Inendima yokumisela imeko yokuziphatha ngokulinganayo kunye kunye nabalingani bezesini zobungqingili kwiintonga (2012)

I-Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol. I-2012; I-2: 17340.

Ishicilelwe kwi-intanethi Mar 15, 2012. ikhonkco:  I-10.3402 / snp.v2i0.17340

PMCID: PMC3960032

IGenaro A. Coria-Avila, I-DVM, i-MSc, i-PhD*

Eli nqaku liye khankanywe ngu amanye amanqaku kwi-PMC.

Yiya e:

Abstract

Okukhethwayo liqabane kubonakaliswa ziindidi ezininzi zentlalo, kubandakanya abantu. Zihlala zijongwa njengonxibelelwano olukhethiweyo nomntu othile, ixesha elininzi lichithwe kunye, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha ethandanayo ekhokelela kukhetho olukhethekileyo. Olu phononongo luxoxa ngefomathi yemeko ekuqulunqweni kokukhethwa komlingani ongafaniyo nobungqingili kwiintonga. Ukhetho olufundileyo lunokuvela xa isikhuthazi esikwimeko ethile (CS) sinxulunyaniswa nemeko yongxamiseko kunye novuselelo olungagungqiyo (UCS) olusebenza njengesiqinisi. Ngenxa yoko, umntu unokubonisa ukukhetha kwiqabane eline-CS. Ezinye ze-UCS zinokuba ngaphezulu okanye zingaphantsi kokuqiniswa, kuxhomekeke xa zinamava, kwaye zinokwahluka ngokuba ngamadoda nabasetyhini. Umzekelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba, kuphela ngexesha lokukhula kwangoko, inkuthazo enxulunyaniswa nokukhulisa kunye nomdlalo wabantwana uyenziwa umda. Ebudaleni, ezinye izinto ezinjengomvuzo ngokwesondo, ukungathandani, uxinzelelo olunobuncinci, okanye ubuqhetseba bezesayensi zinokusebenza njengokuqiniswa kukhetho lweqabane. Izazi zebhayoloji zokuvela kwindalo kunye nengcali yengqondo kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo imbono yokuba amava omntu kunye nomvuzo (okt. Ngokwesondo nangokhemesti) anokugqithisa ukhetho olunokwenzeka 'lwangaphakathi' kwiqabane (umzekelo: ukubekeka ecaleni kunye nokuziqhelanisa) okanye amacebo amaqabane (umz. Ubudoda okanye isithembu) ngoPavlovian kunye imisebenzi esebenzayo. Ngapha koko, kusenokwenzeka njengendlu yokufunda ngendalo esingqongileyo ngeendlela zokwandisa umvuzo kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo ezibi, zisenza ezibizwa ngokuba zizinto 'ezichazayo' (umzekelo ulonwabo) ekugqibeleni ezinamandla okuqikelela okuneendlela zokuziphatha kunye nokuzikhethela kunokuba zibizi oonobangela (umzekelo: imfuzo yemfuza okanye eyokuzala).

Internet: I-pavlovian, umntu osebenzayo, ofundayo, isini, ikopi

Ukhetho lwamaqabane lwenzeka kwiintlobo ezininzi zentlalo, kubandakanya abantu. Okukhethwayo kuqhele ukuqatshelwa njengonxibelelwano olukhethiweyo nomntu othile, ixesha elininzi lichithwe kunye, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha yodibaniso ekhokelela kukhetho olukhethiweyo. Ngokubanzi, iintlobo ezinokhetho lweqabane elingazikhethelanga apho zibizwa ngokuba ziziitayile. Ezi ntlobo zingabonakalisa ukuthanda iqabane elithile, kodwa zihlala kuphela ixesha lokuzala. Ngapha koko, ukhetho alunakuba lolomntu othile okanye iimpawu zomntu othile kodwa lubonakaliso olupheleleyo lokwabelana ngesondo. Kwelinye icala, iintlobo ezibonisa ukhetho olukhethekileyo nolwexesha elide kumlingane othile luhlala lubizwa ngokuba luhlobo olunye. Umntu othembekileyo uza kubonisa ukhetho olukhethiweyo kwinkundla, ukumela, ukwakha izindlu, kunye nokukhulisa abantwana, kunye neqabane elithile elinempawu ezithile nezaziwayo (iCoria-Avila, 2007). Ukongeza, abanye abaphandi bayavumelana malunga nombono wokuba iintlobo ezizodwa eziye zenza umdibaniso wesibini zinokukhaba ngogonyamelo ukungavisisani, kubandakanya abalingani abongezelelweyo (Aragona et al., 2006; UCarter, iDeVries, kunye neGetz, 1995; U-Wang, uHulihan, kunye no-Insel, 1997; Winslow, Hastings, Carter, Harbaugh, kunye Insel, 1993).

Izinto ozikhethayo ziisiphumo zendlela yokunxibelelana okucwangcisiweyo phakathi kweendlela zemfuza, iimpembelelo zehomoni, kunye nokufunda. Umzekelo, umntu angazalwa enolwazi ngemfuzo eyalela ulungelelwaniso lobuchopho kunye neprofayili yehomoni eqhubela ubuntununtunu ukuphendula kuhlobo oluthile lweqabane, okwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo kumntu ovuthiweyo ngokwesini. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqala ngokuzalwa, izilwanyana zinokufunda ukhetho olutsha ngokusekwe kukuvezwa kwabantu bohlobo lwazo. Unxibelelwano lwakudala lwenza ukuba izinto ezinje ngokufota (iBatenson, 1978), apho isikhuthazo sokuqala esidibeneyo esihambelana nexesha elinzima lokuphuhlisa sinokuyalela ukhetho lweqabane elizayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhetha kweqabane okubonwayo kwisini somntu osemdala esabelana ngesondo kunokuba ziziphumo zangaphakathi kunye nokudibana namava okufunda ngexesha lamaxesha anzima. Ukongeza, bonke abantu banokuhlakulela ukuthanda okanye ukutshintsha izinto ngexesha lonke lobomi kwaye benze ubudlelwane obutsha ukulungiselela ulonwabo kunye nokuphepha iintlungu. Ngokuhambelana, ukhetho olukhethiweyo lweqela labantu abadala lunokuba phantsi kwemeko ethile yokuba babe ngabaxeli bomvuzo wesondo (okanye ezinye iintlobo zomvuzo). Ke ngoko, kubukho bembonakalo yangaphambili yomvuzo, ukuthanda iqabane kunokuqhutywa okanye kubonakaliswe ngokulula, ngelixa, kubukho besisulu esingaqinisekanga, iqabane lingathintelwa, lidweliswe, okanye liphikiswe. Ngenxa yoko, 'ukhetho lwangaphakathi' lomlingane okhethwayo (umzekelo, amanqaku anokubakho) okanye ubuchule beqabane (umz. Ubungqingili okanye isithembu) bunokuncitshiswa ngakumbi okanye butshintshwe ngemeko elandelayo ebuntwini ngeempawu ezinxulumene ngqo nomvuzo.

Ukukhethwa kweqabane kunokufundwa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ngokwembono yebhayiloji, kubalulekile ukuba ufunde ngeziphumo zokukhetha iqabane lakho ekusindeni nasekuziphatheni ngokuzala kohlobo oluthile. Ukusuka kwimbono yengqondo, ukuthanda amaqabane kufundwe kuba kunokukhokelela kunamathiselo lwasentlalweni, ekubhekiswa kulo njengezibophelelo ezibini kwezinye izilwanyana kunye 'nothando lothando' ebantwini; Ukuphazamiseka kokuncamatheliswa okusekwe, okanye ukungakwazi ukwenza izinto ezintsha, kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yengqondo (Insel & Young, 2001). Ke, ukuqonda iziseko zokwakheka kweqabane kuyadingeka ukuqonda indawo ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana nasebantwini.

