Bayani game da da'awar da ke kewaye Steele et al., 2013 ("Jima'i Jima'i, ba Luwadi ba, yana da alaƙa da Amsoshin Neurophysiological waɗanda Hotunan Jima'i ke Bugawa")

Zaka iya tsalle tarihin kuma tafi kai tsaye zuwa binciken mu.

HISTORY OF Wannan JULY, 2013 CRITIQUE

An fara buga wannan labarin a watan Yuli, 2013 a matsayin sakon martani ga wani rubutu a shafin yanar gizo na "Psychology Today" wanda ke nuna wata hira da Dr. Nicole Prause, marubucin binciken EEG da aka tattauna a nan. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2013, abokin aikin marubucin Psychology Today David Ley ya sanar a cikin wani kanun labarai na shafin yanar gizo cewa wani sabon bincike, wanda har yanzu ba a buga ba, ya karyata wanzuwar jarabar batsa ta Intanet: " Kwakwalwarka Akan Batsa - Ba Shawara Ba ce ." Yayin da binciken jarabar halaye na shekaru ashirin ya saba wa wannan da'awar, mun kasance masu shakku. A ranar 7 ga Maris mun rubuta wani shafin amsa a shafin yanar gizo na Psychology Today muna tada damuwarmu bisa ga bayanin Ley mai wahalar fahimta (kuma a ƙarshe ba daidai ba) na binciken EEG da Prause ba ta buga ba.

Wannan ya jawo wasiƙun sirri mai zafi daga Nicole Prause, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan binciken, wacce ta ƙi ba mu bincikenta, amma ta buƙaci mu cire sakon martaninmu - buƙatar tare da barazanar shari'a marasa amfani da kuma bin diddigin yanar gizo a lokaci guda . A ƙarshe, editocin Psychology Today sun cire rubutun Ley na asali da kuma amsarmu. Duba labarin, tare da imel da sauran takardu, a nan: Maris & Afrilu, 2013: Farkon cin zarafin Nicole Prause, da'awar ƙarya da barazanar (bayan ita da David Ley sun kai hari ga Gary Wilson a cikin wani rubutu a shafin yanar gizo na PT).

--------------
UPDATE - 7 / 21 / 13: Watanni biyar bayan shafin yanar gizon David Ley ya gabatar da binciken EEG mai suna:Jima'in jima'i, ba jima'i ba, yana da nasaba da amsawar neurophysiological wanda aka samo ta ta hanyar jima'i"(Steele et al,, 2013). Theungiyar binciken ta ƙunshi Steele, Staley, Fong da Prause. An lissafa biyun na ƙarshe azaman membobin "SPAN Lab" (gidan yanar gizon da aka daina aiki yanzu). Fong, a hanya, yana da a fili ya yi jayayya cewa jarabar batsa babu ita.

Nicole Prause ta tuntubi editan Psychology Today wanda ya cire rubutun Wilson (wanda ke ƙasa) da kuma wani rubutu da ke bincika Steele et al. , 2013. Na yi mamakin wannan ɗabi'ar. Prause ta ƙi yin magana kai tsaye game da labaranmu, kodayake an yi mata maraba da yin rubutu a sashin sharhi kan Psychology Today. Madadin haka Prause ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin ɓata suna, cin zarafi, yayin da take nuna wa wanda aka zalunta - wanda tabbas ba ta yi ba. Duba Shafi na tarihin cin zarafin da Nicole Prause ke ci gaba da yi wa waɗanda ba su yarda da ita ba.

Ƙarin Bayani: Tunda Prause yana ƙoƙarin yin katsalandan ga masu suka, na samar da rubutun David Ley na asali da kuma martanina , duka daga Maris, 2013, tare da duk sharhin da ke ƙasa da rubutun asali - gami da sharhin Prause, sai kuma martanina.

--------------

SABUNTARWA – 9/22/13: John A. Johnson PhD akan Steele et al ., 2013 (ana muhawara kan Nicole Prause 'yar tsana a cikin sashin sharhi)

--------------

SABUNTARWA – 2/10/2014: David Ley da Nicole Prause sun sake haɗuwa. Ley, wanda shine marubucin "The Myth of Sex Addiction", ya haɗu da Prause (na SPAN Lab) don buga The Emperor Has No Clothes: Bita na samfurin "Pornography Addiction" ( Ley et al ., 2014). Abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga masu bincike. Wannan ba bita na gaskiya ba ne na wallafe-wallafen. Madadin haka Ley et al., layukan yaudara da aka zaɓa a cikin nazarin, sun yi watsi da duk wani bincike da ke nuna mummunan tasiri, kuma sun ƙunshi ambato da yawa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da iƙirarin. Duba wannan babban rusa bita na Ley, et al. Bari mu bayyana, babu wani bincike da ya musanta wanzuwar jarabar batsa . Kamar yadda za ku iya karantawa a ƙasa, binciken da aka yi wa Prause da aka yi suka a nan a zahiri yana nuna mafi girman martani ga hotunan jima'i - wanda shine ainihin abin da ke faruwa lokacin da masu jaraba suka ga alamun gani na jarabar da suka zaɓa.

--------------

SABUNTARWA – 2/21/14: Sharhin da aka yi wa Steele et al . 2013 - 'Babban sha'awa', ko 'kawai' jaraba ce? Martani ga Steele et al., na Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD (2014).

--------------

SABUNTARWA – 7/12/14 : Wani sabon bincike na fMRI da Jami'ar Cambridge ta gudanar ( Voon et al. 2014) ya tantance kunnawar da'irar lada da aka haifar kuma ya sami kunnawa wanda ke nuna jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ya kuma gano cewa masu amfani da batsa masu tilastawa ba su da sha'awar jima'i fiye da sarrafawa. A zahiri, mutane da yawa sun fuskanci ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i tare da abokan hulɗa na gaske. Wannan binciken ya saba wa Steele et al. da'awar cewa mutanen da ke da wahalar sarrafa amfani da batsa kawai suna da sha'awar jima'i mafi girma fiye da sauran jama'a (kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa, Steele et al. ba su sami sha'awar jima'i mafi girma da ke da alaƙa da kunna kwakwalwa ba). Mafi mahimmanci, binciken Cambridge ya yi nazarin binciken EEG na Nicole Prause kuma ya bayyana cewa mafi girman P300 lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga alamun batsa ya yi daidai da samfurin jaraba. Kamar yadda aka rubuta a ƙasa, binciken wannan binciken bai yi daidai da kanun labarai ko sharhin marubutan ba.

--------------

GABATARWA - Farkon 2015: Nicole Prause ba ta aiki ta UCLA (ko wata jami'a).

--------------

SABUNTARWA – 2015: Nicole Prause yanzu ta bayar da shaidar "ƙwararriyar" game da "jarabar jima'i" . Daga sabon gidan yanar gizon ta na Liberos :

Da alama Prause tana ƙoƙarin sayar da ayyukanta don cin gajiyar sakamakon bincikenta na EEG guda biyu ( 1 , 2 ), kodayake sharhin da aka yi wa takwarorinta ya ce duka binciken suna goyon bayan tsarin jarabar. Wataƙila kusancin da ke tsakanin masana'antar da ake magana a kai na iya ɓoye fahimtar mai bincike.

Nazarin EEG na farko (a ƙasa), a zahiri ya sami hujja game da jarabar batsa kamar yadda binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girman karatun EEG (P300) lokacin da aka fallasa batutuwa zuwa hotunan batsa. P300 mafi girma yana faruwa yayin da aka fallasa addicts zuwa alamun (kamar su hotuna) masu alaƙa da jarabar su. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girma "cue-reactivity" don yin lalata batsa tare da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i. A sauƙaƙe: Binciken ya sami ƙarfin kunna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don batsa da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i (amma ba ƙarancin sha'awar al'aura ba). Ba daidai abin da kanun labarai suka bayyana ba.

Nazarin EEG na biyu ya bayyana yana kwatanta karatun EEG na 2013 (da ƙarin wasu) da ainihin ƙungiyar kulawa. Haka ne, binciken na 2013 ba shi da ƙungiyar kulawa. Sakamakon 2015: Kamar yadda aka zata, duka masu shan batsa da masu sarrafa suna da ƙarin EEG lokacin kallon hotunan batsa na vanilla. Duk da haka, girman ikon sarrafawa ya ɗan fi na masu shan batsa. A wata ma'anar, masu shan batsa sun ɗan sami ƙarancin sha'awar hotunan batsa. Ba su da hankali. Binciken Prause et al. ya yi daidai da Kühn & Gallinat (2014) , wanda ya gano cewa yawan amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kunna kwakwalwa a cikin masu amfani da yawa (waɗanda ba masu shan kwayoyi ba ne) lokacin da aka fallasa su ga hotunan jima'i.

--------------

SABUNTARWA – A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2016 Nicole Prause ta buga wata sanarwar manema labarai ta bogi a shafin yanar gizo na PROLOG. “Sanarwar manema labarai” ta Prause ta kai hari tare da yin batanci ga mutane da dama, ciki har da Gary Wilson, Donald Hilton MD, sanata Todd Weiler na jihar Utah, da Dr. Todd Love. Wannan shi ne abin da ya rage a cikin sanarwar manema labarai, yayin da ProLog ya cire abubuwan da ke ciki bayan kwana 2 saboda ya karya manufofinsu. Ba a musanta ba, Prause ta sanya abubuwan da ke cikin sanarwar manema labarai a asusunta na AmazonAWS. A nan za mu duba sharhinta game da mai bincike na UCLA kuma tsohon abokin aikinta Rory Reid PhD . An ɗauko daga kalaman Prause:

"Masanin ilimin kimiyya" da "LCSW" sune lasisi sunadacciyar lasisi tare da Jihar California da Rory Reid yayi amfani da shi don tallata ayyukansa ga marasa lafiya amma ba su da mallaka. Har ila yau Rory Reid ya bayyana cewa ya halarci makarantar a Jami'ar Harvard kuma yana da "mataimakin furofesa" a UCLA. Reid bai taba samun horo ba a Jami'ar Harvard kuma yana da wani kwamiti, ba mai kulawa ba, a UCLA. An zabi Reid a matsayin ma'aikacin ma'aikacin kamfanin California na ofishin Matsala ta UCLA, don haka ba shi da tabbacin yadda Reid zai iya nazarin fina-finai na jima'i da kuma tuntubi 'yan siyasa game da fina-finan jima'i ba tare da karya yarjejeniyar kwangilarsa ba.

Ƙananan farfadowa kan Rory Reid da tsohon mai bincike na UCLA Nicole Prause yana da amfani a nan. Rory Reid ya kasance mai bincike a fannin nazarin ilmin likita a Dandalin Medicine David Geffen, UCLA tun kafin Nicole Prause ta takaice a UCLA ya fara a 2013. Reid ta bincike wuraren su ne liwadi da kuma caca buri.

Kamar Prause, Reid sau da yawa yana jayayya game da wanzuwar "jarabar jima'i." Reid ya bayyana a cikin wani labarin 2013 cewa ofishinsa yana kusa da na Prause a UCLA. A cikin 2013 Nicole Prause ta lissafa Rory Reid a matsayin memba na "SPAN Lab" ɗinta. Kamar yadda aka faɗa, ba a sabunta kwangilar UCLA ta Prause ba yayin da Reid ya ci gaba da zama mai bincike a UCLA. Duk abin da ya yi don ya ɓata mata rai, Prause yanzu yana kai hari ga tsohuwar abokin aikinta a bainar jama'a da mugunta.

