Ukuqwalasela ezinye iinkcazo zeNxulumano phakathi kweengxaki zobuntwana, ukuShatshazwa kwabantwana, kunye noBuchule boBucala boBuntu: Phendula kwi-Bailey ne-Bailey (2013) kunye ne-Rind (2013)

Sisebenzisa idata emele ilizwe lonke e-US, siqwalasele umanyano olusekwe phakathi kokuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunye nesini esifanayo kwaye sibuze ukuba ingaba le nhlangano inokubangelwa kakhulu kukuziphatha ngokwesini kwabantwana okuphembelela umngcipheko wokuphathwa gadalala, njengoko kusoloko kucingelwa, okanye ngaba ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunokuchaphazela imeko yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. (URoberts, iGlymour, kunye noKoenen, 2013). Senze uvavanyo lokuba uxinzelelo lube nefuthe ekuziqhelaniseni kwaye sisebenzise indlela yokusebenza yokuvavanya le hypothesis. Ngokukodwa, ngenxa yokuba iinkxwaleko zobuntwana ziyaziwa ukuba zinefuthe kumngcipheko wokuphathwa gadalala, kodwa ngaphandle kwempembelelo ngqo kwisimo sokuziphatha ngokwesini, siye saqonda ukuba, ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kuchaphazela inkanuko yesini, iinkxwaleko ezandisa umngcipheko wokuphathwa gadalala kufuneka zixele kwangaphambili ukwanda kwesondo. uqhelaniso.

Sifumene inkxaso kule ntelekelelo yokuba imeko yobuntwana yaxela kwangaphambili ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo; ukuba imbandezelo yobuntwana yaxela kwangaphambili umdla wesini esifanayo, amaqabane kunye nesazisi; kwaye ukuba ubunzima ebuntwaneni babungazimele kumtsalane wesini esifanayo, amaqabane kunye nesazisi xa kusenziwa ingxelo malunga nokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana. Sisebenzisa izixhobo ezingafaniyo, siqikelela ukuba isiqingatha sayo yonke ingozi yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana phakathi kwabantu besini esifanayo xa kuthelekiswa nobungqingili kubangelwe zimpembelelo zokuphathwa gadalala ngokwesini. Ukusukela ukupapashwa kwenqaku lethu, uphononongo olutsha kusetyenziswa idatha eyahlukileyo yafumanisa ukuba amadoda athandana nabantu abathandana nabantu abangatshatanga, abantu abathandanayo, nabantu abathandanayo, xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abathandanayo, banethuba lokufumana imeko ezimbi zobomi basekhaya ebuntwaneni, kubandakanywa ukugula ngengqondo kwekhaya, ukusebenzisa gwenxa iziyobisi, ukubanjwa Ilungu lasekhaya, kunye (kubathengisi bebodwa kuphela) ukwahlukana kwabazali okanye ukuqhawula umtshato (I-Andersen kunye neBlosnich, ngo-2013). Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziphinda ziphakamise umbuzo wokuba yintoni enokubangela ukwanda okuphezulu kwenqanaba labantwana abakhulelwayo, zinto ezo ziyimingcipheko yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana phakathi kweentsapho zokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo.

Siyazibulela iingcaciso ezinengcinga ezivela UBailey kunye noBailey (2013) kwaye Rind (2013) kwaye bulela uMhleli ngethuba lokuphendula. Inqaku lethu liqwalasele umba obuthathaka. Abantu abachonga njengabantu abathandana besini esinye, abathandanayo, okanye abathandanayo nabasetyhini kwaye bahlala bebandlululwa ngokobuqu nangokwamaziko. Ubufanasini yayikukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuchaphazeleka kutshanje njenge-DSM-II. Kungenxa yale nto, nokuba ndibuze umbuzo wokuba zeziphi izinto ezinegalelo kulwalamano lwesondo ezibuthathaka. I-Rind ithatha uphando lwethu ukubonisa ukuba inkcubeko yesini "ayiqhelekanga," "yeyokwendalo" okanye "yeyenzakalisayo." Asiyichazanga le nto kwaye asiyikholelwa kwaphela. Uphando lwethu lwenziwa kumoya wokuphanda ngokwahluka komntu ekuziphatheni kwakhe njengoko kusenziwa kwiimpawu ezifana nobuntu. Asivumelani nabantu abaza kufaka iziphumo zethu kwiinjongo zopolitiko eziya kwenzakalisa okanye zithobe abantu abachonga njengabantu abathandanayo, abathandanayo, okanye abathandanayo. Nangona kunjalo, asikholelwa ukuba uloyiko lokuba umntu anokusebenzisa kakubi okanye atolike oko sikufumanisileyo kufanelekile ukuba akhuphe uphando malunga nemvelaphi yokuziphatha ngokwesondo okanye ikhonkco phakathi kokukhetha ngokwesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana.