Injongo yalo mbhalo-mbhalo kukuxoxa ngendima yokufunda ekubonakaliseni ikhethe lomntu wesini esahlukileyo kunye namafanasini. Ukufikelela kule njongo, ndiya kuchaza iindlela zePavlovian kunye nezinto ezenziwayo (ezisebenzayo). Ukongeza, ndiza kunika ubungqina malunga nendlela ezi ndlela zimbini zezifundo zifaneleke ngayo ngexesha elinzima lokukhula, kubandakanywa namathuba amva kokuzala kunye nolutsha. Nangona kunjalo, ndiza kuxoxa ngendlela 'amanye amaxesha anzima' avulekileyo ngeli xesha lokufumana umvuzo wesini xa ukhulile okanye ngokusebenzisa amachiza amayeza

Imeko ye-Pavlovian yokuthanda iqabane

I-Pavlovian okanye imeko ye-classical ibhekisa kumanyano olwenziwe phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezinokuvuselelwa (i-Pavlov, 1927). Umzekelo, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ii-UCSs ezingacaciswanga (ii-UCS) ziya kuphembelela iimpendulo ezingezondawo ngokomzimba (UCRs). Ii-UCR zezo mpendulo zingafundwanga esele zibekho kwiriphabliki yendalo yesilwanyana. Ii-UCS yimeko yendalo exhaphakileyo edla ngokufumana ii-UCR kwisimo sokukhuthaza sangaphakathi sokukhuthaza ukuphendula (i-SR). Isizathu sokungathathi hlangothi, nangona kunjalo, asizukubangela nayiphi na i-UCR, kodwa ukuba sambathelwe ngokufanelekileyo kubumbano kunye nesiqu kunye ne-UCS, izilwanyana zinokwenza umdibaniso oqinisekileyo phakathi kokuvuselela okungathathi hlangothi kunye ne-UCS, yona ke ebangela i-UCR. Xa ukuvuselela ukungathathi hlangothi kuyakwazi ukwenza impendulo ekungekho nto phambi kokufunda, kubhekiswa kwindawo evuselelayo (CS), kwaye impendulo kubhekiswa kuyo njengempendulo ebonakalayo (CR). Xa oku kusenzeka, kukholelwa ukuba i-CS iphakamisa ukumelwa kwe-UCS kwinqanaba le-neural.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho imeko yePavlovian inokuchaphazela indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, intetho yokubonisa ukuthanda iqabane. Okokuqala, iqabane linokubonwa njengesihlanganisi sezinto ezininzi ezikhuthazayo. Ezinye zezo zinto zinokusebenza njenge-UCS, ethi ibangele ii-UCRs, kodwa ezinye ezininzi azisebenzi ngenxa yokuba zisilele ukuqala ukubangela nayiphi na i-UCR (Kippin kunye nePfaus, 2001). Inkuthazo yendalo engasebenziyo (okk umbala wombala kumgangatho wamadoda) unokunxulunyaniswa nee-UCSs (okt. Ukungena ngaphakathi kuye) ngamava ezesondo kwaye, ke, abe nakho ukufumana ii-CRs (okt izizathu zesondo) (Coria-Avila et al. , 2006). Kananjalo, ukungathathi hlangothi kwasekuqaleni okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle (okt ivumba leamangile) kunokuba kwimeko yokubhangqwa kwi-UCS (Coria-Avila, Ouimet, Pacheco, Manzo, & Pfaus, 2005; Kippin, uKayin, kunye noPfaus, 2003). Kuyenzeka ukuba imeko yeemeko ezinxulumene neqabane lakho zenzeke ngamaxesha aliqela obomi. Nangona kunjalo, amanye amaxesha aboniswe kakuhle abandakanya iiveki zokuqala zokukhulelwa, ixesha lokufikisa, okanye amaxesha anxulumene nonyango oluthile lwe-pharmacological.

Ixesha lokukhulelwa kwangoko

Ezinye zezinto ezivuselelayo ezibonakala ngexesha lamaxesha obomi obunzima obudityaniswa nokuma kwimeko yePavlovian ngembuyekezo yangaphakathi (umzekelo, ukhathalelo lwamanina, ukutya izondlo njl.njl.). Olu hlobo lokuma lubizwa ngokuba 'kukufota' kwaye lunokuchaphazela ngokukhethekileyo ukuthanda izinto ngokwesondo ebudaleni (Batenson, 1978). Le meko yenzeka esemncinci xa ingqondo ibuthathaka ngakumbi ekwenzeni imibutho emitsha. Ukuprintwa kuhlala kwenzeka kwiimpawu zabazali kunye neentlobo kwaye kuthathwa njengenyathelo lokuqala kwinto yokutshatisa, apho izilwanyana zikhetha ukudibana ngokukhetha namalungu ohlobo lwazo xa kuthelekiswa namalungu ohlobo okanye iintlobo ezingafaniyo ngokwemfuzo. . Ukutshatisa okuxhasayo kukholelwa ukuba kugcina i-homozygosity kuxinzelelo kwaye, ngaloo ndlela, kugcina ubunzima bokungazaliseki. Emntwini, ukutshatiswa okuxhasayo kunokubakho xa abantu bebonisa ukuthanda iqabane kwi-phenotypic (umz. Ubuhlanga, ubuso, njl.), Ezentlalo (umz. Iinkolelo zenkcubeko / inkolo), kunye neempawu zobuntu (umz. IsiLuo kunye neKlohnen, 2005; UMalina, uSelby, uBuschang, uAronon, kunye noMncinci, 1983; Iisalces, iRebato, kunye neSusanne, 2004), enokubangelwa yinto yokuba abantu banokunxibelelana ngokuvisisanayo nabanye abanesimo sengqondo esifanayo / neendlela zokuziphatha.

Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba abesilisa beentlobo ezahlukeneyo banokukhulisa ukuprinta ngokwesondo kubantu abatshatileyo abaneempawu ezinxulumene nabasetyhini ababanyisayo okanye imikhwa enxulumene nexesha lokonga. Kwesinye isifundo, umzekelo, iigundane ezisandul 'ukuzalwa zazincanciswa ngumama wazo, owayenevumba elingathathi hlangothi (ilamuni) esiswini sakhe. Ngexesha elifanelekileyo, iinkunzi zazilunyulwa kwaye azizange ziphinde ziveliswe ngevumba kwakhona, kude kube malunga neentsuku ezili-100 ubudala, xa babedityaniswa nabasetyhini abanamakha okanye abangaqhelekanga ukuze bakope. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba amadoda abonakaliswe kwithuba lasemva kokubeleka kwivumba lelamuni, abonisa ukufutshane kwe-ejaculation latency kunye namabhinqa anevumba elimnandi xa bekhulile, xa kuthelekiswa ne-ejaculation latency ebonwayo xa bevezwa kwabasetyhini abangenalovumba (Fillion & Blass, 1986). Olo vavanyo lolunye lwezokuqala ukubonisa ukuba ivumba elingathathi hlangothi elibonakala ngexesha lamaxesha okuqala linonyusa imincili yesini ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo elizayo. Kwimeko enjalo, imincili eyomeleleyo yesondo yabonwa njengemfutshane ye-ejaculation latency kunye nebhinqa elamkelayo lithwele ivumba.

