Izibukezo ezibuyekezwa kontanga zikaPrause et al., 2015

Isingeniso

Ucwaningo lwe-EEG: "Ukuguqulwa kwesimo sezithombe ezinobungozi ngezithombe zocansi kubasebenzisi bezinkinga kanye nokulawula okungahambisani nokulutha kocansi"(Prause et al., 2015)

Faka isicelo: Kuze kube namuhla, umcwaningi wangaphambili we-UCLA Nicole Prause ngesibindi uthi isifundo sakhe sodwa se-EEG "samanga imodeli yokulutha ngobulili."

Okuyiqiniso: Imiphumela ibonisa ukujwayela / ukungafuneki kwamanye amazwe kubasebenzisi be-Porn abavamile. Ngoba leli phepha libike ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kocansi okuhlobene Ngaphansi Ukusebenza kobuchopho ku-vanilla porn kubhalwe ku lokhu iwebhusayithi njengesekela ukucabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungcolile kwe-porn phansi phansi kulawula ukuvusa ngocansi. Ngokumane nje, abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babethandwa kakhulu yizithombe eziqinile ze-porn-ho-hum. (Lokhu okutholakele okufanayo Kuhn & Gallinat., 2014.) Lokhu kutholakala kuyahambisana ukubekezelelana, isibonakaliso Ukuba umlutha wezithombe. Ukubekezelela kuchazwa njengokuphendula komuntu okunciphayo kwisidakamizwa noma ekuvuseleleni okuwumphumela wokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe. Amaphepha ayisishiyagalolunye abuyekezwe ontanga ahlelwe ngezansi ayavumelana nalokhu Ukuhlolwa kwe-YBOP Prause et al., 2015.

Izifundo ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa zibike ukutholakala okuhambisana nokuzwela / ukukhishwa kabusha. Ngenxa yokuthi abasebenzisi be-porn abavamile babe nokufundwa okuphansi kwe-EEG kunezilawuli, umbhali oholayo uNicole Prause wathi iphepha lakhe, ngeziphetho zalo ezingathandeki, "laqamba amanga" imodeli yokuluthwa kocansi. Uthi ukufundwa kwakhe kwe-EEG kuhlolwe "ukucubungula-kabusha," kunokuba ukujwayela. Ngisho noma i-Prause yayilungile, uyayigcina ngokucophelela umgodi wokugoba ekuqinisekiseni kwakhe "ukukhohlisa". Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho akushilo ngakho Prause et al. I-2015 ukuthola okuncane ukucubungula-reactivity abasebenzisi porn njalo, 26 nezinye Ucwaningo lwama-neurological libike ukucutshungulwa-ukucubungula noma ukufisa (ukuzwela) kubasebenzisi be-porn abathintekayo: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Isayensi ayihambisani nesifundo esisodwa esisodwa esithintekayo ngenxa yeziphambeko ezimbi kakhulu abakhulumeli abathandekayo; isayensi iyahambisana nokuphazamiseka kobufakazi.

Qaphela: Kulesi sethulo se-2018 uGary Wilson ubonisa iqiniso ngemuva kokufundwa okungaqondakali nokukhohlisayo kwe-5, kufaka phakathi izifundo ezimbili ze-Nicole Prause EEG (Steele et al., I-2013 futhi Prause et al., 2015): Ucwaningo Lwezingubo: Iqiniso Noma Izinganekwane?

Ukuhlaziywa kontanga okuyishumi okuhlaziywe Prause et al., 2015. Phakathi neminyaka edlulayo izifundo eziningi ezisekelwe ku-neuroscience kushicilelwe (i-MRI, i-fMRI, i-EEG, i-neuropsychological, i-hormonal). Zonke zinikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwemodeli yokulutha njengoba okutholakele kwabo kukhombisa ukutholakala kwemizwa okubikwe kwizifundo zokulutha izidakamizwa. Imibono yochwepheshe bangempela yokulutha kocansi / ucansi iyabonakala kulolu hlu lwe Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ezingama-25 zakamuva nezincazelo (konke okuhambisana nesimiso sokulutha). Amaphepha ngezansi bonke avuma ukuthi i Prause et al. ukutholakala kokujwayele ukubolekisa imali umlutha wezocansi imodeli. Iphepha # 2 (nge-Gola) lizinikele kuphela ekusakazeni Prause et al., I-2015. Amanye amaphepha e-9 aqukethe izigaba ezimfushane ezihlaziya Prause et al., 2015 (konke yithi ucwaningo lwe-EEG empeleni lutholile indawo yokuhlala noma ukwehlisa isithunzi). Amaphepha abhalwe ngosuku lokushicilelwa.

1) I-neuroscience ye-Inthanethi ye-Pornography Umlutha: Ukubukeza nokuvuselelwa (2015)

Ukucacisa okucacile Prause et al., 2015 (ukucaphuna 309)

Olunye ucwaningo lwe-EEG olubandakanya abalobi abathathu abafanayo olusanda kushicilelwa [309]. Ngeshwa, lolu cwaningo olusha lubhekene nezinkinga eziningi ezifanayo zendlela yokwenza ngendlela efanayo ngaphambili [303]. Isibonelo, sisetshenziselwe i-pool ephathekayo yezihloko, abacwaningi basebenzisa ama-questionnaires angahlolwayo angazange avunyelwe abasebenzisi be-pornography abasebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi, futhi lezi zihloko azizange zihlolwe ezinye izibonakaliso zokudakwa noma ukukhathazeka kwemizwa.

Esifundweni esisha, uPrause et al. kuqhathanisa umsebenzi we-EEG wababukeli abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kanye nokulawula njengoba bebheka kokubili izithombe zobulili nezingathathi hlangothi [309]. Njengoba kulindeleke, ukuphakama kwe-LPP ngokuphathelene nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi kwandiswe kuwo wonke amaqembu, nakuba ukukhuphuka kwe-amplitude kwaba mncane kwizihloko ze-IPA. Ukulindele ukuphakama okukhulu kwababukeli abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, abalobi bathi, "Leli phethini libonakala lihlukile emifanekisweni yokulutha izidakamizwa".

Ngenkathi ama-amplitudes amakhulu e-ERP ekuphenduleni izigwegwe zokulutha izidakamizwa ezihlobene nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi kubonakala ekufundiseni izidakamizwa, ukutholakala kwamanje akulindelekile, futhi kuhambelana nokufundwa kukaKühn noGallinat [263], othole ukusetshenziswa okuningi okuhlobene nokusebenza kakhudlwana kobuchopho ekuphenduleni izithombe zobulili. Engxenyeni engxoxweni, abalobi bakhulume uKühn noGallinat futhi banikeza ukujwayela njengenkcazelo evumelekile yephethini elingaphansi le-LPP. Okunye okushiwo nguKühn noGallinat, noma kunjalo, ukuthi ukugqugquzela okukhulu kungase kubangele izinguquko ze-neuroplastic. Ngokucacile, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zisebenza ngokuhambisana nomthamo wezinga eliphansi e-dorsal striatum, ukuvuvukala ngokocansi okuhambisana nesisusa [265].

