Bayani game da da'awar da ke kewaye Steele et al., 2013 ("Jima'i Jima'i, ba Luwadi ba, yana da alaƙa da Amsoshin Neurophysiological waɗanda Hotunan Jima'i ke Bugawa")

Zaka iya tsalle tarihin kuma tafi kai tsaye zuwa binciken mu.

HISTORY OF Wannan JULY, 2013 CRITIQUE

An buga wannan labarin a watan Yuli, 2013 a matsayin saƙo na blog post zuwa a "Psychology yau" blog post wanda ke dauke da hira da Dr. Nicole Prause, marubucin marubucin binciken EEG wanda aka tattauna anan. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2013, ɗan'uwanmu Psychology yau mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo David Ley ya ba da sanarwar a cikin rubutun kai tsaye cewa sabon bincike, amma har yanzu ba a buga shi ba, ya ƙaryata wanzuwar jarabar batsa ta Intanet: “Brainka a kan batsa - Ba Abin icari bane. ” Kamar yadda shekaru 7 na binciken jarabar ɗabi'a ya saba wa wannan iƙirarin, mun kasance masu shakka. A ranar XNUMX ga Maris mun rubuta a amsa blog a kan Psychology A yau haɓaka damuwarmu dangane da bayanin Ley mai wuyar fahimta (da ƙarancin kuskure) bayanin kwatancen binciken EEG da ba a buga ba.

Wannan ya jawo wasika mai zaman kansa daga Nicole Prause, ɗayan marubutan binciken, wanda ya ƙi ba mu binciken nata, amma ya buƙaci mu cire sakon amsarmu-buƙatar da ke tattare da barazanar doka da ba ta dace ba cyber-stalking lokaci daya. Daga qarshe, Editocin Ilimin halin yau sun cire asalin Ley da amsar mu. Duba labarin, tare da imel da sauran takaddun shaida, a nan: Maris & Afrilu, 2013: Farkon fitinar Nicole Prause, da'awar karya da barazanar (bayan ita da David Ley sun yi niyya ga Gary Wilson a cikin gidan yanar gizon PT).

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UPDATE - 7 / 21 / 13: Watanni biyar bayan shafin yanar gizon David Ley ya gabatar da binciken EEG mai suna:Jima'in jima'i, ba jima'i ba, yana da nasaba da amsawar neurophysiological wanda aka samo ta ta hanyar jima'i"(Steele et al,, 2013). Theungiyar binciken ta ƙunshi Steele, Staley, Fong da Prause. An lissafa biyun na ƙarshe azaman membobin "SPAN Lab" (gidan yanar gizon da aka daina aiki yanzu). Fong, a hanya, yana da a fili ya yi jayayya cewa jarabar batsa babu ita.

Nicole Prause ta tuntubi Psychology yau edita wanda ya cire gidan yanar gizo na Wilson (wanda ke ƙasa) kuma wani matsayi nazarin Steele et al., 2013. Na kadu da wannan halayyar. Gunaguni ya ƙi magance labaranmu kai tsaye, kodayake ana maraba da ita don bugawa a cikin ɓangaren sharhi akan Psychology yau. Madadin haka Prause ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin ɓatanci, tursasawa, yayin wasa da wanda aka azabtar - wanda tabbas ba haka bane. Duba Shafin da Nicole Prause ke ci gaba da cin zarafin waɗanda ba su yarda da ita ba.

Addendum: Tunda yake Prause tana yunƙurin tozarta masu sukar, Na samar Rubutun David Ley na asali da amsata, duka daga Maris, 2013, tare da duk maganganun da ke ƙasa da asalin asalin - gami da maganganun Prause, sannan na amsa.

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GABATAR - 9/22/13: John A. Johnson PhD on Steele et al., 2013 (jayayya da Nicole Prause sock kati a cikin sassan magana)

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UPDATE - 2 / 10 / 2014: David Ley & Nicole Prause sun sake haɗuwa. Ley, wanda shine marubucin "Labarin Jima'i na Jima'i", ya haɗu tare da Prause (na SPAN Lab) don bugawa Sarkin sarakuna ba shi da kaya: Binciken da ake yi na "Bidiyo Hotuna" (Ley et al., 2014). Yawancin abu don ƙwarewar bincike. Wannan ba gaskiya bane na wallafe-wallafen. Maimakon haka Ley et al., Wadanda aka zaba a cikin layi, sun cire dukkanin binciken da ke nuna tasirin mummunar, kuma sun ƙunshi rubutun da yawa wadanda basu da alaka da da'awar. Duba wannan Ƙaddamarwa da yawa na Ley, et al. review. Bari mu bayyana, Babu wani binciken wanda ya karyata kasancewar batsa na batsa. Kamar yadda zaku iya karantawa a ƙasa, Nazarin binciken da aka yanke hukunci anan ya nuna mafi girma Amsawa ga hotunan jima'i - wanda shine ainihin abin da ke faruwa yayin da tsan wasa suka ga alamun gani game da jarabar da suka zaba.

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GABATAR - 2/21/14: Binciken da aka bincika game da matasa Steele et al. 2013 - 'Babban sha'awar', ko 'kawai' jaraba? Amsawa ga Steele et al., Na Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD (2014).

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GASKIYA - 7/12/14: A sabon binciken na FMRI ta Jami'ar Cambridge (Voon et al. 2014) yayi la'akari da shigarwar da aka shigar da shi ta hanyar ladabi kuma ya sami kunnawa wanda ya kwatanta jaraba da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Har ila yau, ya gano cewa, masu amfani da batsa, ba su da sha'awar sha'awar jima'i fiye da sarrafawa. A hakikanin gaskiya, batutuwa da dama sun shawo kan sha'awar jima'i tare da abokan hulɗa. Wannan binciken ya saba wa Steele et al. da'awar cewa mutane suna da wahalar yin amfani da yin amfani da batsa kawai suna da halayen masu girma fiye da sauran jama'a (kamar yadda aka bayyana a kasa, Steele et al. ba sami mafi girman libido mai haɓakawa tare da kunna kwakwalwa). Mafi mahimmanci, nazarin Cambridge ya binciki binciken Nicole Prause EEG kuma ya bayyana cewa mafi girma P300 lokacin da aka nuna shi ga alamun batsa yayi daidai da tsarin jaraba. Kamar yadda aka rubuta a ƙasan binciken wannan binciken ta yadda ba zai dace da kanun labarai ko maganganun marubutan ba.

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GABATARWA - Farkon 2015: Nicole Prause ba ta aiki ta UCLA (ko wata jami'a).

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UPDATE - 2015: Nicole Prause yanzu tana ba da shaidar “gwani” game da “jarabar jima’i”. Daga ta sabon Liberos website:

Yana da alama kamar yake Prause yana ƙoƙarin sayar da ayyukansa don samun riba daga da'awa Maganin EEG na biyu na jarabacin ta'addanci na karshe (1, 2), kodayake nazarin nazari na ɗan adam ya ce dukansu nazarin suna tallafawa samfurin jaraba. Zai yiwu dangantaka kusa da masana'antu a cikin tambaya Zai iya fahimtar tunanin mai bincike.

Nazarin EEG na farko (a ƙasa), a zahiri ya sami hujja game da jarabar batsa kamar yadda binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girman karatun EEG (P300) lokacin da aka fallasa batutuwa zuwa hotunan batsa. P300 mafi girma yana faruwa yayin da aka fallasa addicts zuwa alamun (kamar su hotuna) masu alaƙa da jarabar su. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girma "cue-reactivity" don yin lalata batsa tare da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i. A sauƙaƙe: Binciken ya sami ƙarfin kunna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don batsa da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i (amma ba ƙarancin sha'awar al'aura ba). Ba daidai abin da kanun labarai suka bayyana ba.

The Nazarin EEG na biyu ya bayyana yana kwatanta batutuwa na 2013 (gami da morean kaɗan) Karatun EEG zuwa ainihin rukunin sarrafawa. Wannan haka ne, binciken na 2013 ba shi da rukunin kulawa. Sakamakon 2015: Kamar yadda ake tsammani, duka batutuwan batsa da sarrafawa suna da mafi girma na EEG yayin kallon hotuna na batirin vanilla. Koyaya, ƙididdigar sarrafawa inda ɗari mafi girma fiye da masu lalata batsa. A takaice dai, masu yin lalata da batsa ba su da sha'awar batsa hotuna. An rage musu ƙarfi. Yi amfani da al al. gano daidaito daidai da Kühn & Gallinat (2014), wanda ya gano cewa mafi yawan batsa yana amfani dashi tare da raunin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin masu amfani masu amfani (waɗanda ba su jaraba) idan aka bayyana su a cikin hotuna.

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Aukaka - On Satumba 15th, 2016 Nicole Prause ta wallafa wani sakon jarida a kan shafin yanar gizo PROLOG. An yi wa 'yan jarida' yan jarida 'yan jarida' yan jarida da suka hada da Gary Wilson da Donald Hilton MD, Sanata Todd Weiler, da Sanata Todd Love. Wannan shi ne abin da ya rage daga sakin watsa labarai, kamar yadda ProLog ya cire abun ciki na 2 daga baya saboda ya saba wa manufofin su. Ba za a hana shi ba, Yi amfani da shi ya sa abun da aka watsa ta latsa ta asusun AmazonAWS. A nan mun bincika abubuwanta game da UCLA bincike da tsohon abokin aiki Rory Reid PhD. An cire daga Prause's rant:

"Masanin ilimin kimiyya" da "LCSW" sune lasisi sunadacciyar lasisi tare da Jihar California da Rory Reid yayi amfani da shi don tallata ayyukansa ga marasa lafiya amma ba su da mallaka. Har ila yau Rory Reid ya bayyana cewa ya halarci makarantar a Jami'ar Harvard kuma yana da "mataimakin furofesa" a UCLA. Reid bai taba samun horo ba a Jami'ar Harvard kuma yana da wani kwamiti, ba mai kulawa ba, a UCLA. An zabi Reid a matsayin ma'aikacin ma'aikacin kamfanin California na ofishin Matsala ta UCLA, don haka ba shi da tabbacin yadda Reid zai iya nazarin fina-finai na jima'i da kuma tuntubi 'yan siyasa game da fina-finan jima'i ba tare da karya yarjejeniyar kwangilarsa ba.

Ƙananan farfadowa kan Rory Reid da tsohon mai bincike na UCLA Nicole Prause yana da amfani a nan. Rory Reid ya kasance mai bincike a fannin nazarin ilmin likita a Dandalin Medicine David Geffen, UCLA tun kafin Nicole Prause ta takaice a UCLA ya fara a 2013. Reid ta bincike wuraren su ne liwadi da kuma caca buri.

Reid, kamar Fuskantarwa, sau da yawa jayayya da wanzuwar "jima'i da jima'i". Reid ya bayyana a cikin wani labarin 2013 cewa ofishinsa ya kasance kusa da ƙofar Dogon a UCLA. A cikin 2013 Nicole Prause aka rubuta Rory Reid a matsayin mamba na "SPAN Lab". Kamar yadda aka fada, yarjejeniyar UCLA na Prause bai sabunta ba yayin da Reid ya kasance mai bincike a UCLA. Duk abin da ya yi don faranta mata rai, Harshen yanzu yana kai wa abokin aiki a fili da kuma mummunan rauni.