Olunye uvavanyo lokufakelwa kwamagundwane angamaduna luye lwajolisa ngakumbi ekuthandweni kweqabane kwaye lubonakalisile ukuba olu hlobo lokukhetha okufundwayo lunokuxhomekeka kwinkuthazo enikelwa ngumama kumntwana ngexesha elinzima lobomi. Umzekelo, iimpembelelo ezilungileyo zokukhaba ngexesha leentsuku zokuqala ze-10 zobomi zinokubekwa kwimeko yokuvuselelwa kwe-olfactory. Kwisifundo esinye nguMenard, Gelez, Coria-Avila, uJacubovich, noPfaus (2006),, amantshontsho asetyhini asandula kuthathwa oonina ngemizuzu ye-15 yonke imihla. Ngeli xesha bekude, amadoda kwiqela elinamakhwenkwe abhencwa ivumba lelam elitshizwe kwisithambiso sokulalisa kwenye ikheji. Kwangelo xesha, bafumana ukhuthazo olucokisekileyo olwenziwe ngobuciko ngebrashi encinci yepeyinti ngasemva nasentloko, ukuze imivimbo ilinganise ukukhonkxwa kwedama ngexesha ebetha ivumba lelam. Amadoda kwiqela lolawulo abonakaliswa ebhedini ye -chipchip etshizwe ngamanzi kuphela ngexesha lokuvuselela. Omabini la maqela alunyulwa nge21 ngeentsuku zeminyaka kwaye akazange aphinde abonakale kwivumba kwakhona. Emva kweenyanga ze-2, abesilisa babekwa kwindawo enkulu evulekileyo (i-123 × 123 × 46 cm kwigumbi) kwaye bavunyelwe ukukhuphisana ngokukhululekileyo nabasetyhini ababini ngasikhathi sinye, omnye waba nephulo kwaye omnye ungafakwanga. Iziphumo zovavanyo lokhetho olukhethileyo lubonise ukuba umlinganiso othile wamadoda abhangqisiweyo ubonise ukuthanda ukuvela kuqala kumfazi onevumba, ngelixa iqela lolawulo lingakhange libonisa ukukhetha kubantu ababhinqileyo abanephunga elibi (iMenard et al., 2006).

Olunye uvavanyo luye lwabonisa ukuba ukushicilelwa kunamandla kangangokuba kunokubangela ukhetho lwezesondo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kwisifundo esinye, umzekelo, iigusha eziyinkunzi kunye neebhokhwe ezazikhutshiwe zanikezela ngokukhetha iqabane lakho ngokwesondo kubantu basetyhini bohlobo lomama okhulisa abantwana (UKendrick, Hinton, Atkins, Haupt, & Skinner, 1998). Xa zidibene kunye, ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba iimvakalelo ezivuselelweyo ngexesha lophuhliso lwakwangoko zingafundwa kwaye ngenxa yoko ziyalela ukuthanda iqabane ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo kwixa elizayo.

Ixesha labantwana

Nangona ixesha lokukhathalela oomama libaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso, ixesha lokulalisa emva kwexesha libalulekile kuba izilwanyana ziya kuba namava okuhlangana kwazo okungekuko kwezoluntu ngokuziphatha. Kwiigundane, oku kuziphatha kubandakanya ukuphindaphindwa komdlalo odlalayo kunye nokuwa kunye nokunxibelelana okungqokolayo okujolise kwinape yomchasi (IPanksepp, Jalowiec, DeEskinazi, kunye noBhishophu, 1985). Ukudlala ngokwentlalo kunefuthe elihle kuphuhliso oluqhelekileyo lwezilwanyana kwaye kukholelwa ukuba kunomvuzo. Umzekelo, olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba iigundane zolutsha ezizimeleyo ngokwasentlalweni zivunyelwe ukuba zibandakanyeke kumdlalo wokudlala ngamandla ngexesha elifutshane, lemihla ngemihla, awuzange ujike ube neentloni kwaye ube ndlongondlongo, xa kuthelekiswa nezilwanyana ezizimeleyo ezingavumelekanga ukuba zidlale (Einon, Humphreys, Chivers, Intsimi, kunye neNaylor, 1981). Ngapha koko, izilwanyana ezincinci zikhulisa indawo ezithandwa kuyo kuphela kumacala ahambelana nethuba lokuziphatha ngendlela yokuziphatha (ICalcagnetti kunye neSchechter, 1992). Iipropathi ezinomvuzo zokudlala kwezentlalo (kunye namanye amava entlalontle) zilungiswa zii-opioid, kuba unyango kunye ne-opioid agonists efana morphine yonyusa ubungakanani kunye nokuhamba rhoqo kwendlela yokuziphatha (Panksepp et al., 1985), ngelixa i-opioid antagonist efana ne-naloxone ngokulula iyanciphisa ubungqangi bayo.

Kutshanje, isifundo esivela kwilabhoratri yethu sibonise ukuba iigundane zabasetyhini zikhulisa ukuthanda imeko yeqabane kumadoda athwala iindlela zokuziphatha ezazinxulumene nomdlalo wolutsha (I-Paredes-Ramos, iMiquel, iManzo, neCoria-Avila, 2011). Kolo phononongo, iigundane ezingamabhinqa zangaphambi kwexesha zazibekwa zodwa kwiintsuku ezingama-31 ubudala kwaye zavunyelwa ukuba zidlale yonke imihla kangangeemizuzu engama-30, ngexesha lezilingo ezili-10, kunye nelinye ibhinqa eliselula elalinevumba (nokuba sisi-almond okanye ivumba lelamuni) njenge-CS. Ngenye imini emva kwesilingo sokugqibela semeko, onke amabhinqa avavanyelwe imeko yokudlala ekhethiweyo kunye neempuku zamadoda ezincinci ezincinci kunye neepububescent, enye inuka kamnandi kunye nomnye ilamula. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo kwiqela elinombala we-almond bathanda indoda ye-almond njengeqabane lokudlala, bengayihoyi indoda enevumba elimon. Nangona kunjalo, kwiqela elinemon lemon, abantu ababhinqileyo bakhetha eyindoda enevumba lemon. Kwiintsuku ezithile kamva, xa abantu ababhinqileyo babemalunga neentsuku ezingama-55 ubudala, babenikwa i-ovariectomized, kunye ne-hormone-eyonyuswe nge-estradiol kunye neprogesterone yokunyusa ukwamkelwa ngokwesondo. Emva koko, bavavanywa ukuba bakhethe iqabane labo lesini sokuqala kunye namadoda amabini angaqhelekanga, enye inephunga elimnandi le-alimondi kunye nevumba linye lelemoni. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo babonisa ukhetho olukhethekileyo lweqabane lokwabelana ngesondo ngokubhekisele kumadoda aphethe ivumba (nokuba yi-almond okanye ilamuni) ngaphambili ebhangqwe ngomdlalo wolutsha. Oku kwaqwalaselwa ngokucela okungakumbi, iihops kunye nemijikelezo, utyelelo, kunye nophando olwenziwayo, olujolise kwindoda ekhethiweyo. Ukucela ezokwabelana ngesondo (kubandakanya iihops kunye nedarts) kubonisa abantu ababhinqileyo abanomdla ngokwesondo kunye nokusebenza njengesimemo samadoda ukuba aziphathe nabo ngokwesondo (Pfaus, Shadiack, Van Soest, Tse, & Molinoff, 2004). Ewe kunjalo, abantu ababhinqileyo bacela ngakumbi kumadoda athwele imeko yovuselelo, ekhokelela ekungeneleleni ngakumbi kunye ne-ejaculations kubo, kubandakanya ne-ejaculation yokuqala. Oku kunokuba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu kubafazi abangacacanga. Umzekelo, ngaphambili sibonisile ukuba i-ejaculation yokuqala inokubangela i-100% yokuba ngutata ukuba owasetyhini akafumani nakuphi na ukungena ngaphakathi kangangemizuzu eli-10 emva kwe (Coria-Avila, Pfaus, Hernandez, Manzo, & Pacheco, 2004). Ngokuhambelana, imeko yokuthandwa kweqabane ngexesha lobutsha inokuthanani nokukhula komtshato.

