Ukuvuswa koSondo ngohlobo lwe-Nonhuman Primate (2011)

Horm Behav. Umbhalo-ngqangi wombhali; ifumaneka kwi-PMC ngoMeyi 1, 2012.

Ishicilelwe kwifomu yokugqibela ehleliweyo njenge:

Inguqulelo yokugqibela yomhleli yeli nqaku iyafumaneka apha UHorm Behav

Bona amanye amanqaku ku-PMC Wisdom nqaku epapashwe.

Yiya e:

Abstract

Ukunyanzeliswa kokuvuswa ngokwesondo kuye kwaboniswa kwiintlobo ezininzi zentlanzi ukuya ebantwini, kodwa akuzange kuboniswe kwiiprimates ezingezona zobuntu. Kukho impikiswano malunga nokuba iiprimates ezingengobantu zivelisa iipheromones ezivuselela ukuziphatha ngokwesondo. Nangona i-marmosets eqhelekileyo idibanisa kuwo wonke umjikelo we-ovarian kunye nangexesha lokukhulelwa, amadoda abonisa iimpawu zokuziphatha zokuvuka, abonise ukunyuka kwe-neural activation ye-anterior hypothalamus kunye ne-medial preoptic area kwaye inokwanda kwe-serum testosterone emva kokuvezwa kwevumba le-ovulating yabasetyhini ephakamisa inkanuko yesini. pheromone. Amadoda nawo anyukile i-androgens ngaphambi kokuba i-ovulation yamaqabane abo. Nangona kunjalo, amadoda abonakaliswe ngamavumba amabhinqa ane-ovulating abonisa ukusebenza kwezinye iindawo ezininzi zobuchopho ezinxulumene nenkuthazo, inkumbulo kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Kolu phononongo sibonisa ukuba i-marmosets yamadoda inokulungiswa kwinoveli, ivumba elibi (ilamuni) ngokujongwa kokumiswa, kunye nokwanda kokuphononongwa kwendawo apho babekhe bafumana khona owesifazana owamkelayo, kunye nokwandiswa kokukrwela kuvavanyo lwe-postconditioning ngaphandle komfazi okhoyo. Le mpendulo ibekwe kwimeko yaboniswa ukuya kutsho kwiveki emva kokuphela kovavanyo lwemeko, isiphumo esihlala ixesha elide sokwenza imeko kunokuba kuxelwe kwizifundo zezinye iintlobo. Ezi ziphumo ziphakamisa ukuba ivumba labasetyhini abakhupha i-ovulating ayizizo iipheromones, ngokungqongqo, kwaye amadoda e-marmoset anokufunda iimpawu ezithile zokuvumba kwabasetyhini ezibonelela ngesiseko esinokwenzeka sokuchongwa kweqabane.

Internet: Ukulungiswa kwezesondo, ukuvuswa ngokwesondo, iipheromones, iimarmosets eziqhelekileyo, ukudibanisa izibini

intshayelelo

Enye yeepuzzle zophando malunga nemeko yezesondo kukuba kutheni iinkqubo zendaleko kufuneka zivumele izinto eziphilayo ukuba ziphendule kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga zokuvuswa ngokwesondo. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezimbalwa zibonise ukuba imeko yezesondo eneneni yonyusa impumelelo yokuzala kunye nokomelela. Kwintlanzi, i-gouramis eluhlaza (I-Trichogaster trichopterus), Hollis kunye noogxa (Hollis okqhubekayo, 1989, 1997) yafumanisa ukuba uPavlovian ubonisa umqondiso kwangaphambi kokuboniswa kweqabane uthintele ubundlongondlongo bommandla kunye nokwandisa ukuthandana kunye nokuziphatha okuxolisayo. Ngenxa yoko, amadoda abekwe kwimeko yazala kwangethuba kunye neemazi, abambana iimazi rhoqo kwaye avelisa amancinci asindayo kunamadoda angakhange afumane phawu lokufika kweqabane. eDomjan okqhubekayo. (1998) Ubonise ukuba izagwityi zamadoda zilindele imazi emva kokubonisa iintsiba ezi-orenji ezinemibala e-orenji zivelise umthamo omkhulu we-ejaculate kunye namanani amakhulu e-spermatozoa kunezagwityi zokulawula, ekwacebisa inzuzo eguquguqukayo kwimeko yezesondo.

Ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo okunemeko okanye uthintelo lwezesondo olunemiqathango lukwangumdla omkhulu wophando ngezizathu zonyango ezinokuthi zandise okanye zinciphise inkanuko yesini okanye zinike iimodeli zendlela iimpendulo zesondo ezinokuhanjiswa ngayo kwezinye iithagethi. Umsebenzi omninzi osisiseko uye wenziwa ngezilwanyana ezingengobantu. Umzekelo, Crowley okqhubekayo. (1973) isebenzise ithoni edityaniswe nethoni yombane ethambileyo ukuvuselela ukuhlangana kwiimpuku zamadoda ezingaphenduliyo ngokwesondo ukuze ziqhubele phambili ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwisivuseleli setoni yodwa. Zamble kunye noogxa bakhe (1985, 1986) wabeka iimpuku zamadoda kwizikhongozeli ezahlukileyo ezikufutshane nemazi ezamkelayo kwaye wafumanisa ukuncipha kwexesha lokulibazisa ekuphumeni. Baye babonisa ukuba iindlela ezi-6-9 zokubeka imeko ziyafuneka kwaye iimpuku ziye zahlengahlengiswa kwi-background stimuli ngokunjalo. Kippin okqhubekayo. (1998) idityaniswe nevumba le-almond ekucingelwa ukuba lingathathi hlangothi (kodwa jonga ngezantsi) kunye nokufikelela kwiimpuku zasetyhini ezamkelayo ngokwesondo kwaye wafumana ukhetho olufundiweyo lwe-ejaculatory lwalo mfazi unevumba elimiselweyo. eDomjan okqhubekayo. (1988) wafumanisa ukuba izagwityi zaseJapan (Coturnix japonica) ibonise indlela yokuziphatha enemeko kunye nendlela yokuziphatha emiselweyo entloko nasentanyeni yebhinqa elihonjiswe ngeentsiba eziorenji. Johnston okqhubekayo. (1978) I-aversion edibeneyo eyenza i-lithium chloride kunye nokuvezwa kwimfihlo yabasetyhini kwi-hamster yamadoda (Mesocricetus auratus) kwaye ifumene i-latency eyandisiweyo yokuphunga i-secretions kunye nokukhwelisa ibhinqa emva koqeqesho olungathandekiyo. Kuphononongo ngeehamster zabasetyhini Meisel kunye neYopa (1994) bafumene indawo enemeko ekhethwayo yegumbi apho babebandakanyeke kwisenzo sesondo kunye nendoda. McDonnell okqhubekayo. (1985) yenze imodeli yokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo kumahashe akhwelwayo (I-Equus caballus) usebenzisa i-erection-contingent aversive training kwaye inokuguqula ezi ziphumo nge-Diazepam. Le yimifanekiso yohlobo lophando lwemeko yezesondo, ukuququzelela okanye ukuthintela ukuziphatha ngokwesondo, okwenziwa ngezilwanyana ezingengobantu. Uphononongo olongezelelweyo bona Pfaus okqhubekayo. (2001 (2004) kunye UAkins (2004).

