala, ngokweminyaka yokuvezwa, kubafana namantombazana kuyasilela.
Kunikwe amandla itekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yokuhambisa imifanekiso24-28 kunye nentengiso ebukhali ye-intanethi ebonisa amanyala,9 kungenzeka ukuba ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo kube yingozi yendawo yokuhamba nge-intanethi, ngokunxulumana neendlela zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi apho ulutsha lubandakanyeka khona okanye iimpawu zedemokhrasi okanye zengqondo. Uhlalutyo lwethu lwedatha ukusuka kuvavanyo olufanayo olwenziwe kwi-1999 ukuya kwi-2000 safumanisa ukuba ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo kuhlobene neentlobo ezithile zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwaye inkulu phakathi kolutsha olunengxaki yoxinzelelo kunye namava obomi angalunganga.19 Nangona kunjalo, olo hlalutyo lubandakanyiwe, kwiqela elibonakalayo elingafunekiyo, umda wolutsha olwalunokufuna ukubonakala. Kuba ukuvezwa okufunwayo kunxulunyaniswa nobuNkovu, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, noxinzelelo,16 ukufuna ukubonwa wedwa bekungaba yinto ebubungqina bemibutho. Ukongeza, ezinye zeempawu zolutsha zokusebenzisa i-Intanethi zitshintshile kuvavanyo lwangaphambili,14 kwaye uphando lubonakalisile ukuba ulutsha oluthile luthambekele ekubeni neengxaki ze-Intanethi, njengokuhlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi kunye nokufumana izicelo zesondo ezingafunekiyo.29 Kananjalo, iinzame zamvanje zokuthintela ukuboniswa kumanyala akwi-Intanethi zinokuba zichaphazela iprofayili yolutsha olunayo le miboniso. Umzekelo, nge-2005, i-21% yabasebenzisi abatsha be-Intanethi bebeye kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko kwi-Intanethi ezaziqhutywa ziiarhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye ne-55% yeentsapho zabeka uhlobo oluthile lokucoca / lokuthintela isoftware ekhompyutheni umntwana wabo awayeqhele ukuyisebenzisa kwi-intanethi.14
Kolu phando, sisebenzise idatha evela kuPhononongo loKhuseleko loLutsha lwe-Intanethi yeSibini, uvavanyo lukazwelonke lwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi olwenziwe kwi2005, ukujonga ngokutsha umba wokungafuneki nokufuna ukubonwa kwi-Intanethi. Sahlule ulutsha lwaba ngamaqela ngaphandle kokuchazwa, ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo kuphela, okanye nayiphi na into ebonakalayo. Sibhekise imibuzo yophando ye2. Kuqala, yintoni umda wokungafuneki nokufunwayo ukuboniswa kumanyala akwi-Intanethi, kwisiseko sobudala lolutsha kunye nesini, phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi? Okwesibini, yeyiphi idemokhrasi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, ukuthintela, okanye iimpawu zengqondo ezihambelana nokungafuneki nokufuna ukubonakaliswa? Sixoxa ngokuba ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zinokwazisa njani iinzame zokuthintela kunye nophando lwexesha elizayo malunga nefuthe lokuvezwa kwi-intanethi kwi-Intanethi, ngakumbi ukubhencwa okungafunekiyo, phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi.
IINDLELA
nxaxheba
Sisebenzise udliwanondlebe ngefowuni olwenziwe phakathi kuka-Matshi noJuni 2005 ukuqokelela ulwazi kwisampulu yesizwe yabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi. Olu phando lwamkelwe yiYunivesithi yaseNew Hampshire yebhodi yokuphononongwa kweziko.
Abathathi-nxaxheba yayilulutsha lwe1500 eneminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-17 (kuthetha iminyaka: iminyaka ye-14.24; i-SD: iminyaka ye-2.09) eyayisebenzise i-Intanethi okungenani kanye ngenyanga kwiinyanga ze-6 ezidlulileyo. Iimpawu zesampula zibonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1. Abafundileyo, iintsapho eziphucukileyo kunye nabamhlophe baboniswe ngaphezulu kwisampula kodwa balinganisa inani lolutsha lwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwedatha.30
Iimpawu Zesampuli (n = 1422)
Procedure
Isampulu yathatyathwa kwisampulu yesizwe yamakhaya ngeefowuni, yaphuhliswa ngokutsala ngokudibeneyo komnxeba. Iinkcukacha malunga nokuchithwa kwamanani edwelisiweyo kunye nenkcazo ebanzi yendlela inokufumaneka kolunye upapasho.14,29 Udliwanondlebe olufutshane lwaqhutywa nabazali, emva koko udliwanondlebe lwabuzwa ngemvume yokuba ngumzali. Udliwanondlebe lolutsha lwalucwangciswe ngokulula kulutsha, xa babenokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nangokufihlakeleyo. Udliwanondlebe oluPhakathi luhlala minutes30 imizuzu.