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi okutholakala kuPrause et al. babekwehlukile kulokho ababekulindele [309]. Omunye angalindela ababukeli abavamile bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili ze-intanethi ukuba babe nama-amplitudes afanayo e-LPP ekuphenduleni ukufinyeleleka okufutshane ezithombeni zocansi uma ukusetshenziswa kwezingane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet akuzange kube nomphumela. Kunalokho, ukuthola okungalindelwe kukaPrause et al. [309] ukusikisela ukuthi ababukeli abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi bajwayele ukujwayela izithombe. Omunye angase afane ngokulinganayo nalokhu ekubekezeleni. Ezweni lanamuhla lokufinyeleleka kwe-Inthanethi ngokusheshisa, kungenzeka ukuthi abathengi abaningi abasebenzisi be-pornography be-intanethi babheka amafilimu namavidiyo ocansi ngokuphambene namacici okwamanje. Amafilimu ezocansi akhiqiza ukuvusa okungokwenyama nokuzicabangela kunezithombe zocansi [310] nokubuka amafilimu ezocansi kubangela inzalo encane nokuphendula ngokocansi kwezithombe zocansi [311]. Ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​i-Prause ne-al., No-Kühn no-Gallinat ziholela ekuphethweni okunengqondo ukuthi ababukeli abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi badinga ukuvuselelwa okubukeka okukhulu ukuze baphendule izimpendulo zobuchopho ezifana nokulawulwa okunempilo noma abasebenzisi be-porn abalinganiselayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitatimende sikaPrause et al. [309] ukuthi, "Lena yilezi zindaba zokuqala ezisebenza ngokomzimba zabantu ababika izinkinga zokulawula i-VSS" kuyinkinga ngoba ibheka uphenyo olushicilelwe ekuqaleni [262,263]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekuhloleni izimpendulo zobuchopho ekubhekeni kwezidakamizwa ezingcolile kuyi-Internet ukuthi ukubuka isenzo socansi kuyindlela yokulutha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izifundo zokucubungula-ukucubungula ezidakamizwa ze-cocaine zisebenzisa izithombe ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-cocaine (imigqa emhlophe esibukweni), kunokuba izihloko empeleni zisebenzise i-cocaine. Njengoba ukubukwa kwezithombe zobulili namavidiyo kungukuziphatha okuluthayo, izifundo zokuvuselelwa kobuchopho esikhathini esizayo kubasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-Inthanethi kumele ziqaphe kokubili ukuklama nokuhlola kwemiphumela. Isibonelo, ngokuphambene nokuvezwa okwesibili kwemifanekiso esasetshenziswa yi Prause et al. [309], Voon et al. wakhetha amavidyo kliphu we-9-sesibili ekuqalisweni kwawo kwe-reactivity paradigm ukuze afane ngokulingana ne-Internet porn stimuli [262]. Ngokungafani nokuvezwa okwesibili kwemifanekiso emanje (Prause et al. [309]), ukuvezwa kwevidiyo ye-9-yesibili kwavusa ukukhishwa okukhulu kobuchopho kubabukeli abanobunzima bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwi-intanethi kunokuba kuvezwe okwesikhashana emifanekisweni emanje. Ngokuqondene nokuthi abalobi babhekisela ekutadisheni kukaKühn noGallinat, bakhululwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nesifundo seVoon [262], nokho abazange bavume iVoon et al. funda noma yikuphi ephepheni labo naphezu kokubaluleka okubalulekile.

2) Ukwehla kwe-LPP yezithombe zocansi kubasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga kungahle kuhambisane namamodeli wokulutha. Konke kuncike kumodeli: I-Commentary on Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015 (2016)

I-Biol Psychol. 2016 May 24. i-pii: I-S0301-0511 (16) i-30182-X. i-doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsycho.2016.05.003.

I-Gola Matuesz¹. ¹Isikhungo se-Swartz se-Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, eSan Diego, eU.SA; I-Institute of Psychology, i-Polish Academy yeSayensi, i-Warsaw, i-Poland. Ikheli lombhalo: [i-imeyili ivikelwe].

Iphepha eligcwele

Ubuchwepheshe be-Intanethi buhlinzeka ngokufinyelela okungabizi nokungaziwa kokuqukethwe okuningi kwezocansi (Cooper, 1998). Imininingwane etholakalayo ikhombisa ukuthi i-67.6% yabesilisa ne-18.3% yabantu abadala besifazane baseDenmark (abaneminyaka engu-18-30 ubudala) basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile masonto onke (i-Hald, 2006). Phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi lase-USA u-93.2% wabafana kanye no-62.1% wamantombazane babebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Kubasebenzisi abaningi, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kudlala indima kwezokuzijabulisa, isasasa, nogqozi (URothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), kodwa kwabanye , Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi njalo kungumthombo wokuhlupheka (cishe i-8% yabasebenzisi ngokusho kukaCooper et al., 1999) futhi iba yisizathu sokufuna ukwelashwa (UDelmonico noCarnes, 1999; UKraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; IGola, iLeccukuk, neSkorko, i-2016; iGola nePotenza, 2016). Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo kabanzi nokubonwa komtholampilo okuphikisanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuyinkinga ebalulekile yezenhlalo, okuthola ukunakwa okukhulu kwabezindaba, (isb., Ama-movie aphambili: "Shame" nguMcQueen no "Don Jon" kaGordon-Levitt) nokusuka osopolitiki (isib. Inkulumo kaNdunankulu wase-UK uDavid Cameron yenkulumo ka-2013 yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yizingane), kanye nocwaningo lwe-neuroscience (USteele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; UKühn noGallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014) .One yemibuzo ebuzwa njalo yile: ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kungaba umlutha?

Ukutholwa kukaPrause, uSteele, uStaley, uSabatinelli, noHajcak, (2015) okushicilelwe kumagazini kaJuni weBiological Psychology kuletha imininingwane ethokozisayo ngalesi sihloko. Abaphenyi bakhombisile ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane ababika inkinga yokubuka izithombe zocansi (N = 55),1 kuboniswe amandla okugcina aphansi kakhulu (i-LPP - ikhono elihlobene nomcimbi ekubonisweni kwe-EEG ehambisana nokubaluleka nokuthula okuzenzekelayo kwalokhu okushoyo) ezithombeni zobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombe ezingekho zobulili, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpendulo zokulawula. Baphinde babonise ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile abanesifiso esiphakeme sobulili banemibono encane ye-LPP yezithombe zocansi nezingazocansi. Abalobi baphetha ngokuthi: "Le ndlela yemiphumela ibonakala ingavumelani nokubikezela okuthile okwenziwe ngamamodeli okulutha" (iphe. 196) futhi wamemezela lesi siphetho esihlokweni se-athikili: "Ukuguquguquka kwezinto ezingase zifike ngesikhathi esifanele ngezithombe zobulili kubasebenzisi abinkinga nokulawula okuhambisani "Umlutha wezocansi" ".