Uphononongo olufanayo luye lwenziwa nabantu ngemizekelo embalwa ephononongwayo apha. Letourneau kunye ne-O'Donohue (1997) Akazange afumane ubungqina bokuvuselela ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini xa isibane se-amber sidityaniswe neekhasethi zevidiyo ezivuselelayo. ULalumière kunye noQuinsey (1998) Ufunde amadoda esebenzisa imifanekiso yabasetyhini abanxibe iimpahla ezinqabileyo ezidityaniswe nekhasethi yevidiyo evuselela inkanuko yokwabelana ngesondo kwaye wafumana okuthozamileyo, i-10%, ukonyuka kokuvuka kwamalungu obuni ukuya kuvuselelo ekujoliswe kulo oluvezwe lodwa emva kokulungiswa. Hoffmann okqhubekayo. (2004) inike amadoda nabafazi imifanekiso yezisu zesini esahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa nemifanekiso yompu kusetyenziswa amaxesha okuvezwa kwi-subliminal kunye ne-supraliminal. Zombini izini zibonise ukuvuseleleka okukhulu kwamalungu angasese kwimifanekiso engaphantsi kwesisu kunemipu, kodwa ngokungaqhelekanga abasetyhini babonise ukuvuseleleka okungaphezulu komgangatho wemifanekiso yemipu kunemifanekiso yesisu. bobabini okqhubekayo. (2004) walinganisa iimpendulo zangasese kunye nezizimeleyo kwiifilimu zesondo ezingathathi hlangothi kwaye wacela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba balandelele iminqweno yesini, iingcamango kunye nemisebenzi yesondo yokwenyani yosuku olulandelayo lokuvezwa. Omabini amadoda kunye nabasetyhini babonise ukuvuseleleka kwamalungu angasese kwaye baxela iimvakalelo zokuvuseleleka kunye nenkanuko emva kokubukela ifilim yesondo kwaye aba bathathi-nxaxheba babenamazinga aphezulu eengcinga zesondo, iintelekelelo kunye nemisebenzi kusuku olulandela uphononongo. Yintoni ephawulekayo ngezi zifundo ebantwini kukungaphumeleli ukufumana imeko eyomeleleyo yokungathathi hlangothi kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kwezivuseleli ezivuselelayo zombini njenge-conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Olu phononongo lwahluke ngokuphawulekayo kwizifundo ezibonisa umdla kwizilwanyana eziye zasebenzisa imeko-bume yenyama engathathi hlangothi, izinto ezibonwayo ngokungekho ngqiqweni, iithowuni okanye amavumba njengezinto ezikhuthazayo.

Nangona uluhlu olubanzi lwerhafu ukusuka kwiintlanzi ukuya kwiintaka ukuya kwiimpuku ukuya kwiinkunzi zamahashe ukuya ebantwini zibonise uhlobo oluthile lwemeko yezesondo, asifumananga naluphi na uphando lwangaphambili lwemeko yezesondo kunye neeprimates ezingengobantu. Uvavanyo lwemeko yezesondo kwiiprimates ezingengobantu alunaxabiso kuphela ekugqibeleleni kwetaxonomic, kodwa kunye nokubonelela ngedatha esebenzayo kwimpikiswano emalunga neendlela zokuvusa inkanuko yesini kwiiprimates ezingengobantu.

Kwiphepha elibalulekileyo kwi indalo UMichael noKeverne (1968) waxoxisana ngendima yeepheromones (ivumba elikhupha iimpendulo zemvelo zokuziphatha kubamkeli) ekunxibelelaneni ngobume bezesondo kunye nokuphembelela ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo kwiiprimates ezingengobantu. Uphando lwabo lucebise ubukho bomqondiso we-chemosensory ovela kwi-aliphatic acids kwi-vaginal secretions kwi-rhesus macaques eyohlukeneyo kumjikelo we-ovulatory kwaye oko kwakhuthaza ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo emadodeni. UGoldfoot (1982) wayikhaba ingcamango yepheromone ye-vaginal kwi-macaques efumanisa ukuba i-aliphatic acids inyuke kakhulu ekugxininiseni ngexesha lesigaba se-luteal, kwaye, ngokuchasene ne-pheromone hypothesis, amadoda kwizifundo zakhe abonakala enamaqabane akhethayo, aya kutshata nabasetyhini abane-ovariectomized. , kwaye batsalwa kwi-non-pheromone yenoveli ivumba lepepper eluhlaza. I-Goldfoot (1982) icebise ukuba i-aliphatic acids ye-vaginal ayizange isebenze njengento yokuvusa isondo kunye nabasetyhini, kungekhona amadoda, alawula ukuziphatha okuhambelanayo. Uphinde wacebisa ukuba amadoda afunde iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokuziva abasetyhini abakhethwayo nangona engakhange abonakalise nakuphi na ukuziphatha okunemeko ngokwesondo.

Iiprimates zeCallitrichid, iimarmosets kunye netamarins, zisebenzisana ngokuzalanisa iinkawu ezivela kwiLizwe elitsha apho iinkunzi nemazi zenza i-pair-bond kwaye zidibana kumjikelezo we-ovarian kunye nasekukhulelweni. Kwangexesha elide kwakucingelwa ukuba i-ovulation ifihliwe, kodwa Ziegler okqhubekayo. (1993) wabonisa ukuba i-tamarins eyindoda yomqhaphu (Saguinus oedipus) babevuselelwe ngokwesondo bebonisa ukonyuka kokuma kunye nokunyuka okunyukayo kumaqabane abo xa benikwa ivumba lenoveli, ibhinqa elikhupha iqanda. Emva koko, USmith noAbbott (1998) wabonisa ukuba iimarmosets zamadoda eziqhelekileyo (I-Callithrix jacchus) ucalucalulo phakathi kwevumba le-peri-ovulatory kunye ne-anovulatory female marmosets. Ukongeza, amadoda e-cotton-top tamarin abonisa iimpendulo zehomoni ezilindelekileyo kwimiqondiso ye-ovulatory yasemva kokubeleka yeqabane labo (Ziegler okqhubekayo. 2004). Ukusebenzisa iindlela zokusebenza zemagnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Ferris okqhubekayo. (2001) ibonise ukuba ivumba labasetyhini be-peri-ovulatory inoveli livelise ukwanda okukhulu kwe-neural activation kwindawo ye-preoptic ye-medial (MPOA) kunye ne-hypothalamus yangaphambili (AH), iindawo apho izilonda zikhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha ngokwesondo (ULloyd & Dixson, ngo-1988).

