Maonekedwe a Ubongo ndi Kuyanjana Mogwirizana Ogwirizana ndi Zithunzi Zolaula Ntchito: Ubongo pa Porn (2014)

Importance  Popeza zolaula zimaonekera pa intaneti, kufikitsidwa, kukwanitsa, ndi kudziwika kuti sagwiritsanso ntchito zolaula zowonongeka kwawonjezeka ndipo kunakopa mamiliyoni ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito. Malingana ndi lingaliro lakuti zolaula zofanana zimakhala zofanana ndi khalidwe lofunafuna mphoto, khalidwe lofunafuna zachikhalidwe, ndi khalidwe losokoneza, ife tinaganiza kusintha kwa mzere wa frontostriatal mwa ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

Chotsani.sci-hub.orgive  Kuti mudziwe ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi intaneti ya frontostriatal.

Kupanga, Kukhazikitsa, ndi Ophunzira  Amuna makumi asanu ndi anayi ndi anayi omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino lokhala ndi zithunzi zambiri zolaula pa Max Planck Institute for Human Development ku Berlin, Germany, anafotokoza maola ambiri owonetsera zolaula pamlungu. Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula kunkagwirizana ndi maonekedwe a neural, kusintha kwa ntchito, komanso kugwirizanitsa ntchito.

Zotsatira zazikulu ndi Zotsatira  Grey vuto la ubongo lidayesedwa ndi voxel-based morphometry ndi kupuma boma ntchito ogwirizanitsa anayesedwa pa 3-T maginito maganizidwe scantic scans.

Results  Tapeza mgwirizano woipa pakati pa maola olaula olaula pa sabata ndi ndondomeko yamtundu wa voliyumu yomwe ilipo moyenera (P  <.001, yokonzedwa poyerekeza kangapo) komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito panthawi yogonana - kukonzanso paradigm kumanzere putamen (P <.001). Kulumikizana kogwira ntchito kwa caudate woyenera kumanzere wakumaso koyambirira kwamakola kumalumikizidwa molakwika ndi maola ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zotsatira ndi Kuyenera Kuphatikizana kolakwika kwa kugwiritsira ntchito kujambula zithunzi zolaula ndi mphamvu yoyenerera ya striatum (caudate), kuchoka ku leftamat (putamen) panthawi ya reactivity, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochepetsetsa kwa kayendedwe kabwino kumalo omanzere kumbali ya kumanzere kumapangitsa kuti kusintha kwapulasitiki monga Zotsatira za kukondweretsa kwakukulu kwa mphotho, pamodzi ndi kuchepetsa kutsika kwa malo opambana a cortical. Mwinanso, zikhoza kukhala chikhalidwe chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zithunzi zolaula zikhale zopindulitsa kwambiri.

Zizindikiro mu Article iyi

Zithunzi za mafilimu, mavidiyo, ndi intaneti zakhala zikuwonjezeka zaka zaposachedwapa.¹ Popeza kuti intaneti siigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi malamulo, yakhala ngati galimoto yofalitsa zithunzi zolaula. Zithunzi zolaula zimapezeka kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito pakhomo pakhomo pa intaneti osati m'malo ogulitsa mabuku akuluakulu kapena masewera a kanema. Choncho, kupezeka, kukwanitsa, ndi kudziwika² zakhudza anthu ambiri. Kafukufuku ku United States wasonyeza kuti 66% ya amuna ndi 41% ya amayi amawononga zolaula pamwezi uliwonse.³ Chiwerengero cha 50% cha intaneti zonse zimagwirizana ndi kugonana.⁴ Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula sizinali nkhani ya anthu ochepa koma zochitika zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza anthu athu. Chochititsa chidwi, kuti chodabwitsachi sizongoperekedwa kwa anthu; Kafukufuku waposachedwapa anapeza kuti abambo aamuna a macaque anasiya mphoto yamadzi kuti ayang'ane zithunzi za abambo aakazi.⁵

