Zogwiritsa Ntchito Neural za Chilakolako cha Kugonana Mwa Anthu Amene Ali ndi Matenda Oopsa a Hypersexual (2015)

MAFUNSO: Kafukufukuyu wa fMRI wa Korea amaphatikizapo maphunziro ena a ubongo pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Monga maphunziro a University of Cambridge, iwo adapeza njira zowonongeka za ubongo zokhudzana ndi kugonana zomwe zinkasonyeza miyambo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mogwirizana ndi maphunziro angapo a Chijeremani, iwo adapeza kusintha kwa kondomu yomwe imayenderana ndi kusintha komwe kunachitika m'zovuta za mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Ngakhale izo zikufotokozera mbali zina za maphunziro ena, pepala ili la Korean limanenanso zotsatirazi:

1. Imafufuza mbali zina za ubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi reactivity, ndipo zinapeza kuti zonse zinkakhala ndi mphamvu zoposa zowononga bwino. Zigawo zowonjezera za ubongo: thalamus, phokoso lamanzere lamanzere, gyrus yoyenera bwino, komanso kulumikiza bwino gyrus.
2. Chatsopano ndi chakuti zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndendende ndi makina oyendetsera makina omwe amapezeka mwa omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo: Kuzindikira kwakukulu-kuyambiranso zithunzi zachiwerewere, komabe kulepheretsa kuyankha kuzinthu zina zachilendo. Mwa chizolowezi, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosokoneza bongo zimapangitsa kuti preortalal cortex iphulitse dera lamalipiro ndi "pitani mukapeze" ma siginolo. Zimabweretsanso chisangalalo chochepa poyankha mphotho zatsiku ndi tsiku. Ndiye kuti, chilimbikitso chochepa chotsata mphotho zanthawi zonse.

Kutsogolo. Behav. Neurosci., 30 November 2015

LINKANI Phunziro LOPHUNZITSIRA

Ji-Woo Seok ndi Jin-Hun Sohn*

• Dipatimenti ya Psychology, Institute Research Brain, University of Chungnam, Daejeon, South Korea

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la hypersexual akhala akuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chakuwonjezereka kwa zovuta zamakhalidwe azovuta zachiwerewere (PHB). Pakadali pano, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pazomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi chilakolako chogonana. Kafukufuku wathu adafuna kuti tifufuze zolumikizana za chilakolako chogonana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi maginito (fMRI) zokhudzana ndi zochitika. Anthu makumi awiri mphambu atatu omwe ali ndi PHB ndi 22 omwe ali ndi zaka zowongolera zoyeserera zaka zawo adayesedwa pomwe amangoona zachiwerewere komanso zosagonana. Magulu a mitu ya chilakolako chogonana adayesedwa poyankha chilimbikitso chilichonse chogonana. Zokhudzana ndi zowongolera, anthu omwe ali ndi PHB adakumana ndi chilakolako chogonana pafupipafupi ndikamakhudzidwa ndi zolaula. Kulimbikitsanso kwakukulu kunawonedwa mumtundu wa caudate, wotsika kwambiri wa parietal lobe, wamkati wamkati wamkati wam'mimba wam'mimba wam'mimba wam'mimba wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa PHB, kuposa gulu lolamulira. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe a hemodynamic m'malo omwe adasinthidwa adasiyana pakati pa magulu. Zogwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa m'malingaliro amalingaliro amubongo okhudzana ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe ndi zizolowezi, anthu omwe ali ndi machitidwe a PHB komanso chikhumbo chowonjezeka adawonetsa kuyambitsa kusintha kwa zigawo za preortal cortex ndi subcortical. Pomaliza, zotsatira zathu zithandizira kuwonetsa machitidwe ndi njira zogwirizira za neural za anthu omwe ali ndi PHB.

Introduction

Khalidwe loipa la kugonana (PHB) limatanthauzidwa kuti ndilo kupitiliza kugwira nawo ntchito zogonana mobwerezabwereza popanda kuthetsa kuumiriza kugonana ndi khalidwe loipa ngakhale kuti akudziŵa zotsatira zotsutsana (Goodman, 1993; Zojambula, 2001, 2013). Anthu omwe amavutika ndi PHB akhoza kukhala ndi mavuto aakulu m'banja lawo komanso ntchito zawo. Kuonjezera apo, ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena kukumana ndi mimba zosafuna kugonana (Schneider ndi Schneider, 1991; Kuzma ndi Black, 2008). Ku US, 3-6% ya ophunzira ndi anthu a ku koleji ali ndi PHB (Coleman, 1992; Black, 2000; Owona, 2003). Ku Korea, pafupifupi 2% ya ophunzira onse a ku koleji ali ndi PHB (Kim ndi Kwak, 2011). Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa mavuto ndi mavuto omwe ali nawo, zoopsa zowonjezereka zikuwonekera kwambiri mmagulu monga momwe chiwerengero cha PHB chikuwoneka chikukula.