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba i-marmosets eqhelekileyo ingumntu omnye ekuhlaleni, izifundo ekuthinjweni (Anzenberger, ngo-1985, I-Evans, 1983) yafumanisa ukuba amadoda ngaphandle kokuwabona amaqabane awo ayebonisa ukuziphatha kokuthandana kwiinoveli zamabhinqa, nasendle UDigby (1999) kwaye ULazaro-Perea (2001) Ufumene ukuziphatha rhoqo ngokwesondo phakathi kweemarmosets zamaqela ahlukeneyo abandakanya zonke ngaphandle kwemazi ezalayo kwiqela ngalinye. Ngaloo ndlela, phezu kwako nje ukutshata komntu omnye ekuhlaleni, ii<em>marmosets ezingamadoda zibonakala zikulungele ukukhwela iimazi ezintsha, ngokukodwa xa kuphuma iqanda. Ezi ziphumo zixhaswe ngokuyinxenye Ziegler okqhubekayo. (2005) efumanise ukuba iimarmosets zamadoda ezingatshatanga kunye nezihlala ngababini zibonise umdla wokuziphatha kunye nokuvuswa kwevumba labasetyhini abakwi-peri-ovulatory enoveli njengoko kungqinwa ngamazinga awonyukayo okusezela kunye nokumiswa kunye nokuphakama okubalulekileyo kwamanqanaba e-serum testosterone ngokunxulumene nevumba lokulawula isithuthi. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba mhlawumbi ngokwahlukileyo kwizinto ezifunyaniswe nguGoldfoot (1982) kwiinkawu zerhesus, kwiimarmosets kunokubakho impembelelo evuselelayo yevumba labasetyhini kunye nokuvusa inkanuko yesini.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iziphumo eziphikisanayo ezicebisa isilumkiso kule ngcaciso. Kwi Ziegler okqhubekayo. (2005) iqela elongezelelweyo lamadoda awayengootata ngexesha lovavanyo alizange liphendule ngokuziphatha kwaye libonise impendulo encinci yehomoni kwivumba lenoveli, i-peri-ovulatory females. Yiyo loo nto into yokuba ngutata yachaphazela impendulo kwivumba. Ngapha koko, uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lweempendulo ze-neural kwivumba le-peri-ovulatory ngexesha le-fMRI (Ferris okqhubekayo. 2004) ibonise ukuba iindawo ezininzi zobuchopho ngaphezu kwe-MPOA kunye ne-AH zenziwe zasebenza. Oku kubandakanya ukonyuka kwenqanaba le-Oxygen yeGazi eliXhomekekileyo (BOLD) kwi-peri-ovulatory ivumba kwi-striatum, i-hippocampus, i-septum, i-periacqueductal grey kunye ne-cerebellum kunye nokwandisa umqondiso ongalunganga we-BOLD kwivumba elibi kwi-cortex yesikhashana, i-cortex ye-cingulate, i-putamen, i-hippocampus nigra, i-subtstantia. I-MPOA kunye ne-cerebellum. Uninzi lwezi nkalo zibandakanyeka kuvavanyo lweemvakalelo, ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye/okanye nenkuthazo. Inyani yokuba ootata abaphenduli kancinci kumavumba e-peri-ovulatory avela kwinoveli yabasetyhini kunye nokuba iindawo ezininzi zobuchopho ezingaphaya kwabo babandakanyekayo ekuvuselelekeni ngokwesondo zibonisa ukuba amavumba amabhinqa akwi-peri-ovulatory awasebenzi njengepheromone yokwenyani okanye impendulo yokwenyani ye-neuroendocrine iyenzeka kuphela. xa amadoda evezwa ngevumba elihambelana nentlalontle, ie iqabane likabani elinamadoda osapho kunye nenoveli yebhinqa elinamadoda angadibaniyo.

Ukuba iimarmosets ezingengotata zinokulungiswa ukuba zivuswe ngokwesondo yinoveli, ivumba elingenasizathu, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba amadoda awaphenduli ngokuzenzekelayo kumavumba amabhinqa kodwa eneneni ayakwazi ukuchonga iimpawu ezithile zokuvumba ezinxulumene nokukhwelana. Ukuba ukulungiswa kwevumba elingenasizathu siphumelele, kunokuchaza ukuba kutheni ootata bengaphenduli kwaye kutheni iindawo zobuchopho ezibandakanyekayo ekuvavanyeni nasekukhuthazeni ziqhutywe ngamavumba amabhinqa ngaphezu kweendawo ezibandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo ekuvukeleni ngokwesondo.

Kuphononongo lwangoku sizame ukumisela amadoda ukuba alindele ukuhlangana nomntu obhinqileyo owamkela ngokwesondo owamkela i-peri-ovulatory usebenzisa isicatshulwa selamuni njengesivuseleli esinemeko esinganxulumananga neempawu ezingapheliyo zokuvusa inkanuko yesini. Sikhethe i-lemon extract conditioned stimulus kuba (1) izifundo zethu zazingenawo amava angaphambili kunye neli vumba kwaye (2) ilamuni (limonene) ibonise inqanaba eliphantsi le-basal BOLD activation xa kuthelekiswa namanye amavumba, ngakumbi i-almond (benzaldehyde) evelise ukusebenza okuzenzekelayo. kwiindawo ezininzi ze-cortical kunye ne-subcortical (uFerris et al., Ukuhlaziywa).

Impahla nenkqubo

Izifundo kunye neZindlu

Siye savavanya iimarmosets ezine zamadoda ezindala ezineminyaka yobudala ukusuka kwi-3.5 ukuya kwi-6 iminyaka. Ababini bamadoda yayingabantakwabo bahlaliswa kunye bengenawo amava okwabelana ngesondo kwangaphambili okanye ukuvezwa kowasetyhini ovuzayo ngaphandle komama wabo. Amanye amadoda amabini ahlaliswa kunye namaqabane amabhinqa anemijikelezo ye-ovulatory elawulwa ngokusebenzisa i-0.75 kwi-1.0 μg Estrumate, i-prostaglandin F2α analogue (cloprostenol sodium). Aba bazalwana babini kunye nomnye wamadoda babeyizifundo kwizifundo zethu zangaphambili ze-imaging magnetic resonance esebenzayo yeempendulo kwivumba labasetyhini (Ferris okqhubekayo., 2001, 2004).