Kawirikawiri kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula kwatsimikiziridwa kuti ndikuneneratu zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingasokoneze anthu. Wolemba Swedish yemwe ali mnyamata wamwamuna wachinyamata akuwonetsa kuti anyamata omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku amasonyeza chidwi chochuluka pa zolaula zosavomerezeka ndi zoletsedwa ndipo mobwerezabwereza amafotokoza kuti akufuna kuchitapo kanthu zomwe zimawoneka m'moyo weniweni.^1,6- 8 Mu mgwirizano, kuchepa kwa kukhutitsidwa kwa kugonana ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi zolemba zolaula zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi.⁹ Kuphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali akutsata ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti apeza kuti kupeza zolaula pa intaneti ndikuneneratu kuti akugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta pambuyo pa chaka cha 1.¹⁰ Zomwe takambiranazi zikuthandizira kuganiza kuti zolaula zimakhudza khalidwe ndi chidziwitso cha ogula ake. Choncho, timaganiza kuti zolaula, ngakhale kuti sizingatheke, zingakhudze ubongo ndi ntchito. Komabe, malingaliro athu, ubongo umagwirizanitsa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri zolaula sichinafufuzidwe mpaka pano.

Mofananamo ndi mfundo zomwe zinachokera ku kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kusokoneza bongo, zimatchulidwa mu sayansi yotchuka kwambiri kuti zithunzi zolaula zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zochitika zowonongeka, komanso kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokopa komanso zimakhala zovuta kuti anthu asamangoganizira zolaula. Izi zikuganiziridwa kuti zimayambitsa njira zowonongeka zomwe ubongo umagwidwa, osakhala ndi chidwi ndi zolaula.¹¹ Pali chigwirizano chodziwika kuti zipangizo zamakono zazitsulo zimakhala ndi madera a ubongo omwe ndi gawo la mphoto monga network midbrain dopamine neurons, striatum, ndi prefrontal cortex.^12,13 Mbalameyi imaganiza kuti ikukhudzidwa ndi chizoloŵezi cha chizoloŵezi pamene kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumapangitsa kuti munthu azichita zinthu zovuta.¹⁴ Mchitidwe wa ventral makamaka umasonyezedwa kukhala wogwirizanitsa ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo osiyanasiyana¹⁵ komanso pochita zinthu zachilendo.¹⁶ Ntchito yovomerezeka ya cortex ndi imodzi mwa zikuluzikulu zomwe zimachitika pa kafukufuku wokhudza kusokoneza kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amapezeka mwa anthu ndi nyama.¹⁷ Pofufuza za mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa anthu, kusintha kwakukulu kwawonetseredwa ku statum ndi prefrontal cortex.^18- 20

Phunziroli, tikufuna kufufuza ma correlates omwe amapezeka ndifupipafupi-osati oledzera-zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito anthu wathanzi kuti aone ngati chizoloŵezichi chikugwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi malo ena a ubongo.

ophunzira

Anthu makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu anayi omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino la mamuna (zaka zenizeni [SD], zaka 28.9 [6.62], zaka 21-45) zidatumizidwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito malondawa, sitinayankhulepo za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula; M'malo mwake, tinalankhula ndi anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino omwe amafunitsitsa kuchita nawo maphunziro a sayansi kuphatikizapo miyeso ya maginito yowonongeka (MRI). Ife sitimangopereka chitsanzo chathu kwa amuna chifukwa amuna amaonerera zolaula ali aang'ono, amadya zolaula,²¹ ndipo nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto poyerekeza ndi amayi.²² Malingana ndi zokambirana zapadera (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview²³) ophunzira sanalibe vuto lililonse la maganizo. Matenda ena a zachipatala ndi a m'maganizo sanawatsidwe. Ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala inayang'aniridwa mosamala. Zomwe anthu ena sankadziwa zinali zovuta ku MRI. Phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi komiti ya makhalidwe abwino ku Charité University Clinic ku Berlin, Germany. Titatha kufotokozera kwathunthu phunziroli, tinalandira chilolezo cholembedwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira.

Njira Yoperekera

Zithunzi zamakono zinasonkhanitsidwa pa scanner ya 3-T (Siemens) yomwe ili ndi kanema ya mutu wa 12 pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya maginito yokwanira ya maginito yokwanira (repetition time = 1 milliseconds; nthawi yokwanira = 2500 milliseconds; nthawi inversion = 4.77 milliseconds , chiwerengero chokwanira = 1100 × 256 × 256; mawonekedwe ozungulira = 176 °; 7 × 1 × 1 mm³ kukula kwa voxel).