Ngakhale kuti PHB yodziwika bwino, siinaphatikizidwe mu DSM-5 (Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013) Mikangano ikupitirirabe ngati vuto la hypersexual liyenera kuikidwa ngati matenda; Choncho, palibe mgwirizano pa tanthawuzo, magawo, kapena matenda. Izi zikuwonetsa zovuta pakukhazikitsa ndondomeko yoyenerera ya chikhalidwe chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maphunziro ndi zolinga komanso zovuta pazifukwa zokhudzana ndi matenda a hypersexual.

Ngakhale, chiwerengero cha PHB ngati nthendayi chikutsutsanabe, tafunsidwa kuti kugonana kwakukulu kuyenera kukhala gulu la matenda osokoneza bongo chifukwa PHB imakhala ndi zizindikiro zomwe ziri zofanana ndi mitundu ina ya chizolowezi choledzera (Goodman, 2001; Kor et al., 2013). Chilakolako cholimbikitsidwa chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zofunikira za matenda ozunguza bongo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ntchito za m'madera a ubongo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chikhumbo zimasinthidwa kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo (Garavan et al., 2000; Tapert et al., 2003; Franklin et al., 2007;McClernon ndi al., 2009). Zizolowezi za makhalidwe, monga njuga, masewera a pa intaneti, ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere, zomwe sizikuphatikizapo kudya mowa mwauchidakwa zimakhudzanso chilakolako chokwanira chomwe chikuwoneka chikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ntchito m'madera okhudza ubongo (Crockford et al., 2005; Ko et al., 2009;Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014).

Kufufuza kwa ubongo wa chilakolako cha chilakolako chowopsa ndi khalidwe lachizoloŵezi chowonetsa khalidwe kwawonetsa kusintha kwasintha ku prefrontal cortex (PFC) ndi madera ophatikizira malipiro muzochitika ndi zovuta izi (Goldstein ndi Volkow, 2011). Makamaka, kafukufukuyu azindikira kuti polojekiti ya PFC imakhala yovuta kwambiri, potsatira malamulo ake omwe amapereka mphotho zapadera komanso kutenga nawo mbali pamaganizo obwerezabwereza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza komanso chizoloŵezi chokakamiza. Kusokonezeka kwa ntchito za PFC kumabweretsa mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti munthu asamangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kumangokhalira kukakamiza,Goldman-Rakic ​​ndi Leung, 2002; Goldstein ndi Volkow, 2011).

Mogwirizana ndi zotsatira izi, zotsatira za kafukufuku wamaganizo a PHBs zimapereka kuti anthu omwe ali ndi ma PHB akhale ndi chilakolako chogonana chachikulu poyerekezera ndi kulamulira bwino ndi kuti chikhumbo cholimbikitsidwa chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayankho a chithunzithunzi pazomwe zimayambitsa zowonongeka-amygdala makina ogwira ntchito (Voon et al., 2014). Mu kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi kuyanjanitsa, Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) anawonetsa kuti zolaula zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ubongo ndi kugwira ntchito mu malo a PFC ndipo zingayambitse chizoloŵezi chofufuza nkhani zachiwerewere komanso zachiwerewere.

Maphunzirowa amapereka umboni wakuti chilakolako chowonjezeka ndi ntchito zosayenera zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chikhumbo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku PHB, ngakhale kuti khalidwe lokha silinayambitsa matenda oopsa.

Mwatsoka, chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana chokhudzana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi PHB sichikwanira. Kafukufuku wakale pa njira za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsa kukwaniritsa chilakolako cha kugonana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi PHB agwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu ovomerezeka achilengedwe panthawi yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito opanga maginito (fMRI) komanso nthawi yowonjezereka. Muzofufuza za chilakolako cha kugonana, nthawi ya kufotokozera ikuwoneka yofunikira kuchokera mu njira yowonongeka komanso chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa kukonza zambiri (Bühler et al., 2008). M'makonzedwe ojambula, nthawi yowonjezera yowonjezera imakhala yaitali, ndipo zochitika zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zimakhala zodziwika bwino (Zarahn et al., 1997). Choncho, zojambulazo zimayambitsa malo omwe amagwirizanitsa ndi zidziwitso, monga kuyang'anitsitsa, kuteteza kwambiri, komanso kulepheretsa chiwerewere. Izi zingachititse kuchepetsa kugwirizanitsa maganizo ndikusintha zomwe zimachitika m'misomo (Schafer et al., 2005). Makhalidwe apadera, zojambula zokhudzana ndi zochitika zimakhala zocheperapo ndi zojambula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizindikire malo okhudza ubongo, pamene iwo ndi apamwamba kwambiri poyesa kutembenuka kwa mankhwala a hemodynamic (Birn et al., 2002).