Ixesha lokubeleka

Ixesha lasemva kokubeleka liguquguquka ngakumbi ngexesha kuneeveki zasemva kokubeleka kunye nenqanaba lolutsha. Lixesha elinzima kuba izilwanyana zihlala zinamava okuqala okufumana umvuzo wokwabelana ngesondo. Umzekelo, kolunye uphononongo lweegundane ezingamadoda, amanqanaba e-luteinizing hormone kunye ne-testosterone anyuswe emva kokuvezwa livumba elineemeko ezithile (okt i-wintergreen) eyayibhangqwe ngaphambili kunye ne-copulation (Graham & Desjardins, 1980). Ukunyuswa kwakufana nokulandelayo ukubonakalisa ivumba elingelolakho kumadoda angama-naïve, ecebisa ukuba ukudibana nelizwe elinomvuzo ongenanto kwenza ivumba elingathathi cala libe yi-CS ekwaziyo ukuphendulisa impendulo enombandela we-neuroendocrine elungiselela isilwanyana ngesimo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo.

Iphunga elinemeko ethile elinxulunyaniswa nokukhutshelwa linokuqhubekeka nokukhuthaza iqabane. Umzekelo, uKippin, Talinakis, Chattmann, Bartholomew, noPfaus (1998) yaqeqesha iqela elinye lamadoda (iqela elibhinqileyo) ukudibanisa i-alimondi okanye ivumba lelam elipeyintiweyo emqolo wentamo yomfazi kunye nendawo yokuthambisa kunye nokulinganisa kumathambo. Elinye iqela (iqela elingaxhaswanga) lafumana izilingo zokunyanzelwa kunye nabasetyhini abangafundanga (Kippin et al., 1998). Kuvavanyo lokugqibela kwilabhoratri evulekileyo, amadoda afumana ukufikelela kwabafazi ababini abamkelayo ngokwesini, elinye linuka kamnandi elinye lingenasenti. Amadoda kwiqela elidityanisiweyo abonise imeko ekhethiweyo yeqabane apho amabhinqa anuka kamnandi akhethwa ukuba afumane i-ejaculation yokuqala yamadoda. Izifundo ezalandelayo zityhile ukuba ukufundwa kwale meko ikhethiweyo ye-ejaculatory kwenzeka ngexesha lokuchasana kwasemva kwexesha (I-Kippin kunye ne-Pfaus, 2001). Ke, iitayile zesithembu zesilisa zifumene iqabane elithandwayo ngokufumana inkqubo elula yePavlovian enxibelelanisa isikhuthazo sokungathathi cala kumvuzo wesini obangelwe yi-ejaculation.

Ngokusekwe kwinto yokuba ixesha lasemva kwexesha lokunyanzeliswa linomvuzo owaneleyo wokuxhasa ukukhula kokukhethwa kweqabane elingatshatanga kwiigundane ezingamadoda, sazivavanye iziphumo zalo kukhetho lweqabane lesini esifanayo. Kwisifundo esivela kwelebhu yethu (Cibrian-Llanderal, Triana-Del Rio, Tecamachaltzi-Silvaran, kunye neCoria-Avila, 2011), sivumele iigundane ezingamadoda ukuba zikhuphele kumjikelo omnye wokutya okwabelana ngesondo ngeempuku zabasetyhini. Kwangoko emva kokuqunjelwa, amadoda asuswa ngobunono kwindawo yebhinqa kwaye abekwa kwindawo eyahlukileyo yokuziqhelanisa ne-1 h nelinye indoda eyazala ivumba le-almond njenge-CS. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwemeko ye10, njengakufundisiso lweKippin kunye nePfaus (2001). Kwiqela lolawulo, abesilisa babekwa kwi-cohabitation 12 h emva kokuprinta kunye nebhinqa. Ngosuku olunye emva kokulingwa kokugcina imeko, amadoda avavanywa ukuba akhethe abalingane abathandanayo kwigumbi elinamadoda amabini angama-stud njengamaqabane anokuthi abe nawo, ivumba lom-almond elinye kunye nokungafakwanga. Ngokuchasene ne-hypothesis yethu, omabini la maqela akaphumelelanga ukukhulisa imeko abathandana ngayo abantu abathandana nabantu abatshatileyo kwi-CS + eyindoda, ebonisa ukuba 'ixesha elinzima' elibangelwa yi-ejaculation lanele ukuxhasa ubungqingili, kodwa imeko engatshatanga yokuba iqabane lakhe likhetheke ngokungafaniyo. Nangona kunjalo, zazikho ezinye izinto ezinomdla zokuziphatha (ezingabalulekanga). Umzekelo, malunga ne-40% yamadoda kwiqela lokuvavanywa abonisa imizamo yokufikelela kumadoda anevumba elimnandi, ngokuthelekiswa ne-20% yamadoda kwiqela lolawulo. Ukongeza, iimvavanyo zesilingo zibonakalisa ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kokuziphatha (unxibelelwano lwakwantshonalanga kunye neminyhadala-yokuwisa) kumadoda anevumba. Oku kunokubonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwindoda ngexesha lobudoda emva kophando kuye kwaphumela kumbandela wokhetho kwiqabane kodwa hayi kukhetho lobufanasini.

Imeko yesixhobo sokukhethwa kweqabane

Kwabantu abadala ababelana ngesondo, amava okuqala ezesondo anokuququzelela imeko yokuthanda iqabane ngokudibana nokufunda kwePavlovian nokusebenzisa isixhobo (ukusebenza). Isixhobo sokufunda isixhobo sichaza imeko eqhubekayo yokuphendula apho isilwanyana sifunda ukusebenza kwindawo yayo (Skinner, 1953, 1966). Kwenzeka xa isilwanyana silungisa iimpendulo zaso zokuziphatha phantsi kweeshedyuli ezithile zokomeleza, iimeko ezinxulumene nokunikezelwa komvuzo okanye ukohlwaywa. Ngokukodwa, xa isilwanyana sibonisa impendulo elandelwa ngumvuzo wesini, ukuphindaphindeka kwempendulo kuyanda kunye nokuhamba kwayo kuncipha. Umzekelo, iigundane zabasetyhini ezihamba ngesantya sokukopa kunokwenzeka ukuba bafumane umvuzo wesondo (IParedes kunye neAlonso, 1997; IParedes kunye neVazquez, 1999). Ke ngoko, abafazi bayakucela rhoqo kwaye banqamle kufutshane kumaqabane angamaduna ane-CS enxulunyaniswa nokunokwenzeka ukuba bakhawulezise ukunyanzelisa (uCoria-Avila et al., 2005, 2006). Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa impendulo yesilwanyana inxulunyaniswa nesohlwayo, impendulo inokuncipha ngokuthe rhoqo kunye nokunyuka kwe-latency. Umzekelo, nangona ukukrala kubanjiswa ngesandla kunomvuzo kwiigundane zabasetyhini abasebatsha, kubonakala ngathi kuyaxinzelela kubantu abadala. Ngenxa yoko, abantu ababhinqileyo bayakucela ukuba bathathane ne-CS enxulumene nokukhaka, baya kuchitha ixesha elincinci kunye naye, kwaye bakhethe nayiphi na inoveli eyindoda (uParedes-Ramos et al., Ingeniswe). Kwangelo xesha, ukuthanda umntu okwenoveli kunokuqina ukuba, ngokumkhetha, umntu obhinqileyo unciphisa amathuba okuba akrokre. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukuqiniswa okungathandekiyo. Ukongeza, ukuba amava omfazi ayavuza kunye nenoveli eyindoda, oko kukhethwa liqabane kunokuqulunqwa ngokudibanisa okuhle nokubi.

