Ulwalamano oluzibophelelayo: Uphelelwe yile (2011)

Ukubambisana kwezibini yiprogram ye-biological hhayi yakha itekisi

Nangona kukho imbala eyahlukeneyo yenkcubeko, abantu bahlala bathandana, baxhamle ngokwemvakalelo ixesha elide, baze bazive bethelwa xa abafazi bengathembekanga. Ezi zi ziphatha, kungekhona imveliso yeempembelelo zenkcubeko engahleliyo. Ukwenza le ngongoma ngenye indlela: ezininzi izilwanyana musa bathabathe amagama amaqabane abo kwiibhamu zabo, kwaye kunjalo hayi kuxhomekeke kwimimiselo yomsindo onomona.

Ubunzima Bantu Bakhelwe Ukuwa Ngothando, Iposti yangaphambili, ichaze ukuba isimilo sokudibanisa isibini esineendlela ze-neurobiological emva kwabo. Ngoku, kukho ubungqina obuninzi bophando lwenkqubo yethu yokudibanisa isibini. Ukuqikelela, iyahambelana nobungqina obuvela kwindumasi edumileyo yokubopha izibini. (Okuninzi ngaloo mzuzwana.) Intatheli yeNew York Times UJohn Tierney uchaza uphando olutsha Le ndlela:

Umfazi oneminyaka engama-21 wayeqeqeshwe ngononophelo ukuba angadlalisi nabani na oza elebhu kwisithuba seenyanga ezininzi. Wayegcina ukudibana kwamehlo kunye nencoko ubuncinci. Akazange asebenzise izithambiso okanye iziqholo, wagcina iinwele zakhe kwi-ponytail elula, kwaye uhlala enxibe ijini kunye neT-shirt elula. …

Uphando olwangaphambili wayebonakalisile ukuba umfazi okwinqanaba lokuchuma lokuya exesheni ubonakala enomtsalane, kwaye nesiphumo esifanayo saqwalaselwa apha — kodwa kuphela xa lo mfazi wayevotelwa yindoda eyayingekazibandakanyi nomnye umntu.

Abanye abafana, abo balamano obusondelene nabo, bamlinganisela kakhulu Ngaphantsi enomtsalane xa wayekwinqanaba lokuchuma, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba kwinqanaba elithile babona ukuba usesona sisongelo sikhulu kubudlelwane babo bexesha elide. Ukuthintela ukuhendwa ukuba ulahlekise, ngokucacileyo bazixelele ukuba ayisiyiyo yonke loo nto ishushu. …

ITyerney yongeza ukuba ngokucacileyo,

Ukukhethwa kwemvelo kwathandekayo kwabo bahlala kunye ngokude ngokwaneleyo ukukhulisa abantwana: amadoda kunye nabasetyhini abanokulondoloza ubudlelwane ngokugcina abo bahlobo babo bavuya. Baya kuzuza kwiimpawu zokuhlala bethembekile, okanye ubuncinane ukuzimisela ukubonakala bethembekile xa bekhohlisa ngobuqili.

Ukwacaphula nesazi ngengqondo u-UCLA uMartie Haselton: “Abasetyhini kunye namadoda bayachaphazeleka kukukhutshwa kweqanda, kodwa thina [bantu] asinalo nofifi lokuba yiyo eqhuba olu tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwindlela esiziphethe ngayo. [Olu phando] luyenza icace into yokuba sifana nezinye izilwanyana kunokuba besicinga. ”

Inyaniso. Kwiintshukumo, izazinzulu sele zifumanisa i-underlying iinkqubo ze-neural ezilawula ukubambisana kwamabini indlela yokuziphatha, kwaye uqiniseke ngokwaneleyo, enye yazo yindlela ebangela ubundlongondlongo bendoda kubantu basetyhini abangaqhelekanga (nje ukuba enze isibophelelo sesibini kunye nokucinezela kwakhe). Oku kuziphatha ngokucacileyo akwenzeki ngezizathu zenkcubeko. Kwenzeka ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba i-vasopressin ye-neurochemical iyanda kwinxalenye ephambili yengqondo yakhe. (Ngendlela, ayizukugcina uMnu Vole 100% ethembekile. UNkosikazi Vole, naye, ubesaziwa ngokuba ne-fling.)

Ngaba unomdla malunga noomatshini abayalela ukuba isilwanyana esincelisayo sikwazi ukudibanisa? Ijika ukuba kwii-voogamous voles ukhetho lwendalo luye lwaluhlengahlengisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-oxytocin kunye ne-vasopressin receptors kwinkqubo ye-limbic yengqondo. Ngelixa zonke ii-voles zifumana ukonwaba ngesondo, ii-voogamous voles zifumana iimvakalelo ezilungileyo kwiqabane elithile. Indlela yokubopha, ngendlela, yindlela yoqobo indlela yokulutha (apho zonke ezinye izidakamizwa zokuhlaselwa). Yingakho umlutha unakho ziphazamise iintambo ezidibeneyo.