Iintlobo zombane eziguqukayo azinakho ukungqinwa; Ziyakwazi ukutolikwa njengesizathu kuphela sokucinga okunyanzelisiweyo. Sithelekisa apha iingcinga ezifunekayo kutoliko lwethu kunye neenkolelo kunye neziphumo zezinye izindululo ezivela UBailey kunye noBailey (2013) kwaye Rind (2013).

U-Bailey kunye no-Bailey bacebisa ukuba iintlobano zesini zesini esifanayo ziphenjelelwe yinto yemvelo echaza nobuzali, njengokuqhawula umtshato, ukugula ngengqondo, intlupheko kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Bacetyisa imiba yemfuza eyonyusa umngcipheko we-neuroticism njengenye yezinto ezinokwenzeka. Phantsi kwale hypothesis, unxibelelwano phakathi, umzekelo, ukubakho kootatazala ebusaneni kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini esifanayo kubangelwa kukuphoxeka uhlobo (gene)Ikhiwane. 1). Siqaphele ukuba isincoko sikaBailey noBailey sithetha ukuba amadoda athandana nabantu abathandana nabesilisa abathandanayo bathwala imfuza-edlulile isuka kubazali babo-eyonyusa umngcipheko wokugula ngengqondo, ukusela utywala, indlala, kunye nokungazinzi kubudlelwane bexesha elide. Kulwazi lwethu, akukho phando lwemfuzo oluxhasa oku kunokwenzeka.

 

Ikhiwane. 1

U-Bailey kunye no-Bailey: imfuzo njengento eqhelekileyo yezixhobo, zokuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunye, nesini esifanayo

Ukuphanda ukuba kungenzeka ukuba izinto ezazibangelwa ngu-Bailey noBailey banokuphendula malunga nemibutho ekhoyo kuPhando lweSizwe lwe-Epidemiologic kwiNotywala kunye neMeko eNxulumene noko (i-NESARC), saqhuba ngeendlela ezininzi. Injongo yethu yayikukulinganisa ilizwe apho imibutho yeenkcukacha manani yedatha inokuvela kwisakhiwo esichazwe nguBailey noBailey, ukuvavanya ukuba olu lwakhiwo lukhona na (ngeenkcukacha zokulinganisa kunye nekhowudi. isihlomelo). Olu phawu lubonisa ukuba isakhiwo sembangela sicetywe nguBailey noBailey (Ikhiwane. 1) Inokwenza ubudlelwane phakathi kootatazala kunye nobuni besini esifanayo obufumaneka kwi-NESARC kuphela ukuba ngaba ifuthe elinamandla kakhulu lemfuza kwezi zinto zikhoyo. Umzekelo, ukuzalisekisa u-Bailey kunye ne-Bailey's hypothesis, umngcipheko we-allele kufuneka uphendule malunga ne-14% ye-neuroticism yomama kunye ne-15% yokuba umntwana angakwazi ukuba nesini. Ezi zomelele, ngokomyalelo wobukhulu, kunaso nasiphi na isiphumo sofuzo esimiselweyo sayo nayiphi na impilo yengqondo okanye isiphumo sokuziphatha okuntsonkothileyo. Umzekelo, amanqaku omngcipheko we-polygenic we-schizophrenia oquka ngaphezu kwe-37,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) echazwe kwi-3% yomngcipheko we-schizophrenia (Purcell et al., 2009) .Kodwa ukuba kukho isichazi semfuzo esachaza i-14% ye-neuroticism yoomama, ukuvelisa imibutho ekhoyo kwidatha ye-NESARC, sicinga ukuba umngcipheko we-neuroticism allele wayenobunzima obufanayo besiphumo sokuchongwa kwesini esifanayo ngokwesini. Oku kubonakala kungenakulindeleka kunikezwe ubungqina bangaphambili bokwabiwa kobume bommandla wezinto ezintsokothileyo kwidomeyini efanayo (Purcell et al., 2009). Nokuba sithathe ezi ziphumo zofuzo zomeleleyo, sikwazile ukufumana umanyano phakathi kokuba ngumzali nothile ngaphambi kobudala be-5 kunye nesazisi esifana nesakho esifunyenwe kwi-NESARC ukuba i-neuroticism kamama ibalwe nge-50% yamathuba okuba nomzali wesibini.