Amma akwai ƙarin bayani game da labarin. Watanni da suka gabata, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2014, an buga wasu tsokaci da dama da ke kwatanta "sanarwar manema labarai" ta Prause (suna roƙon masu karatu su kai rahoton Rory Reid ga hukumomin California) a shafin dawo da batsa na YourBrainRebalanced ta wani sabon memba. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Prause ya saba yin tsokaci akan YBR ta amfani da sunayen laƙabi daban-daban. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan tsokaci, ta TellTheTruth, ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗi 2. Hanya ɗaya ta je zuwa PDF akan Scribd tare da shaidar da ake tsammani tana goyon bayan iƙirarin TellTheTruth (Yi amfani da sunayen laƙabi akai-akai tare da kalmomi 2-4 masu manyan haruffa azaman sunayen masu amfani).

Duba cikakken labarin da takardu a nan: Harin da aka kai da kuma ɓatanci tsohon abokin aikin UCLA Rory C. Reid PhD. Shekaru 2 da suka gabata "TellTheTruth" ya buga ainihin iƙirari da takardu iri ɗaya a shafin dawo da batsa wanda 'yan tsana na Prause ke yawan zuwa.

--------------

UPDATE: 2019 - Yin aiki ya shafe shekaru masu tsaka-tsakin da ke damun marubuta, masu bincike, masu ilimin kwantar da hankali, kungiyoyi, mujallolin ilimi, maza a murmurewa, masu rahoto da sauran wadanda suka kuskura su bayar da rahoton shaidar cutarwa daga amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo. YBOP ya yi rubutun ƙarshen dusar ƙanƙara a wannan shafin: Nicole Prause ta Cin zarafin ethabi'a da Defatancin Gary Wilson & Sauran (akwai abubuwa da yawa da yawa waɗanda ba mu da 'yancin bayyanawa, yayin da waɗanda aka yi wa Prause ke tsoron ƙarin azaba). Ta bayyana ta zama jin dadi sosai tare da kamfanonin batsa, kamar yadda za a iya gani daga wannan Hoton ta (nesa dama) a kan karar launi na Ƙungiyar Masu Rauni na XRCO (X-Rated Critics Organization). (A cewar Wikipedia da XRCO Awards an ba da Amurka Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar X-Rated a kowace shekara ga mutanen da ke aiki a nishaɗi na yara da kuma kawai ita ce kyaututtukan albashi na matasa wanda ke nunawa kawai ga 'yan kasuwa.^[1]). Har ila yau yana nuna cewa Fuskantarwa na iya samun samu masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin batutuwa ta hanyar wani kamfanonin kamfanonin kamfanoni na kamfanoni, da Jagorar Magana Ta Musamman. An yi zargin anyi amfani da abubuwan FSC da aka samu a cikin ta karatu-bindiga a kan dauke da ƙafa da kuma kasuwanci ne mai “Orgasmic tunani” makirci (yanzu kasancewa FBI ta bincika ta). Addu'a ta kuma yi ba da sanarwa ba game da sakamakon bincikenta da ita nazarin hanyoyin. Domin yawancin takardun, duba: Shin wasan kwaikwayo na Nicole ya shafe shi da abin sana'a na Porn? da shafuka masu zuwa:

---------------

Sabuntawa (Afrilu, 2019): A wani yunƙuri na dakatar da sukar YBOP, wata ƙungiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nicole Prause da David Ley tana ƙoƙarin satar alamar kasuwancin YBOP. Duba wannan shafin don ƙarin bayani: Keta haƙƙin Alamar Ciniki Mai Wuya da Masu Kare Sha'awar Batsa ke Yi (www.realyourbrainonporn.com) . An aika wa Nicole Prause, David Ley da sauran "ƙwararrun" masu goyon bayan batsa a www.realyourbrainonporn.com wasiƙar dakatarwa da dainawa . Ana ci gaba da bin diddigin matakan shari'a. Ya kamata mai karatu ya san cewa twitter na RealYBOP (tare da amincewar ƙwararrunsa) shi ma yana shiga cikin ɓatanci da cin zarafin Gary Wilson , Alexander Rhodes , Gabe Deem da sauran mutane da yawa . Bugu da ƙari, yanzu ana biyan David Ley da wasu ƙwararrun "RealYBOP" guda biyu ta hanyar kamfanin xHamster don tallata gidajen yanar gizon su ( watau StripChat ) da kuma shawo kan masu amfani cewa jarabar batsa da jarabar jima'i tatsuniya ne!

-----------

Sabuntawa (Lokacin bazara, 2019): A ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2019 Donald Hilton, MD ya shigar da ƙarar ɓata suna a kan Nicole Prause & Liberos LLC (Dr. Hilton ya yi suka ga Steele et al. a cikin 2014). A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2019 Donald Hilton ya gyara ƙarar ɓata sunansa don haskaka (1) ƙarar da Hukumar Nazarin Lafiya ta Texas ta yi wa wasu, (2) zarge-zargen ƙarya cewa Dr. Hilton ya ƙaryata takardun shaidarsa, da kuma (3) shaidu daga wasu mutane 9 da aka yi wa irin wannan cin zarafi na Prause ( John Adler, MD , Gary Wilson , Alexander Rhodes , Staci Sprout, LICSW , Linda Hatch, PhD , Bradley Green, PhD , Stefanie Carnes, PhD , Geoff Goodman, PhD , Laila Haddad .)

----------

Sabuntawa (Oktoba, 2019): A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2019 Alexander Rhodes (wanda ya kafa reddit/nofap da NoFap.com ) ya shigar da ƙarar ɓata suna a kan Nicole R Prause da Liberos LLC . Duba takardar kotu a nan . Duba wannan shafin don takardu uku na farko na kotu da Rhodes ya shigar: Wanda ya kafa NoFap Alexander Rhodes ya shigar da ƙarar ɓatanci a kan Nicole Prause / Liberos.

-----------

Sabuntawa (Nuwamba, 2019): A ƙarshe, wasu ingantattun labaran kafofin watsa labarai: "Alex Rhodes na Ƙungiyar Tallafawa Addiction na Batsa 'NoFap' Sues Obsessed Pro-Porn Sexologist for Defamation" ta Megan Fox na PJ Media da "Yaƙe-yaƙen Batsa suna da alaƙa da kai a cikin No Nut Nuwamba" , ta Diana Davison na The Post Millennial . Davison ya kuma samar da wannan bidiyon na minti 6 game da halayen Prause masu muni: "Shin Batsa Yana da jaraba?" , da kuma wannan jerin lokutan cin zarafi/zarge-zargen ƙarya na Prause: VSS Academic War Timeline.

----------

Sabuntawa (Agusta, 2020): Hukuncin kotu ya fallasa Nicole Prause a matsayin mai laifi, ba wanda aka zalunta ba . A watan Maris na 2020, Prause ta nemi umarnin hana ni na ɗan lokaci (TRO) ba tare da wani dalili ba ta amfani da "shaidar" da aka ƙirƙira da kuma ƙaryarta ta yau da kullun (tana zargina da bin diddigi). A cikin buƙatar Prause na umarnin hana ni, ta yi wa kanta ƙarya, tana cewa na saka adireshinta a kan YBOP da Twitter ( rantsuwar ƙarya ba sabon abu bane da Prause ). Na shigar da ƙarar adawa da SLAPP a kan Prause saboda amfani da tsarin shari'a (TRO) ba daidai ba don yin shiru da cin zarafi. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Los Angeles ta yanke hukunci cewa ƙoƙarin Prause na samun umarnin hana ni ya zama "ƙarar dabarar da ta shafi shiga jama'a" mara tushe (wanda aka fi sani da "ƙarar SLAPP") . Prause ta yi ƙarya a cikin TRO ɗinta na yaudara, ba tare da wata shaida da za a iya tabbatarwa ba don tallafawa iƙirarin ta na banza cewa na bi ta ko na musguna mata. A takaice, Kotun ta gano cewa Prause ta yi amfani da tsarin hana ni don cin zarafi da kuma rage haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. A bisa doka, hukuncin SLAPP ya wajabta wa Prause biyan kuɗin lauyana.

---------

Sabuntawa (Janairu, 2021): Prause ta shigar da ƙarar shari'a ta biyu mai ban mamaki a kaina a watan Disamba, 2020 saboda zargin ɓata suna. A zaman sauraren ƙara a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2021, kotun Oregon ta yanke hukunci a madadina kuma ta tuhumi Prause da kuɗaɗen da ƙarin hukunci . Wannan ƙoƙarin da bai yi nasara ba yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙararraki goma sha biyu da aka yi wa Prause barazana a bainar jama'a da/ko aka shigar a cikin watannin da suka gabata. Bayan shekaru da yawa na rahotannin ɓatanci, ta ƙara fuskantar barazanar shigar da ƙara don ƙoƙarin yin shiru ga waɗanda suka bayyana kusancinta da masana'antar batsa da kuma mummunan halayenta, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi rantsuwa a cikin ƙararrakin ɓata suna guda uku da ke aiki a kanta.

-----------

Binciken YBOP - Da'awar Nicole Prause a cikin 'yan jaridu suna adawa ne kai tsaye ga sakamakon Steele et al., 2013

Yanzu mun bincika wannan sabon binciken, kuma muna da damuwa fiye da koya yadda zamu iya ƙaryata wanzuwar jarabar batsa ta Intanet. Mai zuwa shine sakonmu:

Mawallafin wannan binciken sunyi imanin abubuwan da suka gano sun nuna cewa "liwadi" (a wannan yanayin, rashin ikon sarrafa amfani da batsa) za'a iya bayanin ta ta babban sha'awar jima'i maimakon jarabar batsa. A ganinmu, bayanan su ba sa tallafawa abin da suke imani da nesa.

Binciken: " Sha'awar Jima'i, ba Jima'i Mai Yawan Juna Biyu ba, Yana da Alaƙa da Amsoshin Jijiyoyin Jiki da Hotunan Jima'i ke Haifarwa "

Masu shiga: An tattara batutuwa masu gwaji 52 ta hanyar talla "neman mutanen da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu tsara yadda suke kallon hotunan jima'i." Mahalarta (matsakaicin shekaru 24) sun kasance hada maza (39) da mata (13). 7 mahalarta sun kasance ba-namiji.

Abin da Suka Yi: An ɗauki karatun EEG (aikin lantarki a kan kai) yayin da mahalarta suka kalli hotuna 225. 38 daga cikin hotunan jima'i ne, kuma duk sun shafi mace ɗaya da namiji ɗaya. Wannan karatun EEG na musamman (P300) yana auna kulawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki.

Mahalarta sun kuma kammala tambayoyi guda 4: Inventory of Jima'i Desire (SDI), Sikelin Tilastawa na Jima'i (SCS), Sakamakon Fahimta da Halayyar Tambayoyin Halayyar Jima'i (SBOSBQ), da Sikelin Tasirin Amfani da Batsa (PCES).

Manufa: Don neman daidaito tsakanin matsakaicin karatun EEG da maki na mahalarta akan tambayoyi daban-daban - akan ka'idar cewa duk wani haɗin gwiwa zai ba da haske kan ko amfani da batsa mai matsala aiki ne na jaraba ko kuma babban libido kawai.

Sakamako: Marubutan binciken sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami wata alaƙa mai mahimmanci a kididdiga tsakanin duk bayanan da aka tattara:

"Bambance-bambancen girman P300 da abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa na jima'i, idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa na tsaka-tsaki, suna da alaƙa da ma'aunin sha'awar jima'i , amma ba su da alaƙa da ma'aunin yawan jima'i."

Fassara: Mutanen da ke da ƙarin amsawa ga batsa suna da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya (amma ba ƙarancin sha'awar yin masturbation ba). A wata hanyar kuma: mutanen da ke da ƙarin kunnawar kwakwalwa da sha'awar batsa sun fi son yin masturbation ga batsa fiye da yin jima'i da mutum na gaske. Wannan binciken ya biyo bayan wannan ƙarshe:

"Kammalawa : An tattauna abubuwan da ke haifar da fahimtar yawan jima'i a matsayin babban sha'awa , maimakon rashin tsari."