Sisebenzise inoveli ye-14 yabasetyhini abakwi-peri-ovulatory (akukho namnye kubo oqheleneyo nabangamadoda) ukuququzelela umsebenzi wokukopa kunye nesifundo esingamadoda. Imijikelo ye-ovarian yawo onke amabhinqa ajongwa ngovavanyo lwamanqanaba e-serum progesterone (Saltzman okqhubekayo. 1994) zazilawulwa nge-Estrumate enikwe ngexesha lesigaba seluteal kumjikelo. Ixesha elilandelayo le-peri-ovulatory lenzeka phakathi kweentsuku ezi-8-11 emva kolu nyango. Abasetyhini bahlulwe baba ngamaqela amane abekwe ixesha lokufikelela kwi-peri-ovulatory state ngaphakathi kwe-1-2 yeentsuku enye kwenye. Siqokelele iisampulu zeserum kumfazi ngamnye kathathu ngeveki kwaye savavanya iprogesterone ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfazi ngamnye wayekwisigaba se-peri-ovulatory ngexesha elifunekayo.

Zonke izilwanyana zahlaliswa njengezibini kwiikheji ezaziyi-0.6 × 0.91 × 1.83 m (WXLXH). Izibini zazihlaliswa kumagumbi ahlala entlalweni apho zazikwazi ukubona, ukuva nokujoja ezinye iimarmosets. Izilwanyana zatyiswa emini emaqanda kwaye akukho vavanyo lwenjikalanga lwenziwa kude kube ziiyure eziyi-1.5 emva kokutya kwasemini. Iimeko ezongezelelweyo zekholoni kunye nokugcinwa kwazo zichazwe ngu Saltzman okqhubekayo. (1994).

uyilo

Uvavanyo lokuziphatha lwalubandakanya izigaba ezi-5 (Ikhiwane. 1): Izigaba ezibini zokuhlala, isigaba sokuvavanya kwangaphambili, isigaba sokumisela, kunye nesigaba sovavanyo lwe-post-conditioning. Ngexesha lazo zonke izigaba i-cage-mate yasuswa kwi-cage kwaye iikhethini zafakwa phezu kweekheji zezinye izilwanyana ezisegumbini ukuthintela iinkunzi zovavanyo ekuboneni ezinye iimarmosets ukunciphisa imiboniso yendawo kunye nokwandisa ingqalelo kwizilingo zokumisela. Indawo yokuqala yokuhlala yaqhutywa ngeentsuku ezintathu ezilandelelanayo kwaye ibandakanya ukususwa kweqabane, ukubekwa kwamakhethini kunye nokongeza ibhokisi ye-stimulus engenanto kwikheji. Indawo yesibini yokuhlala yayibandakanya ukususwa kweqabane, ukubekwa kweekhethini kunye nebhokisi ye-stimulus kunye nokongeza umkhi-mkhanyo kwaye yenziwa kwiintsuku ezine ezilandelelanayo.

Umzobo 1 

Ixesha lokuhlala kunye novavanyo.

Kwinqanaba lovavanyo lwangaphambili, indoda nganye ifumene izilingo ezintandathu zemizuzu engama-20 emva kokuvezwa kwidiskhi yokhuni egcwele ivumba lelamuni kunye nezilingo ezintandathu zemizuzu engama-20 emva kokuvezwa ekulawuleni iidiski zokhuni (akukho vumba) kuyilo olulungelelanisiweyo. Ibhokisi ye-stimulus yayingenanto kungekho mfazi ukhoyo ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa.

Ngexesha lesigaba sokubeka imeko indoda nganye ifumene izilingo ezilishumi elinambini (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 min) kunye nokuvezwa kwangaphambili kwevumba lelamuni okulandelwa kukufikelela kwi-peri-ovulatory female ekhutshwe kwibhokisi ye-stimulus. Isilingo sokulungiswa kwelamuni sapheliswa ngoko nangoko ekudityanisweni kwendoda ukuya kwi-ejaculation (ngaphambi kokuzilungisa kwangemva kokuphinda kwenziwe okanye ubundlobongela obunokwenzeka) okanye i-15 min, ekhe yenzeke kuqala. Izilingo zeLemon zaye zachasana kunye novavanyo lolawulo kunye neshumi le-15 min ivumba le-lemon, apho i-peri-ovulatory female yayihlala ikwibhokisi ye-stimulus kodwa ayizange ikhululwe. Izilingo zokumisela imeko zilinganiswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kweseshoni yasekuseni neyasemva kwemini kwaye zonke zagqitywa kwiintsuku ezili-9 ezilandelelanayo.

Uvavanyo lwe-post-conditioning lwaqala iintsuku ezi-5 emva kokuphela kovavanyo lwe-conditioning kwaye lwalufana novavanyo lwe-preconditioning kunye nezilingo ezintandathu ze-20 min emva kokuvezwa kwevumba lemon kunye nezilingo ezintandathu zokulawula i-20 min. Njengoko kwisigaba sovavanyo lwangaphambili kwakungekho mfazi okhoyo kwibhokisi ye-stimulus ngexesha lesigaba sovavanyo lwe-post-conditioning. Uvavanyo olulungelelanisiweyo lwangaphambili kunye ne-post-conditioning uvavanyo kunye ne-stimulus nganye lwenziwa kwisithuba seentsuku ezi-4 mhlawumbi ngokukhawuleza phambi kwesigaba sokulungiswa okanye ukuqala kwiintsuku ezi-5 emva koko.

Procedure

Ntsasa nganye kuzo zonke izigaba ikheji iqabane lalikhutshwa lize lingabuyiswa de kugqitywe amatyala osuku. Ngaphambi kwayo nayiphi na izilingo zokuziphatha indoda nganye ikhutshwe kwi-cage yayo yasekhaya kwaye ihanjiswe kwibhokisi yensimbi ecocekileyo ecocekileyo ukuya kwigumbi elahlukileyo apho i-nest box imingxuma yomoya yayilungelelaniswe ecaleni komcu oqulethe iidiski ezine zokhuni. Kwizilingo zevumba lelamuni idiski nganye iqulethe i-100 μl yesicatshulwa selamuni kunye novavanyo lolawulo iidiski zokhuni ezingaqholwanga zaboniswa. Amadoda ahlala ecaleni kweediski ezinemizuzu kwaye emva koko indoda yasuswa ngesandla kwibhokisi kwaye yabuyela kwikhaya lekhaya ngelixa i-disc enevumba le-lemon okanye i-disc engabonakaliyo (kuxhomekeke kwimeko) ibanjwe phantsi kwempumlo yakhe.