Ngeshwa, ku-athikili yabo, Prause et al. (I-2015) ayichazanga ngokusobala ukuthi iyiphi imodeli yokulutha umlutha ababeyihlola. Imiphumela eyethulwe lapho ibhekwa maqondana namamodeli asungulwe kakhulu ayinikeli ukuqinisekiswa okucacile kwe-hypothesis yokuthi inkinga yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile iyinkinga yokulutha (njengokuthi uma kwenzeka nge-Incentive Salience Theory; URobinson noBerridge, 1993; URobinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Lesser, & Maniates, 2015) noma ukusekela le hypothesis (njengokuthi uma kwenzeka iReward Deficiency Syndrome; Blum et al., 1996; 1996; Blum, Badgaiyan, & Gold, 2015). Ngezansi ngiyichaza ngemininingwane.

Ikheli lokuxhumana: I-Swartz Center ye-Computational Neuroscience, i-Institute for Neural Computations, i-University of California San Diego, i-9500 Gilman Drive, i-San Diego, i-CA 92093-0559, e-USA. Ikheli le-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]

1 Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuthi abalobi babonisa imiphumela yabathintekayo besilisa nabesifazane ndawonye, ​​kanti izifundo zamuva zibonisa ukuthi ukulinganisa izithombe zobulili zokuvusa kanye ne-valence kuhluke ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwamadoda (bheka: Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Lokhu ukuqagela kusekelwa yiqiniso ukuthi izikhombisi ezisetshenziswe ku-Prause et al. (I-2015) iphinde ibhekisele ku-IST (ie i-Wölfling et al., I-2011

Okwenza uhlaka lwamaqondana nolwazi olucacile luveze

Ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuningi kwegama elithi "cue-reactivity" ngabalobi esingacabanga ukuthi abalobi banengqondo engqondweni ye-Incentive Salience Theory (IST) ehlongozwa nguRobinson noBerridge (Berridge, 2012; uRobinson et al., 2015).2 Lo msebenzi wohlaka luhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha okugqugquzelwayo - "ukufuna" kanye "nokuthanda". Lokhu okwedlule kuxhunyaniswe ngqo nenani elibonwe lomvuzo, kuyilapho elokuqala lihlobene nenani elilindelwe lomvuzo, elilinganiswa ngokujwayelekile maqondana nenkomba yokubikezela. Ngokuya ngokufunda kwePavlovian, umvuzo uyisikhuthazo esingenamibandela (i-UCS) futhi izinkomba ezihlotshaniswa nalo mvuzo ngokufunda ziyizimo ezikhuthazayo (CS). Ama-CS afundile athola amandla okukhuthaza futhi avuse "ukufuna", okuboniswa ekuziphatheni okukhuthazekile (Mahler noBerridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013). Ngakho-ke bathola izakhiwo ezifanayo njengomvuzo uqobo. Isibonelo izigwaca ezifuywayo zilandelela ngokuzithandela into ye-terrycloth (CS) ebibhangqwe phambilini nethuba lokulingisa izigwaca zesifazane (UCS), noma ngabe owesifazane wangempela uyatholakala (UCetinkaya noDomjan, 2006)

Ngokwe-IST, ukuluthwa kubonakaliswa ngokwanda "kokufuna" (ukuphakama kokusebenza okuphathelene nokukhonjwa; okusho ukuthi i-LPP ephezulu) kanye nokwehla "kokuthanda" (ukuncipha kokuphinda kusebenze okuhlobene nomvuzo; okuyi-LPP ephansi). Ukuze bahumushe idatha ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-IST abacwaningi kumele bahlukanise ngokusobala "ukufuna" nokuhlobene "nomvuzo" okuhlobene nomkhondo. Ukuhlola ama-paradigms wokuhlola zombili izinqubo kuveza imikhondo ehlukene nemivuzo (okusho i-Flagel et al., 2011; I-Sescousse, i-Barbalat, i-Domenech, ne-Dreher, i-2013; i-Gola, i-Miyakoshi, ne-Sescousse, i-2015). Prause et al. (2015) esikhundleni salokho sebenzisa ipharadayim yokuhlola elula, lapho izihloko zibuka nje izithombe ezihlukile ngokuqukethwe kwezocansi nokungezona ezocansi. Kumklamo olula kangaka wokuhlola umbuzo obalulekile osuka kumbono we-IST uthi: Ingabe izithombe zocansi zidlala indima (CS) noma imivuzo (UCS)? Ngakho-ke: Ingabe i-LPP elinganisiwe ibonisa "ukufuna" noma "ukuthanda"?

Ababhali bacabanga ukuthi izithombe zocansi ziyizinkomba, ngakho-ke ukuhumusha kwehle nge-LPP njengesilinganiso sokuncipha “kokufuna.” Ukuncipha “kokufuna” maqondana nezinkomba bekungeke kungahambisani neze nemodeli yokulutha ye-IST. Kepha ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi izithombe zocansi azizona nje izinkomba. Bayazuza kubo ngokwabo (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & both, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; kubuyekezwe ku: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stoléru et al., 2012). Ukubuka izithombe zocansi kuvusa umsebenzi we-ventral striatum (uhlelo lokuvuza) (I-Arnowet al., 2002; Amademoni, uHeatherton, noKelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), ukukhishwa kwe-dopamine (UMeston noMcCall, 2005) futhi bobabili abazibikayo nabalinganisa ngokusobala ukuvusa ucansi (ukubuyekeza: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Izici ezinomvuzo zezithombe zocansi zingazalwa ngenxa yokuthi ucansi (njengokudla) kungumvuzo oyinhloko. Kepha noma ngabe umuntu othile enqaba imvelo enjalo enomvuzo, izakhiwo ezinomvuzo zesikhuthazo sezocansi zingatholakala ngenxa yokufunda kwePavlovian. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izinto ezishukumisayo ezibukwayo (ezifana nomlingani ohamba ze noma ividiyo enezithombe ezingcolile) kungaba yinto (CS) yokwenza ucansi okuholela ekuhlangenwe nakho komvuthwandaba (UCS) ngenxa yocansi lwe-dyadic noma ukushaya indlwabu wedwa okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho esimweni sokusetshenziswa kaningi kwezithombe zocansi, izinto ezibukwayo zocansi (CS) zihlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-orgasm (UCS) futhi zingathola izakhiwo zomvuzo (UCS; Mahler neBerridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013) bese ziholela ekusondeleni ( Ukufuna izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) nokuziphatha okuphelelisayo (okungukuthi, amahora wokubuka ngaphambi kokufinyelela kuvuthondaba).