Ewe, ukuba izazinzulu zibangela ukuveliswa kwe-dopamine eninzi kakhulu ngokuvuselela okwenziweyo, isilwanyana asixhomekeki nje kuphela, kodwa sikwaba njalo ulaka kumabhinqa. Ngaba unokunceda ukuba uchaze ukuba kutheni abanye abasebenzisi abanobugqwetha abanzima babonakala ukulahlekelwa ngumdla kumlingani oqobo?

Inqaku elibalulekileyo kukuba isibini sethu sokudibanisa isibini sivela kwiziganeko zomzimba, hayi imeko yezentlalo kuphela. Ivele kwindlela yokunyamekela usana, kwaye ezi ndlela zimbini ziyaqhubeka nokujikeleza komvuzo wobuchopho. Ke, nangona uninzi lwabantu baseNtshona babonakala ngathi babambeke kwinkcubeko yokuhlangana okomzuzwana, oko akuthethi ukuba thina bantu, ngokwemvelo, siziphethe kakubi njengee-bonobo chimps okanye ukuba utyekelo lokudibanisa izibini luyinkcubeko yenkcubeko. .

Hlalani nikhumbule ukuba ukuguquka komntu kunye ne-bonobo kwahlukana neminyaka engama-6 yezigidi edlulileyo. Izihlobo zethu ezisondeleyo zilapha yethu isebe lomthi wendaleko, nokuba abasekho. Kwenye indawo ecaleni kwelo sebe abantu baba zi-bonders ngenxa yeenguqu zengqondo.

Nangona ukudibanisa kwamabini ama-mammalian akunqabile, utshintsho olwenza iintlobo zezilwanyana ezizibophelelayo azixhomekekanga. Ngokomzekelo, iindidi ezinamathele ezintlambo zifana neenzala zabo ezinokuziphatha ezinokuziphatha ezinokuziphatha ezinobungqina obunobunzima bokutshintsha i-meadow ngokukhawuleza ibe ngumkhonkco wombini nje ngokubangela ukubonakalisa esisodwa somzimba kwi-forebrain yakhe. (Yandisa i-receptors ye-vasopressin). Ngamafutshane, ukuziphatha kwezibonobo zethu ezide kude kukuzonwabisa, kodwa akunakwenzeka xa kufikelele ekuqondeni izinto ezisisiseko zokuxhatshazwa kwabantu.

“Hayi, kodwa jonga indlela esiziphethe ngayo.” ucinga, akunjalo? Gcina ukhumbula amanye amanqaku amabini malunga nokuziphatha kwethu okukuko ngoku:

Okokuqala, izifundo esizenzayo kwiNtshona (ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa abafundi baseyunivesithi) ziyizinto ezingenangqiqo ekubonakaliseni konke ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokusekelwe kwiincinci ezincinci zethu inkcubeko engabonakaliyo. Nangona u-monogam oqinileyo awunjalo umgangatho wesintu, abaninzi abatshatileyo bahlala ngeebini. (Amasiko amaninzi avumela umntu onokukwazi ukuwufumana omnye umfazi, kodwa bambalwa unako ukuwufumana.)

Ngamafutshane, ukuba udibanisa kunye namaqela amaninzi ngokuzikhethela ukuzonwabisa nina inokuba ngumthengisi wangaphandle. Indlela oziphethe ngayo ayifani tu nokuziphatha komntu — ingongoma ekulula ukuyihoya ngabaphandi baseNtshona. Umzekelo, uphononongo lwango-2007 olwenziwe kumadoda nabafazi abali-1,500 abathi basixelela “Kutheni Abantu Balala Ngesondo. ” Kufumanise ukuba abafundi abaninzi babelana ngesondo ngokuzonwabisa, hayi ukuzala. (Ngokwenene ??) Kwezinye iinkcubeko, abantu bahlala beqinisekile ukuba isondo ikakhulu sinxulunyaniswa ukuvelisa nokwakha intsapho. Nditsho nokwabelana ngesondo namaqabane amaninzi kunokuba neentsana ezomeleleyo (“ukukhulisa umzimba") Njengenjongo yayo. (Kungade abafundi baxhume nakweziphi na izigqibo ezingezizo, ndingumntu 'wesini wokuzonwabisa' fan, kodwa ndikwangumlandeli inzuzo yoqhagamshelo.)