Choncho, zolinga za phunziroli zinali zoyenera

(1) kubwereza zochitika zam'mbuyomu zamakono za chilakolako cha kugonana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi PHBs,

(2) kuzindikira kuti kusintha kwa ubongo kumagwira ntchito m'madera odziwika kuti akukhudzidwa ndi chilakolako chowonjezeka, ndi

(3) kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa mayankho a hemodynamic a madera awo a ubongo m'kupita kwa nthawi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi PHB pogwiritsa ntchito fMRI zokhudzana ndi zochitika.

Tinaganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi ma PHB amatha kusonyeza chilakolako chachikulu chogonana poyerekeza ndi kulamulira bwino komanso kuti zigawo za ubongo, monga PFC ndi maulendo opatsa malipiro, ziwonetseratu ntchito zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka.

Njira

ophunzira

Phunziroli likuphatikizapo 23 gulu la amuna omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna ndi akazi a PHB [zaka zowonjezereka = 26.12, kutembenuka kwachindunji (SD) = zaka 4.11] ndi 22 amuna omwe sagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu gulu lolamulira (zaka zenizeni = 26.27, SD = Zaka 3.39). Pafupifupi anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wa 70 adatumizidwa kuchokera kuchipatala cha machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu osadziwika. Njira zowonjezeramo zinali zochokera muzitsanzo za PHB zowerengera za maphunziro apitalo (Table S1; Carnes et al., 2010; Kafka, 2010). Tiye amaletsa njira anali awa: zaka zoposa 45 kapena pansi pa 18; matenda aakulu a maganizo, monga matenda oledzera, kutchova njuga, matenda aakulu a maganizo, matenda ochititsa munthu kusinthasintha zochitika, kapena matenda osokoneza bongo; pakali pano akumwa mankhwala; mbiri ya kuvulazidwa kwakukulu; kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; mbiri yowononga; kapena kusavomerezeka kwa kujambula (ie, kukhala ndi chitsulo mu thupi lake, astigmatism yoopsa, kapena claustrophobia). Achipatala ankachita nawo zokambirana zachipatala pazochitika zonsezi, ndipo gulu lomaliza la amuna a 23 omwe anatsatila ndondomekoyi, osati njira zosankhira zosankhidwa za gulu la PHB. Kwa gulu lolamulira, otsogolera a 22 omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe za anthu (zaka, chiwerengero, msinkhu wa maphunziro, ndi chiwerengero cha ndalama) zomwe zikufanana ndi gulu la PHB anasankhidwa. Onsewa adapereka chidziwitso chovomerezeka chodziwitsidwa pambuyo pofotokozera zomwe zili mu phunziroli. Bokosi la Chungnam National University Institutional Review Board linavomereza njira zoyesera ndi kuvomereza (kuvomereza nambala: 201309-SB-003-01). Onse omwe adalandirapo adalandira malipiro a zachuma (madola a 150) kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali.

Zida Zoyeza

Ophunzirawo anamaliza kafukufuku omwe ali ndi mafunso pazochitika zawo za chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kugonana kwa miyezi ya 6 yapitayi ndi miyeso yeniyeni, monga Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (Patton et al., 1995), Buss-Perry Aggression questionnaire (Buss ndi Perry, 1992), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), Kugonana kwachiwerewere kuyesa-R (SAST-R; Carnes et al., 2010), ndi Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI; Reid et al., 2011; Table 1). Mafunso onena za kugonana anali zaka za kugonana koyambirira komanso kugonana komweko pakadali pano. An zogonana ankatanthauzidwa ngati ubale umene anthu awiri okha amachitira zogonana okhaokha. A kugonana kosagwirizana Anatanthauzidwa ngati kusunga maubwenzi ambiri ogonana ndi abwenzi osiyanasiyana osagonana popanda kukhala ndi chiyanjano choyanjana.

Mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana akuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa kugonana pa sabata, kuchuluka kwa kuseweretsa maliseche pamlungu, kuchuluka kwa zolaula pa sabata, komanso chiwerengero cha ogonana nawo m'miyezi yapitayi ya 6. Komanso, SAST-R (Carnes et al., 2010) ndi HBI (Reid et al., 2011) anagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mlingo wa PHB mwa ophunzira. SAST-R ili ndi mafunso a 20 omwe amayesedwa kuti awonetse kukula kwa chiwerewere. Mapulogalamu omwe amachokera ku 0 mpaka ku 20, omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zapamwamba zowonetsa kugonana kwambiri. HBI ili ndi mafunso a 19, ndi mapangidwe a 19 mpaka 95. Chiwerengero cha 53 kapena chapamwamba ndicho chizindikiro cha matenda a hypersexual. Kusintha kwamkati (coefficient ya Cronbach) ya SAST-R ndi HBI ndi 0.91 ndi 0.96, motsatana (Carnes et al., 2010; Reid et al., 2011).