Amma akwai karin labarin. Watanni a baya, a Disamba 5th, 2014 da dama daga cikin abubuwan da aka kwatanta da "Latsa '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '(wajan da'awa masu rahoto don bayar da rahoto ga Rory Reid ga hukumomin California) an sanya su a shafin yanar gizon batsa. YourBrainRebalanced ta sabon mamba. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Yin aiki ya zama al'ada na yin sharhi game da YBR ta amfani da takardun daban. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan kalmomi, ta TellTheTruth, ya ƙunshi hanyoyin 2. Ɗaya daga cikin haɗin zuwa shafi PDF a kan Scribd tare da shaidar da ta dace da goyon bayan TellTheTruth (Ku yi amfani da amfani da sunan 2-4 akai-akai don amfani da sunayen masu amfani).

Duba dukan labarin da takardun shaida a nan: Yi amfani da hare-hare da lalatawa tsohon abokin aikin UCLA Rory C. Reid PhD. Shekaru 2 da suka gabata “TellTheTruth” sun ba da ainihin takamaiman iƙirarin & takardu a kan shafin dawo da batsa wanda yawancin wasan tsalle-tsalle masu tsalle-tsalle ke amfani da su.

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UPDATE: 2019 - Yin aiki ya shafe shekaru masu tsaka-tsakin da ke damun marubuta, masu bincike, masu ilimin kwantar da hankali, kungiyoyi, mujallolin ilimi, maza a murmurewa, masu rahoto da sauran wadanda suka kuskura su bayar da rahoton shaidar cutarwa daga amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo. YBOP ya yi rubutun ƙarshen dusar ƙanƙara a wannan shafin: Nicole Prause ta Cin zarafin ethabi'a da Defatancin Gary Wilson & Sauran (akwai abubuwa da yawa da yawa waɗanda ba mu da 'yancin bayyanawa, yayin da waɗanda aka yi wa Prause ke tsoron ƙarin azaba). Ta bayyana ta zama jin dadi sosai tare da kamfanonin batsa, kamar yadda za a iya gani daga wannan Hoton ta (nesa dama) a kan karar launi na Ƙungiyar Masu Rauni na XRCO (X-Rated Critics Organization). (A cewar Wikipedia da XRCO Awards an ba da Amurka Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar X-Rated a kowace shekara ga mutanen da ke aiki a nishaɗi na yara da kuma kawai ita ce kyaututtukan albashi na matasa wanda ke nunawa kawai ga 'yan kasuwa.^[1]). Har ila yau yana nuna cewa Fuskantarwa na iya samun samu masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin batutuwa ta hanyar wani kamfanonin kamfanonin kamfanoni na kamfanoni, da Jagorar Magana Ta Musamman. An yi zargin anyi amfani da abubuwan FSC da aka samu a cikin ta karatu-bindiga a kan dauke da ƙafa da kuma kasuwanci ne mai “Orgasmic tunani” makirci (yanzu kasancewa FBI ta bincika ta). Addu'a ta kuma yi ba da sanarwa ba game da sakamakon bincikenta da ita nazarin hanyoyin. Domin yawancin takardun, duba: Shin wasan kwaikwayo na Nicole ya shafe shi da abin sana'a na Porn? da shafuka masu zuwa:

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Sabunta (Afrilu, 2019): A wani yunƙurin rufe bakin YBOP, da ƙungiyar, Nicole Prause da David Ley ke jagoranta suna ƙoƙarin satar alamar YBOP. Duba wannan shafin don cikakkun bayanai: Kuskuren Ciniki na Kasuwanci Wajaba ta Porn Dictionnaire Deniers (www.realyourbrainonporn.com). Nicole Prause, David Ley da sauran “masana” masu son kallon batsa a www.realyourbrainonporn.com sun kasance aika dakatar da dakatar da wasika. Ana ci gaba da bin ayyukan shari'a. Mai karatu yakamata yasan cewa RealYBOP twitter (tare da bayyana masaniyar ta) shima yana shiga cikin bata suna da cin mutuncin Gary Wilson, Alexander Rhodes, Gabe Deem da kuma da yawa. Bugu da kari, David Ley da wasu masana "RealYBOP" biyu yanzu haka ana biya shi ta hanyar masana'antar batsa mai girma xHamster don inganta shafukan yanar gizon su (watau StripChat) da kuma shawo kan masu amfani cewa jarabar batsa da jarabar jima'i sune tatsuniyoyi!

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Sabuntawa (Yankin, 2019): A May 8, 2019 Donald Hilton, MD ya gabatar da karar da se kara a kan Nicole Prause & Liberos LLC (Dr. Hilton ya yi suka Steele et al. a cikin 2014). A Yuli 24, 2019 Donald Hilton ya gyara karar sa na bata sunan don haskaka (1) mummunan ƙungiyar Texas ta Nazarin Likitocin Likita, (2) zargin karya da Dr. Hilton ya yi na ba da shaidar sa, kuma (3) ya ba da tabbaci daga 9 sauran Prause waɗanda aka azabtar da irin wannan zalunci (John Adler, MD, Gary Wilson, Alexander Rhodes, Staci Sprout, LICSW, Linda Hatch, PhD, Bradley Green, PhD, Stefanie Carnes, PhD, Geoff Goodman, PhD, Laila Haddad.)

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Sabuntawa (Oktoba, 2019): A kan Oktoba 23, 2019 Alexander Rhodes (wanda ya kafa reddit / nofap da kuma NoFap.com) yi karar da aka bata sunan sa Nicole R Prause da kuma Nasarawa. Duba kotu a nan. Duba wannan shafin don takardun farko na kotu uku da Rhodes ya shigar: NoFap wanda ya kirkiro Alexander Rhodes ya gurfanar da Nicole Prause / Liberos.

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Sabuntawa (Nuwamba, 2019): A ƙarshe, wasu madaidaitan ɗaukar hoto: "Alex Rhodes na ictionungiyar Taimakon Batsa ictionwararriyar 'NoFap' ya Obsunshi Lafiyar Farfesa na Farfesa don lalata kai" na Megan Fox na PJ Media da kuma "Yaƙe-yaken batsa sun zama na mutum a cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba", na Diana Davison na Millennika na Post. Davison ya kuma samar da wannan bidiyon na mintuna na 6 game da halayen rashin ladabi na Prause: "Shin batsa mai jaraba ne?", da kuma wannan karon tashin hankalin Prause / zargin karya: VSS Ilimin Yakin Zamani.

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Sabuntawa (Agusta, 2020): Hukuncin kotu sun fallasa Nicole Prause a matsayin mai aikata laifin, ba wanda aka azabtar ba. A watan Maris na 2020, Prause ta nemi umarni na hana wucin gadi na wucin gadi (TRO) akan ni ta amfani da “shaida” da aka kirkira da kuma karyar da ta saba (karyata zargina da bi). A cikin buƙatar Prause na umarnin hana ta ta la'anci kanta, tana cewa na sanya adireshinta a kan YBOP da Twitter (ɓarna ba wani sabon abu bane da Salisu). Na shigar da karar anti-SLAPP a kan Prause don rashin amfani da tsarin shari'a (TRO) don yin shiru da damun ni. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, Babbar Kotun Kwalejin ta Los Angeles ta yanke hukuncin cewa yunƙurin Prause na samun umarnin hana ni ya zama wani mummunan abu kuma wanda ba shi da doka “a shari'ar dabaru game da halartar jama'a" (galibi ana kiranta da "SLAPP kwat"). Amincewa yayi ƙarya a cikin yaudarar ta TRO, yana bayarwa sifilin tabbataccen shaida don tallafa mata da'awar waje cewa na tsane ta ko na takura mata. A takaice, Kotun ta gano cewa Prause ta wulakanta tsarin takunkumin don tursasa ni yin shiru kuma ta danne hakkinsa na fadin albarkacin baki. A doka, hukuncin SLAPP ya tilasta wajan biyan kuɗin lauya na.

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Sabuntawa (Janairu, 2021): Yi aiki ya gabatar da kara na biyu a shari'ar rashin gaskiya a cikina a cikin Disamba, 2020 don zargin cin mutunci. A wani ji a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2021 an Kotun Oregon ta yanke hukunci a kan ni kuma ta tuhumi Yin amfani da farashi da ƙarin hukunci. Wannan ƙoƙarin da bai yi nasara ba yana ɗaya daga cikin karar dozin Yi amfani da barazanar da / ko gabatarwa a fili a cikin watannin da suka gabata. Bayan shekara da shekaru na mummunan rahoto, ta kara yin barazanar barazanar kararraki na gaskiya don kokarin rufe wadanda suka bayyana ta kusanci da masana'antar batsa da kuma mummunar ɗabi'arta, ko waɗanda suka gabatar da jawabai a cikin kararraki 3 na ɓata suna a halin yanzu da ke aiki a kanta.

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Binciken YBOP - Da'awar Nicole Prause a cikin 'yan jaridu suna adawa ne kai tsaye ga sakamakon Steele et al., 2013

Yanzu mun bincika wannan sabon binciken, kuma muna da damuwa fiye da koya yadda zamu iya ƙaryata wanzuwar jarabar batsa ta Intanet. Mai zuwa shine sakonmu:

Mawallafin wannan binciken sunyi imanin abubuwan da suka gano sun nuna cewa "liwadi" (a wannan yanayin, rashin ikon sarrafa amfani da batsa) za'a iya bayanin ta ta babban sha'awar jima'i maimakon jarabar batsa. A ganinmu, bayanan su ba sa tallafawa abin da suke imani da nesa.

Nazarin: "Jima'i Jima'i, ba jima'i ba, yana da alaka da Amsoshin Neurophysiological Maɗaukaki da Hotuna"

Masu shiga: An tattara batutuwa masu gwaji 52 ta hanyar talla "neman mutanen da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu tsara yadda suke kallon hotunan jima'i." Mahalarta (matsakaicin shekaru 24) sun kasance hada maza (39) da mata (13). 7 mahalarta sun kasance ba-namiji.

Abin da Suka Shin: An dauki littattafan EEG (aikin lantarki a kan ɓarfafi) yayin da mahalarta suka duba hotuna 225. 38 na hotunan sun kasance jima'i, kuma duk sun shafi mace daya da mutum guda. Wannan karatun EEG na musamman (P300) yayi la'akari da hankali ga matsalolin.

Har ila yau, masu halartar sun kammala tambayoyin na 4: Asusun Harkokin Jima'i (SDI), Sashin Harkokin Jima'i (SCS), Sakamakon Sakamakon Abubuwan Hulɗa na Abubuwan Tunawa da Jima'i (SBOSBQ), da kuma Abubuwan Ɗaukar Hoto Kasuwanci Shafin Ɗauki (PCES).

Nufa: Don neman daidaituwa tsakanin matsakaitan karatun EEG da ƙididdigar mahalarta akan tambayoyi daban-daban - akan ka'idar cewa duk wani haɗin kai zai ba da haske kan ko amfani da batsa matsala aiki ne na jaraba ko babban libido.

Sakamakon: Masu marubuta na binciken sun yi iƙirarin samun daidaituwa guda ɗaya a cikin dukkanin bayanai da aka tattara:

"Hanyoyin P300 mafi girma ga jinsin jima'i, dangane da matsalolin tsaka-tsaki, shine wanda ba daidai ba ne game da matakan jima'i, amma ba a haɗa da matakan da ake yi na liwadi ba. "

translation: Mutane da yawa wadanda suka fi karfin jigilar jini zuwa batsa suna da sha'awar yin jima'i tare da abokin tarayya (amma ba da sha'awar bazawa ba). Don sanya wata hanya: mutane da dama da ake hawan kwakwalwa da kuma sha'awar batsa zai fi dacewa da batsa fiye da yin jima'i da mutum na ainihi. Wannan binciken ya biyo bayan wannan ƙarshe:

“Kammalawa: Abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimtar jima'i kamar haka babban sha'awar, maimakon rikicewa, ana tattaunawa. "

Huh? Ta yaya mafi yawan lokuta-haɗuwa ga batsa ya danganta da ƙananan sha'awar don yin jima'i da mutum ya kai ga ƙarshe ya ce an yi la'akari da daidaitaka tsakanin babban sha'awar? Babu wanda ya sani, amma wannan juzu'in ya zama tushen yawancin kanun labarai. Yawancin labarai sun yi kuskuren iƙirarin cewa binciken ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta “yi kama” da kwakwalwar jarabobi ba. Steele, et al., 2013 bai faɗi kome ba. Wannan labarin na fito ne daga sanarwa ta Nicole Prause da tambayoyinta.