Lilonke, saqokelela idatha phantsi koluhlu lweengcinga kwaye azange sikwazi ukuvelisa nayiphi na iseti yedatha ehambelana nolwazelelo lwesindululo olwacetywa nguBailey kunye noBailey, ulwazi lwangoku lokuchaza ngemfuza kunye neendlela zokuziphatha, kunye neepatheni zobalo eziqwalaselweyo Idatha ye-NESARC. Siyagqiba ke ngoko ukuba imeko yabo ecetywayo ye-causal ayilindelekanga. Kwiimodeli zethu zokuphononongwa, siqwalasele ezinye iindlela ezinokubakho, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo asikhange siphonononge indalo iphela yemodeli ezinokwenzeka kwaye senze iingcinga malunga nendlela yokusebenza konxibelelaniso lwe-causal (umzekelo, iziphumo zomgca). Asinako ke ukucacisa ukuba kukho enye indlela, eyinkimbinkimbi yokwenza idatha enokuthi ihambelane nesakhiwo esicetywayo kunye neenkcukacha eziqwalaselweyo, kwaye simema uBailey noBailey ukuba baphakamise indlela enjalo.

Ukuba sithathe indawo "yokuhlazeka ngokwasentlalweni" kunye "nokubala," ingxabano iyafana. Ngapha koko, umzobo we-Rind's causal ubonisa iindlela ezininzi apho ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kuchaphazela ukubonwa ngokwesondo (sibonisa ezi ndlela zimbini Ikhiwane. 2).

 

Ikhiwane. 2

Indlela ye-Rind esuka kwizixhobo ngokusebenzisa ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ukuya kwisini esifanayo

Kuyakwazi ukuvavanya i-hypothesis yeRind usebenzisa idatha ye-NESARC. Ngaba imeko ka-Rind ecetyiweyo yesizathu sokudibana ichanekile, amava omntwana angengowamvelo anokuchaphazeleka ukuba abenokwabelana ngesondo nomntu ongatshatanga naye ngokwesondo. Sivavanye ke ukudibanisa izixhobo zethu nezixhobo zesini esifanayo phakathi kwabantu abangakhange bahlelwe kukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana. 1 Table ibonisa ukwanda kwesini esifanayo nesini ngokubandakanyeka kwengxaki yobuntwana phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini abangakhange bahlelwe kukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana. Phakathi kwabantu ababanga ukuxhatshazwa, ukuxhaphaka komtsalane wobungqingili, amaqabane, kunye nesazisi, ngokubanzi, kuyafana okanye kubaphantsi kwabo bahlangabezana nentlupheko, ingxaki yotywala bomzali, umzali okanye ogulayo ngengqondo yomzali xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangakhange benze nto. Nangona kungenakugqitywa, ezi datha zicebisa ukuba akukho siphumo kwezi zinto zingaqhelekanga kubomi bezesondo ngaphandle kwaxa kwenzeka gadalala lwabantwana.