Masewero Oyesera ndi Paradigm Yoyesera

Kunyenga kunkachitidwa pa amuna a 130 omwe amagwira ntchito zachiwerewere zomwe sizinachite nawo kuyesera kwa fMRI kuti asankhe chisokonezo chogonana komanso chosagwirizana ndi phunziro la FMRI (File S1). Zithunzizi zinali ndi zithunzi za 20 zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku International Affective Picture System (zithunzi za 6; Lang et al., 2008) ndi malo a intaneti (14 zithunzi). Zogonana zinkakhala zojambula zojambula akazi amaliseche ndi zochitika zogonana. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zithunzi za 20 zomwe sizinapangitse chilakolako chilichonse chogonana chinasankhidwa ngati zosokoneza. Iwo anali ofanana ndi chilakolako chogonana pa msinkhu wawo wokondweretsa. Zokhumudwitsa za amuna ndi akazi zinawonetsa masewera olimbitsa thupi, monga masewera a masewera a madzi, chikondwerero cha kupambana, ndi kusewera. Zotsitsimutsa izi zinasankhidwa kuti zitsimikizire ntchito za ubongo zomwe zinkangogwirizana ndi chilakolako chogonana pokhapokha atayang'ana ntchito zomwe zakhala zikuchitika chifukwa cha chisangalalo komanso kukondweretsa.

Paradigm ya experimental experimental, malangizo achidule okhudza kuyesera anaperekedwa kwa 6 s kumayambiriro kwa kuyesedwa, zomwe zinkatsatiridwa ndi zochitika zogonana kapena zachiwerewere chifukwa cha 5 s. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe interstimulus inali 7-13 s (pafupifupi, 10 s) kuthandiza wothandizira kubwereranso ku gawo lawo loyambira. Pofuna kuti ophunzirawo ayambe kuganizira zovutazo, adafunsidwa kuti akanikize batani loyankhidwa pamene chingwe chosadziwika chinaperekedwa pafupifupi 500 ms pa nthawi yonse ya 12 nthawi iliyonse. Nthawi yonse yomwe amayenera kuyeserayi inali 8 min ndi 48 s (Chithunzi 1).

CHITSANZO CHA 1

                      

 

 

Chithunzi 1. Pulogalamu yokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Pambuyo poyesa kuyesera kwa fMRI, ophunzirawo adawona zofanana zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu kuyesera kwa fMRI, ndipo adafunikila kuyankha mafunso atatu otsatirawa kuti azindikire zamaganizo..

Choyamba, adafunsidwa kuti ayankhe "inde" kapena "ayi" akafunsidwa ngati akufuna kugonana pogwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero chilichonse.

Chachiwiri, iwo amafunika kuyesa chilakolako chawo chogonana pa chiwerengero cha Likert zisanu kuchokera ku 1 (zochepa kwambiri) mpaka 5 (kwambiri).

Chachitatu, kuyerekezera kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pamiyeso ya valence ndikudzutsa chilimbikitso chilichonse kunatsimikizika molingana ndi sikelo ya Likert ya mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Zotsatirazo zinapangidwa pa miyeso iwiri. Valence, yomwe inali yabwino kapena yoipa, inachokera ku zovuta kwambiri ku 1 kuti ikhale yosangalatsa pa 7, ndipo kuwuka kwa maganizo kunachokera ku batala pa 1 kukondweretsedwa / kukweza ku 7. Pomalizira, ophunzirawo anayenera kufotokoza maganizo ena omwe adakumana nawo pambali pa chilakolako cha kugonana pamene akuwonekera pachithunzi chilichonse.

Kupeza Zithunzi

Kupeza zithunzi kunkachitidwa ndi 3.0 T Philips magnetic resonance scanner (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands). Njira yojambula yojambula pulogalamu ya fMRI (kulingalira mitundu: nthawi yobwerezabwereza (TR) = 2,000 ms, nthawi ya echo (TE) = 28 ms, kukula kwa magawo = 5 mm popanda kusiyana, matrix = 64 × 64, munda wa Chithunzi (FOV) = 24 × 24 masentimita, flip angle = 80 °, ndi-ndege ndege = 3.75 mm] ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza 35 magawo opitirira a zowonjezera magazi (BOLD) zithunzi. Zithunzi zojambulidwa za T1 zinapezedwa ndi 3-dimensional zamadzimadzi-attenuated kupotoza kupuma sequence (TR = 280, TE = 14 ms, flip angle = 60 °, FOV = 24 × 24 masentimita, matrix = 256 × 256, ndi kugawa makulidwe = 4 mm).