Ngokuhambelana, izilwanyana ezinamava ngokwabelana ngesondo zinokubonisa imeko ekhuthazayo yokwabelana ngesondo (ngokusebenzisa Ukulungisa imeko yePavlovian) okanye ufunde ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo (ngokusebenzisa imeko yesixhobo) ukulungiselela ukufikelela kwiqabane, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokudibana nomvuzo wesondo (Pfaus, Kippin, & Centeno, 2001). Kukholelwa ukuba isakhono sokufumana umvuzo ngexesha lokuziphatha ngokwesondo savela ukuze kube lula ukukhohlisa. Ke ngoko, ngokwembono yengqondo, isini sinepropathi enomvuzo ngenxa yokuba ivuselela ikopi ikonyusa ukubanakho kweempendulo zezixhobo ezijolise ekusebenzeni okanye ekusondeleni kwezo zinto zibangela umdla. Intsebenzo enjalo ingabonisa amanqanaba okukhuthaza ngokwesondo okubangelwa yimikhwa yeqabane okanye unokusetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuthanda iqabane ukuba izilwanyana ziyavunyelwa ukuba zikhethe phakathi kweembono ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa (Pfaus et al., 2001).

Amava ezesondo okuqala

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ilizwe lomvuzo ngokwesondo elibangelwa yi-ejaculation yi-UCS ebalulekileyo exhasa ukhetho olulandelayo kwisimo sezulu esichazayo. Kucingelwe ukuba imeko ekhethiweyo ye-ejaculatory ekhethiweyo kwiigundane inokuba yinto yokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo okubonwe kolunye uhlobo lweentonga (Pfaus et al., 2001). Umzekelo, ukutshatisa kuququzelela ukudityaniswa kwamabini kwindawo enye yodumo (Williams, Catania, & Carter, 1992), Ukucebisa ukuba iibhondi ezibini ezitshatileyo zidityaniswa ngumvuzo wesondo (Oselula kunye noWang, 2004). Izibophelelo ezibini ziyajongwa xa i-vole inokukhetha amaqabane amabini, omnye uqhelene, ekwakusenzeka kuye ngaphambili, kunye nenoveli enye. I-vole ebophelekileyo ihlala ikhetha umntu oqhelekileyo ukuba achithe ixesha elininzi, alingise, kwaye avelise kwakhona. Ezinye iingxelo zibonisa ukuba le ndlela yokuziphatha inokuhlala ubomi bonke, kuba abantu ababophelelweyo kunqabile ukuba badibane namanye amaqabane nokuba kulandelwe ukwahlukana ngokusisigxina neqabane lokuqala (Getz, McGuire, Pizzuto, Hofmann, & Frase, 1993). Kuyenzeka ukuba i-vole ebophelelweyo ihlale ilungile ngenxa yomelezo oluqinisekileyo oluqinisekileyo oluvela kwiqabane ngexesha lonxibelelwano nolokuhlangana kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi ethile yeqabane (umzekelo, isiginesha esebenzayo) inokukhethwa ngokwemeko kwaye yomelezwe kukhuthazo lwasentlalweni kunye nasekuvuseleleni.

Ezinye izinto ezichaphazela imeko yokhetho lweqabane

istres

Kukho izinto ezingavuseleliyo ngaphandle kwezo zinamava ngexesha lokukhutshelwa nazo ezinokuqhubekeka nokwenziwa kokukhethwa komlingane. Umzekelo, kwii-voes zokudlela zamadoda, ixesha elide lokuqubha kukholeleka ukuba lunoxinzelelo. Ukuba ii-voles zonyanzelwa ukuba zibhukude kwaye ke zivunyelwe ukuba zihlale ixesha elithile le-6 h (ngesiqhelo elingekho ixesha elaneleyo lokufaka ibhondi), izibini ezithandekayo zisengozini enkulu (Carter, 1998; Ukuyekiswa, ukuCocwa, iiTaymans, kunye neCarter, 1996). Oku kuziphatha kukholelwa ukuba kuququzelelwa ngokusebenzisa iihormoni ezikhutshwa ngexesha lokuphendula koxinzelelo (okt corticosteroids), ngenxa yokuba inaliti ye-corticosterone emadodeni iququzelela ukwakhiwa kwamakhonkco amabini (iDeVries et al., 1996). Inkqubo echanekileyo ayiqondiswanga ngokupheleleyo; Nangona kunjalo, enye ingcaciso enokubakho isekwe kwinto yokuba i-corticosteroids ikhuthaza ukwanda komsebenzi kwi-mesolimbic dopamine (DA) (Der-Avakian et al., 2006; Rouge-Pont, Marinelli, Le Moal, uSimon, kunye noPiazza, 1995), Kunye ne-DA ingenelela kuphuhliso lokhetho lwamaqabane kunye nezibophelelo (I-Aragona, Liu, Curtis, Stephan, kunye neWang, 2003; Aragona et al., 2006; U-Wang, et al., 1999). Kukho ubungqina ebantwini malunga neziphumo zoxinzelelo ekwakhiweni kweebhondi ezintsha. Amanye amatyala abhalwe phantsi kwi-Stockholm syndrome (uJulich, 2005; Namnyak et al., 2008), apho uthinjelo luphuhlisa uvelwano okanye iqhina kumthengi. Ke ngoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba, kuxhomekeke kubunzulu bayo kunye nobude bayo, impendulo yoxinzelelo inokuthi iququzelele okanye iphazamise ukwakheka kokukhethwa kweqabane. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezichanekileyo zokhetho olukhethiweyo okanye okugwenxa akuqondwa kakuhle (Ikhiwane. 1).

Ikhiwane. 1 

Amaxesha apho ukuphuhliswa kokukhethwa komlingane kunokwenzeka khona. Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kukho umbutho wee-circulphism zobuchopho (umz. I-dimorphism yobuchopho) eqhuba ukukhuthaza kunye nokukhetha amaqabane athabatha i-UCS eyomeleleyo. Oku kukhetha ngaphakathi ...