Shin? Ta yaya ƙarin martani ga batsa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i da mutum ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa yawan jima'i shine a fahimci babban sha'awa? Babu wanda ya sani, amma wannan sabon sauyi shine tushen labarai da yawa. Labarai da dama sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa binciken ya ba da rahoton cewa kwakwalwar masu shan batsa ba ta "yi kama da" kwakwalwar masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba. Steele, et al ., 2013 ba ta faɗi komai ba. Wannan tatsuniya ta samo asali ne daga sanarwar manema labarai ta Nicole Prause da hirarrakinta.

GABA DA KUMA:

Wannan binciken na EEG ba daidai ba ne a cikin kafofin yada labaran a matsayin shaida akan kasancewar jaraba na batsa (ko kuma wani abu, jaraba da jima'i). A gaskiya, YBOP ya tsara wannan binciken a matsayin goyon bayan wanzuwar jaraba na batsa. Me ya sa? Binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girma na EEG (P300) lokacin da aka nuna hotuna a hotuna. Babban P300 mafi girma yana faruwa a yayin da ake nuna addicts ga alamun (irin su hotuna) da suka danganci buri.

Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya ba da rahoton ƙarin martani ga batsa wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i tare. A taƙaice: Binciken ya gano ƙarin kunna kwakwalwa ga batsa tare da ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i (amma ba ƙasa da sha'awar yin lalata da batsa ba). Ba daidai abin da kanun labarai suka faɗa ko marubutan suka yi iƙirarin a kafofin watsa labarai ba.

A bayyane yake cewa kaɗan ne suka damu da karanta binciken, kuma yawancin mutane suna siyan kanun labarai na ƙarya da kuma da'awar da ba a tallafa musu ba. A ƙasa, mun wargaza da'awar da ba ta da tushe kuma mun bayyana abin da binciken ya gano a zahiri, da kuma dalilin da ya sa bai kamata a taɓa buga shi ba. Ina ba da shawarar ɗan gajeren sigar, wanda ke magance manyan da'awar guda uku da aka yada a kafofin watsa labarai. Dogon sigar ya ƙunshi ƙarin bayani da ƙarin nassoshi da yawa.

Yanzu akwai nazarin Steele et al. , 2013 guda 8 da aka yi nazari a kansu. Duk sun yi daidai da sharhin YBOP mai zuwa . Takarda #1 ta keɓe ne kawai ga Steele et al. Takardu 2-7 sun ƙunshi sassan da ke nazarin Steele et al., 2013:

Sabuntawa: A cikin wannan gabatarwar 2018 Gary Wilson ya fallasa gaskiyar da ke bayan nazarin 5 masu tambaya da ruɗani (gami da nazarin EEG guda biyu na Nicole Prause): Binciken Batsa: Gaskiya ko Almara?

MUTANE DA KUMA

Nicole Prause ta gabatar da waɗannan muhawara don tallafawa iƙirarin su cewa "babu jarabar batsa":

In TV hirarraki kuma a cikin UCLA latsa saki mai bincike Nicole Prause ta yi iƙirarin cewa kwakwalwar batutuwa ba ta amsa kamar sauran masu shan tabar ba.
Adadin labarai da ƙarshen binciken sun nuna cewa “luwaɗi” ana fahimtar sa a matsayin “babban sha'awar“, Duk da haka binciken ya bayar da rahoton cewa batutuwa da suka fi girma kwakwalwa kunnawa zuwa batsa suna da ƙananan sha'awar don jima'i.
Steele et al. 2013 yayi jayayya cewa rashin daidaito tsakanin karatun EEG da wasu takaddun tambayoyi na nufin jarabar batsa babu.

Kuna iya karanta dukkanin binciken, amma ga ɗan tsako akan 1, 2 da 3 a sama.

NUMNUMX NUMBER CLAIM: Amsar kwakwalwar batutuwa ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan addicts (cocaine shine misali).

Mafi yawan maganganu da kanun labarai da ke kewaye da wannan binciken sun ta'allaka ne ga wannan da'awar da ba a tallata ta ba. Ga talla:

Sanarwar manema labarai :

“Idan da gaske suna fama da luwaɗi, ko jarabar jima'i, za a iya tsammanin amsar kwakwalwar su ga abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i na gani ya zama mafi girma, ta yadda za a nuna kwakwalwar masu shan hodar Iblis ta nuna ga hotunan magungunan a wasu nazarin. ”

Labari: "An nuna musu hotuna masu ban sha'awa, da kuma lura da yadda kwakwalwar su ke aiki."

Yi wasa: “Idan kuna tunanin matsalolin jima'i jaraba ce, za mu yi tsammanin ganin ingantaccen martani, watakila, ga waɗancan hotunan batsa. Idan kuna tsammanin matsala ce ta impulsivity, za mu yi tsammanin ganin raguwar martani ga waɗannan hotunan jima'i. Kuma gaskiyar cewa ba mu ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alaƙar ba ya nuna cewa babu babban taimako ga kallon waɗannan matsalolin halayen halayen jima'i azaman buri. ”

Hira da Psychology Today :

Menene manufar binciken?

Gwaji : Bincikenmu ya gwada ko mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton irin waɗannan matsalolin suna kama da sauran masu shan muggan kwayoyi daga martanin kwakwalwarsu ga hotunan jima'i. Nazarin da aka yi kan jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi, kamar cocaine, ya nuna tsarin amsawar kwakwalwa ga hotunan miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka mun yi hasashen cewa ya kamata mu ga irin wannan yanayin a cikin mutanen da ke ba da rahoton matsalolin jima'i idan a zahiri jaraba ce.

Shin wannan ya nuna jaraba da jima'i shine labari?

Gwargwadon Nazari : Idan aka maimaita bincikenmu, waɗannan binciken za su wakilci babban ƙalubale ga ka'idojin "jarabawar jima'i" da ake da su a yanzu. Dalilin da ya sa waɗannan binciken ke gabatar da ƙalubale shi ne cewa kwakwalwarsu ba ta mayar da martani ga hotunan kamar sauran masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba.

Abubuwan da ke sama sun yi iƙirarin cewa kwakwalwar mutane ba ta "amsa kamar sauran masu shan kwayoyi ba" ba tare da tallafi ba. Wannan ikirarin ba a same shi a cikin ainihin binciken ba . Ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin tambayoyin Prause. A cikin wannan binciken, mutane suna da mafi girman karatun EEG (P300) lokacin kallon hotunan jima'i - wanda shine ainihin abin da ke faruwa lokacin da masu shan kwayoyi suka kalli hotuna da suka shafi jarabarsu (kamar yadda yake a cikin wannan binciken akan masu shan cocaine ).

Da yake tsokaci a ƙarƙashin hirar Psychology Today na Prause, babban farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, Emeritus John A. Johnson, ya ce :

" Zuciyata har yanzu tana cike da mamaki game da ikirarin Prause cewa kwakwalwar mutanenta ba ta mayar da martani ga hotunan jima'i ba kamar yadda kwakwalwar masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ke mayar da martani ga maganinsu, ganin cewa ta ba da rahoton ƙarin P300 don hotunan jima'i. Kamar masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda ke nuna ƙaruwar P300 lokacin da aka gabatar musu da maganin da suka zaɓa. Ta yaya za ta iya yanke hukunci wanda ya kasance akasin ainihin sakamakon? Ina tsammanin yana iya zama saboda tunaninta - abin da ta yi tsammanin za ta samu."

John Johnson ya ci gaba da cewa :

Mustanski yayi tambaya, "Menene manufar binciken?" Kuma Fuskoshin amsa ya ce, "Nazarinmu ya gwada ko mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton irin wadannan matsalolin [matsalolin da suke kallon kallon su na yanar-gizon erotica] suna kama da sauran masu siyaya daga kwakwalwar su ta hanyar zinawa."

Amma bincike bai kwatanta rikodin kwakwalwa daga mutanen da ke da matsalolin da suke kulawa da ra'ayinsu game da labarun yanar gizo ba zuwa ga rikodin kwakwalwa daga magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma rikodin kwakwalwa daga wani rukuni na marasa rinjaye, wanda zai zama hanya mai mahimmanci don ganin idan amsawar kwakwalwa daga damuwar rukuni suna kama da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa game da masu siya ko wadanda ba'ayi ba.

Maimakon haka, Magana ya yi iƙirarin cewa zane-zane a ciki shine hanya mafi kyau, inda zancen bincike ya zama jagoran ƙungiyar su. Tare da wannan zane, sun gano cewa amsawar EEG a kan batutuwa (a matsayin ƙungiyoyi) don hotunan hotuna ya fi karfi fiye da yadda EEG ke amsawa ga wasu nau'o'in hotuna. Ana nuna wannan a cikin zane-zane na zane-zane (ko da yake saboda wasu dalilai hoton ya bambanta da yawa daga ainihin zane a cikin labarin da aka buga).

Don haka wannan rukunin da ke ba da rahoton cewa yana da matsala wajen daidaita kallon batsa ta intanet yana da ƙarfin amsawar EEG ga hotunan batsa fiye da sauran nau'ikan hotuna. Shin masu shan muggan kwayoyi suna nuna irin wannan ƙarfin amsawar EEG idan aka gabatar musu da maganin da suka zaɓa? Ba mu sani ba. Shin mutanen da ba sa shan kwayoyi na yau da kullun suna nuna ƙarfi kamar ƙungiyar da ke cikin damuwa ga batsa? Kuma, ba mu sani ba. Ba mu san ko wannan tsarin EEG ya fi kama da tsarin kwakwalwa na masu shan muggan kwayoyi ko waɗanda ba sa shan kwayoyi ba.

Researchungiyar bincike ta Prause tayi ikirarin cewa zasu iya nunawa ko ƙaddamar da martabar EEG na batutuwarsu ga erotica amsawar ƙwaƙwalwa ce ko kuma kawai amsawar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar daidaita saiti na yawan tambayoyi tare da bambance-bambancen mutum na amsa EEG. Amma bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin amsa EEG wata tambaya ce ta daban daga bincika ko amsar ƙungiyar duka tana da ƙarfi ko a'a.

Sauƙi: Da'awar cewa kwakwalwar waɗanda abin ya shafa ta bambanta da sauran nau'ikan masu shan muggan kwayoyi ba ta da tallafi. A gaskiya ma, binciken Jami'ar Cambridge na 2014 ( Voon et al. 2013) ya yi nazari kan Steele et al. kuma ya yarda da Johnson: Steele et al. sun ba da rahoton ƙarin P300 dangane da hotunan jima'i dangane da hotuna marasa tsaka tsaki ( ƙididdiga 25 ). Daga binciken Cambridge:

"Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa ayyukan dACC suna nuna rawar da sha'awar jima'i ke takawa, wanda zai iya samun kamanceceniya da wani bincike kan P300 a cikin batutuwa na CSB da ke da alaƙa da sha'awa [25] ……Binciken P300, wani abu da ya shafi taron da ake amfani da shi don nazarin son zuciya a cikin matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, yana nuna matakai masu girma dangane da amfani da nicotine [54], barasa [55], da opiates [56], tare da matakan da ke da alaƙa da alamun sha'awa." ..... Don haka, duka ayyukan dACC a cikin wannan binciken CSB da ayyukan P300 da aka ruwaito a cikin wani binciken CSB da ya gabata na iya nuna irin waɗannan hanyoyin ."

Wannan bita ta 2015 da aka yi wa littattafan ilimin halittar kwakwalwa Steele et al. (an ambaci 303):

"Don haka yayin da waɗannan marubutan [ 303 ] suka yi iƙirarin cewa bincikensu ya musanta amfani da samfurin jaraba ga CSB, Voon et al. sun nuna cewa waɗannan marubutan sun bayar da shaidar da ke goyan bayan wannan samfurin."