Zosanthula Zosati

Pofuna kufufuza mayankho a khalidwe ndi maukwati omwe anangoganizira za chilakolako cha kugonana, kujambula ndi deta ya zithunzi zitatu zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zina, monga kunyansidwa, kukwiya, kapena kudabwa, kupatulapo kugonana kwapadera sikulepheretsedwe kuwonetsa deta . Wodziimira t-magulu ndi zida za chilakolako chogonana pakati pa magulu awiriwa anachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Chizoloŵezi cha chilakolako cha kugonana chinayesedwa kuti ndi chiwerengero cha zokakamiza zomwe wophunzira aliyense anakhudzidwa ndi chilakolako cha kugonana pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa 20, ndipo kukula kwa chilakolako chogonana chinali chiwerengero cha chilakolako chogonana pazithunzi za 20.

SPM8 (Dipatimenti Yabwino Yopangiritsa Sayansi, London, UK) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza deta ya FMRI. Poyambira kutsogolo, kujambulitsa zithunzi za MRI kunachitika motere: Kukonzekera kwa nthawi yokhazikika, kukonzekeretseratu njira, ndi kuika malo pazithunzi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Pambuyo pake, zojambulazo zinkasinthidwa ndi 8-mm Gaussian kernel.

Pambuyo pomaliza kukonzekera, mapangidwe a matrices ndi zikhalidwe ziwiri (kugonana ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi akazi) adalengedwera aliyense kuti adziwe malo omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana. Kafukufuku wina wam'mbuyomu wa chifaniziro cha kugonana kusiyana ndi chikhalidwe chonse adagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kusanthula zochitika zina, ndipo zikutanthawuza zithunzi zomwe zinapangidwa pa phunziro lililonse. Chitsanzo chimodzi t-matchulidwe pazithunzi zojambulidwa anagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aone zotsatira za gulu lalikulu mu gulu lirilonse mu mafano osiyana omwe amapangidwa mu kufufuza kwake. Zitsanzo ziwiri t-zinali zochitidwa pofuna kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa kuti ubongo uyankhule mu chikhalidwe chogonana ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi akazi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kufufuza kwa mgwirizanowu kunkachitika kokha mu gulu la PHB kuti mudziwe malo omwe akugwirizanitsa ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere molingana ndi SAST-R. Chifukwa chakuti kusiyana kwa maphunzilo a mafunsowa kungakhale kotsika kwambiri kuti asonyeze mgwirizano wofunika kwambiri mu gulu lolamulira, kulingalira kwa mgwirizano sikunayambe mu gulu lolamulira. P values ​​kusiyana ndi 0.05 (False Discovery Rate, kukonzedwa, kukula kwamasamba ≥ 20) kapena 0.001 (osadziwika, kukula kwa masango ≥ 20) ankaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika pa ntchito za ubongo pamene magawo awa amavomerezedwa ku maphunziro a fMRI. Maofesi onse a ma voxel omwe amavomerezedwa akuwonetsedwa ngati MNI ikugwirizanitsa mu matebulo 3, 4.

Chiwerengero cha kusintha kwa chiwerengerocho chinachokera ku Zigawenga za Chiwongoladzanja (ROI) zochokera ku zotsatira za kulingalira pakati pa gulu ndi kugwirizanitsa [ie, thalamus, mgwirizano wovomerezeka wamtundu wotchedwa correx cortex (DLPFC), mbali yotsala yochepetsedwa, supramarginal gyrus, ndi yolondola kumangirira anterior cingulate gyrus] ndi MarsBaR (http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/marsbar). Ma ROI adalengedwa poika malo a 5-mm kuzungulira makonzedwe omwe amalembedwa mu Matebulo 3, 4. Pofuna kufufuza zenizeni za mayankho a hemodynamic, nthawi ya chizindikiro cha BOLD inachotsedwanso kuchokera ku ma ROI panthawi yopereka chilakolako chogonana (chiwerengero cha 12 s; 5 s ndi 7 pambuyo pake) kwa onse. Nthawi yomwe maphunziro ankayendera panthawi yonseyo anali owerengeka pa gulu lonse.

Monga chiyeso chotsatira cha chiwerengero chowerengera coefficient chiyanjano, maubwenzi pakati pa zolemba pa SAST-R ndi HBI ndi% peresenti chizindikiro kusintha ROI zochokera zotsatira za kugwirizanitsa kukambirana (Table 4) anafufuzidwa mu gulu la PHB ndi SPSS 22.

Results

Zotsatira za Maphunziro a Psychological

Pa ziganizo za 20 zaumoyo wathanzi, ndi ziwiri zokha zomwe zimalimbikitsa malingaliro ena kupatulapo kugonana komwe kumadzudzula chifukwa cha zochitika zitatu zogonana. Mmodzi wogwira ntchito mu gulu lolamulira anafotokoza kuti zochitika ziwiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa kugonana kwa 20 zimapangitsa kunyansidwa ndi kukwiya, pamene wophunzira wina mu gulu lolamulira anawonetsa kuti chithunzi chimodzi chogonana chinadabwitsa. Zithunzi zitatu zogonana zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu asamangokhalira kugonana ndizosiyana ndi kusanthula deta.