 

1 Table

Ukuqala komtsalane wesini esifanayo, amaqabane, kunye nesazisi ngokweemeko zobuntwana phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini abangachazwanga ekuphathweni gadalala kwabantwana, i-NESARC (n= 10,375)

U-Bailey noBailey ngokungachanekanga baqinisekisa ukuba siyalile into yokuba ukubakho ngokwesondo ebuntwaneni kuchaphazela zombini ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunye nokuzibandakanya kwabantu abadala ngokwesondo kuba izixhobo (imeko yobuntwana) yayihambelana nolwalamano lwabantu abancinci abancinci. Ngokuchasene noko, siyayala le meko kuba izixhobo zazingachazwanga ngokuziphatha kwabantu abadala ngokwesondo xa bekwimeko yokuhlukunyezwa kwabantwana. Ukuba imbandezelo yobuntwana ichaphazele ngqo ukubhekisa kwisini komntwana ngokwesondo, echaphazela ukungaziphathi kakuhle kunye nokuziqhelanisa nabantu abadala, unxibelelwano phakathi kobunzima bomntwana kunye nokuziqhelanisa nabantu abadala akufuneki kususwe uhlengahlengiso ekuphathweni kakubi. Siyayibulela into yokuba uBailey kunye noBailey bagxile kwimigqaliselo ephambili kwiimodeli zethu eziguquguqukayo zezixhobo: (1) azikho izizathu ezingavakaliyo zobunzima bomntwana (izinto eziguquguqukayo) kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo; kwaye (2) ubunzima bokukhula komntwana abuchaphazeli inkcubeko yesondo ngokusebenzisa enye indlela, engahambelani nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantwana. Bacinga ukuba le ndlela yokucinga ayinakuba yinyani kwaye bacebisa enye inkcazo malunga neepateni zokuziphatha eziqwalaselweyo. Nangona siyavuma ukuba iingcinga zisenokungabi yinyani, ukhetho olucetywayo nguBailey noBailey lubonakala ngathi alukho. Siyakwamkela ukuxhaswa okongezelelekileyo kwizinto ezizezinye ezinokubakho kwaye siyakholelwa ukuba ziya kuphucula ukuqonda kwethu kokubini ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunye nemvelaphi yokuziphatha ngokwesondo.

Ukuqukumbela, nangona iimodeli ezingafaniyo nezixhobo zixhomekeke ekucingeni okunamandla, enye inkcazo yesizathu esichazwe nguBailey kunye noBailey kunye neRind nayo ixhomekeke ekucingeleni- iingcinga ezibonakala zingahambelani nobungqina obunamandla obuvela kwiimodeli zedatha kunye novavanyo ngakumbi lwedatha ye-NESARC.

Isihlomelo: Iinkcukacha zoMiselo

Ukuphonononga ubume besizathu sokucetyiswa okwenziwa nguBailey noBailey, sajonga imeko yokwaziwa kwabantu besini esifanayo emadodeni, benomzali phambi kobudala be-5 njengesixhobo, njengomzali ngaphambi keminyaka yobudala i-5 ubuncinci wayenokuthi achaphazeleke xa ebika. Kuba uninzi lolawulo mbambano olufunyenwe kwidatha yethu yayikukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwabantwana, sasivavanya ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo njengomlamli. Sisebenzise izifundo ezikhoyo zemfuza ukuqikelela ubungakanani bempembelelo ye-polymorphism enesinodiotic (SNP) kwisiphumo sokuziphatha. Ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo zobambiswano lwe-genome wide wide (GWAS) zamanyathelo e-anthropometric, izifo, kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zibonisa ukuba i-SNP enikezwe ihlala ibalwa ngaphantsi kwe-0.5% yomehluko kumkhwa (Vrieze, Iacono, kunye neMcGue, 2012). Uhlalutyo lwakutsha nje lweMeta GWAS lucebise ukuba ii-SNPs ezichaphazela ubuntu zinobukhulu obuncinci okanye obuncinci kakhulu. Olu phononongo luvavanye i-2.5 yezigidi zee-SNPs kubantu abangaphezu kwe-17,000 kwaye ayiphumelelanga ukuqaphela nokuba yi-SNP enye enenqanaba le-GWAS kwi-neuroticism; ubungakanani bempembelelo ye-SNPs enxulunyaniswa nokuvuleleka kunye nesazela zazincinci kwaye zingaphindwanga kakuhle (de Moor et al., 2010).