NUMNUMX NUMBER CLAIM: Adadin labarai & ƙarshen binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa “liwadi” ana fahimtarsa azaman “babban sha'awar“, Duk da haka binciken ya bayar da rahoton cewa batutuwa da suka fi girma kwakwalwa kunnawa zuwa batsa suna da ƙananan sha'awar don jima'i.

Abin da ba ku karanta ba a cikin tambayoyi da labarai shine binciken ya ba da rahoton mummunan alaƙa tsakanin "tambayoyin sha'awar jima'i tare" da karatun P300. A wata ma'anar, ƙarin kunna kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i (amma ba ƙasa da sha'awar yin lalata da batsa ba). Lura da kalmomin Prause a cikin wannan hirar :

Mene ne babban binciken a cikin bincikenku?

"Mun gano cewa martanin kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ba a yi hasashensa ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin tambayoyi guda uku na yawan jima'i ba. Amsar kwakwalwa an yi hasashenta ne kawai ta hanyar ma'aunin sha'awar jima'i. A wata ma'anar, yawan jima'i ba ya bayyana yana bayyana bambance-bambancen kwakwalwa a martanin jima'i ba fiye da kawai samun yawan sha'awar jima'i."

Lura cewa Prause ya ce ta hanyar " ma'auni " na sha'awar jima'i, ba ta hanyar " dukan Kididdigar Sha'awar Jima'i" ba. Lokacin da aka ƙididdige duk tambayoyin 14 babu wata alaƙa, kuma babu kanun labarai. Abin da ya fi rikitarwa shi ne taken binciken wanda ya yi amfani da "sha'awar jima'i" , maimakon abin da aka gano a zahiri: " mummunan alaƙa da zaɓaɓɓun tambayoyi game da jima'i daga SDI ", amma babu wata alaƙa lokacin da aka ƙididdige duk tambayoyin SDI ".

Ga John Johnson PhD yana sharhi a ƙarƙashin hirar Prause:

"Ƙungiyar Prause ta ba da rahoton cewa kawai alaƙa mai mahimmanci da aka yi da martanin EEG ita ce rashin jituwa (r = -.33) tare da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. A takaice dai, akwai ɗan ƙaramin yanayin ga waɗanda ke da ƙarfin amsawar EEG ga erotica su sami ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. Ta yaya hakan ke faɗi game da ko martanin kwakwalwa na mutanen da ke da matsala wajen daidaita kallonsu na erotica yayi kama da na masu shan kwayoyi ko waɗanda ba sa shan kwayoyi masu yawan sha'awa?"

Wata guda bayan haka John A. Johnson PhD ya buga wani rubutu a shafin yanar gizo na Psychology Today game da nazarin EEG na Prause da abin da ya fahimta a matsayin son zuciya a ɓangarorin biyu na batun. Nicole Prause (a matsayin wanda ba a san shi ba) ta yi tsokaci a ƙarƙashin ɗaukar Johnson a matsayin wanda ya danganta wannan sukar YBOP. Johnson ya amsa da wannan sharhin {https://www.psychologytoday.com/comment/565666#comment-565666} wanda Prause bai amsa ba:

Idan batun binciken shine ya nuna cewa "duk mutane" (ba wai kawai wadanda ake zargi da lalata da jima'i ba) suna nuna karu a cikin P300 amplitude lokacin kallon hotunan jima'i, kunyi daidai – Ban fahimci batun ba, saboda binciken yana amfani da jima'i ne kawai jaraba. Idan binciken * ya yi aiki da ƙungiyar kwatanta marasa lafiya kuma suka gano cewa sun nuna P300 karu, to, masu binciken za su sami hujja game da da'awar cewa kwakwalwar waɗanda ake kira masu lalata da maza suna yin daidai da waɗanda ba sa shan magani , don haka wataƙila babu wani banbanci tsakanin waɗanda ake zargi da shan addican kwaya da waɗanda ba sa shan su. Madadin haka, binciken ya nuna cewa wadanda suka bayyana kansu da kansu sun nuna karuwar P300 saboda abin da suka bayyana da kansa “jaraba” (hotunan batsa), kamar yadda masu shan hodar iblis ke nuna karuwar P300 yayin da aka gabatar da hodar iblis, masu shaye-shaye suna nuna karuwar P300 lokacin da gabatar da barasa, da dai sauransu.

Game da abin da alaƙar da ke tsakanin faɗakarwar P300 da sauran ƙididdiga suka nuna, babban mahimmin haɗin kai shi ne * mummunan * haɗi tare da sha'awar yin jima'i tare da abokin tarayya. A takaice dai, thearfin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ga hoton jima'i, ƙarancin sha'awar * mutum ya yi jima'i da mutumin gaske. Wannan sauti ne a wurina kamar bayanin wanda ya daidaita akan hotuna wanda yake da matsala haɗuwa da jima'i da mutane a rayuwa ta ainihi. Zan iya cewa wannan mutumin yana da matsala. Ko muna so mu kira wannan matsalar "jaraba" har yanzu ana iya jayayya. Amma ban ga yadda wannan binciken yake nuna * rashin * jaraba a cikin wannan samfurin ba.

Sauƙi: Babu wata alaƙa tsakanin karatun EEG da jerin tambayoyin sha'awar jima'i guda 14. Ko da kuwa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa, da'awar cewa "babban sha'awa" ta keɓance ga "jaraba" abin dariya ne. Bugu da ƙari, karatun P300 sun kasance marasa kyau ( r=-.33) da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. A taƙaice - waɗanda suka fi mayar da martani ga batsa ba su da sha'awar jima'i da mutum na gaske.

Duba wannan jerin - Yawancin karatu suna gurɓata da'awar cewa jima'i da lalata da batsa "kawai suna da sha'awar jima'i sosai"

NUMNUMX NUMBER CLAIM: Shafin batsa ba ya wanzu saboda rashin daidaituwa tsakanin batutuwan 'karatun EEG da ƙididdigar batutuwa akan Siffar ularfafa Jima'i.

Rashin alaƙa tsakanin EEG da tambayoyi ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar dalilai da yawa:

1) Mutanen da aka yi wa tambayoyi sun kasance maza da mata, ciki har da mutane 7 da ba 'yan luwaɗi ba , amma an nuna su duka hotuna na maza da mata na yau da kullun, wataƙila ba su da ban sha'awa. Wannan kaɗai ya rage duk wani bincike. Me yasa?

Nazarin bayan nazarin ya tabbatar da cewa maza da mata suna da mahimmancin ra'ayoyin kwakwalwa ga hotuna ko fina-finai.
Nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai amfani ya ƙunshi batutuwa masu kama da jinsi: jinsi ɗaya, daidaitawar jima'i, tare da shekaru masu kama da IQ.
Ta yaya masu bincike zasu ba da hujja ga wadanda ba maza da mata ba a cikin gwaji tare da batsa kawai - sannan kuma su yanke shawara mai yawa daga rashin daidaito (wanda ake iya hangowa)?

2) Ba a riga an tantance mutanen da abin ya shafa ba. Nazarin kwakwalwa na jaraba masu inganci yana tantance mutane game da yanayin da suka riga suka kasance (baƙin ciki, OCD, wasu jaraba, da sauransu). Duba binciken Cambridge don misali na ingantaccen tantancewa da hanyar aiki.

3) Mutane sun fuskanci matakai daban-daban na amfani da batsa, daga mai tsanani zuwa ƙarami. An yi magana daga Prause:

"Wannan binciken kawai ya hada da mutanen da suka bayar da rahoton matsaloli, tun daga kanana zuwa matsaloli masu yawa, masu kula da yadda suke kallon abubuwan jima'i na gani."

Wannan shi kaɗai zai iya bayyana sakamako daban-daban waɗanda ba su daidaita ta hanyar da ake iya faɗi ba. Binciken ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan binciken ba shi da ɗayan.

4) SCS (Scale of Compulsivity Scale) ba gwajin tantancewa bane mai inganci ga jarabar batsa ta intanet ko ga mata. An ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 1995 kuma an tsara ta ne da tunanin jima'i ba tare da tsari ba (dangane da binciken annobar cutar kanjamau). SCS ta ce :

"Yakamata ya kamata a nuna sikelin a matsayin hangen nesa na halayen jima'i, lambobi na masu yin jima'i, yin aiki da dama na halin jima'i, da kuma tarihin cututtukan cututtuka da ake jima'i."

Bugu da ƙari, mai gabatarwa na SCS yayi kashedin cewa wannan kayan aiki ba zai nuna ilimin kwakwalwa a cikin mata ba,

"Ƙungiyoyi tsakanin jima'i da kuma sauran alamomi na ilimin lissafi sun nuna alamu daban-daban ga maza da mata; halayen jima'i an hade da alamun ilimin kimiyya a maza amma ba cikin mata ba. "

Kamar SCS, tambaya ta biyu ( CBOSB ) ba ta da tambayoyi game da amfani da batsa ta intanet. An tsara ta ne don tantance mutanen da ke da "maza da mata masu yawan jima'i", kuma waɗanda ba sa iya sarrafa halayen jima'i.

Sauƙi: Dole ne "binciken kwakwalwa" mai inganci na jaraba ya zama: 1) yana da batutuwa iri ɗaya da iko, 2) duba wasu matsalolin kwakwalwa da jaraba, 3) amfani da tambayoyi da tambayoyi masu inganci don tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ake zargi da jaraba ne. Wannan binciken EEG akan masu amfani da batsa bai yi ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ba. Wannan kaɗai ya rage sakamakon binciken.

Analysis of Steele et al., 2013 daga wannan bita da aka yi nazari game da ɗan adam - Abubuwan da ke cikin yanar-gizon Intanit Hotuna: A Review da Update (2015)

Wani bincike na EEG kan waɗanda ke korafi game da matsalolin da ke daidaita kallon batsa ta intanet ya ba da rahoton amsawar jijiyoyi ga abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa [ 303 ]. An tsara binciken ne don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin girman ERP lokacin kallon hotunan motsin rai da jima'i da ma'aunin tambayoyi na yawan jima'i da sha'awar jima'i. Marubutan sun kammala da cewa rashin alaƙa tsakanin maki akan tambayoyin yawan jima'i da matsakaicin girman P300 lokacin kallon hotunan jima'i "sun kasa samar da tallafi ga samfuran yawan jima'i na rashin lafiya" [ 303 ] (shafi na 10). Duk da haka, rashin alaƙar na iya zama mafi kyau a bayyana ta hanyar kurakuran da ake jayayya a cikin hanyar. Misali, wannan binciken ya yi amfani da wani yanki na batutuwa daban-daban (maza da mata, gami da 7 waɗanda ba 'yan jinsi ba). Nazarin Cue-reactivity kwatanta martanin kwakwalwa na masu shan jaraba ga masu lafiya yana buƙatar batutuwa iri ɗaya (jinsi ɗaya, shekaru iri ɗaya) don samun sakamako masu inganci. Musamman ma nazarin jarabar batsa, an tabbatar da cewa maza da mata sun bambanta sosai a cikin martanin kwakwalwa da na kai ga irin abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awar jima'i iri ɗaya [ 304 , 305 , 306 ]. Bugu da ƙari, ba a tabbatar da tambayoyi biyu na tantancewa ga masu amfani da IP masu jaraba ba, kuma ba a tantance waɗanda abin ya shafa don wasu alamun jaraba ko rikicewar yanayi ba.