Zithunzi zogwiritsira ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito T2 * -popositive imaging sequence (repetition time = 2000 milliseconds, nthawi yokwanira = 30 milliseconds, chithunzi cha matrix = 64 × 64, malo of view = 216 mm, flip angle = 80 °, makulidwe a magawo = 3.0 mm, kutalika = 20%, kukula kwa voxel ya 3 × 3 × 3 mm³, 36 axial magawo, maminiti 5). Ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti atseke maso awo ndi kumasuka. Zotsatira zofananazo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza zithunzi zokhudzana ndi ntchito.

Mafunso

Tinayankha mafunso otsatirawa kuti tiwone zolaula: "Kodi mumayang'ana maola angati oonera zolaula tsiku lililonse? " ndi "Kodi mumaonera maola angati oonera zithunzi zolaula patsiku la mlungu?" Kuchokera apa, tinkakhala maola ambiri omwe timagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mkati mwa sabata (maola olaula [PH]). Chifukwa kugawidwa kwa ma FS omwe amalembedwa kunasokonezedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri sikunagawidwe (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 1.54; P <.05), tidasintha zosinthazi pogwiritsa ntchito mizu yaying'ono (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 0.77; P = .59). Kuwonjezera pa zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito panopa, tinapempheranso ophunzira kuti akhala ndi zaka zingati zolaula.

Komanso, tinagwiritsa ntchito Kuonera Zogonana pa Internet Test²⁴ (mu kumasuliridwa kwake kwa Chijeremani), chida cha 25-chodziyesa yekha chomwe chinapangidwira kuti adziwe momwe munthu amagwiritsira ntchito Intaneti, ndi Mphindi zochepa zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere mayeso²⁵ (m'chinenero chake cha Chijeremani) chokonzekera kuyesa zizindikiro za kugonana. Kuti tipewe zotsatira za kuledzera kwa intaneti, tinagwiritsa ntchito Internet Addiction mayeso²⁶ (m'Chijeremani chake; onaninso maphunziro a Barke et al²⁷) zomwe zili ndi zinthu 20. Kuwonjezera apo, kuti aone ngati pali matenda osokoneza maganizo, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ife timapereka izo Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mowa Matenda Ovuta mayeso²⁸ ndi Beck Depression Inventory.²⁹

Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito

Tinagwiritsa ntchito Zithunzi zolaula za 60 zochokera ku zolaula ndi 60 zithunzi zosiyana, kufanana ndi chiwerengero ndi kugonana kwa anthu pazithunzi zogonana, pazochitika zosiyana, zomwe zimakhala zochitika zolimbitsa thupi. Zithunzizo zinaperekedwa muzithunzi za 6 ndi zithunzi za 10 aliyense pazochitika zogonana komanso zachiwerewere. Chithunzi chilichonse chinawonetsedwa kwa 530 milliseconds kuti mupewe kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za zithunzizo. Nthawi zosiyana zimakhala zosiyana ndi 500 milliseconds pakati pa 5 ndi 6.5 masekondi. Mizere inayambikitsidwa ndi nthawi zisanu ndi zitatu zokonzekera nthawi ya 60.

Kusanthula Deta

Voxel-Based Based Morphometry

Dongosolo lachikhalidwe linasinthidwa ndi morphometry ya voxel (VBM8, http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de.sci-hub.org/vbm.html) ndi ma statistical parametric mapping (SPM8, pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zosasinthika. Kuwongolera kwa tsankho, kagulu ka minofu, ndi kalembera wa affine akuphatikizidwa mu VBM8. kulembetsa kudzera mu template yabodza ya algebra. Magawo opindika a GM ndi WM adapangidwa. Kusinthasintha ndi ma Jacobian determinants adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti asunge kuchuluka kwa minofu inayake mkati mwa voxel yopita ku muyeso wa voliyumu ya GM. Zithunzi zidasinthidwa ndi kufalikira kwathunthu theka la kernel yokwanira 8 mm. Kulumikizana kwa ubongo wonse wa voliyumu ya GM ndi WM ndi ma PH omwe adanenedwa adawerengedwa. Zaka ndi ubongo wonse wa ubongo zidalowetsedwa ngati zinthu zopanda chidwi. P <.001 ndi kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kuyerekezera kambiri kuphatikiza kukonza kosazungulira kosagwirizana ndi chilolezo.³⁰