Uxinzelelo lwekhemesti

Dopamine

Ukudibana okuqhelekileyo ngokwesini okukhokelela kumvuzo wesini mhlawumbi kuyaxhunyaniswa ngokuhambelana okunamandla ekukhuliseni i-DA (Pfaus, et al., 1990; IPfaus, iDamsma, iWenkstern, kunye neFibiger, 1995), Iiopioids (Agmo kunye neBerenfeld, 1990; IParedes kunye neVazquez, 1999; van Furth, Wolterink, kunye no van Ree, 1995), i-oxytocin (OT), kunye ne-vasopressin (iBales et al., 2007; Bielsky kunye noMncinci, 2004; UCarmichael et al., 1987; UCarter, Williams, Witt, kunye no-Insel, 1992; Ukunyanga kunye neCarter, 2000; Umncinci kunye noWang, 2004). Ezi zi-neurotransmitters zihlengahlengisa ukuthathelwa ingqalelo, ukuqikelela, ukulindelwa, umvuzo kunye nokuthembela, zinto ezo ezithi zibonakalise ukuthanda iqabane (iBerridge kunye neRobinson, 1998; UPfaus et al., 1990; Schultz, 2002; ISchultz, iApicella, iScarnati, kunye neLjungberg, 1992; UTauber et al., 2011). Kukwanokwenzeka ukuba nasiphi na isikhuthazi esichaphazela ukukhutshwa kwezi neurotransmitters zichaphazele ukwenziwa kokukhethwa kweqabane.

Umzekelo, ubuqhetseba benkqubo yedopaminergic (DA) kunye nabachasi bayaphazamisa ukwakheka kokukhethwa kweqabane kwiigundane kunye nee-voles; ngelixa iidosi ezisezantsi ze-agonist ze-DA zenza kube lula ukukhetha iqabane (Aragona et al., 2003; UCoria-Avila et al., 2008a; UGingrich, uLiu, uCascio, uWang, kunye no-Insel, 2000). Kuboniswe ukuba i-D1- kunye ne-D2-uhlobo lwe-receptor agonists zidlala iindima ezichaseneyo ekwakhiweni kweebhondi kwi-voogamous voles (Aragona et al., 2006). Umzekelo, i-agonist ye-D1 i-agonist okanye umchasi we-D2 uvimba ukwakhiwa kwamakhonkco amabini okuphembelela (i-Gingrich et al., 2000); kodwa i-agonist ye-D2 iya kuququzelela ukwakhiwa kwamakhonkco esibini ukuba ngaba i-vole cohabitates iphathwa iiyure ezimbalwa kunye nomlingane onokubakho (u-Wang et al., 1999), okufanayo nokukhethwayo okuphuhlayo emva kokutshata.

Ngokusekwe kwinto eyandisiweyo yokwenza umsebenzi we-D2-uhlobo receptor uxhasa ukwakheka kukhetho lweqabane elingungqingili, sivavanye isiphumo se-agonist ye-D2 agonist, quinpirole, ekwakhiweni kokukhetha abalingane abalingane. Ke, siphathe iqela lezesondo ze-naïve zesini kunye nezasetyhini nge-quinpirole kwaye sazivumela ukuba zihlale kunye nomntu wesini esifanayo (i-cagemate) ngexesha le-24 h, yonke imihla ye-4, ukulungiselela uvavanyo lonke lwe-3 (i-Triana-Del Rio et al ., 2011). I-cagemate yayinevumba levumba le-almond njenge-CS, ukuze iigundane eziphathwe nge-quinpirole ziyidibanise ne-UCS ebangelwa yinaliti. Kwiqela lolawulo, izilwanyana zifumene i-saline kuphela kodwa zavunyelwa ukuba zihlale kunye namaqabane anevumba. Iintsuku ezine emva kovavanyo lokuvuma imeko yokugqibela, iigundane azinachaphaza ngesiyobisi kwaye zavavanywa kukhethwa iqabane elinobungqingili kwigumbi elinamagumbi amathathu. Kwigumbi elinye, kukho iqabane elivumba lithandanayo, kwelinye igumbi, likhona iqabane elinobungqingili. Umlinganiso wokuvavanywa wabekwa kwigumbi lesithathu kwaye wavunyelwa ukuba uhambe ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kweecandelo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba amadoda, kodwa hayi ababhinqileyo, abonisa ukuthanda iqabane elinesikizi (lesini esifanayo), njengoko kuboniswa ixesha elininzi lichithwe kunye, uphando oluninzi, ulwaziso oluphezulu phakathi kwabo, kunye nokunye okungahambelani nokunxibelelana xa bavezwa omnye komnye emva kwentambo yocingo ethintela unxibelelwano ngqo.

Aragona et al. ubonakalise ukuba umsebenzi we-receptor we-D2-kwi-rostral iqokobhe le-nucleus accumbens (NAc) wenza ukuqhutywa kokhetho lweqabane elingafaniyo kwii-voogamous voles (Aragona et al., 2003, 2006). Ngokuhambelana, kusenokwenzeka ukuba i-NAc D2-uhlobo receptor lomsebenzi ulungelelanise ukumiselwa komgangatho wokukhetha iqabane elithandanayo kwiirati zamadoda kwaye ukuba ukuphindana okuphindaphindiweyo phantsi kweziphumo zekhemikhali kuye kwasebenza njenge-quinpirole.

Uye wachazwa ukuba umda we-D1 kunye ne-D2 receptors kwingqondo yahlukile phakathi kweentonga ezinesidanga kunye nesithembu. Ii-receptors ezinjenge-D1-zininzi kwii-polygamous voles (Aragona et al., 2006), kwaye kuye kwaxoxwa ukuba ziyasebenza ukuthintela ukubopheleleka kuhlobo lwesithembu sisicwangciso sobuchule sokuzala. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba neentonga zesithembu zinokufunda ukubonisa ukuthandwa kweqabane emva kwezilingo ezininzi zokubeka imeko (uCoria-Avila et al., 2006; Ismail, Gelez, Lachapelle, kunye noPfaus, 2009; I-Kippin kunye nePfaus, 2001; UParedes-Ramos et al., 2011). Nangona bengaqhawukeli, amagundana anesithembu afunda ukukhetha iqabane elithile ngenxa yokunxulumana nomvuzo. Iya kuhlala iboniswa ukuba kukuphindaphindwa kangakanani ukukopishwa (okanye ukuphuculwa kwempembelelo ye-quinpirole) ukukhulisa ii-receptors ze-D2-ezinje ngesithembu kwingqondo yesithembu ukuqhubela imeko yokhetho lweqabane.

Opioids

Oku kukholelwa ukuba zezona zimodareyitha ziphambili zomvuzo wesondo (Agmo kunye neBerenfeld, 1990; UCoria-Avila et al., 2008b; IParedes kunye neAlonso, 1997; IParedes kunye neMartinez, 2001) kuba i-opioids blockade iphazamisa ukwakheka kokukhetha okuphethwe sisini. Zikhutshwa ikakhulu kwindawo ye-medial preoptic ndawo (MPOA) (van Furth, et al., 1995) kunye nendawo yecandelo le-ventral tegmental (VTA) (Balfour, Yu, & Coolen, 2004). Kwi-MPOA, i-opioids iququzelela umvuzo (uGarcia-Horsman, uAgmo, kunye noParedes, 2008) kunye, kwiVTA, ukuvelisa i-disinhibition ye-mesolimbic DAergic neurons (Balfour et al., 2004; van Furth et al., 1995). Uphononongo lwamva nje lubonise ukuba iigundane ezingamadoda ziphathwe ngenaliti enye ye-10 mg / kg ye-opioid agonist morphine ibonakalise imeko ekhethiweyo ye-ejaculatory kwintlanganiso zokuhlangana kwabafazi ababhinqiswe ngenaliti (iJones, iBozzini, kunye nePfaus, 2009). Idosi enjalo ye-morphine yayiphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingaphazamisa ukopisho ngexesha lesilingo semeko enye. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba akukho kukopisha, i-morphine inokulinganisa i-UCS eyenzeka ngexesha lasemva kwetyala, ukuququzelela ukuyilwa kokukhethwa liqabane lesini esahlukileyo. Ayaziwa, nokuba unyango lwe-morphine lunokuququzelela ukuphuculwa kokukhethwa liqabane lobufanasini kwiigundane. Ngaphaya koko, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba ii-opioid receptors zifunyanwa kwinani elifanayo kwi-voogamous kunye nesithembu voles (Insel & Shapiro, 1992), ebonisa ukuba amava omvuzo wokwabelana ngesondo ngexesha lokutshatisa anokufana. Ke ngoko, nangona i-opioids iyimfuneko kukhetho lweqabane elikhethayo, ukwakhiwa kokukhetha okuhlala ixesha elide kuya kuxhomekeka kwezinye ii-neurochemicals, ezinjenge-DA, OT, okanye vasopressin (AVP).