GABA DA KUMA:

Wannan binciken na EEG ba daidai ba ne a cikin kafofin yada labaran a matsayin shaida akan kasancewar jaraba na batsa (ko kuma wani abu, jaraba da jima'i). A gaskiya, YBOP ya tsara wannan binciken a matsayin goyon bayan wanzuwar jaraba na batsa. Me ya sa? Binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girma na EEG (P300) lokacin da aka nuna hotuna a hotuna. Babban P300 mafi girma yana faruwa a yayin da ake nuna addicts ga alamun (irin su hotuna) da suka danganci buri.

Bugu da kari, binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girma-rikodin ga batsa yana haɓaka zuwa Kadan sha'awar yin jima'i. A sauƙaƙe: Nazarin ya sami karfin kwakwalwa akan batsa tare da rashin sha'awar yin jima'i (amma ba da sha'awar tsoma baki ga batsa ba). Ba daidai abin da ainihin abin da aka fada ba ko marubuta sunyi da'a a cikin kafofin yada labarai.

A bayyane yake cewa 'yan kaɗan ne suka damu da karanta karatun, kuma galibin mutane suna siyan labaran karya da kuma ikirarin da ba tallafi. A ƙasa, muna kwance da'awar mara tushe kuma muna bayyana ainihin abin da binciken ya samo, da kuma dalilin da yasa ba a buga shi ba. Ina bayar da shawarar gajeren gajere, wanda ke magana da manyan ƙididdiga uku da aka tsara a cikin kafofin yada labarai. Lokaci mai tsawo ya ƙunshi bayanan da suka fi girma da kuma wasu nassoshi da yawa.

Akwai sharuɗɗa na 8 masu nazari akan su Steele et al., 2013. Duk zayyana tare da bin YBOP na gaba. Takarda #1 ne kawai ke da shi Steele et al. Takardun 2-7 sun ƙunshi sassan da ke nazari Steele et al., 2013:

ta karshe: A cikin wannan gabatarwar 2018 Gary Wilson ya bayyana gaskiyar a bayan binciken 5 mai ban mamaki da kuma ɓatarwa (ciki har da Nazarin Nazarin EEG biyu) Nicole Prause: Bincike na Yanar-gizo: Gaskiya ko Fiction?

MUTANE DA KUMA

Nicole Prause ta gabatar da waɗannan muhawara don tallafawa iƙirarin su cewa "babu jarabar batsa":

In TV hirarraki kuma a cikin UCLA latsa saki mai bincike Nicole Prause ta yi iƙirarin cewa kwakwalwar batutuwa ba ta amsa kamar sauran masu shan tabar ba.
Adadin labarai da ƙarshen binciken sun nuna cewa “luwaɗi” ana fahimtar sa a matsayin “babban sha'awar“, Duk da haka binciken ya bayar da rahoton cewa batutuwa da suka fi girma kwakwalwa kunnawa zuwa batsa suna da ƙananan sha'awar don jima'i.
Steele et al. 2013 yayi jayayya cewa rashin daidaito tsakanin karatun EEG da wasu takaddun tambayoyi na nufin jarabar batsa babu.

Kuna iya karanta dukkanin binciken, amma ga ɗan tsako akan 1, 2 da 3 a sama.

NUMNUMX NUMBER CLAIM: Amsar kwakwalwar batutuwa ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan addicts (cocaine shine misali).

Mafi yawan maganganu da kanun labarai da ke kewaye da wannan binciken sun ta'allaka ne ga wannan da'awar da ba a tallata ta ba. Ga talla:

Sanarwar manema labarai:

“Idan da gaske suna fama da luwaɗi, ko jarabar jima'i, za a iya tsammanin amsar kwakwalwar su ga abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i na gani ya zama mafi girma, ta yadda za a nuna kwakwalwar masu shan hodar Iblis ta nuna ga hotunan magungunan a wasu nazarin. ”

Labari: "An nuna musu hotuna masu ban sha'awa, da kuma lura da yadda kwakwalwar su ke aiki."
Yi wasa: “Idan kuna tunanin matsalolin jima'i jaraba ce, za mu yi tsammanin ganin ingantaccen martani, watakila, ga waɗancan hotunan batsa. Idan kuna tsammanin matsala ce ta impulsivity, za mu yi tsammanin ganin raguwar martani ga waɗannan hotunan jima'i. Kuma gaskiyar cewa ba mu ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alaƙar ba ya nuna cewa babu babban taimako ga kallon waɗannan matsalolin halayen halayen jima'i azaman buri. ”

Psychology yau hira:

Menene manufar binciken?
Yi wasa: Nazarinmu ya gwada ko mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton irin wadannan matsalolin suna kama da wasu mabiya addicts daga maganganunsu na kwakwalwar su akan hotuna masu jima'i. Binciken dabarun miyagun ƙwayoyi, irin su cocaine, sun nuna alamar kwakwalwa ta hanyar mayar da martani ga siffofin miyagun ƙwayoyi na zalunci, saboda haka mun yi annabci cewa ya kamata mu ga irin wannan yanayin a cikin mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton matsaloli da jima'i idan har, a gaskiya, buri.
Shin wannan ya nuna jaraba da jima'i shine labari?
Yi wasa: Idan ana nazarin bincikenmu, wadannan binciken zai wakilci babban ƙalubalen gwagwarmaya game da jima'i "jima'i". Dalilin da wadannan binciken ke nuna kalubale shi ne, yana nuna cewa kwakwalwar su ba ta karbi hotuna kamar sauran magunguna ga maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba.

Da'awar da ke sama cewa batutuwa masu kwakwalwa ba su "amsa kamar sauran jaraba ba" ba tare da tallafi ba. Wannan hujja ba ta samuwa a cikin binciken na ainihin. An samo shi ne kawai a cikin tambayoyin Prause. A cikin wannan binciken batutuwa suna da karatun EEG (P300) mafi girma yayin kallon hotunan jima'i - wanda shine ainihin abin da ke faruwa yayin da masu shan sigari ke kallon hotunan da suka shafi jarabarsu (kamar yadda yake a ciki wannan binciken akan addinan cocaine).

Sharhi a karkashin Psychology yau hira na Farisa, Farfesa Farfesa, John A. Johnson, ya ce::

"Tunanina har yanzu yana ƙaruwa a cikin Prause da'awar cewa kwakwalwar batutuwarta ba su amsa hotunan hotunan jima'i kamar kwakwalwar masu shan kwayoyi sun amsa magungunan su ba, ganin cewa ta ba da rahoton karatun P300 mafi girma don hotunan jima'i. Kamar dai masu shan kwayoyi waɗanda ke nuna alamun P300 spikes lokacin da aka gabatar da maganin zaɓin su. Ta yaya zata iya yanke hukuncin da ya kasance akasin ainihin sakamakon? Ina tsammanin wannan zai faru ne saboda irin tunanin da take yi — abin da ta zata samu. ”

John Johnson ya ci gaba:

Mustanski yayi tambaya, "Menene manufar binciken?" Kuma Fuskoshin amsa ya ce, "Nazarinmu ya gwada ko mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton irin wadannan matsalolin [matsalolin da suke kallon kallon su na yanar-gizon erotica] suna kama da sauran masu siyaya daga kwakwalwar su ta hanyar zinawa."
Amma bincike bai kwatanta rikodin kwakwalwa daga mutanen da ke da matsalolin da suke kulawa da ra'ayinsu game da labarun yanar gizo ba zuwa ga rikodin kwakwalwa daga magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma rikodin kwakwalwa daga wani rukuni na marasa rinjaye, wanda zai zama hanya mai mahimmanci don ganin idan amsawar kwakwalwa daga damuwar rukuni suna kama da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa game da masu siya ko wadanda ba'ayi ba.
Maimakon haka, Magana ya yi iƙirarin cewa zane-zane a ciki shine hanya mafi kyau, inda zancen bincike ya zama jagoran ƙungiyar su. Tare da wannan zane, sun gano cewa amsawar EEG a kan batutuwa (a matsayin ƙungiyoyi) don hotunan hotuna ya fi karfi fiye da yadda EEG ke amsawa ga wasu nau'o'in hotuna. Ana nuna wannan a cikin zane-zane na zane-zane (ko da yake saboda wasu dalilai hoton ya bambanta da yawa daga ainihin zane a cikin labarin da aka buga).

Don haka wannan rukuni wanda ke yin rahoton rashin matsala akan daidaita yadda suke kallon yanar-gizon erotica yana da karfin EEG mai karfi ga hotuna masu ban sha'awa fiye da sauran hotunan. Shin masu shan kwayoyi suna nuna irin wannan ƙarfin martanin EEG yayin da aka gabatar da maganin su? Ba mu sani ba. Shin al'ada, marasa shan abubuwa suna nuna amsa mai ƙarfi kamar ƙungiyar masu damuwa don erotica? Kuma, ba mu sani ba. Ba mu sani ba ko wannan tsarin EEG ya fi kama da tsarin kwakwalwar masu jarabar jaraba ko mara sa maye.
Researchungiyar bincike ta Prause tayi ikirarin cewa zasu iya nunawa ko ƙaddamar da martabar EEG na batutuwarsu ga erotica amsawar ƙwaƙwalwa ce ko kuma kawai amsawar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar daidaita saiti na yawan tambayoyi tare da bambance-bambancen mutum na amsa EEG. Amma bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin amsa EEG wata tambaya ce ta daban daga bincika ko amsar ƙungiyar duka tana da ƙarfi ko a'a.

M: Da'awar cewa kwakwalwar batutuwa sun bambanta da sauran nau'ikan addicts ba tare da tallafi ba. A zahiri, 2014 Nazarin Jami'ar Cambridge (Voon et al. 2013) yayi nazarin Steele et al. kuma sun yarda da Johnson: Steele et al. ya ruwaito mafi girma P300 a mayar da martani ga hotunan jima'i dangane da hotunan hotuna (kira 25). Daga binciken Cambridge:

"Abubuwan da muka gano suna nuna ayyukan DACC suna nuna rawar sha'awar jima'i, wanda yana iya samun kamanceceniya da binciken akan P300 a cikin batutuwan CSB masu alaƙa da sha'awar [25] …… Nazarin P300, wani abin da ya danganci taron da aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin son zuciya a cikin rikicewar amfani da abu, ya nuna matakai masu ɗaukaka dangane da amfani da nikotin [54], barasa [55], da opiates [56], tare da matakan da sau da yawa ke daidaitawa tare da kwatancen kwadayi. ices ..Saboda haka, aikin DACC a cikin binciken CSB na yanzu da kuma ayyukan P300 da aka ruwaito a cikin binciken na CSB na baya zai iya nuna irin wannan matakan da ke gudana.. "

wannan 2015 yayi nazari akan wallafe-wallafen neuroscience taƙaita Steele et al. (303 citation):

"Don haka yayin da waɗannan marubutan [303] sun yi iƙirarin cewa binciken su ya ƙi yin amfani da samfurin jaraba ga CSB, Voon et al. posited cewa wadannan marubutan da gaske bayar da shaidar goyon bayan ce model. "

NUMNUMX NUMBER CLAIM: Adadin labarai & ƙarshen binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa “liwadi” ana fahimtarsa azaman “babban sha'awar“, Duk da haka binciken ya bayar da rahoton cewa batutuwa da suka fi girma kwakwalwa kunnawa zuwa batsa suna da ƙananan sha'awar don jima'i.