Kuvavanyo lokumisela imeko, ibhokisi yesivuseleli yayifakwe kwikheji yendoda ngexesha lokuvezwa kwevumba kwaye isoloko iqulethe i-peri-ovulatory female. Ucango lwebhokisi ye-stimulus lwalukhuselwe ngekliphu equlethe idiski yeplanga, nokuba ilamuni inevumba elimnandi okanye ayinavumba. Imizuzu emithathu emva kokuba indoda ibuyiswe ikliphu yasuswa kwaye yafakwa kwingxowa ye-Zip-loc etywiniweyo ukuze iqulathe ivumba. Kulingo lolawulo kwangoko satshintsha ikliphu ngesinye ikliphu esingenayo idiski kwaye i-peri-ovulatory female yahlala kwibhokisi yendlwane. Kulingo lwelamuni ucango lwahlala luvuliwe kwaye iimazi zayishiya kwangoko ibhokisi yendlwane. Sirekhode idatha yokuziphatha kwindoda ye-15 min emva kokuba ikliphu yebhokisi ye-stimulus itshintshiwe, okanye de kubekho i-ejaculation (izilingo ze-lemon kuphela). Idatha yaqokelelwa ngokuqhubekayo kusetyenziswa inkqubo yekhompyutha yelaptop ephawulwe ixesha ngumntu onamava. Ekupheleni kovavanyo lwemeko nganye okanye ukukhutshwa kwe-ejaculation, ibhokisi yabasetyhini kunye ne-stimulus yasuswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibhokisi yendoda yendlwane yabuya nocango luvuliwe. Iibhokisi ezitsha nezicocekileyo ze-stimulus zisetyenziswe kwindlela nganye. Ekupheleni kovavanyo lwaloo mini, kwakhutshwa ikhethini kwaza kwabuya iqabane lendoda ekhejini.

Amadoda afumana ubuncinci ilamuni enye kunye nolingo olunye lolawulo lwemeko ngemini kwaye kulingo ngalunye lolungiselelo lolwakhiwo indoda yanikwa inoveli yabasetyhini. Akukho nkunzi nemazi badityaniswe ngaphezu kwesinye. Owasetyhini wayesetyenziswa kwindlela yokulungisa ilamuni kube kanye ngosuku. Kwindoda nganye ibhinqa lasebenza kulingo lolawulo phambi kokuba libe kulingo lokulungiswa kwelamuni ukuze indoda ingaze idibane nolingo lolawulo kunye nemazi eyayikhe yazihlanganisa ngaphambili ngaloo mini.

Kuvavanyo lwe-pre-conditioning kunye ne-post-conditioning test, akukho mabhinqa ayekhona kwibhokisi ye-stimulus. Ibhokisi ye-stimulus yayifakwe kwi-cage yasekhaya kwaye emva kwe-3 min ikliphu ene-lemon enevumba elimnandi okanye i-disc yokulawula yokhuni yatshintshwa enye ikliphu kwaye sabhala idatha yokuziphatha kwi-20 min.

Ukuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha zokuziphatha kunye nokuhlalutya

Ngalo lonke inqanaba lovavanyo, umbonisi onamava orekhodiweyo wexesha: idatha yokuziphatha kwikhompyuter yelaptop isebenzisa isoftware eyenzelwe wena. Zonke izilwanyana zazihlala kwindawo ehlala umntu obukeleyo. Kuvavanyo lwe-pre-conditioning kunye ne-post-conditioning test (akukho mfazi wayekho), sirekhode i-frequency ye-stimulus box-directed behavior of look, sniffing, or touching box that were summary to a single measure of box-directed behavior. Siphinde sarekhoda umsebenzi we-locomotor esekwe kwi-quadrant yokuwela rhoqo ngaphakathi kwekheji, ukukrwela rhoqo njengomlinganiselo woxinzelelo (UCilia noPiper, ngo-1997; Barros okqhubekayo., 2000) kunye nesiseko se-ad lib (kuxhomekeke ekubonakaleni kwelungu lobufazi) nokuba ulwakhiwo luye lwabonwa na. Ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-lemon conditioning siqokelele idatha malunga nala manyathelo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kubandakanya ukudibanisa ukuya kwi-ejaculation. Idatha yahlaziywa kusetyenziswa uthelekiso olucwangcisiweyo olucwangcisiweyo lweesampulu ezihambelanayo ezinemisila emibini ye-t-mvavanyo kunye nesethi ye-alpha kwi-0.05. Akukho seti yedatha isetyenziswe kuthelekiso olungaphezulu kwesinye.

iziphumo

Onke amadoda namabhinqa adityaniswa ejaculation kulo lonke ulingo lwe-lemon conditioning. Kwakungekho mahluko phakathi kokulawula kunye nokuvumba kwe-lemon kwizenzo ezijoliswe kwibhokisi yesidleke ngexesha lesigaba sokuvavanya kwangaphambili (Mean ± SEM lemon 2.03 ± 0.48, ukulawula i-1.95 ± 0..50, t(3) = 0.151, ns) kodwa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-lemon kunye neemeko zokulawula kwisigaba sovavanyo lwe-post-conditioning (i-lemon 17.5 ± 3.4, ukulawula i-1.75 ± 0.85, t(3) = 4.70, p = 0.018, Umzobo 2). Ngokuchasene nokuziphatha okujoliswe kwibhokisi kwakungekho mahluko kwi-locomotion phakathi kwe-lemon kwaye akukho zilingo ze-lemon kwi-pre-conditioning (i-lemon 28.5 ± 5.83, ukulawula i-29.1 ± 7.43, t (3) = 0.130, ns) okanye izigaba ze-post-conditioning (i-lemon 23.1 ± 4.97, ukulawula i-28.9 ± 9.52, t (3) = 0.764, ns, Umzobo 3). Asizange siqaphele iirections kulo naluphi na uvavanyo lwangaphambili okanye kulingo lolawulo lwe-post-conditioning. Nangona kunjalo ii-erections zabonwa malunga ne-79.2 ± 14.4% ye-lemon trails postconditioning (t(3) = 6.33, p = 0.008, Umzobo 4). Izinga lokukrala alizange lihluke phakathi kwe-lemon kunye nolawulo kwisigaba sangaphambili sokulungiswa (i-lemon 25.1 ± 7.36, ukulawula i-18.0 ± 3.52, t (3) = 1.54, ns) kodwa yahluke kwisigaba se-post-conditioning (i-lemon 41.0 ± 8.23, ukulawula i-18 ± 4.76, t (3) = 4.00, p = 0.028, Umzobo 5).

Umzobo 2 

Kuthetha ukuziphatha okujoliswe kwibhokisi nganye ngolingo (jonga, ukufunxa, uthinte) kwizigaba zangaphambili kunye ne-post-conditioning. Indlela yokuziphatha ejongiswe kwibhokisi kwi-post-conditioning phase ye-lemon trails inkulu kakhulu kuneemvavanyo zolawulo (p = 0.018).
Umzobo 3 

Ukuziphatha kwe-locomotor ethetha ngomzila kwizigaba zangaphambili kunye ne-post-conditioning. Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwelamuni kunye nolingo lolawulo lwaso nasiphi na isigaba.
Umzobo 4 

Ipesenti ephakathi yolingo lwangaphambili kunye nasemva kovavanyo apho ukumiswa kwabonwa. Kwakukho iiseshini ezininzi ngokulungiswa kwe-lemon kunokulawula kwizilingo ze-postconditioning (p = 0.008).
Umzobo 5 

Ireyithi yokukrwela ephakathi ngolingo ngalunye kwizigaba zokulungisa kwangaphambili kunye nezasemva kolungiso. Kwakukho imikrwelo engakumbi kwizilingo zelamuni kunezilingo zolawulo kwisigaba se-post-conditioning (p = 0.028).