Cue-Reactivity Yogwira Ntchito ya MRI

Kukonzekera kwa machitidwe opangidwa ndi MRI kunkachitidwa pogwiritsira ntchito SPM8 ndipo kumapangidwanso kukonza nthawi, kufotokozera malo kwa voli yoyamba, ndi kuwonetsa kwapadera kwa malo a Montreal Neurological Institute. Zithunzizo zinkakonzedwa ndi kernel ya Gaussia ya 8 mm full-width pa theka lalitali. Cholinga chilichonse (kugonana, amuna ndi akazi, ndi kukonzekera) chinasinthidwa ndi kutsitsimutsidwa ndi ntchito yowonongeka. Zigawo zoyendayenda zinkaphatikizidwa mu mapangidwe apakati. Tinali ndi chidwi chosiyana kusiyana kwa kugonana ndi kukonzekera komanso chikhalidwe chogonana. Tinachita kafukufuku wamagulu awiri omwe amagwirizanitsa PH ndi zosiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kulumikiza. Kutalika kwa msinkhu wa P <.001 idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikukonzanso kukula kwa masango ndi kuyerekezera kwa Monte Carlo. Mamapu omwe adatulutsidwa adatsekedwa monga momwe tafotokozera (tsango lowonjezera malire = 24).

Kusanthula Zophatikiza

Kuti afufuze mgwirizano pakati pa ziganizo zamagwiridwe ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito, zizindikiro zochokera kuzinthu zazikuluzikulu zowonongeka zakhala zikuphatikiziridwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zimakhala zofanana, kuyesa ngati covariance pakati pa 2 zosiyanasiyana (X ndi Y) akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi gawo lachitatu losinthira (M). Mkhalapakati wamkulu ndi yemwe amene akuphatikizidwa amakhudza kwambiri mgwirizano pakati X ndi Y. Tinayesedwa ngati zotsatira za mtundu wa GM wotchuka wosinthika pazithunzi zolaula zowonongeka, zotsatira zake zimasinthidwa, zinayanjanitsidwa ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa ntchito kumanzere komweko. Kuwunikaku kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito nambala ya MATLAB https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042221/http://wagerlab.colorado.edu.sci-hub.org/ kutengera mtundu wa njira zosinthika za 3 wokhala ndi liwiro kukonzanso kukondera kwa bootstrap koyesa kuwerengera. Njira zotsatirazi zinayesedwa: njira yolunjika a (mkhalapakati wamatsenga); njira yosayimila b (zotsatira za mkhalapakati); ndi kuyanjanitsa ab, chida cha a ndi b, akufotokozedwa ngati kuchepetsa chiyanjano pakati pa gwero ndi zotsatira (chiyanjano, c) mwa kuphatikiza mkhalapakati mu chitsanzo (njira yolunjika, c ').

Kusanthula-Kuyanjanitsa Kuyanjana

Magawo oyambirira a 5 adatayidwa. Kupanga machitidwe, kuphatikizapo nthawi, kukonza zoyendetsa mutu, komanso kuvomereza malo ku template ya Montreal Neurological Institute inkachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SPM8 ndi Data Processing Assistant kwa MRI.³¹ Fyuluta yapakatikati ya 4 mm yochuluka kwambiri pa theka lapamwamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zamakono zinachotsedwa mutangoyamba kukonzekera komanso pulogalamu yamtundu wodutsa (0.01-0.08 Hz).³² Komanso, tachotsa zotsatira za covariates zosokoneza kuphatikizapo chizindikiro cha padziko lonse, zizindikiro za 6, chizindikiro kuchokera ku cerebrospinal fluid, ndi WM.³³ Tinkafufuza mapepala ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta ogwiritsira ntchito makina omwe ali ndi mbeu yomwe ili ndi timango tomwe timapanga. Zotsatira za mapulogalamu ogwirizanitsa ntchito zogwirizanitsidwa ndi PHs kuti azindikire malo a ubongo omwe anagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi ndi kuwerengedwa bwino molingana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Mapuwa anali atalembedwa monga momwe tafotokozera kale (cluster yowonjezera malire = 39).