Siqokelele idatha evela kubantu abazii-15,000 (kwi-StataIC 11), sisebenzisa ukucinga ukuba kuya kuvelisa eyona nto indidanisayo ngohlobo lohlobo sisaziqonda ngoku izinto zofuzo. Nangona sijonga uninzi lweengcinga ezingezantsi ngaphandle kwesizathu, iingcinga esizicingeleyo mhlawumbi Ngokucacileyo bebengayi kuxhasa isicatshulwa sikaBailey kunye noBailey. Eyona njongo yethu yokuqunjelwa yayikukuvavanya ukuba ingaba ezi nkolelo zigqithileyo ziyahambelana noBailey noBailey.

• Sicinga ukuba i-neuroticism yomama ilandela ukuhanjiswa okuqhelekileyo.
• Sikhuphele nje umngcipheko we-alphicoticism kumama onengxaki yokulala nje (MAF) ye0.2. Sicinge ukuba i-allele yonyusa i-neuroticism yi-0.48 SDs (elona nqanaba liphezulu lesiphumo lifunyenwe kuhlahlelo lwe-meta GWAS lwazo zonke iimpawu zobuntu). Siphawula ukuba ukudityaniswa kobungakanani besiphumo kunye ne-MAF kubangele ukuba i-3.8% ye-neuroticism yomama ibalwe yi-SNP, amaxesha e-7 angaphezulu kune-0.5% aqikelelwe kwi-SNP eqhelekileyo.Vrieze, Iacono, kunye neMcGue, 2012).
• Sithathe isigqibo sokuba i-neuroticism yomama ibalwe nge-25% yokuba umntwana wakhe enokuba ngumzali kumzali oneminyaka eyi-5 (enokwenzeka ukuba ibonwe njengesiqhelo ngalo mboniso) .Sineekhowudi zabantu abaneqondo eliphezulu lokuba nomzali wesibini njengomzali wokuzalwa Ubukho bokuba nomzali kumzali wesibini nge5 yayingu-2.6%, njengakwidatha ye-NESARC.
• Ukuba umama ubene-neuroticism umngcipheko ulele, sabeka lo mngcipheko kumntwana ngengozi ye-0.5.
• Sicinga ukuba umngcipheko womntwana wokulala ngenxa ye-neuroticism unyuse amathuba akhe okuba nesazisi esifanayo nge-0.48 SDs (ubukhulu bomphumo obufumaneka kuGWAS meta-uhlalutyo lwazo zonke iimpawu zobuntu). Sabela amadoda ukuba aqhelane nobungqingili, anethuba eliphezulu lokwabelana ngesondo ngendlela efanayo ukuba i-1.9%, njengakwidatha ye-NESA RC. Kwiphepha ledatha elivelayo, i-SNP icacisile i-3% yokubonakala komntwana yokuba nesini esifanayo, enokuba nesiphumo esikhulu. Kuwo kuphela inani elikhulu labameli abamele isibini sokufunda malunga nesini, iziphumo zofuzo zizonke ziqikelelwa ukuba zichaze .34-.39 umahluko kwisimo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo samadoda.ILangstrom, iRahman, iCarlstrom, kunye neLichtenstein, ngo-2010). Ke, i-SNP ye-neuroticism iyakucacisa i-8% yento yemfuzo yokuqhelana nabantu besini esifanayo. Le ndlela ikwacinga ukuba isini sinesiphumo esilinganayo kwi-neuroticism kunye nokuzibandakanya kwisondo, olungenakulindeleka kakhulu.

Sisebenzisa idatha ebangelwe kukuqunjelwa, silinganisa imodeli yoqhelaniso-nobungqingili besini esinye usebenzisa umlinganisi womtshato wesibini njengomqapheli. Umlinganiso wezinto ezingahambelaniyo (OKANYE) womzali wokugqibela kule modeli yayiyi-1.07 (95% isithuba sokuzithemba [CI] = 0.5, 2.2). Ngokuchaseneyo, kwidatha ye-NESARC yokuba nomzali wesibini sisisulu esomeleleyo sokuziqhelanisa nesondo (OKANYE = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2, 2.7).