Bugu da ƙari, an tattauna ƙarshen da aka jera a cikin taƙaitaccen bayani, "Alamar fahimtar yawan sha'awa a matsayin babban sha'awa, maimakon rashin tsari, an tattauna" [ 303 ] (shafi na 1) ya yi kama da ba daidai ba idan aka yi la'akari da binciken da aka yi cewa girman P300 yana da alaƙa mara kyau da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a Hilton (2014), wannan binciken "ya saba wa fassarar P300 a matsayin babban sha'awa" [ 307 ]. Binciken Hilton ya ƙara nuna cewa rashin ƙungiyar kulawa da rashin iyawar fasahar EEG don bambance tsakanin "babban sha'awar jima'i" da "tilasta jima'i" ya sa binciken Steele et al. ba za a iya fassara shi ba [ 307 ].

A ƙarshe, wani muhimmin bincike na takardar (ƙarin girman P300 zuwa hotunan jima'i, idan aka kwatanta da hotuna masu tsaka-tsaki) ba a ba shi kulawa sosai a ɓangaren tattaunawa ba. Wannan abin mamaki ne, domin abin da aka fi sani da masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da intanet shine ƙaruwar girman P300 idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa lokacin da aka fallasa su ga alamun gani da ke da alaƙa da jarabarsu [ 308 ]. A gaskiya ma, Voon, et al. [ 262 ] sun keɓe wani ɓangare na tattaunawarsu suna nazarin binciken P300 na wannan binciken da ya gabata. Voon et al. sun ba da bayanin mahimmancin P300 wanda ba a bayar a cikin takardar Steele ba, musamman dangane da samfuran jaraba da aka kafa, suna kammalawa,

Saboda haka, duka ayyukan dACC a cikin binciken CSB na yanzu da ayyukan P300 da aka ruwaito a cikin wani binciken CSB da ya gabata [ 303 ] na iya nuna irin waɗannan hanyoyin kama hankali. Hakazalika, duka binciken sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan matakan da haɓaka sha'awa. A nan muna ba da shawarar cewa aikin dACC yana da alaƙa da sha'awa, wanda zai iya nuna ma'aunin sha'awa, amma bai yi daidai da son shawara akan samfurin ƙarfafawa na jaraba ba. [ 262 ] (shafi na 7)

Don haka yayin da waɗannan marubutan [ 303 ] suka yi iƙirarin cewa bincikensu ya musanta amfani da samfurin jaraba ga CSB, Voon et al. sun nuna cewa waɗannan marubutan sun bayar da shaidar da ke goyan bayan wannan samfurin.

MUKAN RAYUWA

Sakamakon Ya Fada Abu daya, Yayinda Kammalallen Nazarin da Mawallafa ke Nuna Akasin hakan

Taken binciken, tare da kanun labarai da yawa, sun bayyana cewa an sami alaƙa (dangantaka) tsakanin "sha'awar jima'i" kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar Inventory na Sha'awar Jima'i da karatun EEG. Dangane da duk abin da za mu iya samu, SDI jarrabawa ce mai tambayoyi 14. Tara daga cikin tambayoyinta suna magance sha'awar jima'i ta haɗin gwiwa (“dyadic”) da kuma huɗu suna magance sha'awar jima'i ta haɗin gwiwa (“ni kaɗai”). Don kawai a fayyace, an cimma mummunan alaƙar binciken ne kawai da tambayoyin jima'i ta haɗin gwiwa daga SDI. Babu wata muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin karatun P300 da duk tambayoyin akan SDI. Sakamakon binciken da aka ɗauka daga taƙaitaccen bayani:

SAKAMAKO : "Bambance-bambancen girman P300 da abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa na jima'i, idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa na tsaka-tsaki, yana da mummunan alaƙa da ma'aunin sha'awar jima'i , amma ba shi da alaƙa da ma'aunin yawan jima'i."

Fassara: Mutanen da suka fi nuna rashin jin daɗi ga batsa (mafi girman EEG) sun sami ƙarancin maki a sha'awarsu ta yin jima'i da abokin tarayya (amma ba sha'awarsu ta yin jima'i ba). A wata hanyar, ƙarin martanin da aka bayar yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i (duk da haka har yanzu suna son yin jima'i da batsa). Duk da haka jumla ta gaba ta mayar da ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya zuwa babban sha'awar jima'i :

KAMMALAWA : An tattauna ma'anar fahimtar yawan jima'i a matsayin babban sha'awa , maimakon rashin tsari.

Shin Steele da abokan aikinsa yanzu suna da'awar cewa sun ga sha'awar jima'i mai yawa tana da alaƙa da mafi girman karatun P300 ? To, hakan bai faru ba, kamar yadda John Johnson PhD ya bayyana a cikin wannan martanin da takwarorinsu suka yi :

"Binciken da aka yi a kididdiga guda ɗaya bai ce komai game da jaraba ba. Bugu da ƙari, wannan muhimmin binciken yana da alaƙa mara kyau tsakanin P300 da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya (r=−0.33), yana nuna cewa girman P300 yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i; wannan ya saba wa fassarar P300 kai tsaye a matsayin babban sha'awa . Babu kwatancen da aka yi da sauran ƙungiyoyin masu shan kwayoyi. Babu kwatancen da aka yi da ƙungiyoyin masu shan kwayoyi. Kammalawar da masu binciken suka yanke wani tsalle ne daga bayanai, wanda ba ya nufin ko mutanen da ke ba da rahoton matsala wajen daidaita kallon hotunan jima'i suna da ko ba su da martanin kwakwalwa kamar hodar iblis ko wani nau'in masu shan kwayoyi."

Me yasa dole John Johnson ya tunatar da marubutan da kowa, cewa Karfe et al. a zahiri an sami "ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya", maimakon "babban sha'awar jima'i"? Saboda yawancin Steele et al. da kuma kafofin watsa labarai blitz yana nuna cewa cue-reactivity zuwa batsa ya haɗu da babban sha'awar jima'i. Arshen da aka ɗauka daga m:

Kammalawa : An tattauna abubuwan da ke haifar da fahimtar yawan jima'i a matsayin babban sha'awa, maimakon rashin tsari.

Me za ka ce? Amma bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka fi nuna alamun amsawa ba su da sha'awar yin jima'i da abokin tarayya.

Bugu da ƙari, an maimaita kalmar "sha'awar jima'i" sau 63 a cikin binciken, kuma taken binciken (Sha'awar Jima'i, Ba Jinsi Ba….) yana nuna cewa ƙarin kunnawar kwakwalwa ga alamu yana da alaƙa da sha'awar jima'i mafi girma. Karanta cikakken ƙarshen binciken kuma kai ma za ka iya ɗauka cewa marubutan sun ga mafi girma maimakon ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i:

A ƙarshe, ma'aunin farko na amsawar jijiyoyi ga abubuwan da ke haifar da jima'i da waɗanda ba na jima'i ba a cikin samfurin rahotannin matsalolin da ke daidaita kallon su na abubuwan da ke haifar da irin wannan abubuwan sun gaza samar da tallafi ga samfuran abubuwan da ke haifar da jima'i, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar tambayoyi. Musamman, bambance-bambancen da ke cikin taga P300 tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da jima'i da tsaka tsaki an annabta su ne ta hanyar sha'awar jima'i , amma ba ta hanyar kowane (daga cikin) ma'auni uku na yawan jima'i ba. Idan sha'awar jima'i ta fi yin hasashen martanin jijiyoyi ga abubuwan da ke haifar da jima'i, sarrafa sha'awar jima'i , ba tare da dole ba ne a magance wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan jima'i, na iya zama hanya mai tasiri don rage jin daɗin jima'i ko halaye masu ban tsoro.

Babu inda muka ga ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i. Madadin haka, an ba mu - " annabta ta hanyar sha'awar jima'i" da "kula da sha'awar jima'i" da "rage jin daɗin jima'i ko halaye masu ban tsoro." Ba wai kawai binciken ya sa masu karatu su yarda cewa jarabar batsa kawai sha'awar jima'i ce mai yawa ba, Prause ta ƙarfafa wannan meme a cikin hirarrakinta : (lura da kalmomin)

Mene ne babban binciken a cikin bincikenku?

"Mun gano cewa martanin kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ba a yi hasashensa ta hanyar ma'aunin tambayoyi guda uku na yawan jima'i ba. Amsar kwakwalwa an yi hasashenta ne kawai ta hanyar ma'aunin sha'awar jima'i. A wata ma'anar, yawan jima'i ba ya bayyana bambance-bambancen kwakwalwa a martanin jima'i ba fiye da kawai samun yawan sha'awar jima'i. "

An ce Prause ta hanyar " ma'auni " na sha'awar jima'i, ba ta hanyar "dukan Abubuwan Sha'awar Jima'i" ba . Lokacin da aka ƙididdige duk tambayoyin 14 babu wata alaƙa, kuma babu wani kanun labarai da zai juya baya. Prause ta yi iƙirarin haka a cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta UCLA :

"Ba a yi hasashen martanin kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ta hanyar ma'aunin tambayoyi guda uku na jima'i ba," in ji ta. " Amsar kwakwalwa tana da alaƙa ne kawai da ma'aunin sha'awar jima'i . A wata ma'anar, jima'i ba ya bayyana yana bayyana martanin kwakwalwa ga hotunan jima'i ba fiye da kawai samun babban sha'awa. "

A cikin hirarrakin biyu, an nuna cewa ƙarin karatun P300 yana da alaƙa da "ƙarfin sha'awa". Kowa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ya saya. Idan aka yi la'akari da binciken, Steele et al. ya kamata a kira su - " ƙarfin hulɗa mara kyau da tambayoyi game da jima'i tare , amma babu wata alaƙa lokacin da aka ƙididdige duk tambayoyin SDI ".

Sauƙi: Cue-reactivity (karantawa na P300) sun kasance suna da alaƙa mara kyau (r=-.33) da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. A taƙaice: ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i ya haɗu da mafi girman amsawar alama ga batsa. Gabaɗaya, babu wata alaƙa tsakanin karatun EEG da duk jerin tambayoyin jima'i 14. Ko da akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa, da'awar cewa "babban sha'awa" ta keɓance ga "jaraba" ba gaskiya ba ne.

A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa binciken ya ƙunshi kurakurai guda biyu dangane da SDI. Ya faɗi binciken:

" SDI yana auna matakan sha'awar jima'i ta amfani da ma'auni biyu da suka ƙunshi abubuwa bakwai kowanne . "

A gaskiya ma, Littafin Sha'awar Jima'i ya ƙunshi tambayoyi tara da aka haɗa kai , tambayoyi huɗu na musamman , da kuma tambaya ɗaya da ba za a iya rarraba ta ba (#14).

Kuskure na biyu : Tebur na 2 ya ce adadin maki na gwaji na kaɗaici shine "3-26," amma duk da haka matsakaicin mace ya wuce shi. Yana da maki 26.46 - a zahiri daga jadawalin. Me ya faru? Tambayoyin jima'i guda huɗu (10-13) sun haɗu zuwa ƙima na "31".

Gidan watsa labaran watsa labaran, wanda ya hada tare da buga wannan binciken, ya kafa asusun da ya sa ido a kan sakamakon SDI. Duk da haka nazarin binciken ya ƙunshi kurakuran ɓoye game da SDI kanta, wanda ba ya haifar da amincewa ga masu bincike.

Haƙuri mai girma yana da cikakkiyar daidaituwa tare da buri?

Duk da cewa Steele da abokan aikinsa sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i da ke da alaƙa da amsawar da aka yi wa juna, yana da mahimmanci a magance da'awar da ba a yarda da ita ba cewa "sha'awar jima'i mai girma" tana da alaƙa da jarabar batsa. Rashin hankali zai bayyana idan mutum ya yi la'akari da zato dangane da wasu jaraba. (Don ƙarin bayani duba wannan sukar Steele da abokan aikinsa . - Babban sha'awa', ko 'kawai' jaraba ce? Amsa ga Steele da abokan aikinsa , na Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD* .)