Abin da ba ku karanta a cikin tambayoyi da labarai shi ne cewa binciken ya ruwaito a korau hulda tsakanin "tambayoyin sha'awar jima'i" da karatun P300. A wasu kalmomin, mafi girman kunnawar kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da ƙananan sha'awar don jima'i (amma ba ƙananan sha'awar yin al'ada ba). Lura da kalmomin Prause a wannan hira:

Mene ne babban binciken a cikin bincikenku?
“Mun gano cewa amsar kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ba ta yi hasashe da ɗayan matakan tambayoyi uku daban-daban na yin luwadi ba. Aminiya kawai kawai aka annabta wani ma'auni na sha'awar jima'i. A wata ma'anar, luwaɗi ba ya bayyana don bayyana bambancin kwakwalwa game da amsa jima'i fiye da kawai samun babban libido. ”

Lura cewa Prause ya faɗi ta “wani ma'auni”Na sha'awar jima'i, ba ta wurin“ duka Inventory na Sha'awar Jima'i ". Lokacin da aka lasafta dukkan tambayoyin 14 babu daidaituwa, kuma babu kanun labarai. Ko da mafi rikicewa shine taken binciken wanda yayi amfani dashi "Sha'awar jima'i", maimakon abin da aka samo a zahiri: “kuskuren zumunci tare da tambayoyin da aka zaɓa game da jima'i daga cikin SDI" amma babu wani haɗin kai lokacin da aka ƙidaya dukan tambayoyin SDI".

Ga John Johnson PhD yayi sharhi a ƙarƙashin tambayoyin Jima'i:

“Prauseungiyar Fassara ta ba da rahoton cewa kawai ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tare da amsa EEG shi ne haɗakarwa mara kyau (r = -. 33) tare da sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya. Watau, Akwai wani ɗan gajeren hali ga batutuwan da ke da karfi na EEG da za su yi amfani da ita don su sami sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya. Ta yaya wannan ke faɗi wani abu game da ko amsar kwakwalwa ga mutanen da ke da matsala wajen tsara yadda suke kallon erotica sun yi kama da masu shan barasa ko waɗanda ba sa shan ƙwaya tare da babban libido? ”

Wata wata daga bisani John A. Johnson PhD ta wallafa Psychology Yau blog post game da binciken EEG na Prause da abin da ya fahimta a matsayin son zuciya a ɓangarorin biyu na batun. Nicole Prause (a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba) yayi sharhi a ƙasan ɗaukar Johnson zuwa aiki don haɗawa da wannan bayanin YBOP. Johnson ya amsa da da sharhi na gaba {https://www.psychologytoday.com/comment/565666#comment-565666} wanda Prause ba shi da amsa:

Idan batun binciken shine ya nuna cewa "duk mutane" (ba wai kawai wadanda ake zargi da lalata da jima'i ba) suna nuna karu a cikin P300 amplitude lokacin kallon hotunan jima'i, kunyi daidai – Ban fahimci batun ba, saboda binciken yana amfani da jima'i ne kawai jaraba. Idan binciken * ya yi aiki da ƙungiyar kwatanta marasa lafiya kuma suka gano cewa sun nuna P300 karu, to, masu binciken za su sami hujja game da da'awar cewa kwakwalwar waɗanda ake kira masu lalata da maza suna yin daidai da waɗanda ba sa shan magani , don haka wataƙila babu wani banbanci tsakanin waɗanda ake zargi da shan addican kwaya da waɗanda ba sa shan su. Madadin haka, binciken ya nuna cewa wadanda suka bayyana kansu da kansu sun nuna karuwar P300 saboda abin da suka bayyana da kansa “jaraba” (hotunan batsa), kamar yadda masu shan hodar iblis ke nuna karuwar P300 yayin da aka gabatar da hodar iblis, masu shaye-shaye suna nuna karuwar P300 lokacin da gabatar da barasa, da dai sauransu.
Game da abin da alaƙar da ke tsakanin faɗakarwar P300 da sauran ƙididdiga suka nuna, babban mahimmin haɗin kai shi ne * mummunan * haɗi tare da sha'awar yin jima'i tare da abokin tarayya. A takaice dai, thearfin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ga hoton jima'i, ƙarancin sha'awar * mutum ya yi jima'i da mutumin gaske. Wannan sauti ne a wurina kamar bayanin wanda ya daidaita akan hotuna wanda yake da matsala haɗuwa da jima'i da mutane a rayuwa ta ainihi. Zan iya cewa wannan mutumin yana da matsala. Ko muna so mu kira wannan matsalar "jaraba" har yanzu ana iya jayayya. Amma ban ga yadda wannan binciken yake nuna * rashin * jaraba a cikin wannan samfurin ba.

M: Babu dangantaka tsakanin karatun EEG da tambayoyin tambayoyin jima'i na 14. Barka da taken karatu da kanun labarai. Ko da kuwa akwai kyakkyawar ma'amala, da'awar cewa “babban buri” ya keɓance da juna daga "jaraba" yana da mahimmanci. Ƙari ga ma'anar, P300 karatun sun kasance ba daidai ba dangantaka (r = - 33) tare da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. A sauƙaƙe - Abubuwanda ke da mahimmanci-amsawa ga batsa basu da sha'awar yin jima'i da mutum na ainihi.

Duba wannan jerin - Yawancin karatu suna gurɓata da'awar cewa jima'i da lalata da batsa "kawai suna da sha'awar jima'i sosai"

NUMNUMX NUMBER CLAIM: Shafin batsa ba ya wanzu saboda rashin daidaituwa tsakanin batutuwan 'karatun EEG da ƙididdigar batutuwa akan Siffar ularfafa Jima'i.

The rashin daidaito tsakanin EEG da takardun tambayoyi ana iya bayyanawa da dama daga dalilai masu yawa:

1) Wadannan batutuwa sun kasance maza da mata, ciki har da 7 wadanda basu da namiji, amma an nuna su duka, mai yiwuwa ba tare da damu ba, hotuna maza da mata. Wannan shi kadai ya rage duk wani binciken. Me ya sa?

Nazarin bayan nazarin ya tabbatar da cewa maza da mata suna da mahimmancin ra'ayoyin kwakwalwa ga hotuna ko fina-finai.
Nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai amfani ya ƙunshi batutuwa masu kama da jinsi: jinsi ɗaya, daidaitawar jima'i, tare da shekaru masu kama da IQ.
Ta yaya masu bincike zasu ba da hujja ga wadanda ba maza da mata ba a cikin gwaji tare da batsa kawai - sannan kuma su yanke shawara mai yawa daga rashin daidaito (wanda ake iya hangowa)?

2) Abubuwan da aka ba su ba su da kariya. Ƙwararren ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don nazarin mutane don yanayin da suka rigaya suka kasance (rashin tausayi, OCD, sauran ƙyatawa, da dai sauransu). Dubi da Nazarin Cambridge misali misali na kyakkyawan bincike & hanya.

3) Wadanda ke da nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'ikan amfani da batsa, daga mai tsanani ga ƙananan ƙananan. Abinda aka yi daga Gudanarwa:

"Wannan binciken kawai ya hada da mutanen da suka bayar da rahoton matsaloli, tun daga kanana zuwa matsaloli masu yawa, masu kula da yadda suke kallon abubuwan jima'i na gani."

Wannan shi kaɗai zai iya bayyana sakamako daban-daban waɗanda ba su daidaita ta hanyar da ake iya faɗi ba. Binciken ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan binciken ba shi da ɗayan.

4) SCS (Siffar ularfafa Jima'i) ba ingantaccen gwajin gwaji bane don jarabar batsa ta Intanet ko na mata. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1995 kuma an tsara shi tare da jima'i mai sarrafawa dangantakar a hankali (dangane da bincikar cutar AIDS). A SCS ta ce:

"Yakamata ya kamata a nuna sikelin a matsayin hangen nesa na halayen jima'i, lambobi na masu yin jima'i, yin aiki da dama na halin jima'i, da kuma tarihin cututtukan cututtuka da ake jima'i."

Bugu da ƙari, mai gabatarwa na SCS yayi kashedin cewa wannan kayan aiki ba zai nuna ilimin kwakwalwa a cikin mata ba,

"Ƙungiyoyi tsakanin jima'i da kuma sauran alamomi na ilimin lissafi sun nuna alamu daban-daban ga maza da mata; halayen jima'i an hade da alamun ilimin kimiyya a maza amma ba cikin mata ba. "

Kamar SCS, tambaya na biyu (da CBOSB) bashi da tambayoyi game da amfani da batsa ta Intanet. An tsara shi don yin allo don batutuwa “masu yin luwadi da madigo”, kuma ba tare da kula da halayen jima'i ba.

M: Ingantaccen jarabawar "binciken kwakwalwa" dole ne: 1) suna da batutuwa masu iko da iko, 2) allon don sauran rikicewar hankali da ƙari, 3) yi amfani da ingantattun tambayoyin tambayoyi da tambayoyi don tabbatar da batutuwan ainihin jarabobi ne. Wannan nazarin EEG akan masu amfani da batsa baiyi ɗayan waɗannan ba. Wannan kawai ya rage darajar binciken.

Analysis of Steele et al., 2013 daga wannan bita da aka yi nazari game da ɗan adam - Abubuwan da ke cikin yanar-gizon Intanit Hotuna: A Review da Update (2015)