Umgangatho wokuphendula, ngokusekwe kwizikhokelo ezisemgangathweni ezibhengezwe nguMbutho waseAmerican woPhando loLuntu, yayiyi-45%.31 Eli nqanaba, elisezantsi kakhulu kunakwimilinganiselo eqhelekileyo yoPhando kumashumi eminyaka edluleyo, lihambelana nolunye uphando lwakutsha nje lwenzululwazi,32 eqhubeka nokufumana iisampulu zabameli kunye nokubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo malunga nezimvo kunye namava abantu base-US, ngaphandle kwamanani asezantsi okuphendula.33
Amanyathelo
Ukuchazwa okungafunekiyo, ukuhlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi, kunye nokuCelwa okungafunekiyo ngokwesini
Sichaze ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo kwimifanekiso engamanyala kwi-intanethi njengokuphendula umbuzo omnye okanye omabini kule mibuzo ilandelayo. (1) "Kunyaka ophelileyo xa ubuphanda kwi-Intanethi okanye ukhangela i-Web, ngaba ukhe wazifumana kwiWebhusayithi ebonisa imifanekiso yabantu abahamba ze okanye yabantu ababelana ngesondo xa ungafuni ukuba ngololo hlobo? Siza? ”(2)“ Kunyaka ophelileyo, ukhe wavula umyalezo okanye ikhonkco kumyalezo elibonisa iifoto zabantu abahamba ze okanye zabantu ababelana ngesondo obungazifuni?
Siphinde savavanya ukuba ingaba ukubonakalisa imifanekiso engamanyala kunokubakho kwi2 ngamanye amava anengxaki ye-Intanethi aphandwe kuphando, oko kukuthi, ukuhlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi kunye nokufumana izicelo zesondo ezingafunekiyo. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi kuchazwe njengezisongelo okanye enye indlela yokuziphatha ecaphukisayo ethunyelwe kwi-intanethi kulutsha okanye iposwe kwi-intanethi malunga nolutsha ukuze abanye babone. Izicelo zesondo ezingafunekiyo zachazwa njengezicelo zokuzibandakanya kwizenzo zesondo okanye intetho yezesondo okanye ukunika ulwazi lomntu siqu olungafunekiyo okanye, ukuba uyafuna okanye akafuni, lwenziwa ngumntu omdala.
Phambi kokuba nasiphi na isiganeko sibalwe njengokubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo, ukuhlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi, okanye ukucela ngokwesondo okungafunekiyo, ulutsha kufuneka luphendule imibuzo elandelayo malunga neenkcukacha zezehlo. Ezi zinkcukacha zisivumele ukuba siqinisekise iimpendulo zolutsha kunye nokuqokelela idatha malunga neempawu zesehlo. Ngenxa yezithintelo zexesha, nangona kunjalo, imibuzo yokulandela emva yayinqunyelwe kwizigameko ze-2; I-algorithm esetyenziselwa ukukhetha iimeko zokulandela imibuzo yanika ingqwalaselo ephambili kuxinzelelo kunye nokucela isondo, ukuqinisekisa amanani aneleyo alawo matyala ukuze ahlaziywe. Ngenxa yale algorithm, ulutsha lwe-112 oluxele ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo kwimibuzo yesikrini aluphendulanga ngemibuzo elandelayo malunga nokuchazwa ngenxa yokuba banika nengxelo yokuhlukumeza okuphambili kunye neziganeko zokucela uncedo. Kolu lutsha lwe-112, i-34 ikwathi yafuna ukubonakaliswa kwaye yabalwa kwiqela elivelayo elifunwayo. Ulutsha olushiyekileyo lwe-78 lwalungafakwanga kuhlalutyo lwangoku, lishiya isampula ye1422. Asilukhethe olu lutsha ukuba lungqinelane nendlela esithe sasingatha ngayo uhlalutyo lwedatha kwisaveyi esifanayo19 kwaye kuba asikwazanga ukuqinisekisa iimpendulo zabo ngeempawu zesehlo. Nangona kunjalo, sinexhala malunga neempembelelo zokungaquki ulutsha lwe-78 ekusenokwenzeka ukuba babenazo iziqephu ezingafunekiyo zokuvezwa. Ke ngoko, siqhube nohlalutyo kunye nezo meko ze78 zibandakanyiwe kwiqela elibonakalayo elingafunekiyo (idatha engaboniswanga); Iziphumo zaye zafana kanye xa amatyala ebekhutshelwa ngaphandle. Ukongeza, sasilawula ngokuxela ngokuhlukunyezwa kunye nezicelo zesondo kuhlalutyo lwe-multivariate.
Ukufuna ukubonakaliswa
Ulutsha oluthe lwaya kwindawo ebalwe ngo-X kwi-Intanethi ngenjongo okanye bakhuphele imifanekiso yesini ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokwabelana ngefayile ngenjongo kunyaka ophelileyo bahlelwa ngokungathi bafuna ukuboniswa imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-intanethi. Sahlula ulutsha naluphi na ukubonakaliswa okufunwayo kwiqela elifuna ukuvezwa, ukunika umfanekiso ocacileyo weqela elixele ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo kuphela (iziphumo zifana xa uhlalutyo lwaluqhutywa kunye namaqela e3, okt, ukubhenca okungafunekiyo kuphela, kufuna ukubonakaliswa kuphela, kwaye bobabini ). Ngenxa yeengxaki zexesha, asikhange sibuze imibuzo elandelayo malunga neziganeko ezithile zokuvezwa, nangona sibuze imibuzo embalwa, kubandakanya ukuba ulutsha luye lwajonga iziza ezikalwe ngeX ngeenjongo xa babekunye “nabahlobo okanye abanye abantwana ubazile. ”
Iimpawu zedemokhrasi
Kuxelwe abazali ngemfundo yekhaya kunye nengeniso, ulwakhiwo losapho, kunye nolutsha kunye nesini. Ulutsha luxelwe ngobuzwe kunye nobuhlanga.
Iimpawu zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi
Sidale umda owahlukileyo wokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okuphezulu kunye nezantsi okusekelezwe kuqikelelo lolutsha lwexesha elichithwe kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuzilinganisa ngokwamava kunye nokubaluleka kwe-Intanethi. Ulutsha olunokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwe-Intanethi lufake amanqaku ≥1 SD ngaphezulu kwale ntsingiselo, kwaye abo basebenzise i-Intanethi basebenzisa i-≥1 SD ngezantsi kwentsingiselo.