Ukusukela ukucinga kwethu kokuqala kungakhange kuvelise imibutho efumaneke kwidatha ye-NESARC, siphinde saphonononga ukuqikelela okufunekayo ukuvelisa loo mibutho. Sicinga ukuba i-SNP yayinobukhulu be-1 (ubukho be-allele yomngcipheko bonyusa i-neuroticism ye-1 SD, ekhokelela kwi-gene accounting ye-14% ye-neuroticism kamama). Ezi zinto ziqiqayo zabangela ukuba i-accounting ye-neuroticism yomama ye-38% yamathuba okuba nomzali wesibini phambi kweminyaka yobudala be-5. Kubonakala kungenakulindeleka ukuba i-neuroticism (okanye nayiphi na into ebangelwa yimfuza) ibengaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu somngcipheko woqhawulo-mtshato okanye ukusweleka kweqabane lakho kunye nokutshata kwakhona ngeminyaka yomntwana engu-5. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto ziqiqayo azange zenze unxibelelwano phakathi kobungqingili bezesondo kunye nokuba nomtshato wesibini makhulu njengaleyo yedatha ye-NESARC (OKANYE = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.7, 2.6). Ukufumana umbutho ofana nalowo ufunyenwe kwi-NESARC, sacinga ukuba i-neuroticism yomama inyuse amathuba okuba ngumzali wokuthathwa yi-1.35 SD, imenze ukuba abe ne-accounting ye-neuroticism ye-50% yamathuba okuba nomzali wesibini, imeko engakholelekiyo.

Saye sajika saya kumbandela wokulamla ngokwezibalo ngokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwabantwana. Sicinga ukuba ingozi yomntwana yokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo (ukuguquguquka okungapheliyo) yayiyimisebenzi ye-neuroticism kamama, yokuba ukunyuka komntu ngengozi ye-0.3 SD kunye nohlobo lomngcipheko womntwana ngokunyusa umngcipheko yi-0.48 SD (elandela u-Bailey kunye nengqondo ka-Bailey yokuba umntwana Uhlobo lwesifo luyakuchaphazela amava omntwana okuphathwa gadalala ngokwesini ngokuqine ngakumbi kunesifo sengqondo somama) .Ke ezi ngcinga zingenakuphikiswa, i-neuroticism yomama ibeka i-10% yomngcipheko womntwana wokuphathwa gadalala ngokwesini kunye nomngcipheko womntwana we-neuroticism ulele kwi-5% yomngcipheko womntwana. ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo (ubukhulu becala, kwaye kungenakulindeleka, ubukhulu besiphumo).

Sabeka ukuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo njengento ephezulu, ephakathi, esezantsi okanye engasekiyo kumngcipheko wokuphathwa gadalala ukuze uhambelane nobuninzi bokuxhaphazwa ngokwesondo kwi-NESARC, ngaphandle kokuchazwa ngokwesini. Ngale ngcinga, ukwanda kwezifo ezilinganayo neziphezulu zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini emadodeni ayengaphantsi kakhulu kunokwanda eNESARC kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo akuzange kube lilungu lomanyano phakathi komzali notywala. Silandela ke ukuba uphawu lwesini lomntwana luchaphazele umngcipheko wokuphathwa gadalala. Sabeka ukuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo njengento ephezulu, ephakathi, esezantsi okanye engekhoyo ngokomngcipheko wokuphathwa gadalala ukuze ubathelekise ubukho bempatho-gadalala phakathi kwabantu abanayo kwaye ngaphandle kobungqingili besini kwidatha ye-NESARC. Siye ke sabala ii-ORs zesazisi esini esifanayo njengesixhomekeki sokuxhomekeka ekubeni nomzali ngaphambi kobudala be-5 kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo (okuphezulu, okuphakathi, okuphantsi okanye okungekhoyo) njengokwahluka okuzimeleyo. Kule modeli, unxibelelwano lomzali nothile wesini esifanayo lwabanjwa kwimodeli ngaphandle kokuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo (imodeli ehlengahlengisiweyo, OKANYE 1.2, 95% CI = 0.6, 2.2; imodeli engalunganga OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.9, 3.0 ). Ezi ziphumo bezifana nezo zifunyenwe kusetyenziswa idatha ye-NESARC.