Nazarin EEG akan wadanda ke gunaguni na matsalolin da suke tsara yadda suke kallon hotunan batsa na intanit ya ruwaito yadda zazzafar karɓuwa ta jiki ta kasancewa ta hanyar jima'i [303]. An tsara binciken ne don bincika dangantaka tsakanin amfanonin ERP lokacin kallon hotunan tunanin rai da jima'i da matakan tambayoyi game da jima'i da jima'i. Mawallafa sun yanke shawarar cewa babu kuskuren tsakanin jigaba akan tambayoyin jima'i da ma'anar P300 amplitudes lokacin da kallon hotunan jima'i "kasa samar da tallafi ga samfurori na 'yanci"303] (shafi 10). Duk da haka, rashin daidaituwa na iya zama mafi mahimmancin bayani ta hanyar kuskuren hanya a cikin hanya. Alal misali, wannan binciken ya yi amfani da magunguna masu yawa (maza da mata, ciki har da 7 wadanda basu da namiji). Cue-reactivity karatu kwatanta da kwakwalwa mayar da martani ga addicts zuwa controls lafiya suna buƙatar bukatun homogenous (guda jima'i, shekaru masu kama) don samun sakamako mai kyau. Dangane da ilimin jita-jitar batsa, an tabbatar da cewa maza da mata sun bambanta da hankali a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma karfin kai ga irin abubuwan da ake gani na jima'i [304,305,306]. Bugu da ƙari, biyu daga cikin tambayoyin da aka nuna ba a tabbatar da su ga masu amfani da IP ba, kuma ba a kula da batutuwa ba don sauran bayyanuwar jaraba ko rashin lafiya.
Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddarar da aka ƙayyade a cikin abubuwar, "Abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimtar fahimtar jima'i kamar sha'awar sha'awa, maimakon rikici, an tattauna" [303] (shafi na 1) ba alama ba ne wajen la'akari da binciken binciken cewa P300 amplitude an haɗu da mummunar dangantaka da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a Hilton (2014), wannan binciken "ya saba daidai da fassarar P300 a matsayin babban sha'awa" [307]. Har ila yau, binciken na Hilton ya nuna cewa babu wata ƙungiya mai kula da rashin amfani da fasahar EEG don nuna bambanci tsakanin "jima'i da jima'i" da "jima'i" ya sa Steele et al. binciken da ba a iya fassara ba [307].
A ƙarshe, binciken da aka gano na takarda (mafi girman P300 amplitude zuwa hotuna jima'i, dangane da hotuna masu tsaka tsaki) an ba da hankali kadan a cikin sashin tattaunawa. Wannan ba zato ba tsammani, a matsayin bincike na yau da kullum tare da abu da kuma addinan yanar gizo an kara yawan karuwar P300 dangane da matsaloli masu tsaka-tsakin lokacin da aka nuna su ga abubuwan da ke gani da haɗarsu [308]. A gaskiya, Voon, et al. [262] sunyi wani ɓangare na zayyana su akan nazarin binciken binciken P300 na gaba kafin wannan binciken. Voon et al. ya ba da bayani game da muhimmancin P300 ba a cikin takardar Steele ba, musamman a gaisuwa ga samfurin jaraba,
Ta haka ne, duk aikin dACC a cikin binciken CSB na yanzu da kuma aikin P300 ya ruwaito a binciken da aka yi na CSB [303] na iya yin la'akari da irin wannan matakan da ake amfani dasu. Hakazalika, dukkanin nazarin suna nuna daidaito tsakanin waɗannan matakan tare da sha'awar inganta. A nan mun bada shawara cewa aiki na DACC ya dace da sha'awar, wanda zai iya nuna alamar sha'awar, amma ba ya haɓaka da ƙaunar shawara game da samfurin haɓaka-haɓaka. [262] (shafi na 7)
Saboda haka, yayin da waɗannan marubuta [303] sun yi iƙirarin cewa binciken su ya ƙi yin amfani da samfurin jaraba ga CSB, Voon et al. sun nuna cewa wadannan marubuta sun bayar da shaidar da ta dace da wannan samfurin.

MUKAN RAYUWA

Sakamakon Ya Fada Abu daya, Yayinda Kammalallen Nazarin da Mawallafa ke Nuna Akasin hakan

Taken binciken, tare da kanun labarai da yawa, sun bayyana cewa an sami daidaito (dangantaka) tsakanin “sha'awar jima'i" kamar yadda aka auna ta Jima'i Bincike Inventory da kuma karatun EEG. Bisa ga duk abin da za mu iya samu, SDI shine Binciken gwajin 14. Tambaya tara daga cikin tambayoyin nata sun hada kawance ("dyadic") sha'awar jima'i da adireshin guda huɗu solo ("Kadaitacce") sha'awar jima'i. Don kawai bayani, binciken na korau An samu daidaituwa tare da kawai rabuwa jima'i tambayoyi daga SDI. Babu dangantaka mai mahimmanci tsakanin P300 karatu da dukan tambayoyin akan SDI. Sakamakon binciken da aka karɓa daga m:

Sakamakon: "Mafi girman bambancin amplitude na P300 don jin daɗin jima'i, dangane da matsalolin tsaka tsaki, ya kasance da mummunan alaka da matakan da ake son jima'i, amma ba a haɗa da matakan da ake yi na liwadi ba. "

Fassara: Batutuwa da ke da matukar tasiri a cikin batsa (mafi girma na EEG) sun sami ƙarancin sha'awar sha'awar yin jima'i tare da abokin tarayya (amma ba sha'awar su ba). Don sanya shi wata hanya, mafi girma cue-reactivity dangantaka da ƙananan sha'awar yin jima'i (duk da haka har yanzu yana so ya yi masturbate to batsa). Duk da haka zancen gaba ta gaba ƙananan sha'awar jima'i tare da abokin tarayya cikin high sha'awar jima'i:

KAMMALAWA: Abubuwa ga fahimtar karuwa kamar sha'awar sha'awa, maimakon zubar da ciki, an tattauna.

Shin Steele et al yanzu suna ikirarin cewa sun samo babban sha'awar jima'i daidaita tare da mafi girma P300 karatu? Da kyau, wannan bai faru ba, kamar yadda John Johnson PhD ya bayyana a ciki wannan ƙwaƙwalwar da aka yi wa ɗan adam:

'Mahimmancin binciken da aka gano na ƙididdiga ba shi da wani abu game da jaraba. Bugu da ƙari, wannan gagarumin bincike shine mai rashin daidaituwa tsakanin P300 da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya (r = -0.33), yana nuna cewa P300 amplitude yana da alaƙa da rashin sha'awar jima'i; wannan ya saba da fassarar P300 a matsayin babban sha'awar. Babu kwatanci da sauran kungiyoyi masu shan magani. Babu kwatanci ga ƙungiyoyi masu kulawa. Maganar da masu bincike suka tattara sune tsinkaye daga bayanan, wanda ba ya faxi game da ko mutanen da suka bayar da rahoto game da rikice-rikice suna kallon yadda suke kallon hotunan jima'i ko kuma ba su da irin maganganun kwakwalwa kamar su cocaine ko wani nau'i na addicts '

Me yasa dole John Johnson ya tunatar da marubutan da kowa, cewa Karfe et al. a zahiri an sami "ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya", maimakon "babban sha'awar jima'i"? Saboda yawancin Steele et al. da kuma kafofin watsa labarai blitz yana nuna cewa cue-reactivity zuwa batsa ya haɗu da babban sha'awar jima'i. Arshen da aka ɗauka daga m:

Kammalawa: Abubuwa ga fahimtar juna da juna biyu a matsayin babban sha'awar, maimakon zalunci, an tattauna.

Ka ce abin da? Amma binciken ya ruwaito cewa batutuwa da ke da karfin haɓaka ƙananan sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya.

Bugu da kari, kalmar nan "sha'awar jima'i" an maimaita sau 63 a cikin binciken, kuma taken binciken (Jima'i Jima'i, Bawai Luwadi ba….) Yana nuna cewa haɓakar haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa alamomi yana da alaƙa da sha'awar jima'i mafi girma. Karanta binciken full ƙarshe kuma ku ma za ku iya ɗaukar cewa marubuta sun sami mafi girma maimakon ƙin sha'awar jima'i:

A ƙarshe dai, matakan farko na karɓan karfin jiki na jima'i da rashin jima'i a cikin matsala masu ba da labari game da yadda suke kallon irin abubuwan da suka faru da irin wadannan matsaloli sun kasa samar da tallafi ga tsarin zamantakewa na mutunci, kamar yadda aka auna ta tambayoyi. Musamman, bambance-bambance a cikin matakan P300 tsakanin jima'i da tsaka-tsaki annabta da sha'awar jima'i, amma ba ta kowane (na uku) matakan na liwadi. Idan sha'awar jima'i mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi game da maganganu na layi na jima'i, kula da sha'awar jima'i, ba tare da magance wasu daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwar haɗin kai ba, na iya kasancewa hanyar tasiri rage rage jima'i ko kuma halin da ake ciki.

Babu inda muke gani m sha'awar jima'i. A maimakon haka an bamu -annabta ta sha'awar jima'i " da kuma "Gudanar da sha'awar jima'i" da kuma "Rage damuwa da halayen jima'i ko halaye." Ba wai kawai binciken ya yi amfani da masu karatu a cikin gaskancin batsa ba ne kawai kawai haɗin haɗin kai, Kuyi amfani da wannan a cikin a cikin tambayoyinta: (lura da kalma)

Mene ne babban binciken a cikin bincikenku?
“Mun gano cewa amsar kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ba ta yi hasashe da ɗayan matakan tambayoyi uku daban-daban na yin luwadi ba. Aminiya kawai kawai aka annabta wani ma'auni na sha'awar jima'i. A takaice dai, jima'i ba ya bayyana bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin kwakwalwar jima'i duk fiye da kawai samun babban libido."

An yi amfani da shi ta hanyar “a auna”Na sha'awar jima'i, ba ta" duk kayan binciken Jima'i ba ". Lokacin da aka lasafta dukkan tambayoyin 14 babu daidaituwa, kuma babu kanun labarai da zai juya juye. Gunaguni yayi irin wannan iƙirarin a cikin ta UCLA latsa saki:

"Amsar kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ba a yi hasashe da ɗayan matakan tambayoyi uku na luwadi ba," in ji ta. "Amsawar ƙwararriya kawai tana da alaƙa da ma'auni na sha'awar jima'i. A takaice dai, jima'i ba ya bayyana bayyana bayanan kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ba fiye da kawai samun babban libido."

A cikin tambayoyin guda biyu ana nuna cewa karatun P300 mafi girma suna da alaƙa da “mafi girma libido”. Kowa a kafofin watsa labarai ya siya. Idan akai la'akari da binciken, Steele et al. ya kamata a kira - “Daidaita kuskure tare da tambayoyi game da jima'i, amma babu wani haɗin kai lokacin da aka ƙidaya dukan tambayoyin SDI".

M: Cue-reactivity (P300 karatu) sun kasance ba daidai ba dangantaka da (r = - 33) tare da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. A sauƙaƙe: Ƙananan sha'awar yin jima'i ya haɗu da halayyar da ake yi wa batsa. Gabaɗaya, babu daidaituwa tsakanin littattafan EEG da duka tambayoyin sha'awar jima'i na 14. Ko da kuwa akwai kyakkyawar ma'amala, da'awar cewa "babban sha'awar" tana da banbanci daga "jaraba" yana da mahimmanci.

A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa binciken ya ƙunshi kurakurai guda biyu dangane da SDI. Ya faɗi binciken:

"Tsarin SDI matakan matakan jima'i ta amfani da su Sikeli biyu hada da abubuwa bakwai kowannensu."

A gaskiya, da Jima'i Bincike Inventory ya ƙunshi tambayoyi tara da suka shiga, tambayoyi guda hudus, da wata tambaya wanda ba za a iya rarraba (#14) ba.

Kuskure ta biyu: Tebur na 2 ya ce gwargwadon nauyin gwajin gwaji shi ne "3-26," kuma amma ma'anar mace ta wuce ta. Kusan 26.46 – a zahiri daga sigogin. Me ya faru? Tambayoyi guda huɗu na jima'i (10-13) ƙara zuwa yuwuwar yuwuwar “31”.

Gidan watsa labaran watsa labaran, wanda ya hada tare da buga wannan binciken, ya kafa asusun da ya sa ido a kan sakamakon SDI. Duk da haka nazarin binciken ya ƙunshi kurakuran ɓoye game da SDI kanta, wanda ba ya haifar da amincewa ga masu bincike.

Haƙuri mai girma yana da cikakkiyar daidaituwa tare da buri?

Ko da yake Steele et al. hakika ya ruwaito Kadan sha'awar yin jima'i yana haɗuwa da sake-reactivity, yana da mahimmanci don magance da'awar da ba'a yarda da ita ba cewa "babban sha'awar jima'i" yana da alaƙa da juna ga jarabar batsa. Rashin hankali ya zama bayyananne idan mutum yayi la'akari da maganganu bisa wasu ƙari. (Don ƙarin ganin wannan sukar na Steele et al. - Babban sha'awar ', ko' kawai 'wani buri? A mayar da martani ga Steele et al., Daga Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD *.)