Wodziimira t-kuwonetseratu kuti palibe kusiyana kwa magulu muzithunzi za valence ndi kudzuka chifukwa cha kugonana [valence: t(43) = 0.14, p> 0.05, a Cohen d = 0.042; kudzutsa: t(43) = 0.30,p> 0.05, a Cohen d = 0.089]. Kuwonjezera apo, chiwerengero cha zokhuza kugonana pakati pa zithunzi za 20 zolaula zomwe zinapangitsa chilakolako cha kugonana sanadabwa kuti gulu la PHB linkalakalaka chilakolako chogonana mobwerezabwereza kuposa gulu lolamulira panthawi yogonanai [t(43) = 3.23, p <0.01, a Cohen d = 0.960]. TIye ali ndi mphamvu zokhudzana ndi kugonana anawonetsa kuti gulu la PHB linakhala ndi chidwi chogonana kwambiri kuposa gulu lolamulira chifukwa cha zithunzi zolimbikitsa kugonana [t(43) = 14.3, p <0.001, a Cohen d = 4.26]. Zotsatira za zofufuza za maganizo zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 2.

Zotsatira za fMRI

M'gulu la PHB, kuwonetseredwa kunayang'aniridwa m'magulu awiri omwe ali pamtunda wapansi pakati pawo (Brodmann area) (BA) 9], cuneus / precuneus (BA 7, 18, ndi 19), striatum, thalamus, ndi cingulate gyri (BA 24 ndi 32 ) poyankha zokhudzana ndi kugonana poyerekeza ndi zosokoneza zachiwerewere. IGulu lolamulira, kutsegulira kunawonetsedwa m'magulu akuluakulu apakatikati (lowering) (BA 9), cuneus / precuneus (BA 7, 18, ndi 19), striatum, thalamus, ndi mbali yotsala ya gyrus (BA 24). Lingani,p <0.05).

Pakati pa kafukufuku pakati pa magulu, gulu la PHB linawonetsa kuwonjezereka kwakukulu mu malo oyenera omwe amadziwika bwino kwambiri (DACC; BA 24 ndi 32), thalami limodzi, mbali yotsala ya DLPFC (BA 9, 46), komanso gyrus yoyenera ya supramarginal (BA 40) yokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa mu gulu lolamulira panthawi yachisokonezo chogonana poyerekeza ndi zosokoneza zachiwerewere. Palibe zigawo za ubongo zomwe zili mu gulu lolamulira zomwe zikuwonetseratu kutsegula kuposa gulu la PHB. Makonzedwe onse a ma voxels omwe atsegulidwa akuwonetsedwa ngati MNI ikugwirizanitsa mu Matables 3, 4. Chithunzi 2 imasonyeza kuti peresenti ya peresenti imasintha m'magulu olamulira ndi PHB mu chikhalidwe chilichonse choyesera (kutanthauza, kugonana ndi kusagonana) kwa ma CRI osankhidwa, ndi Chithunzi 3 amawonetsa nthawi yeniyeni yomwe gulu lirilonse limasintha pa nthawi iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi ma ROI panthawi yopereka chilakolako chogonana (chiwerengero cha 12 s; 5 ndi 7 pambuyo pake) chifukwa cha zotsatira za kusanthula gulu.

Kufufuza kwa mgwirizano wa zigawo zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi zigawo za SAST-R zinasonyeza kuti thalamus yolondola ndi DLPFC (BA 9) inagwirizana ndi maphunziro a SAST-R (p <0.001, osakonzedwa) mu gulu la PHB panthawi yomwe amakumana ndi zolaula, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 4. TZotsatira za kufufuza kwake zasonyeza kuti chizindikiro cha peresenti chinachokera ku thalamus yolondola komanso DLPFC ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4. Peresentiyo imasintha mu thalamus yolondola ndipo DLPFC yolondola imagwirizana bwino ndi maphunziro a SAST-R mu gulu la PHB pamene akuwonetsedwa ndi zolaula (chabwino thalamus: r = 0.74, n = 23, p <0.01; DLPFC kumanja: r = 0.63, n = 23, p <0.01). Kuphatikiza apo, chiwonetsero cha peresenti chimasinthidwa mu DLPFC yolondola ndi thalamus yakumanja zinali zogwirizana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa HBI mgulu la PHB (thalamus yolondola: r = 0.65, n = 23, p <0.01; DLPFC kumanja: r = 0.53, n = 23, p <0.01), monga zikuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 4.