Sibuze ulutsha ukuba bayayisebenzisa na i-Intanethi ukuthumela imiyalezo kwangoko; ukuya kwigumbi lokuncokola; ukudlala imidlalo; ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokwabelana ngefayile ukukhuphela umculo okanye imifanekiso (imifanekiso, iividiyo, okanye iimuvi); ukugcina ijenali ye-intanethi okanye ibhlog; ukuthetha nge-Intanethi nabahlobo; Ukuthetha kwi-Intanethi nabantu ababengabazi ubuso ngobuso; kunye nokuthetha kwi-intanethi nabantu abangaziwayo malunga nezesondo, uphawu lokufuna ukwazi ngesondo okunokunxulumana nokubhengeza iphonografi. Ukongeza, sibuze ukuba ulutsha lusebenzise phi i-Intanethi (ikhaya, isikolo, amakhaya abahlobo, okanye iselfowuni). Ukuba banekhompyuter ekhaya, ke sabuza ukuba ibibekwe phi.
Iindidi zeNzame zoThintelo
Sibuze ulutsha ukuba ikhomputha abayisebenzisayo bahlala benesoftware ethintela iintengiso ze-pop-up okanye i-imeyile zogaxekile nokuba banazo ezinye isoftware “eneefilitha, iibhlokhi, okanye iimonitor indlela oyisebenzisa ngayo i-Intanethi.” Sibuze nokuba ungumzali na. okanye umntu omdala esikolweni wayekhe wathetha nabo "ngokubona imifanekiso ene-X ikwi-Intanethi" nokuba bake baqala na "ukuxoxa malunga nokukhuseleka kwi-Intanethi ekhokelwa ngamapolisa okanye ngomnye umntu kwezomthetho."
Iimpawu zengqondo
Ulutsha lwabuzwa ukuba kukangaphi na abo babakhathalelayo bekrwada, bekhalela, kwaye besusa amalungelo. Ngokusebenzisa ezi zinto zixabisekileyo, sidale ukuxabana komzali nokulingana komntwana ngokudibeneyo kwaye sidale ukwahluka okungafaniyo ukuthelekisa ulutsha nokungqubana okuphezulu (ixabiso eliqulunqweyo ≥1 SD ngentla kwentsingiselo) nolunye ulutsha.
Amanyathelo amabini okuxhatshazwa ngokungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi afakiwe, eyile, ukuphathwa gadalala kunyaka ophelileyo (ukuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwesondo kudityaniswa) kunye nokufumana okunye ukuhlukunyezwa kwabantu (umzekelo, xa unento ebiweyo okanye uhlaselwe ngoontanga) kunyaka ophelileyo. Sivavanye umda womda okanye ingxaki yeklinikhi ebalulekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwengxelo yobutsha yoLuhlu lweeNdlela zokuziPhatha kwabaNtwana (i-CBCL), egunyazisiweyo kulutsha i-11 ukuya kwi-18 yobudala.34 Uphononongo lwangoku lubandakanya ii-subscript ze-5, ukulinganisa ubukhali, iingxaki zokujonga, ukuphula umthetho, iingxaki zentlalo, kunye nokurhoxisa / ukudakumba. Amanqaku ayekhutshiwe ukuze kuchongwe abo bafumene amanqaku ngaphakathi kumda womda okanye kumgangatho obalulekileyo wekliniki.
Uhlalutya
Sisebenzise i-SPSS 14.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) kuzo zonke izinto zokuhlalutya. Okokuqala, sisebenzise amanani achazayo ukujonga amaxabiso okungafunekiyo kunye nokufuna ukuboniswa kwi-Intanethi imifanekiso engamanyala kunyaka ophelileyo, ngokwesiseko sobudala kunye nesini. Okwesibini, sisebenzise χ2 Iitheyibhulethi ezinqamlezayo ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iindawo zokuhlala, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, ukuthintela, kunye neempawu zengqondo ezihambelana nokungafunwa kunye nokufuna ukubonakaliswa kwinqanaba le-bivariate. Okwesithathu, sidale imodeli yokubuyela kulungelelwano yelizwe ngokubanzi yeempawu ezinxulumene nokungafunwa okanye ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo, ngovavanyo lomngcipheko wobukho begalelo elibalulekileyo kwimodeli yeenkcukacha manani kwinqanaba le-.05. Udidi lwereferensi lwalulutsha ngaphandle kokuboniswa. Kuba besilindele ubudala kunye neenkalo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ukuba zikhuphe ifuthe elinamandla kwiziphumo, sabandakanya zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ezazibalulekile kwinqanaba .25 kuhlalutyo lwe-bivariate.35
IINKCUKACHA
Ukungafuneki nokuFunwayo phakathi kwabaSebenzisi beIntanethi yolutsha ngokweminyaka yobudala kunye nesini
Iipesenti ezingama-40 (n = I-603) yabasebenzisi bolutsha kwi-Intanethi babekhe baboniswa imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kunyaka odlulileyo.
Ulutsha olubonakalisiweyo, i-66% (n = 400) uxele kuphela ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo kunye ne-34% (n = 203) uxele nokuba ufuna ukubonakaliswa kuphela (n = 91) okanye zombini ufuna ukubonakala okungafunekiyo (n = 112).