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi kunomvuzo ongokwemvelo noma ofundile, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izithombe zocansi ziyazikhuthaza, noma zingenakho ukuvuthwa. Ngakho-ke zinenani le-hedonic elingaphakathi labantu (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) kanye nama-rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005). Inani labo elizuzisayo lingaze likhuliswe ekuhlolweni ukubekeka, lapho isipiliyoni somvuthwandaba (i-UCS yemvelo) singatholakali, njengasesifundweni sePrause et al.'s (2015) ("ababambiqhaza kulolu cwaningo bayalelwa ukuthi bangashayi indlwabu ngesikhathi somsebenzi", ikhasi 197). Ngokuya ngeBerridge, ingqikithi yomsebenzi inomthelela ekubikezelweni komvuzo (IBerridge, 2012). Ngakho-ke, njengoba kungekho enye intokozo ngaphandle kwezithombe zocansi ezazitholakala lapha, ukubukwa kwezithombe kwakungumvuzo wokugcina (kunokumane nje ukhonjwe).

Ukunciphisa i-LPP yemivuzo yezocansi kubasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkimbinkimbi kuvumelana nezibonelo zokulutha umlutha

Ukuthatha konke lokhu okungenhla sikucabangele singacabanga ukuthi izithombe zocansi ku-Prause et al. (2015), esikhundleni sokuba yizinkomba, kungenzeka ukuthi wadlala indima yemivuzo. Uma kunjalo, ngokohlaka lwe-IST, i-LPP ephansi yezithombe ezibandakanya ezocansi nezingezona ezocansi kubasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga kanye nezihloko ezinesifiso sobulili obuphakeme impela zibonisa ukuthi kunciphile "ukuthanda". Umphumela onjalo uhambisana nemodeli yokulutha ephakanyiswe nguBerridge noRobinson (IBerridge, 2012; URobinson et al., 2015). Kodwa-ke, ukuqinisekisa ngokugcwele i-hypothesis yokulutha umlutha ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-IST, izifundo zokuhlola ezithuthuke kakhulu, ukukhishwa kwe-disanging cue kanye nomvuzo kuyadingeka. Isibonelo esihle sepharadayim yokuhlola eyenzelwe kahle sasetshenziswa ezifundweni zabadlali bokugembula nguSescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Isebenzise izinkomba zemali nezocansi (izinto ezingokomfanekiso) kanye nemivuzo ecacile (ukunqoba kwemali noma izithombe zocansi). Ngenxa yokushoda kwezinkomba ezichazwe kahle nemivuzo kuPrause et al. (2015) ukutadisha, iqhaza lezithombe zocansi lihlala lingacacile ngakho-ke imiphumela etholakele ye-LPP ayicaci ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-IST. Isiphetho esiqinisekile sethulwe esihlokweni sesifundo esithi "Ukushintshashintsha kwamathuba amahle okwenziwe sekwedlule isikhathi ngezithombe zocansi kubasebenzisi bezinkinga nokulawula okungahambisani" nokulutha kwezocansi "kuzungezwe maqondana ne-IST

Uma sithatha enye imodeli ethandwayo yokulutha umlutha - i-Reward Deficency Syndrome (i-RDS; i-Blum et al., I-1996, i-2015) idatha etholwe abalobi empeleni ikhuluma ngokuthanda ukulutha umlutha. I-RDS ifreyimu-isebenza ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezithinta isifo se-dopaminergic ngenzuzo evuzayo (echazwe nge-BOLD kanye ne-electrophysiological reactivity) ihlobene nokufuna ukuzwa, ukungahambi kahle nomngcipheko omkhulu wokulutha umlutha. Ukuthola okubhaliwe kwe-LPP ephansi kubasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhambisana ngokuphelele nesimo sokulutha kwezidakamizwa ze-RDS. Uma uPrause et al. (I-2015) beyihlola enye imodeli, engaziwa kangako kune-IST noma i-RDS, kungaba yinto efiselekayo kakhulu ukuyibeka kancane emisebenzini yabo.

Amazwi okugcina

Ucwaningo lukaPrause et al. (I-2015) inikeza idatha ezithakazelisayo ekusetshenzisweni kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.3 Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi kwesitatimende esicacile sokuthi umlutha uhlolwe futhi uphenyo oluyinkimbinkimbi (okulula ukuchaza indima yezithombe ezithandwayo), akunakwenzeka ukusho uma imiphumela evezwe ingavumelani, noma ngokuvumelana nalokho, "Ukulutha kobulili obungcolile." Ucwaningo oluningi olwedlule olunemibono echazwe kahle lubizwa. Ngeshwa isihloko esibukhali sikaPrause et al. (I-2015) isihloko sesivele sinomthelela emithonjeni yemidiya, i-4 ngaleyo ndlela iphakamisa isiphetho esingenabulungisa sesayensi. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe kwesihloko ngemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, abacwaningi kufanele bafinyelele iziphetho ngokuzayo ngokuqapha okukhulu. (ukugcizelelwa okunikeziwe)

3 Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuthi ku Prause et al. Abasebenzisi abanezinkinga (2015) badla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokwesilinganiso se-3.8 ngeviki (SD = 1.3) cishe kufana nabasebenzisi abangabonayo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eKühn naseGallinat (2014) abadla ngokwesilinganiso se-4.09 ngesonto (SD = 3.9) . KuVoon et al. Abasebenzisi abanezinkinga (2014) babike i-1.75 h / ngesonto (SD = 3.36) kanye ne-13.21 ngesonto / inkinga (SD = 9.85) - idatha evezwe yi-Voon ngesikhathi somhlangano we-American Psychological Science ngoMeyi 2015.

4 Izibonelo zezihloko zezinto ezithandwayo zesayensi mayelana noPrause et al. (2015): "Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile azilimazi njengenye izidakamizwa, izicelo zokufunda" (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-as-other-addictions- izicelo zokutadisha-5279530 /), "Umlutha wakho we-Porn Akuyona Yona" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html) , "Ukulutha kobulili 'okungukuthi akuyona imilutha yeqiniso, izazi ze-neuroscientists zithi" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction-N7696448.html)

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3) I-Neurobiology Yokuziphatha Ngokweqhaza Ngokuya Ngokocansi: Isayensi Evelayo (2016)

IZIMPENDULO: Ngesikhathi leli phepha lingumshwana omfushane nje kuphela, liqukethe okubalulekile okubhekayo. Isibonelo, kusho ukuthi bobabili Prause et al., 2015 futhi Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014 kubika okutholayo okufanayo: ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-porn okuhambisana nokujwayela okukhulu kwezocansi. Zombili izifundo zabikwa aphansi ukuvuselelwa kobuchopho ekuphenduleni ukufinyelelwa okufutshane kwezithombe ze-porno ye-vanilla. Esikhathini esilandelayo "I-Lower-positive-potentially" ibhekisela ekutholeni kwe-EEG Prause et al.:

"Ngokungqubuzanayo, Ucwaningo lwabantu abanempilo luphakamisa indima yokwenza ngcono ukujwayela nokusebenzisa ngokweqile izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Emadodeni enempilo, isikhathi esengeziwe sichithwa ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihambisana nomsebenzi we-putaminal ophansi ngezithombe ezingcolile (Kühn noGallinat, 2014). Umsebenzi osezingeni eliphansi ongakwenzeka ekubonisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile wawukhonjiswe ezihlokweni ezinokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga. " (ukugcizelelwa okunikeziwe)

Iphepha lisho ukuthi bobabili Prause et al., 2015 futhi Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014 okutholiwe ukujwayela kubasebenzisi be-porn abavamile.