Pafupipafupi, ophunzira amalemba 4.09 PHs (SD, 3.9; zosiyana, 0-19.5; osati mizu yambiri). Malinga ndi momwe TV ikuyendera, otsogolera a 21 adagwiritsidwa ntchito poika chiopsezo cha kugonana pa Intaneti koma osati monga oledzera. TIye akuwonetsa pafupipafupi pa Intaneti Kugonana kwa Mpikisano wamayeso anali wogwirizana kwambiri ndi PH (r₆₄ = 0.389, P  <.01). Pa Kuyesedwa Kwakuwononga Kugonana, omwe adatenga nawo gawo adalemba 1.35 pafupifupi (SD, 2.03). Mgwirizano wabwino unkawonetsedwanso pakati pa PH ndi Pulogalamu ya Kusuta Kosokonezeka kwa Matenda Osokoneza Bongo (r₆₄ = 0.250, P <.05) ndi makina a Beck Depression Inventory (r₆₄ = 0.295, P <.05).

Pamene timagwirizanitsa PH (mizere yowongoka) ndi magawo a GM, tinapeza mayanjano olakwika mu statum yoyenera, yomwe ili phulusa (zochokera pa ma atlas odziwika bwino olemba maatchi³⁴; vesi voxel: x = 11, y = 5, z = 3; P <.001; kukonzedwa poyerekeza angapo) (Chithunzi 1A). Tikagwiritsa ntchito gawo locheperako la P <.005, masango owonjezera kumanzere kwa caudate adakwaniritsidwa (x = -6, y = 0, z  = 6), kuwonetsa kuti zotsatirazi sizinafotokozeredwe bwino. Timanena za tsango ngati striatum; komabe, pazokambirana zomwe zidachitika, ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti tsango limadzaza ndi mphotho yokonza mabuku omwe amakhala ndi chidwi cha ventral striatum, opangidwa ndi pulogalamu yanyumba³⁵ (makamaka kuchepa kwa ndalama kwa kuchepetsa ntchito, onani eAppendix in zowonjezerazo kuti mudziwe zambiri).

Mitengo ya GM yomwe imachokera ku cluster yomwe ili yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito yolakwika ikuphatikizidwa molakwika ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zowerengera, zowerengedwa malinga ndi ma PHs omwe akudziwika panopa komanso zaka zomwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana (r₆₄ = -0.329, P  <;); tiye anatsimikizira kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama pa moyo wake wonse kunkagwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zochepa za GM mu statum. Palibe dera lomwe linasonyeza mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa GM ndi ma PH ndipo palibe mgwirizano wofunikira womwe unapezeka mu WM.

Chifukwa PH inagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi intaneti komanso chizolowezi chogonana (Kuwonjezera Kuwonjezera pa intaneti, r₆₄ = 0.489, P <.001; Kuyeserera Koyeserera Kugonana, r₆₄ = 0.352, P  <.01 tidawerengera kulumikizana pakati pa PHs (mizu yayitali) ndi GM munthawi yoyenera Kuletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mavuto a pa Intaneti Yesetsani kuchita zambiri ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere Yesetsani kuchita zinthu zomwe zingakulepheretseni kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi chogonana.. Ngakhale pamene tinkakonda kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, tinapeza kugwirizana kolakwika pakati pa PH ndi digiti yolondola ya GM (r₆₁ = -0.336, P <;); Mofananamo, gululi linali lofunika kwambiri poyang'anira zolaula (r₆₁ = -0.364, P <.01).

Indi cue-reactivity paradigm momwe tinkawonetsera zithunzi zolaula zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa pa malo owonetsa zolaula, tinapeza kugwirizana kolakwika pakati pa makina osakanikirana a magazi otchedwa "left-blood" (BOLD) signaL (voxel yapamwamba: x = -24, y = 2, z = 4; kuyika) (chithunzi 1B) pa zosiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kuwonetsa ndi kudzidziwitsa okha PH. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito malo otsika a P <.005, masango owonjezera mu putamen yoyenera adakwaniritsidwa (x = 25, y = -2, z  = 10).