Nangona kuphela i-1% ye-10- ukuya kwi-11-abafana abaneminyaka ubudala baxela ukuba bafuna ukubonakaliswa kunyaka ophelileyo, umlinganiso unyuke waya kwi-11% yamakhwenkwe 12 ukuya kwi-13 yeminyaka, i-26% yezo 14 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-15, kunye ne-38 Iipesenti zezo 16 ukuya kwi-17 iminyaka yobudala (Fig 1).
Ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo kukhule kunye nobudala. Iipesenti ezilishumi elinesixhenxe zamakhwenkwe i-10 ukuya kwi-11 yeminyaka yobudala yayineempawu ezingafunekiyo kunyaka ophelileyo, njengoko kwenza i-22% yamakhwenkwe 12 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-13, i-26% yalawo ma14 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-15, kunye ne-30% yalawo ama-16 ukuya kwi-17 iminyaka yeminyaka. La yayingamacandelo akhethekileyo kwaye, umzekelo, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabantu abatsha abasebenzisa i-Intanethi i-14 ukuya kwi-15 yeminyaka ubudala bavezwa kukungafunwa okanye ukufuna i-Intanethi iphonografi kunyaka ophelileyo, njengoko bebenakho ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu kwezo 16 ukuya Iminyaka eyi-17 yeminyaka.
Okungafunekiyo kunye nokufuna ukuboniswa kwi-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi.n = 727). Idatha yesini yayilahlekile kwiimeko ze-2.
Ukunyanzelwa okuncinci kuchazwe ngamantombazana (Fig 2). Phakathi kwe-2% kunye ne-5% yamantombazana 10 ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-11, i-12 ukuya kwi-13 yeminyaka yobudala, kunye ne-14 ukuya kwi-15 yeminyaka yobudala bathi baye kwiWebhusayithi ye-X ekalwe ngeenjongo kunyaka odlulileyo; I-8% yamantombazana 16 ukuya kwi-17 yeminyaka yobudala ayenzile. Ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo kunyaka ophelileyo kwandise kunye nobudala phakathi kwamantombazana, ukusuka kwi-16% yezo 10 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-11 ukuya kwi-38% yezo 16 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-17.
Okungafunekiyo kunye nokufuna ukuboniswa kwi-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi.n = 693). Idatha yesini yayilahlekile kwiimeko ze-2.
Unxibelelwano lwe-Bivariate yokudibana okungafunekiyo kunye nokuFunwayo
Uninzi lolutsha oluchaze ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo lulutsha, i-13 ukuya kwi-17 yeminyaka ubudala, njengoko phantse bonke abo baxelayo bafuna ukubonakaliswa (iThebhile 2). Ngaphandle koko, zimbalwa iimpawu zobuntu ezihambelana. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, uthintelo, kunye neempawu zengqondo zilinganiswe kakuhle kuhlalutyo lwe-bivariate kwi-≤.01.
Uthelekiso lweBivariate lweZimpawu eziNxulunyaniswa nokuNgafunwa nokuFunwa kweNgcaciso kwi-Intanethi.n = 1422)
Ukudityaniswa konxibelelwano kunye nokuNgafunekiyo nokungafunekiyo
Xa kuthelekiswa neqela elingavezi xesha lide, ulutsha (iminyaka eli-13-17 yeminyaka ubudala) baphantse babuphinda kabini amathuba okuxela ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo (i-odds ratio [OKANYE: I-1.9; i-95% isithuba sokuzithemba [CI]: 1.3-2.7), kodwa akukho Olunye uphawu lokudibana kwabantu lwanxulumene (Itheyibhile 3). Kuphela luphawu lwe-1 lokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa okungafunekiyo. Ulutsha olusebenzise iinkqubo zokwabelana ngeefayile ukukhuphela imifanekiso kwi-Intanethi phantse yabuphinda kabini umngcipheko wokufumana imifanekiso engamanyala engafunekiyo (OKANYE: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.9). Nangona kunjalo, ulutsha oluxelileyo ukuba lwalukuhlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi (OKANYE 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.2) okanye olufumana izityholo ezingafunekiyo ngokwesini (OKANYE 2.7; 95% CI: 1.7-4.3) nayo inezinto eziphezulu zokuvezwa okungafunekiyo. Iindidi ezimbini zeenzame zokuthintela zabonakala ngathi zinakho ukhuseleko oluthile ekuvezeni okungafunekiyo; Unesoftware (ngaphandle kentengiso ye-pop-up okanye i-block spam e-mail) ukucoca, ukuvimba, okanye ukubeka iliso kusetyenziso lwe-Intanethi kwikhompyuter yolutsha olusetyenziswa kakhulu kunciphisa amathuba okuvezwa yi-40%, kunye nokuzimasa intetho malunga nokukhuseleka kwi-Intanethi. ngabasebenzi abanyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa komthetho banciphise amathuba yi-30%. Nangona kunjalo, abo baye bathetha ukuba bathethwe ngabazali okanye ngabantu abadala esikolweni malunga ne-Intanethi ye-Intanethi babenengxaki yokuvezwa. Iimpawu ezithile zengqondo zidibene. Ulutsha oluxele ngokuxhatshazwa kwabantu ngokungaxhunyiwe (OK: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.8) kunye nabo bafumana amanqaku emgceni okanye uluhlu olubalulekileyo lwe-CBCL subscale yoxinzelelo / ukurhoxa (OKANYE 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.8 ) wayenemingcipheko ephezulu yokuvezwa okungafunekiyo.