Alal misali, shin irin wannan ma'anar na nufin kasancewa mummunan ƙari, da ikon sarrafa cin abinci, da kuma rashin jin dadi game da shi, kawai "sha'awar abinci ne?" Bugu da ƙari, dole ne mutum ya yanke shawarar cewa masu shan giya suna da sha'awar barasa, dama? A takaice dai, dukkan addicts suna da "marmarin sha'awa" don abubuwan da suke yin abin ba da lahani (da ake kira "farfadowa"), ko da lokacin da jin dadin irin wadannan ayyukan ya raguwa saboda wasu canji-kwakwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (lalatawa).

Yawancin ƙwararrun masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi suna ɗaukar "ci gaba da amfani da shi duk da mummunan sakamako" a matsayin babban alamar jaraba. Bayan haka, wani zai iya samun matsalar rashin ƙarfin mazakuta da batsa ke haifarwa kuma ya kasa yin amfani da kwamfuta a cikin ginshiki na mahaifiyarsa. Duk da haka, a cewar waɗannan masu binciken, matuƙar yana nuna "sha'awar jima'i mai yawa," ba shi da jaraba. Wannan yanayin ya yi watsi da duk abin da aka sani game da jaraba, gami da alamu da halayen da duk masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ke rabawa , kamar mummunan sakamako, rashin iya sarrafa amfani, sha'awa, da sauransu.

Shin wannan binciken wani ɓangare ne na bincike mai zurfi bisa ga wata dabara ta musamman cewa duk wani ma'auni na "babban sha'awa," duk da abin tambaya, yana ba da kariya daga jaraba? Wani masanin jinsi na Kanada ya yi ƙoƙarin zana wannan hoton a cikin wata takarda ta 2010 mai taken, Dysregulated sexuality and high sexual desire: different structures? Da yake lura da cewa mutanen da ke neman magani don jarabar halayen jima'i suna ba da rahoton jima'i mara kyau da kuma babban sha'awa, ya kammala da ƙarfin hali:

"Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa yin lalata da jima'i, kamar yadda aka fahimta a yanzu, aka lakafta shi, kuma aka auna shi, na iya zama alama ce ta babban sha'awar jima'i da damuwar da ke tattare da gudanar da babban mataki na tunanin jima'i, ji, da buƙatu."

Bugu da ƙari, jarabar halayyar jima’i kanta tana haifar da sha’awa wacce galibi ta nuna a matsayin “maɗaukakiyar tunanin jima’i, ji, da buƙatu.” Tunani ne kawai na bayar da shawarar “babban sha'awar jima'i” yana kawar da kasancewar jaraba. A ƙasa akwai karatun da kai tsaye ke ƙaryata “jarabar batsa ainihin tsananin sha'awar” samfurin:

Shawarar Cybersex: Tashin hankali na jima'i lokacin kallon hotunan batsa kuma ba lambobin sadarwar da ke rayuwa na ainihi ya haifar da bambanci (2013)

Ambato: "Bugu da ƙari, an nuna cewa masu amfani da yanar gizo masu matsala suna ba da rahoton ƙarin sha'awar jima'i da kuma sha'awar da suka samo asali daga gabatarwar alamun batsa. A cikin binciken biyu, adadin da ingancin hulɗar jima'i ta gaske ba su da alaƙa da jarabar yanar gizo."

Tsarin Kwakwalwa da Haɗin Aiki da Aka Haɗa da Cin Abinci da Batsa: Kwakwalwa akan Batsa (2014).

Wannan binciken na FMRI ya gano cewa lokutan da suka fi girma a kowane mako / karin shekaru masu kallon batsa sun haɗu da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa idan an nuna su a hotuna na batilla. Masu binciken sun ce:

"Wannan ya yi daidai da hasashen cewa yawan fallasa ga abubuwan batsa yana haifar da raguwar amsawar jijiyoyi ga abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa ."

Kühn & Gallinat sun kuma bayar da rahoton ƙarin amfani da batsa wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin lada mai launi da kuma katse hanyoyin da ke tattare da sarrafa motsin rai. A cikin wannan labarin, mai bincike Simone Kühn, ya ce:

"Wannan na iya nufin cewa yin amfani da batsa na yau da kullum ko fiye ko žasa ya fitar da tsarin aikin ku."

Kühn ya ce a halin da ake ciki a hankali, wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sun nuna masu amfani da batsa suna neman abu da littafi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo mafi tsanani.

"Wannan zai dace daidai da tsammanin tsarin haɗin su na bukatar ƙarfafawa."

A sauƙaƙe, mutanen da suke amfani da karin batsa na iya buƙatar ɗaukar matsala don matakin da aka amsa a cikin masu amfani da wuta, kuma hotuna na vanilla batsa ba su iya yin rajista kamar yadda duk abin sha'awa ba. Ƙananan sha'awa, ya zama marasa kula, da ƙananan karatu na EEG. Ƙarshen labarin.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da jigilar jima'i a cikin Mutum tare da ba tare da halayen jima'i ba (2014)

Wannan binciken ya gano cewa masu yin lalata da batsa suna da aikin kwakwalwa kamar yadda aka gani a cikin masu shan kwayoyi da mashaya. Masu binciken sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa kashi 60% na batutuwa (matsakaicin shekaru: 25) suna da wahalar cimma buri / motsawa tare da abokan tarayya, amma duk da haka za su iya cin nasara tare da batsa. Wannan binciken ya lalata da'awar cewa masu amfani da batsa suna da sha'awar jima'i fiye da waɗanda ba masu amfani da batsa ba.

Me yasa bambance-bambance tsakanin tambayoyin da karatu na EEG?

Babban ikirari da Steele et al suka yi shi ne cewa rashin alaƙa tsakanin karatun EEG (P300) da wasu tambayoyi yana nufin babu jarabar batsa. Manyan dalilai guda biyu sun haifar da rashin alaƙa:

Masu binciken sun zabi manyan batutuwa dabam dabam (mata, maza, maza da mata, maza da mata,), amma ya nuna musu duk abin da yake daidai, mai yiwuwa ba tare da jin dadi ba, namiji da mace. A taƙaice, sakamakon binciken nan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin da maza, mata, da maza da mata ba su da bambanci a cikin abin da suke bayarwa ga hotunan jima'i. Wannan ba shine batun ba (a kasa).
Takaddun tambayoyin guda biyu Steele et al. dogara a cikin duka binciken EEG don tantance "jarabar batsa" ba a inganta su don yin amfani da batsa na intanet / jaraba. A cikin 'yan jaridu, Yi amfani da maimaita nuna rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙididdigar EEG da ma'aunin "luwadi", amma babu wani dalili da zai sa ran daidaito a cikin jarabar batsa.

Bambance-bambancen da Ba a Karɓa ba na Gwaji: Masu binciken sun zaɓi batutuwa daban-daban (mata, maza, maza da mata, waɗanda ba 'yan luwaɗi ba), amma sun nuna musu duk batsa ta maza da mata ta yau da kullun, wataƙila ba ta da ban sha'awa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, saboda ya keta ƙa'idar da aka saba amfani da ita don nazarin jaraba, inda masu bincike suka zaɓi batutuwa masu kama da juna dangane da shekaru, jinsi, yanayin, har ma da IQ iri ɗaya ( da ƙungiyar kula da iri ɗaya) don guje wa karkacewar da irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen suka haifar. A zahiri, cikakken nazarin meta-nazarin tasirin amsawa a cikin nazarin jaraba ya ba da rahoton manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata:

“Jinsi da alama yana tasiri ga tasirin jijiyoyin jiki. Ta haka ne tasirin sakewa tsakanin kasashen biyu ga alamun magungunan ƙwayoyi a cikin culmen da jikin caudate keɓaɓɓe ne ga marasa lafiyar maza masu dogaro da ƙwayoyi. Bugu da kari, martanin da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu na insula ga abubuwan da suka shafi dabi'a ya bayyana kantin sayar da kara wani abu na musamman game da jijiyoyin jiki, yayin da kunna huldar da ke cikin kwalliya ta baya wata alama ce ta nuna karfin mata. Wadannan sakamakon bincike na wayar da kan jama'a yana nuni da kasancewar samuwar abubuwan da suka shafi jinsi a cikin aikin karfin jiji da jijiyoyin jiki. ”

Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga nazarin kamar wannan, wanda ya zaku da sha'awar jima'i, kamar yadda bincike ya tabbatar cewa maza da mata suna da mahimmancin ra'ayoyin kwakwalwa ga hotuna ko fina-finai. Wannan kuskure kadai yana bayanin rashin daidaitattun abubuwa tsakanin karatu na EEG da tambayoyi. Nazarin baya ya tabbatar da bambancin bambancin tsakanin maza da mata dangane da hotunan jima'i. Duba, alal misali:

Za mu iya tabbata cewa wanda ba namiji ba yana da sha'awar batsa ta namiji da mace kamar namijin da ba namiji ba? A'a, kuma haɗa shi/ta na iya ɓata matsakaicin EEG wanda ke haifar da alaƙa mai ma'ana ba zai yiwu ba. Duba, misali, Da'irar jijiyoyi na ƙyama da sha'awar jima'i ke haifarwa a cikin mazan da ke da luwaɗi da mazan da ba namiji ba: nazarin fMRI.

Abin mamaki, Prause kanta ta bayyana a cikin wani bincike na baya (2012) cewa mutane sun bambanta sosai a cikin martanin su ga hotunan jima'i:

"Ra'ayoyin fina-finai suna da rauni ga bambancin mutum dangane da abubuwa daban-daban na abubuwan da suka faru (Rupp & Wallen, 2007), fifiko don takamaiman abun ciki (Janssen, Goodrich, Petrocelli, & Bancroft, 2009) ko tarihin asibiti da ke yin ɓangarorin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin () Wouda et al., 1998). "

"Duk da haka, mutane za su bambanta sosai a cikin abubuwan gani da ke nuna sha'awar jima'i a gare su (Graham, Sanders, Milhausen, & McBride, 2004)."

A cikin wani binciken Prause da aka buga makonni kaɗan kafin wannan ta ce:

"Yawancin karatu da ke amfani da sanannen Tsarin Hoto na Hotuna na Duniya (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1999) suna amfani da abubuwa daban-daban na maza da mata a cikin samfurin su."

Mai yiwuwa Prause ya kamata ya karanta maganganun kansa don gane dalilin da yasa littattafan EEG na yanzu suna bambanta da yawa. Bambanci dabam-dabam na al'ada ne, kuma akwai bambanci da yawa da za'a sa ran su tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na jinsi.

Tambayoyi marasa Muhimmanci: SCS ( Siffar Tilasta Jima'i ) ba za ta iya tantance jarabar batsa ta intanet ba. An ƙirƙira ta a shekarar 1995 kuma an tsara ta ne da tunanin jima'i mara tsari (dangane da binciken annobar cutar AIDS). SCS ta ce :

"Yakamata ya kamata a nuna sikelin a matsayin hangen nesa na halayen jima'i, lambobi na masu yin jima'i, yin aiki da dama na halin jima'i, da kuma tarihin cututtukan cututtuka da ake jima'i."

Bugu da ƙari, mai haɓaka SCS ɗin ya yi gargaɗin cewa wannan kayan aikin ba zai nuna ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa ga mata ba:

"Ƙungiyoyi tsakanin maki na tilastawa jima'i da sauran alamomin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun nuna alamu daban-daban ga maza da mata; tilastawa jima'i yana da alaƙa da alamun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin maza amma ba a cikin mata ba. "

Bugu da ƙari, SCS ya haɗa da tambayoyin da suka shafi abokan hulɗa waɗanda masu jarabar batsa na Intanet za su iya zana daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da masu jarabar jima'i, saboda masu amfani da batsa masu ƙarfi suna da sha'awar cyber erotica fiye da ainihin jima'i.