Palibe magulu akuluakulu omwe amawonetseratu panthawi yothandizana ndi PH ndi chizindikiro cha kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi alongo ndi kuika malo omwewo. Pamene kuchotsa chiwerengero cha peresenti kumasintha ku kampu ka leftamen panthawi ya kugonana ndi zowonongeka, tinapeza ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri pa nthawi yogonana poyerekeza ndi zotsutsana (t₆₃ = 2.82, P <.01), kuwonetsa kuti ma putamen akumanzere amathandizidwa makamaka ndi zithunzi zachiwerewere. Komanso, tapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kugonana ndi kukonzan (t₆₃ = 4.07, P <.001) ndipo palibe kusiyana pakati pa nonsexual cues ndi kukonzekera (t₆₃ = 1.30, P = .20).

Pofuna kusokoneza mgwirizano pakati pa BOLD yokhudzana ndi ntchito komanso kupeza njira mu statum, tinayesa kuyezetsa kukambirana ngati ntchitoyi imagwirizanitsa mgwirizanowu pakati pa zofufuza ndi zolaula. Chiyanjano pakati pa GM mu caudate yolondola (X) ndi PH (Y) ndizofunikira ngati mkhalapakati wokhala ndi ntchito yothandizira BOLD kumanzere kolowera (M) ndiphatikizidwa (c ' = -11.97, P <.001) mukuwunika kapena ayi (c = -14.40, P <.001). Njira yolowera pakati pa X ndi M (a = 4.78, P <.05) komanso pakati M ndi Y (b = -0.50, P <.05) ndizofunikira (Chithunzi 2).

Kuti tifufuze zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi dera lomwe lili m'ndondomeko yoyenera ya striatum yokhudzana ndi PH, tinkagwirizanitsa kugwirizanitsa ntchito kwa tsangoli. Mapu ogwirizanitsa omwewa adalumikizana ndi PHs (root root). Tidawona kuti dera lomwe lili kumbali ya kumanzere ya dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (x = -36, y = 33, z = 48) (Chithunzi 1C) anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi PHs, kuwonetsa kuti omwe akudya zolaula zambiri anali ndi zochepa zofanana pakati pa condate yoyenera ndi DLPFC. Zotsatira sizinasinthe pamene chizindikiro cha padziko lonse chikutanthauza kuti sichinasinthidwe.³⁶

Pogwiritsa ntchito phunziroli, tafufuza zochitika zogwirizana ndi machitidwe a neural correlates omwe amadziwika okha ndi apadera omwe ali ndi PH. Zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti GM yavota yolondola ya striatum ndi yaying'ono ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuyambitsidwa kwa ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito zowonjezera zazitsulo zachitsulo zotsalira zazitsulo zimapezeka kuti ndizochepa ndi apamwamba a PH pamene ziwonetsero zakugonana zinaperekedwa. Kusintha kwa zojambula pazithunzi zolaula zinali zazikulu kusiyana ndi zofanana ndi zina, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mbali yotsalirayo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zogonanat.

Tinayesa kutsutsana pofuna kusokoneza chiyanjano pakati pa PH ndi kuyang'ana kwa kayendedwe ka GOP kuchepetsa kutsika kwa statum (caudate) komanso kuchepa kwa BOLD kumanzere (left) ndi ma PH apamwamba pamene akuwona zolaula. Malinga ndi zotsatira zochepa zothetsera mgwirizano, timayang'ana zotsatira zogwira ntchito komanso zochitika monga zosiyana zowononga zolaula. Potsiriza, tinayang'ana kugwirizanitsa ntchito kuchokera kumagulu a zomangamanga moyenera ndikupeza kuti kugwirizana kwa DLPFC kunali kochepa ndi PH zambiri.

Kafukufuku wochuluka amatsindika kufunika kwa striatum mu processing processing.^{37, 38} Ma Neurons mu nonhuman primat striatum adasonyezedwa kuti ayankhidwe pakubereka³⁹ ndi kuyembekezera⁴⁰ za mphotho. Ndondomeko ya mphuno ya mphutsi ya mphotho yowonjezera mphamvu ndi mphamvu zolimbikitsira, komanso moto kwambiri mwakhama kwa mphoto zosangalatsa.⁴¹ Gulu la GM lotchuka mu statum limene tapeza liri m'madera osiyanasiyana omwe asonyezedwa mu kukonza mphoto.