Ulungiso lweLogistic Logistic Ukuqikelela kungafuneki kwaye kufuna ukuvezwa (n = 1386)
Xa kuthelekiswa nolutsha olungachazwanga, ulutsha kwiqela elivelayo elifunwayo laliphantse laba lixesha le-9 kangangexesha lokuba ngu-13 ukuya kwi-17 yeminyaka yobudala (OKANYE 8.8; 95% CI: 3.8-20.6) nendoda (OKANYE 8.6; 95% CI: 5.2 -14.3) (Itheyibhile 3). Ulutsha olusebenzise iinkqubo zokwabelana ngeefayile ukukhuphela imifanekiso lwalusemngciphekweni omkhulu (OKANYE: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.6-4.4), njengoko benzayo abo babephethwe gadalala kwi-Intanethi (OKANYE 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3-5.2), bacelwa kwi-intanethi (OKANYE: 3.9; 95% CI: 2.1-7.1), ebethetha nge-Intanethi nabantu abangaziwayo malunga nesondo (OKANYE 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1-5.8), kwaye usebenzise i-Intanethi kumakhaya abahlobo (OKANYE: 1.8; 95 I-CI: 1.1-3.0). Ulutsha olunesoftware (ngaphandle kentengiso ye-pop-up okanye i-blocker e-mail) yokucoca, ukuvimba, okanye ukubeka iliso ekusebenziseni i-Intanethi kwiikhompyuter ezisebenzisa kakhulu bahlala kunciphise umngcipheko wokuvezwa okufunwayo (OKANYE: 0.6; 95% CI : 0.4-0.9). Ukuphathwa gadalala okungaxelwanga ngaphandle kwe-intanethi (OKANYE 1.5; 95% CI: 1.013-2.2) kunye nokufumana umda kumda okanye umda obalulekileyo ngokwekliniki kwi-CBCL isaphulelo somthetho (OKANYE 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-5.4). Umngcipheko wokuvezwa okufunwayo. Ulutsha olufumene kumda womda okanye kumqolo obalulekileyo ngokwekliniki ye-CBCL yoxinzelelo lwaphindaphindwe kabini kunokubakho ingxelo yokufuna ukubonakaliswa, nangona oku kufunyenwe kuye kwasilela ukubaluleka (OKANYE: 2.3; 95% CI: 0.986-5.5; P = .054). Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe-bivariate lubonise ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa nolunye ulutsha olufuna ukubonakaliswa, abo baneengxaki zokuphelisa umthetho babenokubona kakhulu imifanekiso engamanyala xa bekumaqela kunye noontanga (i-63% yabaphule umthetho, xa kuthelekiswa ne-39% yolunye ulutsha. ; OKANYE: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3-5.6; P = .006; idatha ayiboniswanga).
UKUQALA
Ukutyhileka okungafunekiyo
Amashumi amane anesibini eepesenti ulutsha lwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi i-10 ukuya kwi-17 yeminyaka yobudala yabona imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-intanethi kunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye isibini kwisithathu kwabo baxela ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo. Ulutsha lwalunemingcipheko ephezulu, kodwa abafana abalishumi elinanye ikakhulu babenembonakalo ebonakalayo engafunekiyo (i-17% ye10- kunye ne-11 yamakhwenkwe aneminyaka ubudala). Azikho ezinye iimpawu zobuntu ezihambelana, nangona kunjalo. Isixa sokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi sasingahambelani kwaye, ngaphandle kwe-1, okwenziwa lulutsha kwi-Intanethi kwakungahambelani. Ukwahlukileyo kukuba ulutsha olusebenzisa iinkqubo zokwabelana ngeefayile ukukhuphela imifanekiso lwalusemngciphekweni wokuvezwa okungafunekiyo; I-∼1 yolutsha lwe-5 ngokuveza ngokungeyomfuneko iyenzile le nto. Oku kufunyenwe kuphando lukazwelonke kuqinisekisa ezinye iingxelo zokuba ukuboniswa kumanyala kunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokwabelana ngeefayile ukukhuphela imifanekiso.6,10 Iivolumu ezinkulu zephonografi zidluliselwa ngokwabelana ngefayile, kwaye isoftware ekwabelanayo ngefayile ayiquki iifilthi zezinto zesondo (okanye izihluzi azisebenzi).
Iindidi ezimbini zeenzame zokuthintela zidityaniswa neengozi ezisezantsi zokuvezwa okungafunekiyo. Eyokuqala yayikukucoca, ukuvimba, okanye ukubeka esweni isoftware. Oku kuyahambelana nezinye iziphumo zokuba ukufotwa kunye nokuthintela isoftware kunefuthe elikhuselayo lokubonakalisa okungafunekiyo.19 Isoftware ebonakala inethintelo yokwahlulahlula kubavelisi bezibhengezo zentengiso kunye nee-imeyile zogaxekile ezicebisa ukuba isoftware ebanzi ngakumbi iyafuneka ukuze isebenze. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba iqondo eliphezulu lokuvezwa okungafunekiyo kwimifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukufota kunye nokuthintela isoftware ngabantu abangaphezu kwesiqingatha seentsapho ezinokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ekhaya.14 Oku kucebisa ukuba isoftware yokucoca kunye nokuyithintela isoftware iyodwa ayinakuthembela kumgangatho ophezulu wokhuselo ekubonakalisweni okungafunekiyo kwaye nezinye iindlela ziyafuneka.