Ezinye iipeptide

Kwii-voos monogamous, abafazi baveza ii-receptors ze-OT kwiindawo ezinxulumene nokwamkelwa kunye nesondo, ngokuthelekiswa nesithembu sesetyhini (umzekelo: kumqala wesibeleko, ibhedi yeseli ye-stria terminalis, dorsomedial thalamus, amygdala yamuva, kunye ne-NAc; Insel, 1992). Nangona kunjalo, abantu besetyhini abanesithembu babonakalisa ngakumbi ii-OT receptors kwezinye iindawo ezinjenge-septum yecala, i-hypothalamus ye-ventral, kunye ne-corticomedial amygdala (uYoung et al., 1997). Zimbalwa kuphela ezi yantlukwano ezibonakala kufanelekile ekwenziweni kokukhethwa liqabane. Umzekelo, i-OT antagonist kwi-prelimbic cortex okanye i-NAc inokuthintela ukwakheka kokukhethwa kweqabane elitsha kwii-voles ezibangelwa sisini okanye i-D2 agonists (Liu & Wang, 2003). Ngokubhekisele kwi-AVP, ii-voes zamadoda zodwa zivelisa uxinizelelo oluphezulu kwi-ventral pallidum, xa kuthelekiswa nesithembu samadoda (Lim & Young, 2004). Ukunyanzelwa komchasi we-AVP kwi-ventral pallidum kuphazamisa ukukhula kweebhendi ezibini ezenziwa sisini (Umncinci kunye noWang, 2004). Kukho isifundo esibonisa ukuba ukunyuka kwee-receptors ze-AVP ngokusebenzisa Iivayirasi zentsholongwane ezisuka kwimozulu ukuya kwindoda enesithembu zinokunyusa ngokulula amandla okugqibela ukwenza ii-bond ezimbini (Lim et al., 2004).

Ngenxa yokunxibelelana okucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwe-DA kunye nezinye iipeptides ezinjenge-OT kunye ne-AVP, sivavanye isiphumo se-D2-uhlobo lwe-receptor agonist + OT kuphuhliso lokhetho lweqabane lobufanasini kwiigundane zabasetyhini. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, isiphumo se-D2 agonist sisodwa (quinpirole) ngexesha lokuhlalisana, ukuququzelela ukuthanda imeko yobufanasini phakathi kweempuku zamadoda kodwa hayi phakathi kweempuku zabasetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko sifumene kamva, unyango lwe-quinpirole, olulandelwe i-10 min kamva yi-OT, luququzelele ukuphuhliswa kokukhethwa kobufanasini phakathi kwabasetyhini kwizilingo ezintathu kuphela (I-Cibrian-Llanderal et al., Ingenisiwe). Ukhetho luye lwajongwa ngokuziphatha okungakumbi (okt ukucela kunye neehops kunye nemijelo) kunye nexesha elininzi elichithwe kunye nabasetyhini abaqhelekileyo. Iziphumo ze-quinpirole + OT zibonisa ukuba iigundane zabasetyhini azidingi kuphela uhlobo lwe-D2-receptor kodwa kunye nefuthe le-peptide yokuqaqambisa ukuthanda iqabane. Ngapha koko, olo dibaniselwano lunokufuneka ukuze ufumane umvuzo wesondo ngexesha lokudibana kwaye kunokubonisa ukudityaniswa kwezi zimbini ze-neurochemicals ngexesha lokufumana umvuzo apho abantu basetyhini bafumana khona ukungena ngaphakathi (Becker, Rudick, & Jenkins, 2001; UCoria-Avila et al., 2005, 2006) (1 Table).

1 Table 

Ezinye izinto ezingakhuthazi (i-UCS) ezisebenza njengokuqinisela kunye noncedo lomlingane okhethiweyo ekukhetheni iintonga. Ezinye ze-UCS zichazwa ngokwesini ngokucacileyo, kodwa ezinye azikho. Umlingane obenomdla obonakalayo (CS) oxela i-UCS uya kukhethwa. ...

Ezinye iimpembelelo zokhetho lweqabane elifundileyo

Ukungenisa inzala kunye nokuphuma ngaphakathi

Kuyaphikiswa ukuba ukukhetha rhoqo kwizinto zefamily kwiqabane akufuneki kunqweneleki, kuba kuya kuququzelela ukuzala. Ukuqhubeka uqhubela phambili inzala kunokukhokelela ekubonakalisweni kwe-phenotypic yolwazi olungafunekiyo lwe-genotypic, edluliselwa njenge-recessive genes ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana kuye kwesinye isizalo ngaphandle kokuba ivezwe, kude kube ngabazali bobabini abanemveliso efanayo ye-genotypes. Ngokuhambelana, ukufakwa kwesondo akufuneki kube yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokuzala kwaye izilwanyana kufuneka zijonge amaqabane ngokwahluka ngokwemfuza ukuze kuthintelwe ukuzala.

Ukuqwalaselwa kwezicwangciso-nkqubo zokwanda kwezindlu kwiigundane zezindlu kubonakalisa ukuba bayakuthintela ukukhula kwabantu abanobunzima obufanayo bembali (MHC). Uhlobo lwe-MHC luvelisa iimolekyuli ezinceda amajoni omzimba ukwahlula izinto ezahlukileyo nezinokubangela izifo. I-MHC enobunzima obungaphezulu bokuzalwa iya kuba noluhlu olubanzi lokuqonda into eqhelekileyo okanye eyahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kokukhona eyahluke kakhulu imfuza kubazali, kokukhona iba namandla ngakumbi i-MHC yembewu, ekhokelela kumzimba onamandla wokuzikhusela kumzimba. Kutyhilwe ukuba izilwanyana kufuneka zibe neenkqubo ezivelayo ukuze ziqaphele kwaye zikhethe abalingane abanokuba nakho kwi-MHC eyahlukileyo. Oko kukuthi, ukukhetha kweqabane kufanele kubhekiswe kubantu abangahambelaniyo, kunokuba kubalingane bemfuza abalinganayo abanokubakho abathwali bohlobo olungafunekiyo. Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba utyekelo lwendalo lweempuku ekutshateni kunye namaqabane ahlobo olufana nolwenyani aluqhelekanga, kuba ukuthanda inkanuko ngokwesondo kunokubuyela umlingane kwiqabane elifanayo ngokufakelwa. Kolunye uhlolisiso, umzekelo, iimpuku zamadoda ezakhuliswa ngunina ongumkhululi wohlobo olwahlukileyo ngokwemfuza zabonisa ukuthanda okukhethekileyo kwabasetyhini bohlobo lwabo (Yamazaki et al., 1988), enokucebisa ukuba izalamane azithathelwa ingqalelo njengosapho kwaye, ngenxa yoko, bakhethwa njengabafazi.