Alal misali, shin irin wannan ma'anar na nufin kasancewa mummunan ƙari, da ikon sarrafa cin abinci, da kuma rashin jin dadi game da shi, kawai "sha'awar abinci ne?" Bugu da ƙari, dole ne mutum ya yanke shawarar cewa masu shan giya suna da sha'awar barasa, dama? A takaice dai, dukkan addicts suna da "marmarin sha'awa" don abubuwan da suke yin abin ba da lahani (da ake kira "farfadowa"), ko da lokacin da jin dadin irin wadannan ayyukan ya raguwa saboda wasu canji-kwakwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (lalatawa).

Yawancin masana masanan sunyi la'akari da "ci gaba da yin amfani duk da sakamakon da ya faru" don zama mabukaci na jaraba. Bayan haka, wani zai iya haifar da lalacewar kamuwa da lalacewa kuma kada ya sami damar yin amfani da kwamfutarsa a cikin rufin mahaifiyarsa. Duk da haka, a cewar wadannan masu bincike, idan dai yana nuna "sha'awar jima'i", ba shi da wani buri. Wannan tsari ba ya kula da duk abin da aka sani game da buri, ciki har da bayyanar cututtuka da halaye shared by duk addicts, irin su mummunar tasiri, rashin iyawa don sarrafa amfani, cravings, da dai sauransu.

Shin wannan binciken wani bangare ne na saurin karatu bisa dogaro da hankali cewa kowane ma'auni na "babban buri," duk da haka abin tambaya ne, yana ba da kariya daga buri? Wani Ba'amurke masanin ilimin jima'i ya yi kokarin zana wannan hoton a cikin takarda ta 2010 mai taken, Dysregulated jima'i da kuma babban sha'awar jima'i: bambanta gina? Ganin cewa mutanen da ke neman magani don halayyar jima'i suna lalata jima'i da jima'i da sha'awar sha'awa, sai ya ƙarfafa:

"Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa yin lalata da jima'i, kamar yadda aka fahimta a yanzu, aka lakafta shi, kuma aka auna shi, na iya zama alama ce ta babban sha'awar jima'i da damuwar da ke tattare da gudanar da babban mataki na tunanin jima'i, ji, da buƙatu."

Bugu da ƙari, jarabar halayyar jima’i kanta tana haifar da sha’awa wacce galibi ta nuna a matsayin “maɗaukakiyar tunanin jima’i, ji, da buƙatu.” Tunani ne kawai na bayar da shawarar “babban sha'awar jima'i” yana kawar da kasancewar jaraba. A ƙasa akwai karatun da kai tsaye ke ƙaryata “jarabar batsa ainihin tsananin sha'awar” samfurin:

Shawarar Cybersex: Tashin hankali na jima'i lokacin kallon hotunan batsa kuma ba lambobin sadarwar da ke rayuwa na ainihi ya haifar da bambanci (2013)

quote: "Bugu da ƙari, an nuna cewa masu amfani da yanar gizo masu matsala suna ba da rahoton mafi girman sha'awar jima'i da sha'awar halayen sakamakon gabatar da hotunan batsa. A cikin karatun biyu, lamba da inganci tare da ainihin ma'amala da jima'i ba su da alaƙa da jarabar cybersex. ”

Ƙungiyar Brain da Haɗin Haɗin Haɗakarwa Tare da Kuskuren Ciniki: Brain on Porn (2014).

Wannan binciken na FMRI ya gano cewa lokutan da suka fi girma a kowane mako / karin shekaru masu kallon batsa sun haɗu da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa idan an nuna su a hotuna na batilla. Masu binciken sun ce:

“Wannan ya yi daidai da tunanin da ke nuna cewa tsananin kamuwa da batutuwan batsa yana haifar da takaitaccen bayani game da dabi’ar jijiyoyin jiki. "

Kühn & Gallinat sun kuma ba da rahoton ƙarin yin amfani da batsa ta hanyar haɓaka tare da ƙarancin lada mai laushi da rikicewar layukan da ke tattare da tasirin motsi. A cikin wannan labarin mai bincike Simone Kühn, ya ce:

"Wannan na iya nufin cewa yin amfani da batsa na yau da kullum ko fiye ko žasa ya fitar da tsarin aikin ku."

Kühn ya ce a halin da ake ciki a hankali, wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sun nuna masu amfani da batsa suna neman abu da littafi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo mafi tsanani.

"Wannan zai dace daidai da tsammanin tsarin haɗin su na bukatar ƙarfafawa."

A sauƙaƙe, mutanen da suke amfani da karin batsa na iya buƙatar ɗaukar matsala don matakin da aka amsa a cikin masu amfani da wuta, kuma hotuna na vanilla batsa ba su iya yin rajista kamar yadda duk abin sha'awa ba. Ƙananan sha'awa, ya zama marasa kula, da ƙananan karatu na EEG. Ƙarshen labarin.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da jigilar jima'i a cikin Mutum tare da ba tare da halayen jima'i ba (2014)

Wannan binciken ya gano cewa masu yin lalata da batsa suna da aikin kwakwalwa kamar yadda aka gani a cikin masu shan kwayoyi da mashaya. Masu binciken sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa kashi 60% na batutuwa (matsakaicin shekaru: 25) suna da wahalar cimma buri / motsawa tare da abokan tarayya, amma duk da haka za su iya cin nasara tare da batsa. Wannan binciken ya lalata da'awar cewa masu amfani da batsa suna da sha'awar jima'i fiye da waɗanda ba masu amfani da batsa ba.

Me yasa bambance-bambance tsakanin tambayoyin da karatu na EEG?

Babban maƙirari ta hanyar Steele et al shi ne cewa rashin daidaito tsakanin batutuwan karatun EEG (P300) da wasu takaddun tambayoyi na nufin jarabar batsa babu. Manyan dalilai guda biyu sunyi bayanin rashin daidaituwa:

Masu binciken sun zabi manyan batutuwa dabam dabam (mata, maza, maza da mata, maza da mata,), amma ya nuna musu duk abin da yake daidai, mai yiwuwa ba tare da jin dadi ba, namiji da mace. A taƙaice, sakamakon binciken nan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin da maza, mata, da maza da mata ba su da bambanci a cikin abin da suke bayarwa ga hotunan jima'i. Wannan ba shine batun ba (a kasa).
Takaddun tambayoyin guda biyu Steele et al. dogara a cikin duka binciken EEG don tantance "jarabar batsa" ba a inganta su don yin amfani da batsa na intanet / jaraba. A cikin 'yan jaridu, Yi amfani da maimaita nuna rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙididdigar EEG da ma'aunin "luwadi", amma babu wani dalili da zai sa ran daidaito a cikin jarabar batsa.

Ƙananan bambancin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje: Masu bincike sun zabi manyan batutuwa dabam dabam (mata, maza, maza da mata, wadanda ba na maza da mata ba), amma ya nuna musu duk abin da ke daidai, watakila ba da sha'awa ba, batsa maza da mata. Wannan batu, saboda ya saba wa hanya ta hanyar nazarin jaraba, inda masu bincike suka zaɓa kama batutuwa dangane da shekaru, jinsi, fuskantarwa, ko da makamancin IQ ne (da ƙungiya mai kula da kamfani) don kaucewa hargitsi da irin wannan bambance-bambance. A gaskiya, a m meta-bincike na maganin jima'i a cikin jarabawar jarabawa ya ruwaito manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata:

“Jinsi da alama yana tasiri ga tasirin jijiyoyin jiki. Ta haka ne tasirin sakewa tsakanin kasashen biyu ga alamun magungunan ƙwayoyi a cikin culmen da jikin caudate keɓaɓɓe ne ga marasa lafiyar maza masu dogaro da ƙwayoyi. Bugu da kari, martanin da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu na insula ga abubuwan da suka shafi dabi'a ya bayyana kantin sayar da kara wani abu na musamman game da jijiyoyin jiki, yayin da kunna huldar da ke cikin kwalliya ta baya wata alama ce ta nuna karfin mata. Wadannan sakamakon bincike na wayar da kan jama'a yana nuni da kasancewar samuwar abubuwan da suka shafi jinsi a cikin aikin karfin jiji da jijiyoyin jiki. ”

Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga nazarin kamar wannan, wanda ya zaku da sha'awar jima'i, kamar yadda bincike ya tabbatar cewa maza da mata suna da mahimmancin ra'ayoyin kwakwalwa ga hotuna ko fina-finai. Wannan kuskure kadai yana bayanin rashin daidaitattun abubuwa tsakanin karatu na EEG da tambayoyi. Nazarin baya ya tabbatar da bambancin bambancin tsakanin maza da mata dangane da hotunan jima'i. Duba, alal misali:

Shin za mu iya yarda cewa a ba namiji ba yana da wannan sha'awa ga namiji-mace batsa a matsayin namiji namiji? A'a, kuma haɗinta zai iya karkatar da ƙimar EEG da ke ba da alaƙa mai mahimmanci. Duba, alal misali, Hanyoyin da ke tattare da rikice-rikice ta hanyar jima'i a cikin ɗan kishili da namiji maza: nazarin fMRI.

Abin mamaki shine, Gwada kanta ya bayyana a cikin nazarin da aka yi a baya (2012) cewa mutane sun bambanta da yawa a cikin amsawarsu ga hotunan jima'i:

"Ra'ayoyin fina-finai suna da rauni ga bambancin mutum dangane da abubuwa daban-daban na abubuwan da suka faru (Rupp & Wallen, 2007), fifiko don takamaiman abun ciki (Janssen, Goodrich, Petrocelli, & Bancroft, 2009) ko tarihin asibiti da ke yin ɓangarorin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin () Wouda et al., 1998). "
"Duk da haka, mutane za su bambanta sosai a cikin abubuwan gani da ke nuna sha'awar jima'i a gare su (Graham, Sanders, Milhausen, & McBride, 2004)."

a cikin wata Yi nazari wallafa 'yan makonni kafin wannan sai ta ce:

"Yawancin karatu da ke amfani da sanannen Tsarin Hoto na Hotuna na Duniya (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1999) suna amfani da abubuwa daban-daban na maza da mata a cikin samfurin su."

Mai yiwuwa Prause ya kamata ya karanta maganganun kansa don gane dalilin da yasa littattafan EEG na yanzu suna bambanta da yawa. Bambanci dabam-dabam na al'ada ne, kuma akwai bambanci da yawa da za'a sa ran su tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na jinsi.

Abun Tambayoyi marasa mahimmanci: SCS (Jima'i Matakan Compulsivity Scale) ba za su iya tantance buri na yanar-gizo ba. An halicce shi ne a 1995 kuma an tsara shi tare da jima'i ba tare da jimawa ba dangantakar a hankali (dangane da bincikar cutar AIDS). A SCS ta ce:

"Yakamata ya kamata a nuna sikelin a matsayin hangen nesa na halayen jima'i, lambobi na masu yin jima'i, yin aiki da dama na halin jima'i, da kuma tarihin cututtukan cututtuka da ake jima'i."

Bugu da ƙari, mai haɓaka SCS ɗin ya yi gargaɗin cewa wannan kayan aikin ba zai nuna ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa ga mata ba:

“Ationsungiyoyi tsakanin matakan tilasta yin jima’i da sauran alamomi na ilimin halin mutum ya nuna alamu daban-daban ga maza da mata; tilasta jima'i ya haɗu da alamun ilimin psychopathology a cikin maza amma ba cikin mata ba."

Bugu da ƙari kuma, SCS ya haɗa da tambayoyin da abokan hulɗar da ke tattare da yanar-gizon da za su iya ɗauka kamar yadda aka kwatanta da jima'i da jima'i, wanda aka ba su masu amfani da batsa suna da nisa karin ci ga cyber erotica fiye da ainihin jima'i.