Kukambirana

Kafukufukuyu akufufuza ngati pali kusiyana pakati pa chilakolako cha kugonana pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi PHB ndi machitidwe abwino, ndipo ngati zili choncho, kusiyana kumeneku kunakhudzana ndi kusintha kosinthika muzitsulo za chilakolako cha kugonana mwa anthuwa. Monga ananenedweratu, gulu la PHB linasonyeza kwambiri chilakolako cha kugonana ndikusintha mu PFC ndi malo osagwirizana ndi maulamuliro. Zotsatira izi zinkasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa ntchito kumagulu oyendayenda omwe amatsutsana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi ofanana ndi omwe akutsutsa mawu omwe ali ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi choledzeretsa kapena kusokoneza khalidwe (Garavan et al., 2000; Tapert et al., 2003; Crockford et al., 2005; Franklin et al., 2007;Ko et al., 2009; McClernon ndi al., 2009). Voon et al. (2014) analengeza chikhumbo chosachiritsika ndi kusintha kwa ntchito m'madera okhudzana ndi chilakolako chokwera mwa anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana. Tinalemba ndikuwonjezera zotsatirazi mwa kufufuza nthawi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika nthawi yonse ya 12 s kumadera okhudzana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana.

Poyerekezera ndi zozizwitsa, kufufuza kwa zotsatira za maganizo a maganizo kumasonyeza kuti gulu la PHB likuwonetsa chilakolako chogonana mobwerezabwereza kuposa gulu lotsogolera pakugonana ndi chilakolako chogonana, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti gululi likhale ndi chichepere cha chilakolako cha kugonana. Pamene chilakolako cha kugonana chinapangidwira, gulu la PHB linasonyeza chilakolako chokwanira cha kugonana kusiyana ndi gulu lolamulira. Chotsatira ichi chinali chogwirizana ndi zomwe zapitazo pa anthu omwe ali ndi gulu la PHB (Laier et al., 2013; Laier ndi Brand, 2014; Voon et al., 2014), makamaka chisonyezerani kuti chilakolako choonera zolaula chingakhale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kugonana kwa kugonana kwa azimayi.

Zotsatira za ubongo zimayankha zokhudzana ndi kugonana zowoneka bwino ndi zofufuza zam'mbuyomu zomwe zasonyeza kuti zochitika zikuchitika m'madera a ubongo omwe akukhudzana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana kapena chikhumbo / kuyembekezera, komanso kukonda kugonana kapena kukakamiza, pamene onse amavomereza kugonanai (Georgiadis ndi Kringelbach, 2012). Zotsatira za kagulu koyerekezera za ubongo zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuwonetseratu kusintha kwa DLPFC (BA 9) ndi madera ozungulira, kuphatikizapo dACC yolondola (BA 24 ndi 32), phokoso lamanzere lomwe lili kumanzere, galimoto ya supramarginal (BA 40), ndi yolondola thalamus, ndipo kusintha kumeneku kungakhale kogwirizana ndi khalidwe la khalidwe la PHB. Kuphatikiza pa kuchitidwa kwa ubongo, tinayang'ana nthawi yambiri ya machitidwe okhudza zachilengedwe m'maderawa panthawiyi komanso pambuyo pa chilakolako chogonana.

Pakati pa zigawo izi, khungu lakumanzere lachinsinsi ndi ACC (BA 24 ndi 32) ndipo DLPFC yoyenera imaganiziridwa kukhala yogwirizana ndi chikhumbo cholimbikitsa chilakolako cha kugonana. Kuphatikizidwa kwa phokoso lachidziwitso muzolimbikitsa ndi kupindula mphoto kungakhale chifukwa cha zomwe zimayankha kugonana (Delgado, 2007). Dorsal striatum imalandiridwa panthawi ya kuyembekezera (Delgado, 2007), zomwe zikhoza kusonyeza chilakolako chokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera koteroko. Pofufuza zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zolaula, nthawi zambiri chifukwa choonera zolaula zingachititse kugwedeza ndi kuperewera kwa statum, kuphatikizapo phokoso lokhazikika, labwino (Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014). Komabe, mu phunziro laposachedwapa, kulumikiza kwakukulu kunayang'aniridwa muchisindikizo cha gulu la PHB, ngakhale kuti gulu la PHB liwonera zolaula mobwerezabwereza. Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa zotsatira za phunziroli ndi zomwe Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kusiyana kwa ophunzira. Izi ndizosiyana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa amuna akuluakulu mu phunziro lapitalo, phunziro lathu lidachitidwa pa anthu omwe ali ndi PHB. Umboni wochulukitsa umasonyeza kuti phokosoli ndi lofunika kwambiri pophunzira chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chidwi komanso kusunga khalidwe lachiwerewere (Vanderschuren ndi Everitt, 2005). Kuyika kwa phokoso lachidule mu phunziro lino kungasonyeze kuti kugonana-reactivity kumakhazikitsidwa pambuyo mobwerezabwereza akugonana ndi zochitika zogonana.