Ikhowudi ye-STATA
* Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-15000 kucwangcisiwe kuseta i-15000 * imvamisa ye-allele ephindaphindiweyo = I-0.2 isethi yembewu 2829382 * ngaba umama unakho ukulele?
 Uhlobo lwe-gen gen = iyunifomu ()>. 8 * uhlobo lwentsholongwane lwonyusa i-neuroticism ngo-.48 i-beta esemgangathweni * (isiphumo esiphezulu kwisifundo se-Big 5 semfuzo) gen momneurotic = engaqhelekanga (iyunifom ()) + (. 48 * yemfuza) I-3.8% ye-neuroticism yoomama * evelisa ukwanda kwe-2.6% yabantu abanomzali wesibini ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala be-5 * benza i-akhawunti ye-neuroticism kamama ngama-25% amathuba okuba nomzali womtshato wesibini = (0.8 * momneurotic + invnorm (uniform ())) > 2.62 sum * ingaba umntwana ufumana ilifa elilelayo kuyise?
 setha imbewu 1462964 gen childhasgene = uniform ()>. 9 * Ngaba umntwana uzuza ilifa kumama wakhe?
 I-gen coinflip = iyunifomu ()> .5 ukuba ufuzo = 1 buyisela umntwanahasgene = ufuzo ukuba ingqekembe yemali = 1 ithebhu yemfuza yomntwana, r ikol yokuziqhelanisa nomntwana: i-0.019 yamadoda ayisitabane kwi-NESARC, sebenzisa isiphumo esiphezulu kwisifundo se-Big 5 gen childgay = engaqhelekanga (Unifom ()) + (0.48 * childhasgene)> 2.2 * ngezi ngcinga, i-neuroticism gene i-akhawunti ye-3.3% yamathuba okuba umntwana abe li-gay logg childhasgene * ngaba olu seto lokucinga luvelisa umanyano phakathi koqhelwaniso lomntwana kunye nomzali wesibini ukuba Sibona kwidatha?  (hayi, akukho ntlangano) Ithebhu yeteknoloji yomntwana ozayo, i-chi2 ikholam ngqo yomqolo * ngaba ivelisa i-OR = 1.8, njengoko sibona kwidatha?  (hayi, OKANYE, X = 1.07) ungene njengomzali wokuthathwa komntwana, okanye * uza kuthini ukuba u-gene unyusa i-neurotic yi-1 SD kunye nokubanjwa komntwana yi-1 SD endaweni?
 I-gen momneurotic1 = engaqhelekanga (iyunifomu ()) + (1 * yemfuza) * ivelisa ukwanda kwe-2.6% yabantu abanomzali wesibini ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala yesi-5 gen stepparent1 = (0.8 * momneurotic1 + invnorm (uniform ()))> 2.75 sum * mama's neuroticism Ngoku iakhawunti ye-29% yamathuba okuba nomzali wesibini ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala emi-5 yelog stepparent1 momneurotic1 * ukuqhelaniswa nomntwana: 0.019 yamadoda athandana namanye amadoda kwi-NESARC * esebenzisa isiphumo se-1 se-gene kuhlobo lokuqhelaniswa komntwana1 = engaqhelekanga (iyunifom ()) + ( 1 * childhasgene)> 2.47 ithebhu yomntwana1 * ufuzo ngoku lubala i-14.6% yamathuba okuba umntwana abe li-gay logit childgay1 childhasgene * ngaba le seti yokuqikelela ivelisa umanyano phakathi kokuqhelaniswa nomntwana kunye nomzali wesibini esikubonayo kwidatha yethu?  (hayi, OKANYE, X = 0.9) ithebhu ye-childgay1 stepparent1, chi2 ikholam ngqo yomgaqo wokuphuma komntwana kwi-stepgay1 stepparent1, okanye * uza kuthini xa i-akhawunti ye-neuroticism kamama yenxalenye enkulu yokuba nomzali?
 gen stepparent2 = (momneurotic1 + invnorm (uniform ()))> 3.05 sum * I-neuroticism kamama ngoku i-36% yamathuba okuba nomzali wesibini
 * Hayi, OKANYE, X = 1.4 ithebhu ye-childgay1 stepparent2, chi2 ikholamu ngqo yomgaqo wokutsala kwabantwana kwi-stepgay1 stepparent2, okanye * uthini ukuba ngaba iakhawunti ye-neuroticism kamama yeyenxalenye enkulu ngakumbi yokuba nomzali wokuzalwa?