Ukufunda ukwamkela ivumba losapho kuya kubonisa ukuba isilwanyana sichonga usapho kwaye, ke, kuya kunceda ukunqanda ukudibana nabo (abanokuphatha imfuza efanayo). Kwisifundo esinye, kwaboniswa ukuba iimpuku ziyakwazi ukwamkela i-MHC yabanye abantu ngokusebenzisa imiqondiso yolfactory kwaye olo lwazi lubonisa ukuba lufundwa ngokushicilelwa kumaxesha okuqala obomi. Kolu phando, baxhasa iigundane zabasetyhini kunye noomama abaneentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-MHC. Xa amantshontsho eba ngabantu abadala, ukuthanda iqabane kwavavanywa kubantu abane-MHC efanayo okanye uhlobo lwe-MHC losapho olukhulisa abantwana (iPenn & Potts, 1998). Ifana neziphumo zeYamazaki et al. (1988), I-Penn kunye nePotts zibonise ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo bayakuthintela ukukhula kwendoda kunye nabesilisa abaphethe iintlobo ze-MHC ezifanayo kwiintsapho ezikhulayo, ezixhase uhanahaniso lokuba ukuxhomekeka kosapho okuxhomekekileyo kwi-MHC kubonelela ngendlela yokuthintela ukungazalisi.

I-Bateson (1978) Ucebise ukuba ukufakelwa kwezesondo kuququzelela ukugquma okungcono kwaye kuthintele izilwanyana ekukhuleni. Isiteyitimenti sakhe besisekelezwe kuthotho lweemvavanyo zokhetho lomlingane kuma-quails aseJapan. Ubonise ukuba amadoda abonisa awona manqanaba aphezulu okusondela kunye nokulinganisa kunye nabantu ababhinqileyo imibala yabo yayahluke ngokwahlukileyo kumama owabakhulisayo, xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini abanembala ngqo (iBatenson, 1978). Oku kukhokelele kwisiphakamiso sokuba, ngenxa yokufakelwa, ukukhetha iqabane kubhekiswa kwiqabane elinemikhombandlela engaqhelekanga, evandlakanywa ngokusekelwe kwiinkumbulo eziqhelekileyo ngokudityaniswa ngexesha lokuqala kunye nobunzima ebomini. Ngokuhambelana noku, ukufakelwa kungakhokelela ekukhethweni komntu owahluke kancinane kuqinisekiso lokuphuma, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, iqinisekisa ukuzala nomntu oqheleneyo kwaye mhlawumbi ehambelana ngokulinganayo neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

Malunga nokufunda iqabane lakho lobufanasini

Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba iigundane zinokukhulisa imeko ekhethwe ngamafanasini xa sele ikhulile. Ukuze kwenzeke oku, amadoda kufuneka acocabise ngexesha lokuphucula uhlobo lwe-D2, ngelixa ababhinqileyo bedinga umsebenzi ophuculweyo we-D2 + OT. Ayaziwa ukuba le nto ifikelela kweliphi inqanaba ebantwini kwaye kufuneka itolikwe ngononophelo. Ezinye iziyobisi ezinjenge-cocaine okanye i-amphetamine zinokuwukhulisa ngokwenyani umsebenzi we-DA ebantwini, kodwa azisebenzi ngqo kwi-D2-hlobo receptors kodwa endaweni yazo zonke ii-receptors ze-DA. Oku kubandakanya D1-udidi, olo lusebenzayo luthintela ukuphuculwa kwamabhanti amatsha kwii-voles. Ngapha koko, kubonisiwe ukuba ii-voles zamadoda ezifumana i-amphetamine engapheliyo ziyasilela ukwenza i-couping ye-mating-i-pair yokudibanisa, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba umthetho olungiselelwe nge-D1-uhlobo receptors (Liu et al., 2010).

Ukuphuhliswa kokukhethwa komlingane ongatshatanga onesimo esifana nesakho kuququzelelwa yi-DA kunye ne-OT agonists kusenokungabi yinto eyenzeka lula kwindalo. Ngapha koko, inokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko zaselebhu. Nangona kunjalo, ezo ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ii-neurocircuitries zabantu abadala ezikuthandayo ngokuthe ngqo kwiqabane azizinzanga okanye zilukhuni kodwa zibhetyebhetye kwaye ziyaziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha ezihlangana nazo.

izigqibo

Isikhuselo esixela imbuyekezo enamandla siza kukhuthaza iimpendulo ezilungiselela isilwanyana ukuba sizifumane. Ukhetho lomlingani olwenzeka kuye umntu onqabileyo lunokuba sisiphumo esingenamibandela sombutho we-UCS-UCR okanye unokumela isiphumo sokufunda kunye nombutho we-CS-CR. Imivuzo enxulunyaniswa neeveki zokuqala zokukhulelwa, ukukhuliswa, ixesha lobutsha okanye amava ezesondo okuqala anakho ngokulula ukwenza ukuthandwa komlingani wesini esahlukileyo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeentonga kwaye ngokunokwenzeka nakubantu. Ngokusekwe kwidentent yedentent, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubudlelwane obunomvuzo nabantu abathandana nabo besini esinye buye bufezekise ukuthanda abantu abalingani besini esinye, kodwa oku akuboniswanga ebantwini. Ngale ndlela, ukufumana imimandla yobuchopho obuqhelekileyo kunye ne-neurochemical or endocrine system activated in monogamous and polygamous iintlobo kunye nezo zikhetha iqabane lobufanasini okanye lobufanasini kufuneka zibe negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu iyantlukwano ekukhetheni iqabane kunye namacebo amaqabane. Izazi zebhayoloji zokuvela kwindalo kunye nengcali yengqondo kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo imbono yokuba amava omntu kunye nomvuzo (okt. Ngokwesondo nangokwezonyango) anokugqithisa ekukhetheni ukhetho lwendoda 'lwangaphakathi' (umzekelo, ukubek 'esweni) okanye ubuchule beqabane (umzekelo: ukuzeka kwendoda okanye isithembu) ngeendlela zikaPavlovian kunye neziqhulo zomsebenzi. . Ngapha koko, kukwenzelwa ngaphakathi (kwaye mhlawumbi kubaluleke ngakumbi) ukufunda malunga nokusingqongileyo ngeendlela zokwandisa umvuzo kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo ezibi, ukwenza okubizwa ngokuba 'kukuzithemba' (umzekelo ulonwabo) ekugqibeleni inamandla okuqikelela amandla okuziphatha nakukhetho kunezinto ezibizwa ngokuba 'zezokugqibela' (umzekelo: ulwazelelo lwofuzo okanye ukuzala).

Imibulelo

Umbhali angathanda ukubulela uGqr Jim Pfaus, noGqr. Larry J. Young ngeengxoxo eziluncedo nakwabafundi abaphumeleleyo uTamara Cibrian-Llanderal, uPedro Paredes-Ramos, uRodrigo Triana-Del Rio, noFeliks Montero-Dominguez ngokusebenza kwabo nzima Umsebenzi kunye nokuzibophelela kwiiprojekthi zabo zophando.

Imbambano yomdla kunye nenkxaso-mali

Umbhali akafumananga mali okanye izibonelelo ezivela kumzi mveliso okanye kwenye indawo ukuze enze olu phononongo.

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