Ukuya kwisigqibo sokunyanzeliswa komthetho malunga nokukhuseleka kwi-Intanethi kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokuncitshiswa okungafunekiyo kokuvezwa okungafunekiyo. Ukusukela emva kwexesha le-1990s, kubekho umzamo odityanisiweyo phakathi kweearhente ezithile zokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukubonelela ngolwazi lokhuseleko lwe-Intanethi kulutsha, kwaye iinkqubo ezithile zenzelwe le njongo.36,37 Ezinye iinkqubo zokunyanzelwa komthetho zibonelela ngolwazi oluthe ngqo malunga nendlela amanyala athengiswa ngayo kwi-intanethi, indlela ongena ngayo kwikhompyuter yomntu, kunye nendlela yokuthintela okanye ukuyisusa.37 Ulutsha lunokunika ingqalelo enkulu okanye lunike ubunzima obungaphezulu kolwazi olunikezwe ngabasebenzi abanyanzelisa umthetho. Kwakhona, iinkcazo ezilula zinokusebenza ngakumbi xa zijolise kwingxaki efana nokuvezwa okungafunekiyo, okunokuthi kungangabi yindawo yeempawu zentsha okanye indlela yokuziphatha elukhuni. Nangona kunjalo, ulutsha oluye lwathetha ukuba bathetha nabazali okanye ngabantu abadala esikolweni malunga ne-Intanethi yamanyala. Enye inkcazo yokufumanisa oku kukuba uninzi lweencoko phakathi kwabazali nolutsha lwenzeka emva kweziganeko zokuvezwa okungafunekiyo.
Siye safumanisa ukuba olunye ulutsha lubonakala lusengozini yokufumana ingozi engafunekiyo. Kwakukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokuvezwa okungafunekiyo kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokungadibani nomntu kunye nomda okanye uxinzelelo olukhulu lwekliniki. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziyafana kwiziphumo zangaphambili ezibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokuphathwa gadalala kwi-Intanethi okanye ucelomngeni ngokwesondo kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokungazenzisiyo komntu kunye nomceli mngeni engqondweni.38 Ezinye zezinto ezixhaphakileyo ezingaqwalaselwanga, ezinjengokungxengxezeleka okanye ukugwetywa, zinokuchaza ezi zinto zidibeneyo. Umzekelo, ulutsha olungxamisekileyo lunokuba nesigqibo esingalunganga okanye amandla amancinci okuphepha iphonografi engafunekiyo kwi-Intanethi okanye ukusebenzisa ulwazi lokuthintela. Uxinzelelo lunokubeka abanye abasebenzisi be-Intanethi kulutsha ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo.
Kubalulekile ukuba ungabugqithi ubudlelwane phakathi kokubhencwa okungafunekiyo kunye neempawu ezinje ngokuhlukumezana kwabantu ngokungadibaniyo okanye uxinzelelo, nangona kunjalo. Ezi ntlangano zazinamandla. Esethu sasiyisampulu yabemi ngokubanzi, kwaye uninzi lolutsha olunobonakaliso olungafunekiyo aluzange lube sengozini okanye uxinzelelo. Ngokubanzi, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa okungafunekiyo okuvela ekusebenziseni okuqhelekileyo kwi-Intanethi kwaye, ngaphandle kokukhuphela imifanekiso eneenkqubo zokwabelana ngefayile, ayihambelani kakhulu nokuziphatha okanye iimpawu ezithile ezandisa umngcipheko.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ayizizo zonke iziganeko ezingafunekiyo ezichaziweyo ezazingezizo ngabom. Kwi-21% yezehlo, ulutsha luye lwathi bayazi ukuba iisayithi zibalwe ngo-X ngaphambi kokuba zingene kumasayithi.14 Ezi ziqendu azange zahlukane kwezinye iimeko zokuvezwa okungafunekiyo. Olunye ulutsha lusenokuba lwashukunyiswa kukufuna ukwazi, kwaye nakwizigameko ezazingahloswanga ngokupheleleyo, kwinqanaba elithile lokufuna ukwazi linokuba sele libandakanyekile. Uninzi lolutsha aluzange luchukunyiswe yimifanekiso eyayibonayo.14 Ulutsha oluninzi lusenokuba lunokugula kwimifanekiso yezesondo ngenxa yokuba luvela kwezinye izinto, ezinjengomabonwakude, iimagazini kunye neefilimu ezi-R rated.
Ukufuna ukubonwa kwi-Intanethi
Uninzi lolutsha olunomdla wokufuna ukubonakala yayingamakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo, kwaye amazinga okuboniswa okufunwayo akhula ngeminyaka. Ngaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu (i-38%) yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abesilisa i-16 ukuya kwi-17 yeminyaka yobudala bebehambele iisayithi ezilinganiswe nge-X ngenjongo kunyaka odlulileyo. Umdla kwezokwabelana ngesondo uphezulu kweli qela lobudala, kwaye ayimangalisi into yokuba ukuvezwa kufuna ukunxulumana nokuthetha kwi-Intanethi nabantu abangaziwayo ngesondo, elinokubonwa njengenye indlela yokufuna ukwazi ngokwesini.
Njengokuvezwa okungafunekiyo, ukuvezwa okufunwayo kudityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokwabelana ngefayile ukukhuphela imifanekiso. Ulutsha olusebenzisa i-Intanethi kumakhaya abahlobo nabo baba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana ingozi. Ukuba ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi kumakhaya abahlobo kuthetha ukuyisebenzisa ngababini okanye ngokwamaqela, oko kunokubonakalisa iqela elidlalayo phakathi kolunye ulutsha, kuba i-44% yolutsha enokufuna ukubonwa ithi bayaya kumasayithi akalwe ngo-X ngenjongo babenabahlobo okanye abanye abantwana.14 Sifumanise ukuba isoftware yokucoca kunye nokuthintela, ngaphandle kwentengiso ye-pop-up kunye nee-imeyile zokuvimba i-imeyile, zinciphise ukungahambelani okufunwayo.