Kamar SCS, tambayoyin mata masu yawan jima'i na biyu, Sakamakon Fahimta da Halayyar Sikeli na Halayyar Jima'i ( CBOSB, McBride, Reece, & Sanders, 2007 ) ba shi da wata tambaya game da amfani da batsa ta Intanet. An tsara shi ne don tantance batutuwa masu "zumunci", da kuma halayen jima'i marasa iko - ba wai kawai amfani da kayan batsa da ke bayyana a intanet fiye da kima ba.

Wani tambayoyin da masu binciken suka gudanar shine PCES (Siffar Tasirin Amfani da Batsa), wanda aka kira shi " mafarki mai ban tsoro ," kuma babu wani dalili da zai sa a yi imani cewa zai iya nuna wani abu game da jarabar batsa ta intanet ko jarabar jima'i.

Don haka, rashin daidaituwa tsakanin karatun EEG da waɗannan tambayoyin ba sa ba da goyan baya ga ƙarshen binciken ko da'awar marubucin.

Babu Binciken Kafin A Yi : Ba a riga an yi wa mutanen da aka yi wa jaraba gwajin ba. Nazarin kwakwalwa na jaraba masu inganci yana tantance mutanen da ke da yanayin da suka riga suka kasance (baƙin ciki, OCD, wasu jaraba, da sauransu). Wannan ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo da masu bincike masu alhakin za su iya yanke shawara game da jaraba. Duba nazarin Cambridge don misali na tantancewa da hanyoyin da suka dace.

Ba a riga an yi wa mutanen da aka yi wa jarabar batsa gwajin jaraba ba. Tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi don nazarin jaraba shine a tantance mutanen da aka yi wa jaraba da gwajin jaraba domin a kwatanta waɗanda suka gwada tabbatacce ga jaraba da waɗanda ba su yi ba. Waɗannan masu binciken ba su yi haka ba, duk da cewa akwai gwajin jarabar batsa ta Intanet . Madadin haka, masu bincike sun gudanar da Sikelin Tilastawa na Jima'i bayan an riga an zaɓi mahalarta. Kamar yadda aka bayyana, SCS ba ta da inganci ga jarabar batsa ko ga mata.

Amfani da Batsa na Gabaɗaya Don Batutuwa Mabanbanta : Steele et al. sun yarda cewa zaɓin batsa "marasa isasshe" na iya haifar da canje-canje a sakamakonsa. Ko da a cikin yanayi mai kyau, zaɓin batsa na gwaji yana da wahala, domin masu amfani da batsa (musamman masu jaraba) galibi suna ƙaruwa ta hanyar jerin dandano. Mutane da yawa suna ba da rahoton cewa ba su da isasshen amsawar jima'i ga nau'ikan batsa waɗanda ba su dace da lokacinsu na batsa ba - gami da nau'ikan da suka ga suna da ban sha'awa a baya a cikin ayyukansu na kallon batsa. Misali, yawancin batsa na yau ana cinye su ta hanyar bidiyo mai ma'ana, kuma hotunan da aka yi amfani da su a nan ba za su iya haifar da irin wannan martanin ba.

Saboda haka, amfani da batsa na yau da kullun na iya shafar sakamako. Idan mai sha'awar batsa yana tsammanin kallon batsa, ayyukan da'irar lada suna ƙaruwa. Duk da haka idan batsa ta zama wasu hotuna masu ban sha'awa na maza da mata waɗanda ba su dace da nau'in ko hotonsa na yanzu ba maimakon bidiyon batsa mai ma'ana, mai amfani yana iya samun ƙarancin amsa ko ma rashin jin daɗi . "Menene hakan ?"

Wannan kwatankwacin gwajin tasirin tasirin yawancin jarabawan abinci ta hanyar yiwa kowa abinci iri ɗaya: dankalin turawa. Idan mai halarta baya son dankalin turawa, to dole ne ta sami matsala game da yawan cin abinci, dama?

Ingantaccen jarabawar "binciken kwakwalwa" dole ne: 1) suna da batutuwa masu iko da iko, 2) fitar da sauran rikicewar hankali da sauran addinai, kuma 3) yi amfani da ingantattun tambayoyi da tambayoyi don tabbatar da batutuwan ainihin batsa. Steele et al. bai yi ɗayan waɗannan ba, amma ya yanke hukunci mai yawa kuma ya buga su a ko'ina.

Babu Kungiyar Gudanarwa, Duk da haka Kayan da ake Bukata daya

Masu binciken ba su binciko rukunin masu kula da masu amfani da batsa ba. Wannan bai hana marubutan yin da'awa ba a cikin kafofin watsa labarai wanda ke buƙatar kwatancen rukunin sarrafawa. Misali:

Sanarwar manema labarai ta UCLA :

“Idan da gaske suna fama da luwaɗi, ko jarabar jima'i, za a iya tsammanin amsar kwakwalwar su ga abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i na gani ya zama mafi girma, ta yadda za a nuna kwakwalwar masu shan hodar Iblis ta nuna ga hotunan magungunan a wasu nazarin. ”

Mai rahoto: "An nuna musu hotuna daban-daban na batsa, kuma an sa ido kan yadda kwakwalwarsu ke aiki."

Addu'a : "Idan kuna tunanin matsalolin jima'i jaraba ce, da mun yi tsammanin ganin ƙarin martani , wataƙila, ga waɗannan hotunan jima'i. Idan kuna tunanin matsalar sha'awa ce, da mun yi tsammanin ganin raguwar martani ga waɗannan hotunan jima'i. Kuma gaskiyar cewa ba mu ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alaƙar ba yana nuna cewa babu babban goyon baya ga kallon waɗannan halayen jima'i a matsayin jaraba."

A zahiri, Steele da abokan aikinsa sun ba da rahoton cewa an samu karuwar karanta P300 ga hotunan batsa fiye da na hotuna marasa tsaka tsaki. Wannan a bayyane yake cewa " ƙarfafa martani ne ". Da yake tsokaci a ƙarƙashin hirar Psychology Today na Prause, farfesa John A. Johnson ya ce :

“Har yanzu hankalina yana kwance a yayin da ake gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon kan ikirarin cewa kwakwalenta bai amsa hotunan jima'i ba kamar kwakwalwar masu shan kwayoyi 'kwakwalwar ta amsa maganin su, ganin cewa ta bayar da rahoton karatuttukan P300 mafi girma game da hotunan jima'i. Kamar dai 'yan maye waɗanda ke nuna P300 spikes lokacin da aka gabatar musu da maganin da suka zaɓa. Ta yaya zata iya yanke hukunci wanda yake akasin ainihin sakamakon? Ina ganin za a iya yi wa tunanin da ta yi - abin da take tsammanin samu. ”

A takaice dai, abin da ke yin amfani da ita a cikin jarrabawa da yawa ba a tallafa masa ba. Wani da'awar daga hira da ake buƙatar ƙungiyar kulawa:

Mustanski : Menene manufar binciken?

Farawa: Bincikenmu ya gwada ko mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton irin waɗannan matsalolin suna kama da sauran masu shan muggan kwayoyi daga martanin kwakwalwarsu ga hotunan jima'i. Nazarin da aka yi kan jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi, kamar cocaine, ya nuna tsarin amsawar kwakwalwa ga hotunan miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka mun yi hasashen cewa ya kamata mu ga irin wannan yanayin a cikin mutanen da ke ba da rahoton matsalolin jima'i idan a zahiri jaraba ce.

Amsar da Prause ta bayar ga Mustanski ya nuna cewa an tsara nazarin ne don ganin idan kwakwalwar ta mayar da martani ga hotunan jima'i ga mutanen da ke ba da rahoton matsaloli game da jima'i sun yi kama da amsawar ƙwaƙwalwar masu amfani da ƙwayoyi lokacin da suka haɗu da hotunan maganin da suka kamu da shi.

Duk da haka, wani karatu na binciken hodar iblis da ta ambata ( Dunning, et al., 2011 ) , ya nuna cewa ƙirar Steele et al. ta bambanta sosai da binciken Dunning, kuma Steele et al. ba su ma nemi irin martanin kwakwalwa da aka rubuta a cikin binciken Dunning ba.

Nazarin Dunning ya yi amfani da kungiyoyi uku: 27 masu amfani da cocaine marasa amfani, masu amfani da cocaine na yau da kullum, da kuma 28 masu amfani da su. Steele et al. An yi amfani da samfurin mutum guda kawai: wadanda suka bayar da rahoton matsalolin da suke tsara yadda suke kallon hotuna. Ganin cewa nazarin Dunning ya iya kwatanta martani game da addinan cocaine zuwa lafiya
controls, binciken Nazari bai kwatanta martani na samfurin da aka damu da ƙungiyar kulawa ba.

Akwai bambance-bambance. Nazarin Dunning yayi amfani da ƙwarewa daban-daban (ERPs) a cikin kwakwalwa, saboda binciken da ya gabata ya nuna muhimmancin bambance-bambance a cikin matakai na tunani a cikin ERPs. Nazarin Dunning ya bambanta jigilar na farko (EPN), ya yi tunani don yin tunatar da hankali da sauri, da kuma ƙarshen samfurori (LPP), ya yi tunani don yin tunatar da karin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci. Taron Dunning ya sake bambanta farkon
ƙungiyar LPP, ta yi tsammani zata wakilci ƙirar farko, daga daga baya daga cikin LPP, yana tunanin za a ci gaba da aiki. Rarraba wadannan ƙananan ERPs yana da mahimmanci saboda bambance-bambance a tsakanin mabiya addinan, masu amfani da yanzu, da kuma masu amfani da na'urorin sarrafawa sun dogara akan abin da ake nazarin ERP.

Ya bambanta, Steele et al. duba kawai a ERP da ake kira P300, wanda Dunning yayi kwatanta zuwa farkon taga na LPP. Ta hanyar shigar da kansu, Gwada da abokan aikinta sun bayar da rahoton cewa wannan ba zai kasance mafi kyau dabarun ba:

"Wani yiwuwar kuma shine P300 ba shine mafi kyawun wurin gano alaƙar da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa ba. LPP daga baya ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da ƙarfafa gwiwa. "

Sakamakon binciken shi ne cewa Steele da abokan aikinsa ba su yi nazari a zahiri ba ko amsoshin kwakwalwa na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar jima'i "sun nuna irin wannan tsari " kamar martanin masu shan kwayoyi. Ba su yi amfani da ma'aunin ERP iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da su a binciken cocaine ba kuma ba su yi amfani da ƙungiyar da ba ta da hankali da ƙungiyar kulawa ba, don haka bai kamata su kwatanta sakamakonsu da binciken Dunning da ke iƙirarin cewa kwatancen "tufafi ne zuwa apples" ba.

Kasafin Fasaha ta EEG

A ƙarshe, fasahar EEG ba za ta iya auna sakamakon da masu binciken suka yi iƙirarin zai iya samu ba. Duk da cewa masu binciken sun dage cewa, " Martani ga jijiyoyi ga abubuwan da ke motsa sha'awa a cikin samfurin masu yawan jima'i na iya bambanta waɗannan bayanai guda biyu masu fafatawa game da alamun [shaidar jaraba da sha'awar jima'i mai yawa], " a zahiri ba zai yiwu ba cewa EEGs za su iya yin hakan kwata-kwata. Kodayake fasahar EEG ta kasance tsawon shekaru 100, muhawara ta ci gaba game da abin da ke haifar da raƙuman kwakwalwa, ko kuma abin da takamaiman karatun EEG ke nufi da gaske. Sakamakon haka, ana iya fassara sakamakon gwaji ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Duba Brainwashed: Sha'awar Jan Hankali ta Mindless Neuroscience don tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya amfani da EEGs ba tare da amfani da su ba don yanke shawara mara tushe.