ingxoxo

Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba iimarmosets zamadoda zinokulungiswa ngempumelelo ukuze zibonise iimpendulo zesondo kwi-acbstory olfactory cue, ivumba lelamuni. Kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba i-stimulus conditioned, i-lemon ivumba, idityaniswe nexesha lexesha elandulela imbonakalo yeqabane elinokubakho kwaye lalingekho xa ibhinqa lifumaneka ukuba likhutshelwe. Ukusondela okwandisiweyo kwibhokisi ye-stimulus kwisigaba se-post-conditioning kufana nendawo ekhethwayo ebonakaliswe kwezinye izifundo (umz. Meisel kunye neYopa, ngo-1994). Akukho madoda abonise ukumiswa nakweyiphi na i-lemon yangaphambili okanye isilingo solawulo okanye kulo naluphi na uvavanyo lolawulo lwe-postconditioning. Nangona kunjalo iirections zabonwa kwintsingiselo ye-79.2% yezilingo ze-postconditioning ezibonisa ukuvuswa kwesondo okucacileyo kwi-lemon ivumba ngokungabikho kwazo naziphi na iimpawu ezivela kumfazi. Ngaloo ndlela ii-marmosets zibonise iimpendulo ezomeleleyo nezisebenzayo ezilindelekileyo zokuziphatha kwivumba lelamuni elilandela imeko. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba iimarmosets ziyakwazi ukunxulumanisa inqaku elitsha lokuvumba kunye nokufikelela kwi-peri-ovulatory female.

Ukusukela ekubeni iimvavanyo zokubeka imeko zaqala kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva kokuphela komgangatho kwaye zaqhubeka iintsuku ezine, iziphumo zokumisela imeko zazihlala ixesha elide. Kolunye uphononongo olunezilwanyana ezingengobantu ulingo lovavanyo lwaye lwaqhutywa ngokukhawuleza emva kovavanyo lokugqibela lokumisela imeko okanye kusuku lwamva nje olulandela imeko (umz. eDomjan okqhubekayo. 1988, Hollis okqhubekayo. 1989, Hollis okqhubekayo. 1997; Kippin okqhubekayo, 1998; Zamble okqhubekayo., 1985, 1986).

Nangona amadoda amabini kwabane kuphononongo lwethu ayengenalwazi ngokwesondo kwakungekho mahluko phakathi kwala madoda kwaye anamava, amadoda adityaniswe ngamaqabane ngamanani okukopa (onke amadoda adityaniswe ejaculation kunye nawo onke amabhinqa kwizilingo zokumisela imeko) kwaye akukho mahluko acacileyo wokuziphatha kwisithuba. -conditioning izilingo. Iimarmosets ezingenalwazi ngokwesini zazivuseleleka yaye kulula ukuzilungisa njengamadoda anamava ngokwesini.

Isiphumo esididayo noko kukwanda okubonakalayo kwindlela yokuziphatha kwiindlela zelamuni emva kokulungiswa. Ukukrwela kuchongiwe njengendlela yokuziphatha ebonisa ukuxhalaba kwizifundo malunga neentlobo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo ((Barros et al. 2000). Esinye sezizathu ezinokwenzeka zokonyuka kwezinga lokukrwempa kulingo lwe-lemon emva kokulungiswa kukuba ngexesha lokubeka imeko amadoda ebelindele ukudibana nomntu obhinqileyo emva kobukho bevumba lelamuni emva koko kwizilingo ze-postconditioning akukho mabhinqa akhoyo ebhokisini kwaye ke akukho namnye okhoyo. ukukopa. Uphononongo olongezelelweyo luya kufuneka ukuqonda ngcono esi siphumo.

Zombini iimarmosets eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-cotton-top tamarins ziye zabonwa ukuba zahlula phakathi kwevumba labasetyhini abakwi-peri-ovulatory kunye nabangeyo-ovulatory ngokunyuka kwenkanuko yesini kunye nokukhululwa kwe testosterone.USmith noAbbott, ngo-1998, Ziegler okqhubekayo. 1993, 2005). Ivumba le-peri-ovulatory linokwenza indawo ye-preoptic ye-medial kunye ne-hypothalamus yangaphambili kwii-marmosets eziqhelekileyo njengoko kubonisiwe nge-imaging magnetic resonance esebenzayo (Ferris okqhubekayo., 2001).

Nangona kunjalo, ukubonakaliswa kwemeko yezesondo kwivumba elibi kunceda ukusombulula i-paradox ecacileyo malunga neemarmosets eziqhelekileyo. Kuzo zombini izifundo zokubanjwa kunye nentsimi (Anzenberger, ngo-1985, UDigby, ngo-1999; I-Evans, 1983; ULazaro-Perea, ngo-2001) iimarmosets eziqhelekileyo zibandakanyeka ekuziphatheni kokuthandana kunye nokuzalana ngaphandle kwesibini kunye nezilwanyana zamanye amaqela, ukanti isibini esisondeleleneyo sibonakala sibalulekile ekukhuliseni ngempumelelo ulutsha ekubeni ootata benenkathalo enkulu yabazali. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo ukuziphatha okuya kunxibelelana ingqiniseko yobutata iya kubaluleka. Ukuziphatha kwendoda ngokwesondo kunye namanye amabhinqa ekuthinjweni kunyanzelekile xa amadoda enokufikelela okubonakalayo kumaqabane awo (Anzenberger, ngo-1985) nasendle, nangona amadoda amadala sele ejongwe kunxulumano lweqela elongezelelweyo xa iintsana ezixhomekeke ekubeni zingekho, iimazi ezizalayo azibandakanyeki ekudibaneni kweqela elingaphezulu (extra-group copulations)ULazaro-Perea, ngo-2001), ezinye iimazi ezingakhulisiyo ezithatha inxaxheba ekudibaneni kweqela elongezelelekileyo zinokukhulelwa kodwa azikwazi ukukhulisa ngempumelelo naziphi na iintsana ezikhokelela (Digby 1995; Roda & Medes Pontes 1998; Lazaro-Perea okqhubekayo 2000; Melo okqhubekayo 2003; U-Arruda okqhubekayo 2005; Sousa okqhubekayo 2005; Bezerra okqhubekayo 2007), ukubonelela ngesiqinisekiso sobutata. Iinyani ezongeziweyo zokuba (1) ootata abaphenduli kwivumba elivela kwinoveli, abasetyhini abakwi-peri-ovulatory ngokubonisa umdla wokuziphatha kunye nokungabikho konyuso lwe-testosterone njengoko kubonisiwe ngamadoda angengotata (Ziegler okqhubekayo, 2005) kunye (2) namavumba amabhinqa anoveli enza ukuba kusebenze iindawo zobuchopho ezibandakanyekayo kwinkumbulo, ekukhuthazeni nasekuvavanyeni (UFerris et al. 2004) bobabini bacebisa ukuba ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwe-marmoset yamadoda akuqhutywa nje yipheromone evuselelayo efihlwa yi-peri-ovulatory female. Endaweni yoko kufuneka kubandakanyeke ezinye iinkqubo.