Ukuba nemikhwa yobudenge kubonakala ngathi yinto ebangela ukuba batyhileke. Ulutsha olufumene kumda womda okanye kumgangatho obalulekileyo wekliniki ye-CBCL eyaphula umthetho ibiphindaphindwe kabini kunokubakho ingxelo yokufuna ukubonakaliswa. Enye inkcazo enokwenzeka kukunxibelelana phakathi kokuziphatha okuphula umthetho kunye nokuthambekisa okukuko.15,39-41 Unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kokuvezwa okufunwayo kunye noxinzelelo lunokuba nenkcazo efanayo, kuba olunye ulutsha olunxunguphele lunokufuna ukuvusa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi njengendlela yokukhulula i-dysphoria.42-44 Nangona unxibelelwano phakathi kokufuna ukubonakaliswa kunye noxinzelelo luye lwasilela ekubalulekeni, i-AU yabonisa ubudlelwane obunokwenzeka.
Kubalulekile nokuba ungagxothi kunxibelelwano phakathi kokuvezwa okufunwayo kunye nokuthamba okanye uxinzelelo. Inkanuko yesini phakathi kwabafana abakwishumi elivisayo yinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye abaninzi banokuthi ukutyelelwa iiWebhu ezikwi-X ezikaliwe kukuziphatha ngendlela efanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphandi bavakalise inkxalabo yokuba ukuboniswa kwi-intanethi kwi-intanethi ngexesha lokufikisa kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nokujongelwa phantsi kwixabiso elamkelekileyo lezentlalo kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ukuphambuka ngokwesini, ukuphambuka ngokwesini, ukona ngokwesini, kunye nokunyanzelwa ngokwesini. isimilo.2-4,6,8,9,44
Akukho nto iqinisekisiweyo ukuba imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-intanethi isebenza njengesixhobo sayo nayiphi na kwezi ngxaki kulutsha okanye kubabukeli abadala. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ingakhuthaza umdla ophambeneyo wesini okanye ukona kwabanye ababukeli, ulutsha olungasebenzisi i-Intanethi olunolutsha lunokubandakanya ulutsha olusengozini yoku Iziphumo, zinikwe unxibelelwano phakathi kokona ukrelekisana ngokwesini nokuziphatha okugwenxa.45 Kwakhona, abanye abaphandi bafumene ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo kunye nokuziphatha okunyanzeliswa ngokwesini kwi-intanethi.42-44 Oku kucebisa ukuba iqela lolutsha olunxinzelelo lwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi banokuqulatha abanye abanokuba semngciphekweni wokuhlakulela ukunyanzeliswa ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi, okunokuphazamisa ukukhula okuqhelekileyo ngokwesini okanye ukonakalise amandla abo okuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zemihla ngemihla kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane obunempilo kunye noontanga.
Okuthethwa
Izinga eliphezulu lokuvezwa kwamanyala kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabasebenzisi bolutsha kwi-Intanethi kufuneka liqwalaselwe ngakumbi, njengoko kunjalo kuba uninzi lokuboniswa okunjalo kungafuneki. Uphando lufumene amazinga aphezulu okubhencwa okungafunekiyo ukusukela nge1990s yokugqibela, xa ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwandile phakathi kolutsha.6,14,17-19,21 Ukuveza imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kusenokwenzeka ukuba kufikelele kwinqanaba apho kunokubonakaliswa njengokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi, ngakumbi abafana abakwishumi elivisayo. Iingcali kwezonyango, ootitshala, abanye abasebenzi abolutsha, kunye nabazali bafanele bacinge ukuba uninzi amakhwenkwe amabanga aphakamileyo abakwizikolo eziphakamileyo abasebenzisa i-Intanethi banokufumana imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi, njengamantombazana amaninzi. Inye intsingiselo ecacileyo yeyokuba iingcali akufuneki zinqabe kwesi sihloko. UFrank unxibelelana ngqo nolutsha oluchaphazela iimpembelelo zamanyala aziphethe kakubi ngokwesini, isimo sengqondo ngesondo, kunye nolwalamano ziyafuneka.
Ukujolisa kwinkalo engafunekiyo yokuvezwa kakhulu kwimifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kuyafuneka. Ngaphandle kwezimvo ezahlukeneyo zokuthintela ukufikelela kwabantu ngokuzithandela kwimifanekiso engamanyala asemthethweni, sicinga ukuba kukho ukuvumelana ukuba ulutsha, kusetyenziswa imodic yokhathalelo, banakho ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngaphandle kokufumana iphonografi abangafuni ukuyibona. Oku kufuna ukufumana iindlela zokuthintela ukusebenzisa ubuqhophololo kunye nenkohliso yokuthengisa izinto ezingamanyala kwi-Intanethi. Kufuneka sicebise iinkampani zetekhnoloji ukuba zenze i-Intanethi yokufota kunye nokuyivimba ngokulula, zakhiwe zibe ziinkqubo, kwaye zixhomekekile kumanyathelo athile, ubuchule bobuchwephesha, kunye nezixhobo zezemali nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweefiltha nokuthintela isoftware kumakhaya anabantwana. Ukongeza, kufuneka sifundise ulutsha malunga neenkcukacha zobugcisa zendlela ezingasasazekiyo ezisasazwa kwi-Intanethi kunye nokubanceda ukuba bazikhusele kuyo.