Ukuhlaziya okuphelele:

Ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile (CSB) kubonakala ngokufisa, ukungabi nomqondo, ukukhubazeka komphakathi / emsebenzini, nokuncintisana kwengqondo. Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-CSB kulinganiselwa cishe kwe-3-6%, enezikhulu zesilisa. Nakuba kungahlanganisiwe ku-DSM-5, i-CSB ingatholakaliswa ku-ICD-10 njengesifo sokulawula ukucindezela. Kodwa-ke, ingxabano ikhona mayelana nokuhlelwa kwe-CSB (isib., Njengesifo esiyinkimbinkimbi-yokucindezeleka, isici sokuxilongwa ngokobulili, ukubheja ngokweqile, noma ukuhambisana nokuqhubeka komkhuba wokuziphatha ngokocansi).

Ubufakazi bokuqala bukhombisa ukuthi i-dopamine ingabamba iqhaza kwi-CSB. Esigungwini sikaParkinson (PD), izifo zokwelapha ezibizwa ngokuthi i-dopamine (Levo-dopa, i-dopamine agonists) ziye zahlotshaniswa ne-CSB nezinye izifo zokulawula ukucindezeleka (Weintraub et al, 2010). Inombolo encane yezifundo ze-case usebenzisa i-naltrexone ukwesekwa kwayo ekunciphiseni izikhalo nokuziphatha okuhambisana ne-CSB (i-Raymond et al, i-2010), ehambisana nokuguqulwa kwe-opioidergic ye-mesolimbic dopamine umsebenzi ekunciphiseni i-CSB. Njengamanje, ukuhlolwa kwamaphesenti amakhulu, okunamandla, okwenziwe ngokwanele, okuhlolwayo kwegazi kuyadingeka ukuze kuqhutshekwe ukuqonda i-CSB.

Izinyathelo zokugqugquzela ezokugqugquzela zihlobene nokucutshungulwa kocansi. Ama-CSB namadoda angewona ama-CSB abe nokusebenza okukhulu kwe-sex-cuerelated ye-anterior cingulate, i-ventral striatum, ne-amygdala (Voon et al, 2014). Kwizihloko ze-CSB, ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwalenethiwekhi okuhlotshaniswa nesifiso socansi oluhlobene nesicingo, ngaleyo ndlela kubhekisana nokuthola izidakamizwa ezidakamizwa (i-Voon et al, i-2014). Amadoda e-CSB aqhubeka nokukhombisa ukugxila okubhekiswe ekuziqapheleni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okubandakanya izimpendulo zakuqala zokubheka njengokwezidakamizwa (Mechelmans et al, 2014). Ezikhathini ze-CSB neziguli ze-PDB ezingekho CSB, ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwandise ukusebenza ku-stroke, ukuxhuma kanye ne-orbitofrontal cortex, nokuxhumanisa nesifiso socansi (Politis et al, 2013). Ukutadisha okuncane kwe-imaging-tensor okufisa ukuxuba kubandakanya ukungalingani okungajwayelekile kwi-CSB namadoda angewona ama-CSB (i-Miner et al, i-2009).

INgokuphambene, izifundo kubantu abanempilo ziphakamisa indima yokujwayela ukujwayela nokusebenzisa ngokweqile izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Emadodeni enempilo, isikhathi esengeziwe esichithwe ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihambisana nomsebenzi ophansi we-putaminal wezithombe ezingcolile (Kühn noGallinat, 2014). Umsebenzi ophansi ongakapheli owenzayo izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zazikhonjiswe ezihlokweni ezinokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga. Lokhu okutholakele, kuyilapho kuqhathaniswa, akuhambisani. Ukujwayeleka kwezingcaphuno zesithombe ezihlobene namavidiyo angathuthukiswa kubantu abanempilo ngokusebenzisa ngokweqile; kuyilapho, izihloko ze-CSB ezinokusetshenziswa kakhudlwana / ezinamandla zingase zithuthukise ukucubungula.

Yize ucwaningo lwamuva lwama-neurobiological luye lwaphakamisa izindlela ezithile ze-neurobiological ze-CSB, lezi zindlela kufanele ziphathwe njengezindlela ezithintekayo ezihlinzekwa ukulinganiselwa kwezindlela (isib. Amasayizi amancane esampula, imiklamo ehlukene, izihloko zesilisa kuphela, njalonjalo). Izikhala zamanje zocwaningo zikhona eziphoqelela ukuzimisela okucacile ukuthi ngabe i-CSB ibhekwa njengento yokulutha noma cha. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi izici ze-neurobiological zihlobene kanjani nezinyathelo ezifanele emitholampilo ezifana nemiphumela yokwelapha ye-CSB. Ukuhlukanisa i-CSB njengendlela yokulutha ukuziphatha okuyoba nemiphumela ebalulekile emigomeni, imizamo yokuvimbela nokwelapha; Kodwa-ke, ngalesi sikhathi, ucwaningo lusencane. Njengoba kunikezwe ukufana okufanayo phakathi kwe-CSB kanye nezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa, ukungenelela okuphumelelayo ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa kungabamba isithembiso se-CSB, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlinzeke ukuqondisisa ngezinkombandlela zokucwaninga zesikhathi esizayo ukuphenya ngalokhu kungenzeka ngokuqondile. (ukugcizelelwa okunikeziwe)

1. Kühn S, Gallinat J (2014). Isakhiwo sobuchopho nokuxhumana okusebenzayo okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile: ubuchopho ku-pornography. I-JAMA Psychiatry 71: 827-834.

2. Mechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, Mole TB kanye al (2014). Ukwenyusa ukukhathazeka okubhekiswe kulokho okukhulunywa ngakho ngokobulili kubantu abanezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokocansi. I-PloS One 9: e105476.

3. UMaminer MH, uRaymond N, Mueller BA, uLloyd M, uLim KO (2009). Uphenyo oluphambene lwezimpawu zokuziphendulela nezesifo senhliziyo yokuziphatha okuphoqeleka ngokocansi. I-Psychiatry Res 174: 146-151.

4. Politis M, Loane C, Wu K, O'Sullivan SS, Woodhead Z, Kiferle L et al (2013). Impendulo ye-Neural emibonweni yezocansi ezibukwayo e-dopamine yocansi-ehlobene nokuphathwa kocansi kwisifo sikaParkinson. Ubuchopho 136: 400-411.

5. URaymond NC, Grant JE, Coleman E (2010). Ukungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona nge-naltrexone ukuphatha ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelela: uchungechunge lwamacala. U-Ann Clin Psychiatry 22: 55-62.

6. I-voon V, i-Mole TB, i-Banca P, i-Porter L, i-Morris L, i-Mitchell S et al (2014). Ama-Neural correlates ekuziphatheni ngokobulili ekusebenziseni abantu abanezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokocansi. I-PloS One 9: e102419.

7. Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, Siderowf AD, Stacy M, Voon V et al (2010). Ukulawula ukuphazamiseka kokuphazamiseka kwezifo ku-Parkinson isifo: ukuhlolwa kwesigaba esithinta iziguli ze-3090. I-Arch Neurol 67: 589-595. Izibuyekezo ze-Neuropsychopharmacology (2016) 41, 385-386; i-doi: 10.1038 / npp.2015.300

4) Ingabe ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqeleka kungabhekwa njengokulutha umlutha? (I-2016)

IZIMPENDULO: Lokhu kubuyekezwa, njengamanye amaphepha, kusho lokho Prause et al., 2015 ihambelana nayo UKühn noGallinat, 2014 (I-Citation 72) okuthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn ngaphezulu okuhlobene nokusebenza komcibisholo okungapheli ekuphenduleni izithombe ze-porn ye-vanilla.

Umbhalo ochaza ngokucacile Prause et al., I-2015 (isitatimende 73):

Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinye izifundo ezigxila kubantu abangenawo i-CSB ziye zagcizelela indima yokuhlala. Kumadoda angewona ama-CSB, umlando omude wezokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile wawuhambelaniswe nezimpendulo ezisezantsi ezise-putaminal ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile, okuphakamisa ukungahlehlisi okungahle kwenzeke [72]. Ngokufanayo, ekuhlolisweni okuhlobene nomcimbi okuhlobene nomcimbi nabesilisa nabesifazane ngaphandle kwe-CSB, labo ababika ukukhathazeka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babenezindlela ezincane ezisezingeni eliphansi ezithombeni zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihlobene nalabo abangaqapheli ukusetshenziswa okubuhlungu. I-potential potential late is ephakanyisiwe ngokuvame ukuphendulwa kweziphakamiso zezidakamizwa ekufundiseni izidakamizwa [73]. Lezi zitholakele zihluke, kodwa azihambisani, umbiko wezenzo ezithuthukisiwe ezifundweni ze-FMRI ezifundweni ze-CSB; lezi zifundo ziyahlukahluka kohlobo olushukumisayo, indlela yokulinganisela yokulinganisa kanye nesibalo esingaphansi kokucwaninga. Ukucwaninga kwe-CSB kusetshenziswe kaningi ngamavidiyo kuqhathaniswa nezithombe eziphindaphindiwe; izinga lokusebenza liye laboniswa ukuthi lihluke kumavidiyo ngokuhambisana nezithombe kanye nokujwayela kungase kuhluke kuye ngokuthi yi-stimuli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulabo ababika ukukhathazeka ngokucwaninga ekuhloliseni okuhlobene nomcimbi, inani lamahora okusetshenziswa laliphansi [inkinga: i-3.8, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile (i-SD) = i-1.3 ngokumelene nokulawula: i-0.6, SD = amahora we-1.5 / isonto] uma kuqhathaniswa ne-13.21 Ucwaningo lwe-CSB lwe-FMRI (CSB: 9.85, SD = 1.75 ngokuya nokulawula: 3.36, SD = Amahora we-XNUMX / isonto). Ngakho-ke, ukujwayela kungase kuhlobanise nokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, ngokusetshenziswa okunamandla okungase kuhlotshaniswe nokucubungula-ukubuyiswa komsebenzi. Izifundo eziqhubekayo ezengeziwe zidingeke ukuba zihlolwe la mahluko. (ukugcizelelwa okunikeziwe)

5) Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zibangela Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi? Ukubukezwa Ngemibiko Yomtholampilo (2016)

IZIMPENDULO: Lokhu kubuyekezwa, njengamanye amaphepha, kusho lokho Prause et al., 2015 ihambelana nayo UKühn noGallinat, 2014 (I-Citation 72) okuthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn ngaphezulu okuhlobene nokusebenza komcibisholo okungapheli ekuphenduleni izithombe ze-porn ye-vanilla.

Ukucaphuna okucacile okuyiPrause et al., 2015 (ukucaphuna 130):

A Ucwaningo lwe-2015 EEG ngu-Prause et al. kuqhathanisa ababukeli abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi (kusho i-3.8 h / ngesonto) abacindezelekile ngokubuka kwabo ekulawuleni (kusho i-0.6 ngesonto) njengoba bebukela izithombe zobulili (ukuchayeka kwe-1.0) [130]. Ekutholeni ukuthi okufana noKühn noGallinat, ababukeli bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bama-intanethi ngokuvamile babonisa ukusebenziselwa kwe-neural encane (LPP) ezithombeni zobulili kunezilawuli [130]. Imiphumela yezifundo zombili zibonisa ukuthi ababukeli abavamile bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi badinga ukuvuselelwa okubonakalayo okukhulu ukuze baphendule ubuchopho uma beqhathaniswa nokulawula okunempilo noma abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi [167,168]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKühn noGallinat babike ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ziyasebenzisana nokuhlanganiswa okuphansi kokusebenza phakathi kwe-striatum ne-prefrontal cortex. Ukungasebenzi phakathi kwalesi sigaba kuye kwahlobene nokukhetha okungalungile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenzeka yini imiphumela engalungile [169]. Ngokuvumelana noKühn noGallinat, izifundo ze-neuropsychological zibika ukuthi izihloko ngokuthambekela okuphakeme ekubhekaneni nocansi lwe-inthanethi ziye zanciphisa umsebenzi wokulawula ophethe lapho zibhekene nendaba yezocansi [53,114]. (ukugcizelelwa okunikeziwe)

6) "Izinyathelo Zokuzizwa Eziqaphele Nezingenakuqaphela Umzwelo: Ingabe Ziyakhathaza Ngokuvame Ukusetshenziswa Kokuzilibazisa?" (2017)

IZIMPENDULO: Lolu cwaningo lwe-EEG kubasebenzisi be-porn lucacisa izifundo ze-3 Nicole Prause EEG. Abalobi bakholelwa ukuthi zonke izifundo ze-3 Prause EEG empeleni zithole ukungafuni noma ukujwayele kubasebenzisi be-porn abavamile (okuvame ukuvela ngokulutha). Izingcaphuno ezizansi ngezansi iziqu ze-3 zikhombisa izifundo ezilandelayo ze-Nicole Prause EEG (#8 Prause et al., 2015):

• 7 - Ukudumisa, uN .; Steele, VR; I-Staley, iC .; Sabatinelli, D. Ukuhleleka okungcono kokuveza izithombe zobulili ezicacile ezihambisana nenani labalingani bobulili bobulili. I-Soc. Cogn. Thinta. I-Neurosc. 2015, I-10, i-93-100.
• 8 - Ukudumisa, uN .; Steele, VR; I-Staley, iC .; Sabatinelli, D .; I-Hajcak, G. Ukuguquguquka kwamathuba okuphelelwa yisikhathi ngezithombe zocansi kubasebenzisi bezinkinga kanye nokulawula okuhambisani nokulutha kwe-pornography. I-Biol. I-Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
• 14 - Steele, VR; I-Staley, iC .; I-Fong, T .; Ukudumisa, N. Isifiso sobulili, hhayi ukucwasana ngokobulili, kuhlobene nezimpendulo ze-neurophysiological ezenziwe ngezithombe zocansi. I-Socioffect. I-Neurosci. I-Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770