Sicebisa (njenge Goldfoot (1981) wenzela ii-macaques) ukuba iimpawu ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwe-marmoset yamadoda zi-multivariate kwaye zibandakanya imeko yentlalo yamadoda, nokuba akatshatanga okanye atshatile, utata okanye akanguye utata kwaye nokuba amadoda afunda malunga neempawu ezithile ezinxulumene namaqabane awo hayi nje ivumba. Iimpawu ezithile kodwa kunye neempawu zezwi kunye nezibonwayo ngokunjalo. Qaphela oko Anzenberger (1985) wafumanisa ukuba ubukho obubonakalayo beqabane banele ukuthintela ukuthandana kwentombazana esenoveli.

Uphononongo lweentlobo ezininzi zeemarmosets kunye ne-tamarins zinike ingxelo yokuqondwa komntu ngamnye ngevumba lodwa (bona Epple, ngo-1986 uphononongo) kwaye uphononongo lwangoku lubonisa ukuba amadoda anokufunda ukudibanisa ivumba elibi kunye namava esondo acebisa ukuba amadoda anokufunda iindlela zokuchonga amaqabane awo ngokwabelana ngesondo. Iya kuba sisihloko esinomdla kunye nesibalulekileyo kuphando lwexesha elizayo lokuphonononga iimpendulo ze-neural ze-marmosets zamadoda kwivumba kunye nezinye iimpawu zokuziva zamaqabane abo kunye nabasetyhini abanoveli njengomsebenzi wobume bentlalo yamadoda.

Imibulelo

Ukuxhaswa ngamaZiko eeNkxaso zezeMpilo zeSizwe MH058700 kuCraig F. Ferris, MH035215 kuCharles T. Snowdon kunye noToni E. Ziegler kunye neRR00167 kwi-Wisconsin National Primate Research Centre.