Ulwazi lobuchwephesha oluvakalayo malunga nokuba nezinto ezibonisa amanyala kwi-intanethi zingaluchaphazela ulutsha nazo zilungile. Kukho ubungqina bokuba ukujongana nolutsha kwizinto zokwabelana ngesondo kwahlukile kwaye kuntsonkothileyo, ngakumbi kulutsha oludala,7 kwaye ulutsha oluninzi lunokuphendula ngononophelo kwaye luchase umxholo wemifanekiso abayibonayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwakho uphando oluncinci malunga nefuthe lolutsha lokujonga iphonografi, nokuba iyafunwa okanye, ngakumbi, ayifuneki. Akukho luphando lukhanyisayo ukuba, njani, kwaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko ukuboniswa okungafunekiyo kwemifanekiso engamanyala kunokubangela iimpendulo ezimbi ebutsheni. Ngokucacileyo, ubukhulu bokubonakaliswa kukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba, nokuba ngaba iziphumo ezibi zenzeka kwiqaqobana nje elincinci lolutsha, amanani ngokugqibeleleyo angaba makhulu ngokulinganayo. Abaphandi kwicandelo lokuphuhliswa kwezesondo abazi ukuba kukho "iziphumo zokuqala" ezinxulumene nokuvezwa kolutsha kwangoko kwimifanekiso engamanyala okanye ukuba zithini na iziphumo zolu xinzelelo, imigangatho eqhelekileyo, okanye iipateni zolutsha kulutsha.1,2
Njengoko esi sifundo sibonisa, kunokwenzeka ukuqokelela idatha kwiizihloko ezibuthathaka ezivela kubafundisi-ntsapho. Ukongeza kuphando malunga nokuba zingaphantsi kweziphi iimeko ukubukela iphonografi kwi-Intanethi kuchaphazela indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nempilo yengqondo yolutsha, sifuna ulwazi malunga nezinto ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe ekuphenduleni kolutsha kwimifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi, ezinje ngesimo sengqondo sosapho, iimpawu zengqondo, iifomathi kunye nomxholo wemifanekiso engamanyala. Iziphumo zentshukumo yeqela phakathi kolutsha, nokuba zingaphantsi kweziphi iimeko ukuvezwa okungafunekiyo okunokukhokelela ekubonakalisweni okufunwayo (okanye okuphambene nalokho).
Imida
Uphando malunga nolutsha kunye ne-Intanethi sisithembiso esitsha. Inkqubo yophando ayikabekwa mgangatho, kwaye amanyathelo akaqinisekiswanga. Isihloko sokuvezwa kwezinto ezingamanyala sisisityholo, kwaye kukho indawo enkulu yenani lokuphendula, kunye nokuphendula nokungaphenduki. Umzekelo, olunye ulutsha lunokuba lubonakalise iziganeko ezibonakalayo njengengafunekiyo kuba baneentloni zokuvuma ukuba bayazifuna izinto ezinjalo. Isifundo siyathintelwa lulwazi olulinganiselweyo oluqokelele malunga neziganeko ezibonakalayo ezifuna ukubonakaliswa. Ukongeza, olunye ulutsha luyekile okanye lwathintelwa ekuthatheni inxaxheba, kwaye ukubandakanywa kwabo kungatshintsha iziphumo.
Okokugqibela, amanani ethu aqikelelwe kuphela, kwaye iisampulu zinokungaqhelekanga. Uninzi lwezinto esizifumanisileyo, ubuchule bezibalo bucebise ukuba uqikelelo belungaphakathi kwe-≤2.5% yeepesenti yokwenyani yabantu kwi-95 yeesampulu ze-100 njengale, kodwa kukho ithuba elincinci lokuba uqikelelo lwethu kukude kune-2.5%.
IMISEBENZI
Olu phononongo luqinisekisa umyinge ophezulu wokubonakaliswa kwi-intanethi kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi yolutsha kunye nesizathu sokuba uninzi lokuboniswa okunjalo kungafuneki. Zombini ezingafunekiyo nezifuna ukubonakaliswa zigxile phakathi kolutsha, kunokuba kubantwana abancinci. Ulutsha olungcungcuthekiswayo okanye olufumana izisongelo zesini ezingafunekiyo nge-Intanethi, abo bafumana ukuxhatshazwa okungathathintweni nabanye, kunye nabo badandathekileyo banokuba nobunzima obuthile bokuphepha ukubhenceka okungafunekiyo. Kuba ulutsha oluxinzelelekileyo okanye olunotyekelo lokudakumba lunokuba sesichengeni sokuchaphazeleka okungafunekiyo, uphando malunga neziphumo kunye neendlela ezintsha zokuthintela kufanelekile.
Imihlathi
- Zamkelwa NgoSeptemba 28, 2006.
- Imbalelwano kwidilesi kaJanis Wolak, JD, iZiko loPhando lwabantwana, iYunivesithi yaseNew Hampshire, i10 West Edge Dr, iDurham, NH 03824. I-imeyile: [imeyile ikhuselwe]
Ukuthobela iCandelo 507 loMthetho woLuntu we-104-208 (iSilungiso seStevens), sicebisa abafundi ukuba i-100% yeemali zolu phando zithathwe kwimithombo yobumbano, ngesibonelelo i-2005-MC-CX-K024 kwiOfisi yeJaji eNtsha. kunye noThintelo loThintelo, iSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US, kwaye linike iHSCEOP-05-P-00346 kwiSebe lezoKhuseleko lwaseKhaya, iNkonzo yaseMfihlo yase-US. Inani elipheleleyo lenkxaso-mali yomanyano echaphazelekayo yayiyi- $ 348 767. Iimpawu zembono okanye izimvo ezikweli nqaku zezazo zababhali kwaye akufuneki zimele isikhundla esisemthethweni okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yeSebe lezoBulungisa laseMelika okanye iSebe lezoKhuseleko lwaseKhaya.
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IZALATHISO
- Ilungelo lokushicilela © 2007 yiAmerican Academy of Pediatrics
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