Izigcawu ezichaza Prause et al., 2015 (citation 8):

Izindinganiso ezihlobene nomcimbi (ERP) zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokomzimba kokuphendula emaqenjini angokomzwelo, isib, [24]. Izifundo ezisebenzisa idatha ye-ERP zivame ukugxila emiphumeleni ye-ERP kamuva njenge-P300 [14] futhi Ukuhleleka Kwesikhathi Esihle (LPP) [7, 8] lapho uphenya abantu ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Lezi zici kamuva ze-waveform ye-ERP zithathwe ezinkambisweni zokucabangela njengokunaka nokukhumbula inkumbulo (P300) [25] kanye nokucubungula okuqhubekayo kokuphazamiseka okuphathelene nomzwelo (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [14] wabonisa ukuthi umehluko omkhulu we-P300 obonakele phakathi kokubukwa kwezithombe zobulili ezicacile ezihlobene nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi kwakuhlobene nezezinyathelo zesifiso socansi, futhi awunamthelela kubandlululo lokuhlanganyela. Abalobi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kuthola okungalungile kwakungenxa ngenxa yezithombe ezikhonjisiwe ezingenalo ukubaluleka kwendabuko echibini labahlanganyeli, njengoba bonke abahlanganyeli babika ukuthi babheka izinto eziphakeme zobulili ezingcolile, okuholela ekuqedeni ingxenye ye-P300. Abalobi baqhubeka babonisa ukuthi mhlawumbe ukubuka okwenzeka kamuva ku-LPP kunganikeza ithuluzi eliwusizo, njengoba likhonjiswe ezinkambisweni zokugqugquzela izinkomba. Ucwaningo lokuphenya ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-LPP libonise ukuphakama kwe-LPP ukuba kube yincinci kubahlanganyeli ababika ukuthi banesifiso sobulili esiphakeme nezinkinga ezilawula ukubukwa kwazo kwezinto eziphathekayo zocansi [7, 8]. Lo mphumela awulindelekile, njengoba ezinye izici eziningi ezihlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa zibonise ukuthi uma zinikezwe umsebenzi wokuzizwa ohlobene nokuzilahla, abantu ababika ukuthi banezinkinga zokuxoxa ngezidakamizwa zabo ngokuvamile baveza amafomu omdlandla we-LPP lapho bevezwa ngezithombe zabo eziphathelene nokulutha izidakamizwa [27]. Prause et al. [7, 8] ukunikeza iziphakamiso zokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabangela kanjani imiphumela encane ye-LPP ngokuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ngenxa yomphumela wokuhlala, njengoba labo ababambe iqhaza ekucwaningeni ukubika ngokweqile izinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolile bahola kakhulu kakhulu emalini amahora asetshenziswe ukubukela izinto ezingcolile .

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Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa njalo ukulawulwa kwemvelo ekusetshenzisweni kokuqukethwe okuphazamisayo ngenxa yemiphumela yokuhlala kubantu abahlala befuna izinto ezibucayi [3, 7, 8]. Kuyizingxabano zabalobi ukuthi lo mphumela ungabika imiphumela yemiphumela ebonwe.

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Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungase ludingeke ukuthi lusebenzise olunye ulwazi olusesikhathini esilungisiwe lwe-database ukuze lilandele amasiko ashintshayo. Futhi, mhlawumbe abasebenzisi abakhulu bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bahlukumeza izimpendulo zabo zocansi ngesikhathi sesifundo. Le ncazelo yayisetshenziswa okungenani ngu- [7, 8] ukuchaza imiphumela yabo eyabonisa indlela encane yokugqugquzela okufakwe yi-LPP encane (ikhono elihle lokuphumula) ukuphakama kwemifanekiso engcolile ngabantu ababika ukusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ama-amplitudes e-LPP aboniswe ukunciphisa ngokunciphisa ngokweqile [62, 63]. Ngakho-ke, i-LPP engavinjelwe emifanekisweni engabonakali ingase ilandele ukungabi nemiphumela ebalulekile etholakala esifundweni samanje emaqenjini wonke esimweni "sobuciko". (ukugcizelelwa okunikeziwe)

7) Izindlela zokuzicabangela izinkinga ekucindezelweni kokuziphatha ngokocansi (2018)

Ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe Prause et al., 2015 (okuyi-quote 87):

Ucwaningo olusebenzisa i-EEG, oluqhutshwa yiPrause kanye nozakwethu, luphakamisa ukuthi abantu abazizwa becindezelekile ngezithombe zabo zobulili ezingcolile, uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo abazizwa bacindezelekile ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, bangadinga ukugqugquzela okubonakalayo / okukhulu ukuvusa izimpendulo zobuchopho [87]. Abahlanganyeli abangena ocansini-ngabanye 'babhekene nezinkinga ezilawula ukubuka kwabo kwezithombe zocansi' (M= Amahora angu-3.8 ngesonto) -kuboniswe ukusebenza okuncane kwe-neural (kulinganiswa ngamakhono angakapheli esithombeni se-EEG) uma kuvezwe ezithombeni zobulili kunokuba iqembu leqhathaniswa liboniswe emifanekisweni efanayo. Kuncike ekuchazeni isenzo socansi kulolu cwaningo (njengengqikithi noma umvuzo; ngokuningi ubone i-Gola et al. [4]), lokho okutholakele kungase kusekele ezinye iziboniso ezibonisa imiphumela yokuhlala emilonyeni [4]. Ku-2015, i-Banca kanye nozakwethu bayiqaphele ukuthi amadoda anama-CSB akhethisa isenzo sobulili esinoveli futhi abonise ukutholakala okuphakamisa ukujwayela ku-DACC uma bevezwe ngokuphindaphindiwe emifanekisweni efanayo [88]. Imiphumela yocwaningo olukhulunywe ngenhla lisikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuvamile kunganciphisa ukuzwela komvuzo, okungenzeka kuholele ekwenzeni ukwandisa nokubekezela, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulise isidingo sokugqugquzela okukhulu ukuvuswa ngokocansi. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zesikhathi eside ziboniswa ukuhlola lokhu kungenzeka. Ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​ukucwaninga nge-neuroimaging kuze kube yimanje kuye kwahlinzeka ukwesekwa kokuqala ngombono wokuthi ukulingana kwe-CSB kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ukugembula, kanye nokulutha ukubheja ngokuphathelene namanethiwekhi okuguqula ubuchopho kanye nezinqubo, kuhlanganise nokuzwela kanye nokujwayela. (kugcizelelwa okunikeziwe).