Zotsatira zathu zokhudzana ndi kugonana-kuyanjanitsa kwapadera kumasonyeza kusamvana kolakwika pakati pa PH ndi kuchitidwa kwachinsinsi pa nthawi ya kugonana poyerekeza ndi kukonzekera. Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kukonda kwambiri zolaula kumabweretsa kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe cha chikhalidwe cha chilakolako chogonana.¹¹ Kuphatikizidwa kwa striatum mu kukwatira kugonana kwawonetsedwa kale mu zolemba. Kafukufuku wambiri akufufuza zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kukakamiza kugonana kwawonetsa kuti ntchito yowonjezera yowonjezera ikuwonekera poyerekeza ndi zochitika zowononga.^42- 46 Zochitika ziwiri zaposachedwapa zomwe zimaphatikizapo maphunziro omwe amapereka zokhudzana ndi kugonana anasonyeza kusagwirizana kosagwirizana kwa striatum.^{47, 48}

Zotsatira za zotsatira zogwirira ntchito-kugwirizanitsa zimagwirizana ndi bungwe la ubongo. Pachimake, makamaka pang'onopang'ono, imalandira mauthenga ochokera ku DLPFC.^{49, 50} Chombo cha prefrontal cortex makamaka chimakhudzidwa ndi chidziwitso cha chidziwitso⁵¹ kuphatikizapo kusokoneza khalidwe, kusinthasintha khalidwe, kusamala, ndi kukonzekera zamtsogolo. DLPFC, makamaka, imagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi mbali zina za chigoba chapamwamba komanso imayimira mitundu yambiri ya chidziwitso, kufikako kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zimayankhidwa ndikuyankhidwa ndi zotsatira za mphoto komanso njira zothandizira.⁵¹ Choncho, DLPFC imaonedwa kuti ndiyo malo ofunikira kuyanjana kwa chidziwitso chokhudzidwa ndi zolinga, malamulo, ndi mphoto. Kuphatikizidwa kwadzidzidzi kumayambitsa kutsogolera kwa ntchito yoyenera pakugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha kayendedwe ka magalimoto.⁵² Zaperekedwa kuti mndandanda wa frontostriatal umakhudzidwa ndi khalidweli. Zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa kuchokera ku basal ganglia zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza valence ndi saliency ku kampani ya prefrontal cortex yomwe imakhala mkati mwayimira zolinga ndi njira zowakwaniritsira.^{51, 53} Kulephera kwa oyendetsa mabungwewa kwagwirizana ndi zosayenera zosankha, monga kufunafuna mankhwala, mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zake zoipa.⁵⁴

Zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimapezeka mufukufuku wamakono zikugwirizanitsidwa ndifupipafupi, koma osati tanthauzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zolaula. The striatum ndi DLPFC zimagwirizana ndi zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzitsulo za intaneti ndi kufufuza kokale. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo pa kuledzera kwa intaneti wakhala akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa prefrontal cortical thickness;⁵⁵ imachepetsedwa mu ntchito,⁵⁶ komanso zomangamanga, Kulumikizana⁵⁷ wa pa frontostriatal network; ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa odwala opaleshoni ya dopamine mu striatum kuyesedwa ndi imodzi yokha ya photon-computed tomography. Izi zikugwirizana bwino ndi zomwe zapeza tsopano za kusagwirizana kwa GM mu malo oyenera, makamaka kugwirizanitsa kwapakati pakati pa kondomu yoyenera ndi kondomu yoyenera, komanso kuchepetsa ntchito za BOLD zokhudzana ndi ntchito kumbali ya kumanzere. Zotsatira zaposachedwapa zikuwonetsa kuti ma correlates omwe amadziwika kuti akuwonetseratu zolaula sizowonongeka chabe chifukwa cha kuledzeretsa kwa intaneti chifukwa chiwerengero cha GM chokhala ndi chidziwitso choyenera pa PHP, pamene mukulamulira kuti mukhale ndi chizoloŵezi choledzeretsa pa intaneti, ndizofunikira.

Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu mu striatum kunayamba kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuledzera kwa mitundu yonse ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga cocaine,⁵⁸ metamphetamine, ndi mowa.⁵⁹ Komabe, chitsogozo cha zotsatira zomwe zawonetsedwa mu mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi osaganizira; kafukufuku wina wanena kuti kuwonjezereka-kugwirizanitsidwa kukuwonjezeka pamene ena awonetsa kuchepetsedwa kwa voliyumu yomwe ingakhale chifukwa cha zotsatira zoopsa za mankhwala osokoneza bongo.⁵⁹ Ngati zotsatira zowonongeka zomwe zawonetsedwa muzofukufuku zamakono zowononga zolaula zowonongeka, kuphunzira kwake kungapereke mpata wokondweretsa kufufuza kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka mankhwala osokoneza bongo popanda mankhwala a neurotoxic kwa maphunziro a mtsogolo, mofanana ndi njuga khalidwe⁶⁰ kapena masewero a kanema.^{61, 62} Kafukufuku wamtsogolo amafunika kuti asasokoneze mgwirizano wa pakati pa zochitika zogwira ntchito komanso zochitika zolaula.

Tinasankha kupewa zizindikiro za kugonana kapena kulingalira kwabwino koma m'malo mwake tafufuzira zotsatira za mlingo wangwiro wa PH muchitsanzo chabwino. Pazimene zikuchitika panopa, mawu ovomerezeka sakuyenera chifukwa chakuti kulongosola kwa zolaula sikuvomerezedwa mosagwirizana. Mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa PH ndi kukhumudwa, komanso kumwa mowa, ukuwonetsa kuti zolaula ziyenera kufufuzidwa patsogolo pa kafukufuku wamaganizo. Kafukufuku wam'tsogolo ayenera kuyerekezera magulu a anthu omwe akupezeka kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula ndi anthu omwe sali oledzera kuti adziwe ngati zigawo zomwezo zimagwiridwa. Tili kuyembekezera kafukufukuyu kuti tidzakhala ndi chidziwitso chodziwikiratu kuti kuwonetsa zolaula kumapitiliza ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena ziyenera kukhala ngati gulu losiyana.

Zomwe zingathetsere phunziroli ndikuti tinayenera kudalira ma PHs omwe tinalankhula komanso kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yovuta kwa ophunzira ena. Komabe, panthawi ya kuyankhulana kwa foni musanalowe nawo mbali, anthu ena anauzidwa kuti kutenga nawo mbali kudzaphatikizapo kudzaza mafunso okhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo sitinapezekepo panthawi iyi. Monga tcheru potsutsana ndi zolembedwera, tinali nawo odzaza mafunsowa pamakompyuta pofuna kupewa nkhawa zomwe experimenter angagwirizanitse mayankho kwa munthu aliyense. Kuwonjezera apo, oyeserawo anagogomezera mobwerezabwereza zachinsinsi komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito zonyansa. Maphunziro amtsogolo angagwiritse ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito deta yolondola kuchokera ku mbiri ya anthu pafufuzani pa intaneti.

Gulu losabalalayo lipoti silili ndi GM basi koma likuyandikira kwa WM pakati pa caudate and putamen. Kaya izi ndi zothandiza kapena vuto la normalization silingathetsere panthawiyi. Komabe, zingakhale zosangalatsa kufufuza mayanjano pakati pa ziwonetsero zojambulidwa ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pogwirizanitsidwa, wina akhoza kuyesedwa kuti aganizire kuti nthawi zambiri ubongo umayambitsidwa chifukwa cha zolaula zingayambitse kuvala ndi kuwonongeka kwa maziko apakati a ubongo, komanso ntchito, ndi kufunika kokhala ndi zotsatira zowonjezera za mphotho ndi chizoloŵezi cha fufuzani buku ndi zovuta zogonana kwambiri. Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zodzipangira zokhazokha potsata njira zowonongeka zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komwe anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo kochepa kamene amapezekanso mankhwalawa amadzipangira mankhwala.⁶³ Komabe, mgwirizano wochita chidwi ndi PHs mu statum ukhoza kukhala chonchi m'malo momangotengera zolaula. Anthu omwe ali ndi mawu otsika ochepa amafunikira zosangalatsa zambiri zakunja kuti azisangalala ndipo amatha kuona zolaula zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri, zomwe zingapangitse PH kupititsa patsogolo. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuza zotsatira za zolaula poyerekeza nthawi zonse kapena kuwonetsa anthu omwe sagwirizana nawo pa zolaula ndikufufuza zotsatira zapakati pa nthawi kuti apereke umboni wowonjezereka wokhudzana ndi zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu la mphoto likhale lochepa.