Kamar SCS, tambayoyin bayani game da ruhin asiri na biyu, Sakamakon Sakamako da Sakamakon Sakamakon Halayyar Jima'i (CBOSB, McBride, Reece, & Sanders, 2007) bashi da tambayoyi game da amfani da batsa ta Intanet. An tsara shi don yin allo don batutuwa "masu luwadi da madigo", da kuma halin-da-iko-ba-da-iko - ba tsananin amfani da kayan aikin batsa a cikin intanet ba.

Wata tambayar da masu binciken suka yi ita ce PCES (Siffar Consimar Tasirin Batsa), wanda ake kira da “kwakwalwar mafarki, ”Kuma babu wani dalili da zai sa a yarda cewa zai iya nuna komai game da jarabar batsa ta Intanet or jima'i jima'i.

Don haka, rashin daidaituwa tsakanin karatun EEG da waɗannan tambayoyin ba sa ba da goyan baya ga ƙarshen binciken ko da'awar marubucin.

Babu Pre-allon: Ba a yi nazarin batutuwa ba. Kwarewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana nuna mutane da yanayin da suka kasance (baƙin ciki, OCD, wasu ƙari, da sauransu). Wannan ita ce kawai hanyar da masu bincike masu alhakin ke iya yanke hukunci game da jaraba. Duba Nazarin Cambridge misali misali na kyakkyawan bincike & hanya.

Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su ba a riga an tantance su ba don jarabar batsa. Tsarin tsari don karatun jaraba shine a nuna batutuwa tare da jarabawar jaraba don kwatanta waɗanda ke gwada tabbatacce don jaraba da waɗanda ba su yi ba. Wadannan masu binciken basuyi haka ba, duk da cewa wani Binciken jarrabawar yanar-gizon Intanit ya wanzu. Maimakon haka, masu bincike sun gudanar da Siffar Jima'i bayan an riga an zaba masu halartar. Kamar yadda aka bayyana, SCS ba ta da tasiri ga jita-jitar batsa ko ga mata.

Amfani da Jakar Kwayoyin Hoto don Dabbobi dabam dabam: Steele et al. ya yarda cewa zaɓin sa na "rashin dacewa" na iya canza sakamako. Ko da a cikin yanayi mai kyau, zaɓin batsa na gwaji yana da wayo, kamar yadda masu amfani da batsa (musamman masu shaye-shaye) sukan haɓaka ta hanyar dandano mai ɗanɗano. Rahoton da yawa da ciwon kadan jima'i zuwa ga batsa nau'in da ba su daidaita su batsa-du-rana-Ka hada da nau'ikan halittar da suka iske suna tayar musu da hankali a baya a ayyukansu na kallon batsa. Misali, yawancin batsa na yau ana cinye su ta hanyar bidiyo mai ma'ana, kuma abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su anan bazai haifar da irin wannan martani ba.

Don haka, yin amfani da batsa iri iri na iya tasiri sakamakon. Idan mai sha'awar batsa yana tsammanin kallon batsa, aikin lada mai yiwuwa yana ƙaruwa. Amma duk da haka idan batsa ta zama wasu hotuna masu ban sha'awa na maza waɗanda ba su dace da nau'in sa na yanzu ba ko har yanzu a maimakon bidiyo mai ma'ana, mai amfani na iya samun oran ko ba amsa, ko har ma da ƙyama. “Menene cewa? "

Wannan kwatankwacin gwajin tasirin tasirin yawancin jarabawan abinci ta hanyar yiwa kowa abinci iri ɗaya: dankalin turawa. Idan mai halarta baya son dankalin turawa, to dole ne ta sami matsala game da yawan cin abinci, dama?

Ingantaccen jarabawar "binciken kwakwalwa" dole ne: 1) suna da batutuwa masu iko da iko, 2) fitar da sauran rikicewar hankali da sauran addinai, kuma 3) yi amfani da ingantattun tambayoyi da tambayoyi don tabbatar da batutuwan ainihin batsa. Steele et al. bai yi ɗayan waɗannan ba, amma ya yanke hukunci mai yawa kuma ya buga su a ko'ina.

Babu Kungiyar Gudanarwa, Duk da haka Kayan da ake Bukata daya

Masu binciken ba su binciko rukunin masu kula da masu amfani da batsa ba. Wannan bai hana marubutan yin da'awa ba a cikin kafofin watsa labarai wanda ke buƙatar kwatancen rukunin sarrafawa. Misali:

UCLA latsa saki:

“Idan da gaske suna fama da luwaɗi, ko jarabar jima'i, za a iya tsammanin amsar kwakwalwar su ga abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i na gani ya zama mafi girma, ta yadda za a nuna kwakwalwar masu shan hodar Iblis ta nuna ga hotunan magungunan a wasu nazarin. ”

Labari: "An nuna musu hotuna masu ban sha'awa, da kuma lura da yadda kwakwalwar su ke aiki."
Yi wasa: “Idan kuna tunanin matsalolin jima'i jaraba ne, da munyi tsammanin ganin wani an mayar da martani, wataƙila, ga waɗancan hotunan batsa. Idan kuna tsammanin matsala ce ta impulsivity, za mu yi tsammanin ganin raguwar martani ga waɗannan hotunan jima'i. kuma gaskiyar cewa ba mu ga ɗayan waɗannan alaƙar ba ya nuna cewa babu babban tallafi don kallon waɗannan matsalolin halayen halayen jima'i azaman jaraba. ”

A zahiri, Steele et al. ya ruwaito mafi girma karatun P300 don hotunan batsa fiye da hotunan tsaka tsaki. Wancan shine “an mayar da martani“. Yin tsokaci a karkashin Psychology Yau hira na Farisa, pmasanin ilimin sychology John A. Johnson ya ce:

“Har yanzu hankalina yana kwance a yayin da ake gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon kan ikirarin cewa kwakwalenta bai amsa hotunan jima'i ba kamar kwakwalwar masu shan kwayoyi 'kwakwalwar ta amsa maganin su, ganin cewa ta bayar da rahoton karatuttukan P300 mafi girma game da hotunan jima'i. Kamar dai 'yan maye waɗanda ke nuna P300 spikes lokacin da aka gabatar musu da maganin da suka zaɓa. Ta yaya zata iya yanke hukunci wanda yake akasin ainihin sakamakon? Ina ganin za a iya yi wa tunanin da ta yi - abin da take tsammanin samu. ”

A takaice dai, abin da ke yin amfani da ita a cikin jarrabawa da yawa ba a tallafa masa ba. Wani da'awar daga hira da ake buƙatar ƙungiyar kulawa:

Mustanski: Menene manufar binciken?
Yi amfani da: Nazarinmu ya gwada ko mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton irin waɗannan matsalolin suna kama da wasu masu bautar gumaka daga kwakwalwar su ta fuskar kwakwalwa. Binciken dabarun miyagun ƙwayoyi, irin su cocaine, sun nuna alamar kwakwalwa ta hanyar mayar da martani ga siffofin miyagun ƙwayoyi na zalunci, saboda haka mun yi annabci cewa ya kamata mu ga irin wannan yanayin a cikin mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton matsaloli da jima'i idan har, a gaskiya, buri.

Amsar da Prause ta bayar ga Mustanski ya nuna cewa an tsara nazarin ne don ganin idan kwakwalwar ta mayar da martani ga hotunan jima'i ga mutanen da ke ba da rahoton matsaloli game da jima'i sun yi kama da amsawar ƙwaƙwalwar masu amfani da ƙwayoyi lokacin da suka haɗu da hotunan maganin da suka kamu da shi.

Wani karatun binciken binciken cocaine da ta cite (Dunning, et al., 2011), duk da haka, ya nuna cewa zane na Steele et al. ya bambanta da nazarin Dunning, kuma Steele et al. bai ma nemi irin martani na kwakwalwar da aka rubuta a binciken Dunning ba.

Nazarin Dunning ya yi amfani da kungiyoyi uku: 27 masu amfani da cocaine marasa amfani, masu amfani da cocaine na yau da kullum, da kuma 28 masu amfani da su. Steele et al. An yi amfani da samfurin mutum guda kawai: wadanda suka bayar da rahoton matsalolin da suke tsara yadda suke kallon hotuna. Ganin cewa nazarin Dunning ya iya kwatanta martani game da addinan cocaine zuwa lafiya
controls, binciken Nazari bai kwatanta martani na samfurin da aka damu da ƙungiyar kulawa ba.

Akwai bambance-bambance. Nazarin Dunning yayi amfani da ƙwarewa daban-daban (ERPs) a cikin kwakwalwa, saboda binciken da ya gabata ya nuna muhimmancin bambance-bambance a cikin matakai na tunani a cikin ERPs. Nazarin Dunning ya bambanta jigilar na farko (EPN), ya yi tunani don yin tunatar da hankali da sauri, da kuma ƙarshen samfurori (LPP), ya yi tunani don yin tunatar da karin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci. Taron Dunning ya sake bambanta farkon
ƙungiyar LPP, ta yi tsammani zata wakilci ƙirar farko, daga daga baya daga cikin LPP, yana tunanin za a ci gaba da aiki. Rarraba wadannan ƙananan ERPs yana da mahimmanci saboda bambance-bambance a tsakanin mabiya addinan, masu amfani da yanzu, da kuma masu amfani da na'urorin sarrafawa sun dogara akan abin da ake nazarin ERP.

Ya bambanta, Steele et al. duba kawai a ERP da ake kira P300, wanda Dunning yayi kwatanta zuwa farkon taga na LPP. Ta hanyar shigar da kansu, Gwada da abokan aikinta sun bayar da rahoton cewa wannan ba zai kasance mafi kyau dabarun ba:

“Wata dama kuma ita ce, P300 ba wuri ne mafi kyau ba don gano alaƙa da abubuwan da ke motsa sha’awar jima’i. LPP ɗan lokaci kaɗan ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi da dalili."

Sakamakon shine Steele et al ya yi ba a gaskiya bincika wduk da haka amsar kwakwalwa ga mutanen da ke cikin rikice-rikice “ya nuna irin wannan tsarin”Kamar yadda martani na addicts. Ba su yi amfani da masu canji iri ɗaya ERP da aka yi amfani da su a cikin nazarin cocaine ba kuma ba su yi amfani da rukuni na ƙaura da rukuni na rukuni ba, don haka bai kamata su kwatanta sakamakonsu da binciken Dunning ba da ke cewa kwatancen ya kasance "apples to apples."

Kasafin Fasaha ta EEG

A ƙarshe, fasahar EEG ba zata iya auna sakamakon da masu binciken ke ikirarin zata iya ba. Kodayake masu binciken sun nace cewa,Hanyoyin da ke tattare da jima'i a cikin samfurin mazauna mata na iya bambanta wadannan hujjoji guda biyu game da bayyanar cututtuka [shaida game da jaraba da sha'awar jima'i],”A zahirin gaskiya yana da wuya EEGs su iya yin hakan kwata-kwata. Kodayake fasahar EEG ta kasance tsawon shekaru 100, muhawara na ci gaba game da ainihin abin da ke haifar da raƙuman ƙwaƙwalwa, ko abin da takamaiman karatun EEG ke nunawa da gaske. Sakamakon haka, ana iya fassara sakamakon gwaji ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Duba Brainwashed: Cikin Tambayar Mutuwar Neuroscience don tattaunawa game da yadda za a iya amfani da EEG don zana basira maras tushe.