Okwesibini, igama elithi "pair bonder" alithethi ukuba umntu abe nesondo ngokugqibeleleyo. Ithetha nje ukuba abantu abatshatileyo bathambekele ekuhlaleni kunye kunye nokukhulisa inzala (eyaziwa njenge umtshato wentsapho). Akukho zilwanyana ezinobungozi ezidibeneyo ezithandanayo; kuya kuba yintlekeleko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngoko inyaniso yokuba akubona bonke abantu abahlala bekhoboka elithembekileyo kwiindawo zokuphila kwaye abanye bethu balala ngesondo ngaphandle kokuncedisa akumangalisi. Hlu kileyo ngokunjalo ukhonza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Nangona kunjalo kuluncedo ukugcina engqondweni ukuba ubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha, kubandakanya eyakho, ngokubanzi busetelwe ukuba bunamathele kwiqabane. Ke, nokuba umntu ophakathi kwakho uziphethe kakubi okomzuzwana, awunanto unokuxolisa ngayo xa uqaphela ukungqinisisa ibhondi ezinzileyo kwiziko lobomi bakho bobulili. Izizathu zilele kwingqondo yakho, hayi ekukhuleni kwakho, kwaye unokwazi thepha lo mthombo.

Kwinkcubeko yethu, ethi iwonge ubuhle nobutsha, kusenokubonakala kuyinto engaqhelekanga ukuba isibini esikhulileyo singonwaba ngakumbi ekuhambeni kweminyaka. … Ukuba uyazi iqaqobana labantu abatshatileyo, cinga ngabo phakathi kwabo basatsaleleke kakhulu omnye komnye. Ukubabukela ubungqina obaneleyo bokuba umtsalane awusekelwanga ikakhulu kumtsalane. … Ukubona, ukuchukumisa, nokuva iqabane elizinikeleyo lifumana amandla ngakumbi nangakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha ukubangela ukukhutshwa kwe [hormone ebophayo, ioxytocin] .- UMark Chamberlain PhD

Ubuncinane kwiintlobo ezidibeneyo ezimbini ezifana nathi.

Jonga "I-Ape eyayicinga ukuba yayiyiPiacock: Ingaba i-Psychology ye-Evolution iyagxininisa ukuhluka koBuntu?"

(Ngcaciso) Ukubambisana kwePair

Ukubhangqa ngababini (okanye ukutshata nomntu ongamtshatanga naye) yinkqubo enqabileyo kakhulu yokukhwelana phakathi kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo, ezifumaneka ngaphantsi kwe-5% yeentlobo (Kleiman, 1977). Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi yeyona nto iphambili kuveliso lokuzala kwabantu. Kuyinyani ke ukuba inkqubo yokukhwelana ibalasele ngokufana kweentaka kunaleyo yezilwanyana ezininzi, kubandakanya nezalamane zethu ezikufutshane, ii-Great Apes. Ngokwenza ibango, kubalulekile ukuba icace malunga nezinto ezintathu. Okokuqala, ibango alikho ukuba iibhondi zibini zihlala ubomi. Ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa ngokwasekuhlaleni ubomi bomntu omnye, uninzi lweebhondi zihlala iinyanga okanye iminyaka kodwa ekugqibeleni zichithe (Fisher, 1992). Qaphela, nangona kunjalo, ukuba inani elincinci leebhondi zihlala ixesha elininzi kude kube sekupheleni kobomi, nkqu nakwimveli yendabuko yabantu abanesithintelo esiqinileyo kuqhawulo mtshato (jonga, umzekelo, Marlowe, 2004).

Okwesibini, ibango ayisiyiyo yokuba amaqhina omtshato wabantu ahlala ekhetheke ngokwesondo. Uninzi lophononongo lubonisa ukuba bambalwa abangaphantsi kwama-50% yamadoda okanye abasetyhini kubudlelwane bexesha elide abazinikeleyo bahlala bengathembekanga (IBlow & Hartnett, 2005). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zikhona, kwaye ngenxa yoko, iqhekeza elithile lenzala lihanjiswa ngomnye umntu ngaphandle koyise wentlalo (olona qikelelo lubeka oku malunga ne-1-3%; Anderson, 2006; Wolf, Musch, Enczmann, & Fischer, 2012). Okwesithathu, ibango ayikuko ukuba ukudibanisa isibini yinkqubo yethu enye "eyinyani" okanye yendalo. Abantu babonisa zonke iinkqubo zokukhwelana ezifumaneka kolunye uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo, kubandakanya umfazi omnye, isithembu (indoda enye, abafazi ababini nangaphezulu), kunye ne-polyandry (ibhinqa elinye, amabini okanye ngaphezulu amadoda; uMurdock, ngo-1967).

Kwakunzima ukuba abantu bahlanganyele ekuxhaseni, okanye bahlanganyele ngesondo ngaphambi kokutshata okanye phakathi kobudlelwane bexesha elide. Iziganeko ezahlukeneyo zazo nganye kwezi ziphatha ngokuzibandakanya zifumaneka kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zembali ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwe-polyandry yangexesha elide, zonke ziqhelekile, kwaye ngoko ke zonke ziyingxenye ye-repertoire ye-animal. Ngaloo ndlela, ibango lethu ayikho into yokuba ukudibanisa umbhangqwana ngumzekelo womntu oyedwa. Ibango lethu kunoko nje ukuba iimbophelelo zombini yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuvelisa kwiintlobo zethu, ukuba bekude ixesha elide, kwaye le nto ibashiye ingqalelo ejulile kwimvelo yethu.