8) Ukubheja Okubhebhetheka Ku-Inthanethi: Okuthi Siyazi Nalokho Esingazikho-Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile (i-2019)

Ukucubungula okucatshangelwayo Ucwaningo luka-2 lwe-Prae Prause: Steele et al., 2013 & Prause et al., I-2015 (isikhombiso se-105 Steele, citation 107 yiPrause):

Ubufakazi balesi sigameko se-neural esibonakalisa isifiso ikakhulukazi kuvelele kwi-correx ye-prefrontal [101] kanye ne-amygdala [102,103], njengobufakazi bokukhuthaza. Ukusebenza kulezi zifunda zobuchopho kukhumbuza umvuzo wezezimali [104] futhi ingase ithwale umthelela ofanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezifundo eziphakeme ze-EEG kulaba basebenzisi, kanye nesifiso esinciphile sokulala nomlingani, kodwa hhayi ngokushaya indlwabu ezithombeni ezingcolile [105], into eveza futhi umehluko ekukhwalweni kwekhwalithi [8]. Lokhu kungabhekwa njengesibonakaliso sokungabi namthetho. Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha kukaSteele kuqukethe amaphutha amaningana okucatshangelwayo (ngokubhekwa kwesifo se-heterogeneity, ukuntuleka kokuhlola izifo zengqondo noma ukulutha, ukungabikho kweqembu lokulawula, nokusetshenziswa kwamaphepha angagunyaziwe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile) [106]. Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguPrause [107], ngalesi sikhathi neqembu lokulawula, liphinde laphindaphinda lezi zithole. Indima yokuqamba kabusha kanye nokulangazelela ekuthuthukiseni ukubheja kocansi nge-inthanethi kuye kwaqiniswa ngokulingana ngokobulili obuhlukile [108] namasampuli wesilisa ongqingili [109].

Amazwana: Lokhu kuhlaziywa ngenhla kusho ukuthi i-Prause ye-2015 EEG yachaza ukufundwa okuvela kwisifundo sayo se-2013 EEG (Steele et al.): Zombili izifundo zabika ubufakazi bokujwayela noma ukukhishwa kwesenzo, okuhambisana nesimo sokulutha (ukubekezelelana). Ake ngichaze.

Kubalulekile ukwazi lokho Prause et al., 2015 FUTHI Steele et al., 2013 wayenayo izihloko ezifanayo "zezidakamizwa ezingcolile". Inkinga yilelo Steele et al. wayengekho iqembu lokulawula ukuqhathanisa! Ngakho uPrause et al., 2015 uqhathanisa nezihloko ze-2013 ezivela Steele et al., 2013 eqenjini elilawulayo langempela (okwamanje labhekana nezinkinga ezifanayo ezibizwa ngenhla). Imiphumela: Uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli "abantu ababhekana nezinkinga ezilawula ukubukwa kwabo kocansi" babe nezimpendulo eziphansi zobuchopho ekuvezeni okwesikhashana kwezithombe ze-porno ye-vanilla. Imiphumela ye-ACTUAL yezifundo ezimbili ze-EEG ze-Prause:

1. Steele et al., 2013: Abantu abanobuciko obukhulu-ukubukeka kwe-porn babenakho Ngaphansi isifiso sobulili nomlingani, kodwa hhayi isifiso esincane sokushaya indlwabu.
2. Prause et al., 2015: "Abasebenzisi abayimilutha ye-Porn" babe Ngaphansi ukuvuselelwa kobuchopho ukuze kube nemifanekiso emibi ye-vanilla porn. Ukufunda okungezansi kwe-EEG kusho ukuthi "izidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile" azikhombisi kahle izithombe.

Iphethini ecacile ivela ezihlolweni ze-2: "Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingcolile" babenqatshelwe noma bajwayele i-vanilla porn, nalabo abanesisindo esikhulu sokuzijabulisa nge-porn ethanda ukushaya indlwabu kunecansi kunokuba babe nobulili nomuntu wangempela. Ngokumane babengenasisindo (isibonakaliso esivamile sokulutha umlutha) kanye nesisusa esikhombisayo sokuthola umvuzo wemvelo onamandla kakhulu (ubulili obuhlukanisiwe). Ayikho indlela yokuyihumusha le miphumela njengokukhohlisa ukulutha kocansi. Okutholakele kusekela imodeli yokulutha.

10) Ingabe Amazinga Okushintshashintshela Ezingcolile Ezingcolile Nobudlova Yiba Nomthelela Kokungaxineki Kokubazi Emuntwini (2020)

Amazwana: Ukunganaki Prause et al.'s isihloko esingasekelwe, ababhali bamukele incazelo engenzeka kakhulu eshiwo kuyo Prause et al., I-2015: "Ukudumisa et al. liphakamise ukuthi lokhu kutholwa okungalindelekile kungenzeka kubangelwe yimiphumela yendawo yokuhlala, njengababambiqhaza ababethule ne-Lform waveform encishisiwe albathole amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu enanini lamahora abalichithe bebuka izithombe ezingcolile. ”

Ukuqagulwa kukhulunywa ngePreuse et al., 2015:

Ucwaningo oluphenya ngezimpawu ze-neural ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga noma ezivame kakhulu ziyindlala. Ukusetshenziswa okungavikelekile noma okungelona iqiniso kwezithombe zocansi ngokuvamile kwenza i-Lform waveform ethuthukisiwe lapho abantu bethulwa imininingwane yokubuka engafanele (Ukudumisa et al., 2015). I-amplitude enkulu ye-LPP iyinkomba yokusebenza okusimeme kwesimo sokukhuthala ngokomzwelo futhi imaka wokubaluleka kokushukumisela (i-Voon et al., 2014). Ngokuphambene, maqondana nemiphumela ye-ERP yokubuka okuyinkinga kokukhuthazeka kwezocansi, izincwadi ezikhona ngokuvamile zikhombisile ingxenye encishisiwe ye-LPpl. Ukudumisa et al. wethule abantu abathile ababike noma baphika ukuthi kusetshenziswe izithombe ezinobudlova ezinobunzima ngezithombe ezikhuthaza imizwelo (kufaka phakathi izithombe zobulili ezicacile). Abantu ababike izinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izithombe zabo zobulili ezingcolile futhi ababenesifiso esithe xaxa kwezocansi bakhombisa ukugcwala okuningana kweLPP lapho bephendula izithombe ezicacile zocansi. Ukudumisa et al. siphakamise ukuthi lo mphumela ubungalindelekile. Izifundo eziningi zabantu abanokuziphatha umlutha basebenzise imisebenzi ethile yemizwa eyakhayo. Imvamisa, lezi zifundo zithole amplitude akhulayo we-LPP uma ethulwa nezithombe zento ethile ekhuthaza ukulutha (i-Minnix et al., 2013). Ukudumisa et al. liphakamise ukuthi lokhu kutholwa okungalindelekile kungenzeka kubangelwe yimiphumela yendawo yokuhlala, njengababambiqhaza ababethule ne-Lform waveform encishisiwe albafake amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu enanini lamahora abawachitha bebuka izithombe zocansi.