EEG auna aikin lantarki a waje na kwanyar, da masu bincike na farfadowa da suke amfani da EEGs suna nema siginatattun sakonni na musamman game da buri. Alal misali, wannan binciken binciken EEG na baya-bayan nan a kan yanar gizo na addicts ya nuna yadda ƙwararrun masana ilimin yanar gizo ke yin irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen. Lura cewa masu bincike suna keɓance ƙananan fannoni na aikin kwakwalwa, kamar su impulsivity, da kuma gujewa yawan da'awar nau'in da SPAN Lab yayi anan. Hakanan lura da rukunin kulawa da pre-screening don jarabar, dukansu biyun basu cikin wannan ƙoƙarin na SPAN Lab.

Wataƙila marubutan ba su da masaniya game da gazawar fasaha don rarrabewa tsakanin abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimta:

“P300 [EEG measurement] sananne ne kuma galibi ana amfani dashi don auna reactivity zuwa motsin rai, wani lokacin na jima'i, abubuwan gani. Koma baya ga ladaftar da babban abu, mai saurin jinkirin ERP shine asalin dabi'a na aiwatar da ayyukan binciken hankali wadanda ke haifar da irin wannan bangaren. A cikin rahoton na yanzu, P300 na iya kasancewa, kuma mai yiwuwa shi ne, nusar da ayyukan da ke gudana na fahimi da yawa. ”

Kada kuyi tunanin wannan, ta hanyar karɓar su, P300 ba zai zama mafi kyau ga wannan binciken na ERP ba. Kada ka damu da cewa gudanar da nazarin ilimin lissafi tare da bambancin bambanci an gane shi matsala ne a kan shekaru 50, kamar haka yanzu ana amfani dasu a maimakon sauye-sauye (duba http://public.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/faculty/edwardsj/Edwards2001b.pdf). Kada ka damu cewa ba mu san ainihin abin da amplitude na P300 zuwa wasu hotuna musamman dangane da hotuna tsaka-tsakin yake nunawa ba. P300 ya haɗa da hankali ga mahimman bayanai masu sosa rai, amma kamar yadda Prause da abokan aikinta suka yarda, ba za su iya hango ko P300 don amsa hotunan jima'i za a ɗaukaka musamman ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar jima'i mai girma (saboda suna fuskantar tsananin motsin rai zuwa yanayin jima'i) ko ko P300 zai iya zama mai faɗi musamman (saboda an daidaita su da hotunan jima'i).

Kuma ba za su iya raba tsakanin mafi girma da hankali (mafi girma P300) haifar da haɗuwa da jima'i, ko mafi girma da hankali ya haifar da karfi mummunan motsin zuciyarmu, kamar ƙyama. Hakanan fasahar EEG ba zata iya tantancewa tsakanin mafi girma karatun P300 wanda ya samo asali daga sha'awar jima'i da tashin hankali / mamaki. Hakanan fasahar EEG ba zata iya gaya mana idan aka kunna ladan ladabi ba ko a'a.

Akwai matsala mafi mahimmanci a nan: Steele et al. da alama yana son ɗaukar ko dai / ko kusantar kallon hotunan jima'i - cewa martani na EEG ko dai saboda sha'awar jima'i ko matsalar matsala - kamar dai ana iya raba sha'awar gaba ɗaya daga matsalolin jaraba. Shin wani zai ba da shawarar cewa maganganun EEG a cikin masu shan giya ko masu shan cocaine na iya zama saboda gaba ɗaya ga sha'awar abin da ke jaraba or zuwa ga matsala masu ban sha'awa?

Sauran abubuwan na iya tasiri tasirin karatun EEG. Mene ne idan hoto yana da alaƙa da nau'in da kuke so, amma tauraron tauraron yana tunatar da ku game da mutumin da ba ku so / tsoro / ba ku kula da ganin tsirara ba. Brainwaƙwalwarka za ta sami ƙungiyoyi masu rikici don irin wannan erotica. Wadannan rikice-rikicen na iya zama masu yuwuwa a yanayin hotunan batsa fiye da na, a ce, hodar iblis na gani da hoda da hanci (ana amfani da su yayin gwajin masu shan hodar iblis).

Ma'anar ita ce, ƙungiyoyi masu yawa tare da motsa jiki kamar yadda hadari kamar yadda jima'i zasu iya sauke karatun EEG.

Har ila yau, Steele et al. ya ɗauka mafi girman matsakaicin EEG yana nuna mafi girman sha'awar jima'i, amma ƙididdigar EEG ɗin batutuwa sun kasance a duk faɗin taswira. Shin wannan saboda wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance masu maye ne wasu kuma ba haka bane? Ko kallon batsa wanda ya juya su. Yawancin dalilai na iya shafar karatun P300. La'akari da wadannan, daga wani binciken P300:

Kodayake muhimmancin aikin P300 har yanzu ana tattaunawa¹^{, 2}, amparfinsa ya nuna ƙididdigar albarkatu don ƙididdigar matsalolin….Rage P300 An ruwaito amplitude a cikin cututtuka da yawa, ciki har da schizophrenia⁴, ciki⁵, da kuma maye gurbin⁶.

A takaice dai, tunanin marubucin cewa kwakwalwar wadanda suka kamu da cutar za su nuna ko dai shaidar jaraba ko shaidar “babban sha'awar jima'i” ba ta da labari. Amma duk da haka abu mai mahimmanci ya haifar wa mai karatu tunanin cewa sakamakon binciken zai nuna mana cewa waɗannan mazinata ko dai sun nuna (1) shaidar jaraba ko (2) kyakkyawar hulɗa tare da “sha'awar jima'i mai girma." Kuma taken binciken yana yaudarar mutum ne da "sha'awar jima'i".

Cues kunya da kunya hali

Wata matsala tare da ƙirar binciken shine cewa SPAN Lab yana rikitar da alamomin da suka shafi jaraba tare da jaraba kanta (hali). A cikin wannan binciken, masu binciken sun yi iƙirarin cewa kallon batsa abin birgewa ne, ba kamar mai shan giya hoto na kwalban vodka ba, kuma cewa al'aura abu ne na jaraba. Wannan ba daidai bane

Ganin batsa, wanda abin da masu bincike suka tambayi waɗannan batutuwa suyi, shine da aiki na jaraba don jarabar batsa ta Intanet. Yawancin masu amfani suna kallo koda lokacin da al'aura ba zaɓi bane (misali, yayin hawa bas, a kwamfutocin laburare, a wurin aiki, a ɗakunan jira, da sauransu). Duba batsa don motsawa is halin da ba su da kyau.

Sabanin haka, alamu na gaskiya ga masu yin lalata da batsa zasu zama abubuwa kamar ganin alamun alamun shafukan yanar gizan da suka fi so, jin kalma ko ganin hoto wanda ke tunatar da su abin da suka fi so na batsa ko tauraruwar batsa, samun damar keɓaɓɓen Intanet, da sauransu. Tabbatar, ganin abubuwan da ke nuna alamar tayi na iya zama alama ga wanda ke da jaraba ga wannan nau'in batsa, amma a nan masu bincike sunyi amfani da batsa na yau da kullun, ba batsa da aka tsara don abubuwan da mutum yake so ba.

Tsammani cewa wannan binciken “kamar” karatun likitanci ne, ɗayan ɗayan ra'ayoyi ne masu raɗaɗi Steele et al. sa Ka tuna cewa hoton tebur na blackjack ba caca bane; hoton kwano na ice cream baya cin abinci. Duba batsa, da bambanci, is aikin yin jaraba. Ba wanda ya san abin da aka karanta EEG kamata kasance ga masu cin hanci da rashawa da ke shiga cikin abin da suke bautar.

Ta hanyar tattauna sakamakon su dangane da bincike na gaskiya wanda ya shafi wasu addinan, masu binciken suna nuna cewa suna kwatanta “apples and apples.” Ba su bane. Na farko, sauran karatun jaraba suna nazarin Steele et al. ambaton ya ƙunshi haɗarin sinadarai. Batsa na batsa bashi da sauƙi a gwada a cikin lab don dalilai da aka riga aka bayyana. Na biyu, ƙirar Steele et al. ya bambanta da waɗannan karatun da yake ambata (babu ƙungiyoyin kulawa, da sauransu).

Nazarin gaba game da sake-amsawa ga hotunan jima'i ko fina-finai bayyane dole ne suyi taka tsantsan cikin fassarar sakamakon. Misali, raunin ƙwaƙwalwar da aka samu na iya nuna ƙarancin aiki ko al'ada, maimakon "ba kamu da lahani".

Kammalawa

Na farko, wanda zai iya yin hujja mai karfi cewa wannan binciken bai kamata a buga ba. Ya bambanta da batutuwa, tambayoyin da ba za su iya nazarin bambance-bambance na intanit ba, rashin nuna damuwa ga magunguna, da kuma rashin jagorancin rukuni ya haifar da sakamako marasa tabbas.

Na biyu, daidaitaccen daidaituwa - Ƙananan sha'awar yin jima'i tare da haɓakar P300 mai girma - yana nuna cewa ƙarin yin amfani da batsa yana haifar da haɓaka-haɓaka (sha'awar batsa), amma ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i da ainihin mutum. A sauƙaƙe: Batutuwa da ke amfani da batsa mafi yawan batsa suna son batsa, amma burinsu na ainihin jima'i ya kasance ƙasa da waɗanda suke kallon ƙasa. Ba daidai ba ne abin da kanun labarai suka faɗi ko marubutan suka yi iƙirarin a cikin kafofin watsa labarai (cewa an yi amfani da ƙarin amfani da batsa tare da babban sha'awar "sha'awar jima'i").

Na uku, binciken “ilimin lissafi” na mafi girma P300 lokacin da aka fallasa zuwa batsa yana nuna mahimmanci (hyper-reactivity to batsa), wanda shine tsarin jaraba.

A ƙarshe, muna da marubutan da ke yin da'awa ga kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda shekarunsu nesa da bayanan. Daga kanun labarai, a fili yake 'yan jarida sun sayi juzu'in. Wannan yana nuna mummunan yanayin aikin jarida na kimiyya. Masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na kimiyya da kantunan labarai kawai sun maimaita abin da aka ciyar dasu. Babu wani a cikin kafofin watsa labaru da ya karanta binciken, ya bincika gaskiyar, ko ya nemi ra'ayi na biyu na ilimi daga ainihin ƙwararrun masana kimiyya. Idan kanaso ka inganta wani ajanda, duk abinda kake bukatar yi shine ka tara wata sanarwa ta wayo. Ba damuwa da abin da karatun ku ya samo asali, ko kuma hanyarku mara kyau kawai zata iya samar da salataccen bayanan sautin.

Har ila yau, duba wadannan sharuddan wannan binciken:

Kama da Steele et al, binciken na biyu na SPAN Lab daga 2013 ya sami manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin sarrafawa da “masu yin lalata da batsa” - “Babu Shaidawar Ra'ayin Motsawa a cikin "Ma'aurata" Suna Bayyana Ra'idodinsu zuwa Taimakon Jima'i (2013). ” Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a wannan bayanin, taken yana ɓoye ainihin binciken. A gaskiya ma, "masu lalata batsa" suna da Kadan Amsa na tunanin idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa. Ba abin mamaki bane kamar yadda mutane da yawa Sakon ƙarar da aka yi wa batsa ya ba da labari da motsin rai. Mawallafin sun ba da hujjar taken ta hanyar cewa suna tsammanin "mafi girman martani", amma duk da haka ba su ba da wata ma'anar wannan "tsammanin" ba. Sunan da yafi dacewa shine:Wadanda ke da matsala wajen yin amfani da batsa suna nuna nuna rashin jin dadi ga fina-finan jima'i“. An rage musu ƙarfi