EEGs suna auna aikin lantarki a wajen kwanyar, kuma masu binciken jaraba waɗanda ke amfani da EEGs suna neman ƙananan sigina na takamaiman fannoni na jaraba. Misali, wannan binciken EEG na baya-bayan nan kan masu jarabar intanet ya nuna yadda masana kimiyyar kwakwalwa masu ƙwarewa kan jarabar intanet ke gudanar da irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje. Lura cewa masu bincike suna ware ƙananan fannoni na aikin kwakwalwa, kamar sha'awar zuciya, kuma suna guje wa faɗaɗa iƙirarin nau'in da SPAN Lab ya yi a nan. Hakanan lura da ƙungiyar kulawa da kuma tantancewa kafin a fara jaraba, waɗanda duka ba su nan a cikin wannan ƙoƙarin SPAN Lab.

Wataƙila marubutan ba su da masaniya game da gazawar fasaha don rarrabewa tsakanin abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimta:

“P300 [EEG measurement] sananne ne kuma galibi ana amfani dashi don auna reactivity zuwa motsin rai, wani lokacin na jima'i, abubuwan gani. Koma baya ga ladaftar da babban abu, mai saurin jinkirin ERP shine asalin dabi'a na aiwatar da ayyukan binciken hankali wadanda ke haifar da irin wannan bangaren. A cikin rahoton na yanzu, P300 na iya kasancewa, kuma mai yiwuwa shi ne, nusar da ayyukan da ke gudana na fahimi da yawa. ”

Kada ku damu da cewa, bisa ga amincewarsu, P300 bazai zama mafi kyawun zaɓi ga nazarin ERP na wannan nau'in ba. Kada ku damu da cewa gudanar da nazarin ƙididdiga tare da maki bambanci an gane shi a matsayin matsala tsawon shekaru sama da 50, ta yadda yanzu ake amfani da madadin maki bambanci (duba http://public.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/faculty/edwardsj/Edwards2001b.pdf ). Kada ku damu cewa ba mu san ainihin ma'anar girman P300 ga wasu hotuna dangane da hotuna masu tsaka-tsaki ba. P300 ya ƙunshi kulawa ga mahimman bayanai na motsin rai, amma kamar yadda Prause da abokan aikinta suka yarda, ba za su iya annabta ko P300 a martanin hotunan jima'i zai kasance mai girma musamman ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar jima'i mai yawa (saboda suna fuskantar motsin rai mai ƙarfi ga yanayin jima'i) ko kuma ko P300 zai kasance mai faɗi musamman (saboda sun saba da hotunan jima'i).

Kuma ba za su iya bambance tsakanin ƙarin hankali (mafi girma P300) wanda sha'awar jima'i ke haifarwa ba, ko ƙarin hankali da motsin rai mai ƙarfi ke haifarwa , kamar ƙyama. Haka nan fasahar EEG ba za ta iya bambance tsakanin mafi girma karatu na P300 da ya taso daga sha'awar jima'i ko mamaki/baƙi ba. Haka kuma fasahar EEG ba za ta iya gaya mana ko an kunna tsarin lada na kwakwalwa ko a'a ba.

Akwai wata babbar matsala a nan: Steele da abokan aikinsa sun yi kama da suna son ɗaukar ko dai/ko kuma su ɗauki hanyar kallon hotunan jima'i—cewa martanin EEG ko dai saboda sha'awar jima'i ne ko kuma ga matsalar jaraba—kamar dai ana iya raba sha'awa gaba ɗaya da matsalolin jaraba. Shin wani zai iya ba da shawarar cewa martanin EEG ga masu shan giya ko masu shan hodar iblis na iya zama saboda sha'awarsu ga abin jaraba ko kuma matsalar jarabarsu?

Sauran abubuwan na iya tasiri tasirin karatun EEG. Mene ne idan hoto yana da alaƙa da nau'in da kuke so, amma tauraron tauraron yana tunatar da ku game da mutumin da ba ku so / tsoro / ba ku kula da ganin tsirara ba. Brainwaƙwalwarka za ta sami ƙungiyoyi masu rikici don irin wannan erotica. Wadannan rikice-rikicen na iya zama masu yuwuwa a yanayin hotunan batsa fiye da na, a ce, hodar iblis na gani da hoda da hanci (ana amfani da su yayin gwajin masu shan hodar iblis).

Ma'anar ita ce, ƙungiyoyi masu yawa tare da motsa jiki kamar yadda hadari kamar yadda jima'i zasu iya sauke karatun EEG.

Haka kuma, Steele da abokan aikinsa sun ɗauka cewa matsakaicin EEG mafi girma yana nuna sha'awar jima'i mafi girma, amma matsakaicin EEG na mutane a zahiri ya bayyana a ko'ina cikin taswirar. Shin hakan ya faru ne saboda wasu daga cikinsu masu jaraba ne wasu kuma ba sa yin hakan? Ko kuma kallon batsa wanda ya sa su daina aiki. Abubuwa da yawa na iya shafar karatun P300. Yi la'akari da waɗannan, daga wani binciken P300 :

Duk da cewa har yanzu ana ta muhawara kan mahimmancin aikin P300 ¹^{, 2} , girmansa yana nuna rabon albarkatu don kimanta abubuwan da ke motsa jiki…. An ruwaito raguwar girman P300 a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali da yawa, gami da schizophrenia ⁴ , damuwa ⁵ , da kuma shan giya ⁶.

A takaice dai, tunanin marubucin cewa kwakwalwar wadanda suka kamu da cutar za su nuna ko dai shaidar jaraba ko shaidar “babban sha'awar jima'i” ba ta da labari. Amma duk da haka abu mai mahimmanci ya haifar wa mai karatu tunanin cewa sakamakon binciken zai nuna mana cewa waɗannan mazinata ko dai sun nuna (1) shaidar jaraba ko (2) kyakkyawar hulɗa tare da “sha'awar jima'i mai girma." Kuma taken binciken yana yaudarar mutum ne da "sha'awar jima'i".

Cues kunya da kunya hali

Wata matsala tare da ƙirar binciken shine cewa SPAN Lab yana rikitar da alamomin da suka shafi jaraba tare da jaraba kanta (hali). A cikin wannan binciken, masu binciken sun yi iƙirarin cewa kallon batsa abin birgewa ne, ba kamar mai shan giya hoto na kwalban vodka ba, kuma cewa al'aura abu ne na jaraba. Wannan ba daidai bane

Kallon batsa, wanda shine abin da masu bincike suka nemi waɗannan batutuwa su yi, shine aikin jaraba ga mai sha'awar batsa ta intanet. Mutane da yawa masu amfani suna kallo ko da lokacin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba wajen yin al'aura (misali, yayin hawa bas, a cikin kwamfutocin laburare, a wurin aiki, a cikin ɗakunan jira, da sauransu). Kallon batsa don ƙarfafawa shine halayensu da ba a iya sarrafawa ba.

Sabanin haka, alamu na gaskiya ga masu yin lalata da batsa zasu zama abubuwa kamar ganin alamun alamun shafukan yanar gizan da suka fi so, jin kalma ko ganin hoto wanda ke tunatar da su abin da suka fi so na batsa ko tauraruwar batsa, samun damar keɓaɓɓen Intanet, da sauransu. Tabbatar, ganin abubuwan da ke nuna alamar tayi na iya zama alama ga wanda ke da jaraba ga wannan nau'in batsa, amma a nan masu bincike sunyi amfani da batsa na yau da kullun, ba batsa da aka tsara don abubuwan da mutum yake so ba.

Zaton cewa wannan binciken "kamar" nazarin magunguna ne, yana ɗaya daga cikin zato mai ban tsoro da yawa Steele et al. suka yi. Ku tuna cewa hoton teburin blackjack ba caca ba ne; hoton kwano na ice cream ba cin abinci ba ne. Kallon batsa, akasin haka, aikin jaraba ne . Babu wanda ya san abin da karatun EEG ya kamata ya zama ga masu shan batsa da ke shiga cikin ayyukansu na jaraba.

Ta hanyar tattauna sakamakon su dangane da bincike na gaskiya wanda ya shafi wasu addinan, masu binciken suna nuna cewa suna kwatanta “apples and apples.” Ba su bane. Na farko, sauran karatun jaraba suna nazarin Steele et al. ambaton ya ƙunshi haɗarin sinadarai. Batsa na batsa bashi da sauƙi a gwada a cikin lab don dalilai da aka riga aka bayyana. Na biyu, ƙirar Steele et al. ya bambanta da waɗannan karatun da yake ambata (babu ƙungiyoyin kulawa, da sauransu).

Nazarin gaba game da sake-amsawa ga hotunan jima'i ko fina-finai bayyane dole ne suyi taka tsantsan cikin fassarar sakamakon. Misali, raunin ƙwaƙwalwar da aka samu na iya nuna ƙarancin aiki ko al'ada, maimakon "ba kamu da lahani".

Kammalawa

Na farko, wanda zai iya yin hujja mai karfi cewa wannan binciken bai kamata a buga ba. Ya bambanta da batutuwa, tambayoyin da ba za su iya nazarin bambance-bambance na intanit ba, rashin nuna damuwa ga magunguna, da kuma rashin jagorancin rukuni ya haifar da sakamako marasa tabbas.

Na biyu, haɗin kai ɗaya - ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i tare da mafi girman P300 - yana nuna cewa ƙarin amfani da batsa yana haifar da ƙarin amsawa (sha'awar batsa), amma ƙarancin sha'awar yin jima'i da mutum na gaske. A taƙaice: Mutanen da ke amfani da batsa da yawa suna sha'awar batsa, amma sha'awarsu ta jima'i ta gaske ta yi ƙasa da waɗanda ba su kalli ƙasa ba. Ba daidai abin da kanun labarai suka faɗa ko marubutan suka yi iƙirari a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ba (cewa ƙarin amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da sha'awar "sha'awar jima'i").

Na uku, binciken "physiological" na mafi girman P300 lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga batsa yana nuna fahimta (hyper-reactivity zuwa batsa), wanda shine tsarin jaraba.

A ƙarshe, muna da marubutan da ke yin da'awa ga kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda shekarunsu nesa da bayanan. Daga kanun labarai, a fili yake 'yan jarida sun sayi juzu'in. Wannan yana nuna mummunan yanayin aikin jarida na kimiyya. Masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na kimiyya da kantunan labarai kawai sun maimaita abin da aka ciyar dasu. Babu wani a cikin kafofin watsa labaru da ya karanta binciken, ya bincika gaskiyar, ko ya nemi ra'ayi na biyu na ilimi daga ainihin ƙwararrun masana kimiyya. Idan kanaso ka inganta wani ajanda, duk abinda kake bukatar yi shine ka tara wata sanarwa ta wayo. Ba damuwa da abin da karatun ku ya samo asali, ko kuma hanyarku mara kyau kawai zata iya samar da salataccen bayanan sautin.

Har ila yau, duba wadannan sharuddan wannan binciken:

Kamar Steele et al, wani bincike na biyu na SPAN Lab daga 2013 ya gano manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin sarrafawa da "masu jarabar batsa" - " Babu Shaidar Rashin Tsarin Motsin Rai a cikin "Masu Madigo" Suna Ba da Rahoton Motsin Rai ga Fim ɗin Jima'i (2013) ." Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wannan sharhi , taken yana ɓoye ainihin binciken. A zahiri, "masu jarabar batsa" ba su da martanin motsin rai idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane saboda yawancin masu jarabar batsa suna ba da rahoton ji da motsin rai. Marubutan sun ba da hujjar taken ta hanyar cewa suna tsammanin "mafi girman martanin motsin rai", amma ba su bayar da ambato ga wannan "tsammanin" mai ban mamaki ba. Lakabi mafi daidai zai kasance: " Wadanda ke da wahalar sarrafa amfani da batsa suna nuna rashin amsawar motsin rai ga fina-finan jima'i ". Ba su da hankali.