Ucaphulo

  1. UAkins CK. Indima ye-Pavlovian conditioning ekuziphatheni ngokwesondo: Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwezilwanyana zabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Int J Comp Psych. 2004;17:241–262.
  2. Anzenberger G. Udibana njani nomntu ongaqhelekanga kwiimarmosets eziqhelekileyo (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) ziphenjelelwa ngamalungu entsapho: umgangatho wokuziphatha. IFolia Primatol. 1985;45:204–224.
  3. Arruda MF, Araujo A, Sousa MB, Albuquerque FS, Albuquerque AC, Yamamoto ME. Iimazi ezimbini zokuzalanisa kumaqela ahlala ngokukhululekileyo zinokungasoloko zibonisa i-polygyny: ezinye iindlela ezingaphantsi kwabasetyhini kwiimarmosets eziqhelekileyo (I-Callithrix jacchus) Folia Primatol. 2005;76:10–20. [PubMed]
  4. UBarros M, uBoere V, uHuston JP, uTomaz C. Ukulinganisa uloyiko kunye nokuxhalaba kwi-marmoset (ICellithrix penicillata) ngemodeli yokujongana notshaba lwenoveli: isiphumo seDiazepam. Behav Brain Res. 2000;108:205–211. [PubMed]
  5. Bezerra BM, Da Silva Souto A, Schiel N. Infanticide and cannibalism in free-ranging plurally breeding group of common marmosets (I-Callithrix jacchus) NdinguJ Primatol. 2007;69:945–952. [PubMed]
  6. Bobabini i-S, i-Spiering M, i-Everard W, i-Laan E. Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuphendula kwi-sexual stimuli elandela i-laboratory evuselela ukuvuswa ngokwesondo. J Sex Res. 2004;41:242–258. [PubMed]
  7. UCilia J, uPiper DC. Ukujongana neMarmoset conspecific: imodeli esekwe ngokwe-ethological yexhala. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;58:85–91. [PubMed]
  8. I-Crowley WR, i-Polow HB, i-Ward OB., Jr Ukusuka kwi-dud ukuya kwi-stud: Ukuziphatha okuhlangeneyo okubangelwa ngokuvuselela okusemgangathweni kwiigundane zesilisa ezingasebenzi ngokwesondo. I-Physiol Behav. 1973;10:391–394. [PubMed]
  9. Digby LJ. Ukhathalelo lweentsana, ukubulawa kweentsana, kunye nezicwangciso zokuzala zabasetyhini kumaqela e-polygynous yeemarmosets eziqhelekileyo (Callitrhrix jacchus) Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 1995;37:51–61.
  10. Digby LJ. Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokudityaniswa kweqela elingaphandle kuluntu lwasendle lweemarmosets eziqhelekileyo (I-Callithrix jacchus) Folia Primatol. 1999;70:136–145. [PubMed]
  11. Domjan M, Blesbois E, Williams J. Ukubaluleka okuguquguqukayo kwemeko yezesondo, i-Psych. Sci. 1998;9:411–415.
  12. I-Domjan M, i-O'Vary D, i-Greene P. I-Conditioning of appetitive and consummatory behavior ngokwesondo kwi-quail yaseJapan eyindoda. J Exp Anal Behav. 1988;50:505–519. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  13. Epple G. Unxibelelwano ngemiqondiso yeekhemikhali. Ku: Mitchell G, Erwin J, abahleli. Comprerative Primate Biology, Vol. 2A Ukuziphatha, uLondolozo kunye ne-Ecology. Alan R. Liss; ENew York: 1986. iphepha 531–580.
  14. Evans S. Isibini-bond of the common marmoset, I-Callithrix jacchus: uphando lovavanyo. Anim Behav. 1983;31:651–658.
  15. Ferris CF, Snowdon CT, King JA, Duong TQ, Ziegler TE, Ugurbil K, Ludwig R, Schultz-Darken NJ, Wu Z, Olson DP, Sullivan JM, Jr, Tannenbaum PL, Vaughn JT. Imifanekiso esebenzayo yomsebenzi wobuchopho kwiinkawu eziziqondayo ezisabela kwiimpawu ezivuselela isondo. NeuoReport. 2001;12:2231–2236. [PubMed]
  16. Ferris CF, Snowdon CT, King JA, Sullivan JM, Jr, Ziegler TE, Olson DP, Schultz-Darken NJ, Tannenbaum PL, Ludwig R, Wu Z, Einspanier A, Vaughn JT, Duong TQ. Ukuqaliswa kweendlela ze-neural ezinxulumene nokuvuswa ngokwesondo kwii-primates ezingezona zabantu. J Mag Res Umfanekiso. 2004;19:168–175. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  17. Goldfoot DA. I-Olfaction, ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye ne-pheromone hypothesis kwi-rhesus monkeys: i-critique. Ndingu Zool. 1981;21:153–164.
  18. Hoffmann H, Janssen E, Turner SL. Imeko yeClassical yokuvuswa ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda: iziphumo zolwazi olwahlukeneyo kunye nokubaluleka kwebhayoloji yokuvuselela okumiselweyo. Arch Sex Behav. 2004;33:43–53. [PubMed]
  19. UHollis KL, uColbert EL, uNaura M. Ukusebenza kwebhayoloji ye-Pavlovian conditioning: Indlela yokuphumelela kwe-mating kwi-gourami eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (I-Trichogaster tricopterus), J. Comp. Ngengqondo. 1989;103:115–121.
  20. I-Hollis KL, i-Pharr VL, i-Dumas MJ, i-Britton GB, i-Field J. I-Classical conditioning ibonelela nge-paternity advantage kwi-territorial male blue gouramis (I-Trichogaster tricopterus) J Comp Psych. 1997;111:219–225.
  21. UJohnston RE, u-Zahorik DM, u-Immler K, u-Zakon H. Ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha kwendoda ngokwesondo ngokufunda okungathandekiyo kwi-hamster secretion yangasese. J Comp Physiol Psych. 1978;92:85–93. [PubMed]
  22. Kippin TE, Talianakis S, Schattmann L, Bartholomew S, Pfaus JG. Imeko ye-olfactory yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwimpuku eyindoda (Rattus norvegicus) J Comp Psych. 1998;112:389–399.
  23. Lalumière ML, Quinsey VL. Ukulungiswa kwePavlovian yeminqweno yesini kumadoda abantu. Arch Sex Behav. 1998;27:241–252. [PubMed]
  24. I-Lazaro-Perea C. Ukusebenzisana kweqela kwii-marmosets eziqhelekileyo zasendle, I-Callithrix jacchus: ukhuselo lommandla kunye novavanyo lwabamelwane. Anim Behav. 2001;62:11–21.
  25. Lazaro-Perea C, Castro CSS, Harrison R, Araujo A, Arruda MF, Snowdon CT. Utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye namanani abantu kulandela ilahleko yemazi ezalayo ekuzaleni ngokubambisana kweemarmosets. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2000;48:137–146.
  26. I-Letourneau EJ, i-O'Donohue W. Imeko yeClassical yokuvuswa ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini. Arch Sex Behav. 1997;26:63–78. [PubMed]
  27. Lloyd SAC, Dixson AG. Iziphumo zezilonda ze-hypothalamic kukuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nentlalo ye-marmoset eqhelekileyo yamadoda (I-Callithrix jacchus) Indawo yokuhlala. I-1988; 463: 317-329. [PubMed]
  28. McDonnell SM, Kenney RM, Keckly PE, Garcia MC. Ukucinezelwa okumiselweyo kokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-stallions kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-diazepam. I-Physiol Behav. 1985;34:951–956. [PubMed]
  29. Meisel RL, Joppa MA. Indawo emiselweyo ekhethwayo kwiihamster zabasetyhini emva kokudibana okundlongondlongo okanye ngokwesondo. I-Physiol Behav. 1994;56:1115–1118. [PubMed]
  30. Melo L, Mendes Pontes AR, Montiero da Cruz MA. Ukubulawa kweentsana kunye nokutyiwa kwabantu kwiimarmosets eziqhelekileyo zasendle. IFolia Primatol. 2003;74:48–50. [PubMed]
  31. UMichael RP, uKeverne EB. Iipheromones kunxibelelwano lobume bezesondo kwiiprimates. Indalo. 1968;218:746–749. [PubMed]
  32. I-Pfaus JG, i-Kippin TE, i-Centeno S. Ukuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini: ukuhlaziywa. UHorm Behav. 2001; 40: 291-321. [UPubMed]
  33. I-Pfaus JG, i-Kippin TE, i-Coria-Avila G. Ziziphi iimodeli zezilwanyana ezinokusixelela ntoni malunga nokusabela kwabantu ngokwesondo? Ann Rev Sex Res. 2003;14:1–63. [PubMed]
  34. Roda SA, Pontes AR. Iipolygyny kunye nokubulawa kweentsana kwiimarmosets eziqhelekileyo kwiqhekeza lehlathi leAtlantiki eBrazil. IFolia Primatol. 1998;69:372–376. [PubMed]
  35. Saltzman W, Schultz-Darken NJ, Scheffler G, Wagner F, Abbott D. Iimpembelelo zeNtlalo kunye nokuzala kwi-plasma cortisol kwiinkawu ze-marmoset zabasetyhini. I-Physiol Behav. 1994;56:801–810. [PubMed]
  36. USmith TE, uAbbott DH. Ucalucalulo lokuziphatha phakathi kwevumba le-circumgenital ukusuka kwi-peri-ovulatory elawulayo kunye ne-anovulatory female marmosets eziqhelekileyo (I-Callithrix jacchus) NdinguJ Primatol. 1998;46:265–284. [PubMed]
  37. Sousa MB, Alburqueque AC, da Alburqueque FS, Araujo A, Yamamoto ME, de Arruda MF. Izicwangciso zokuziphatha kunye neeprofayili zehomoni ze-marmoset eziqhelekileyo nezingaphantsi (Callithrix jacchus) amabhinqa kumaqela asendle ahlala eyedwa. NdinguJ Primatol. 2005;67:37–50. [PubMed]
  38. Zamble E, Hadad GM, Mitchell JB, Cutmore TRH. Ukulungiswa kwePavlovian yokuvusa isondo: imiphumo yokuqala kunye neyesibini. J Exp Psych: Anim Behav Proc. 1985;11:598–610. [PubMed]
  39. UZamble E, uMitchell JB, uFindlay H. Ukulungiswa kwePavlovian yokuvuselela ngokwesondo: i-parametric kunye ne-background manipulations. J Exp Psych: Anim Behav Proc. 1986;12:403–411. [PubMed]
  40. I-Ziegler TE, i-Epple G, i-Snowdon CT, i-Porter TA, i-Belcher AM, i-Kuderling L. Ukufunyanwa kweempawu zeekhemikhali ze-ovulation kwi-tamarin ye-cotton-top, Saguinus oedipus. Anim Behav. 1993;45:313–322.
  41. Ziegler TE, Jacoris S, Snowdon CT. Unxibelelwano lwezesondo phakathi kokufuya iitamarin zamadoda nabasetyhini (Saguinus oedipus) kunye nobudlelwane bayo nokhathalelo lweentsana. NdinguJ Primatol. 2004;64:57–69. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  42. Ziegler TE, Schultz-Darken NJ, Scott JJ, Snowdon CT, Ferris CF. Impendulo ye-Neuroendocrine kumavumba omfazi ovula i-ovulatory ixhomekeke kwimeko yentlalo kwi-marmosets eqhelekileyo yamadoda, I-Callithrix jacchus, Horm. Ukuziphatha. 2005;47:56–64. [PubMed]