 I-gen stepparent3 = (1.35 * momneurotic1 + engaqhelekanga (iyunifomu ()))> 3.75 sum * I-akhawunti ye-neuroticism kamama ye-50% yamathuba okuba nomzali wokutshata
 * phantse, OKANYE = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.9, 3.0 tab childgay1 stepparent3, chi2 column ngqo row logit childgay1 stepparent3, or * Add a abuse * abuse risk a function of both mama neuroticism and the gene gene gen childabuse = invnorm (uniform ( )) + (. 3 * momneurotic1) + (.48 * childhasgene) * I-akhawunti ye-neuroticism yoomama ye-10% yomngcipheko wokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo regneabuse momneurotic1 * iiakhawunti zofuzo lwabantwana nge-4.7% yomngcipheko wokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo reg childabuse childhasgene * ukuba umntwana awuchaphazeli umngcipheko wokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kule ndlela yokulinganisa, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo phakathi kwamadoda athandana namanye * apha (asezantsi, 2.2%; aphakathi, 3.1%, aphezulu, 3.1%) asezantsi kakhulu kunaseNESARC (asezantsi, 2.2%; aphakathi, 4.3% , phezulu, 7.1%) gen sexabuse = (childabuse> 2.35) + (childabuse> 2.05) + (childabuse> 1.85) tab sexabuse tab childgay1 sexabuse, r col * kunye nokuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo akubeki mda kumanyano phakathi komzali wesibini kunye nesini njengakuNESARC * uhlengahlengiso OKANYE 1.6, 95% CI = 0.9, 2.9 egen byte sexabuse1 = anycount (sexabuse), values ​​(1) egen byte sexabuse2 = anycount (sexabuse), values ​​(2) egen b yte sexabuse3 = anycount (sexabuse), values ​​(3) logit childgay1 stepparent3 sexabuse1 sexabuse2 sex-abuse3, okanye * ukwenza inkanuko yesini ichaphazele ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo * ukwanda kwe-NESARC: amadoda athe tye: asezantsi (1.8%), aphakathi (1.7%), aphezulu Ukuphathwa gadalala (2.0%) * amadoda athandana namanye: asezantsi (1.9%), aphakathi (4.7%), ukuxhatshazwa okuphezulu (12.6%) ukuyeka ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo1 sexabuse2 sexabuse3 gen sexabuse = (ukubethwa kwabantwana> 2.35) + (ukuxhatshazwa komntwana> 2.05) + (ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana> 1.85) ukuba i-childgay1 == 0 ithathe indawo ye-sexabuse = (i-childabuse> 1.65) + (i-childabuse> 1.49) + (i-childabuse> 1.34) ukuba i-childgay1 == 1 ithebhu ye-childgay1 sexabuse, r col * ngaba ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kuthintela umanyano phakathi komzali nomzali isitabane njengakuNESARC?

I ngcaciso

U-Andrea L. Roberts, iSebe lezeNtlalo kunye neeSayensi zokuZiphatha, iSikolo seMpilo yoLuntu, iYunivesithi yaseHarvard, iSakhiwo saseKresge, i-677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, e-USA.

M. Maria Glymour, iSebe le-Epidemiology kunye neBiostatistics, kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia iSan Francisco School of Medicine, eSan Francisco, CA, e-USA.

U-Karestan C. Koenen, Isikolo se-imeyile seMailman seMpilo yoluntu, kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia, eNew York, NY, e-USA.

Ucaphulo