DACC imadziwika kuti ikugwirizana ndi njira zokhuza kugonana (Redouté et al., 2000; Arnow et al., 2002; Hamann et al., 2004; Ferretti et al., 2005; Ponseti et al., 2006; Paulo ndi al., 2008). Zomwe taphunzira za kuyambitsa dACC zimasonyeza kuti zimakhudza chilakolako cha kugonana, ndipo zotsatirazi zinali zofanana ndi zomwe zaphunzira pa zofuna zokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako pazochitika zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere (Voon et al., 2014). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, dACC imadziwika kuti ndi yofunikira pa kukonza koyambirira kwa khalidwe lokhazikitsa malingaliro poyang'anira kutsutsana pakati pa chilakolako cha khalidwe ndi kusokoneza chilakolakochi (Devinsky et al., 1995; Arnow et al., 2002;Karama et al., 2002; Moulier et al., 2006; Safron et al., 2007). Neuroanatomically, dACC imapanga ntchito ku DLPFC ndi parietal lobe (Devinsky et al., 1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001). Mu phunziro lino, kukambitsirana mu dACC mu gulu la PHB kungasonyeze mkangano wamkati pakati pa chilakolako chofotokozera zofuna za kugonana monga zochita komanso chilakolako choletsa zifukwa chifukwa cha zochitika zogonana.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa gyrus ya supramarginal kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zofuna zomwe zimawonedwa ngati kugonana (Redouté et al., 2000; Stolé et al., 2012). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomo atsimikizira kuti kuwonjezeka kwa chilakolako chogonana kumawathandiza kukhalabe ndi chilakolako cha kugonana (Bwerani, 1986; Janssen ndi Everaerd, 1993) ndipo yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere kufunafuna (Kagerer et al., 2014). Phunziro lachidziwitso, kusinthika kwapadera kwapadera kungasonyeze chidwi chachikulu chomwe chinaperekedwa ndi PHB kuti chikhudzidwe ndi kugonana komanso chomwe chikhoza kuchititsa chilakolako cha kugonana poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira.

Pakati pa zigawo zomwe zinasankhidwa kwambiri pakati pa zotsatira za gulu, DLPFC ndi thalamus zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuopsa kwa chiwerewere mu nkhani za PHB. Tinawona ntchito yowonjezera ya thalamus, yomwe inali yofanana ndi zomwe anapeza kafukufuku wokhudza kugonana (Redouté et al., 2000; Moulier et al., 2006). Malingana ndi kafukufuku wakale wokhudzana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, kuyambitsidwa kwa thalamus kumayenderana ndi mayankho a thupi (ie, kukonzekera kugonana) komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi chilakolako cha kugonana ndipo kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuphulika kwa penile (MacLean ndi Ploog, 1962; Redouté et al., 2000; Moulier et al., 2006). Chochititsa chidwi, tinapezanso njira yowonjezera komanso yowonjezera ya chilengedwe mwa thalamus poyerekeza ndi zomwe zikulamulira. Yankho lapamwamba komanso lachilengedwe lokhazikika lingasonyeze kuti kukwatira kugonana kunali kolimba komanso kwanthaŵi yaitali mwa anthu omwe ali ndi PHB.

Mofanana ndi zomwe zinafukufuku pa zochitika za neural kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzidwa, tinapeza kusintha kwa PFC gulu. PFC imakhala ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera zamtsogolo komanso kugwira ntchito (Bonson et al., 2002). Neuroanatomically, PFC imagwirizanitsidwa kumadera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo dACC, nucleus, ndi parietal lobe (Devinsky et al., 1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001; Goldman-Rakic ​​ndi Leung, 2002). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wonena zakusokoneza bongo akuwonetsa kuti kusokonekera kwa netiweki iyi, kuphatikiza PFC, ikukhudzana ndi malamulo a PFC azigawo za mphotho komanso kutenga nawo gawo pantchito yayikulu, kuphatikiza kudziletsa, kudziwika, ndi kuzindikira (Goldman-Rakic ​​ndi Leung, 2002; Feil et al., 2010; Goldstein ndi Volkow, 2011; Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014). Makamaka, kafukufukuyu azindikira kuti ntchito ya DLPFC ndi yosokonezeka chifukwa chokhazikika, zomwe zimabweretsa zizindikilo, monga kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso chowongolera monga momwe zilili ndi makhalidwe osokoneza bongo komanso kuchepetsa chilakolako chokhalitsa choyenera (Goldman-Rakic ​​ndi Leung, 2002; Goldstein ndi Volkow, 2011). Phunziro la tsopano, kuona kwa DLPFC kuyambitsa gulu la PHB poyerekeza ndi gulu lotsogolera lingasonyeze kuti kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa chiwerewere.

Mwachidule, gulu la PHB linasonyeza chikhumbo chachikulu chogonana chomwe chinkagwirizana ndi ntchito ya ubongo yosinthika. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti gulu la PHB lingapereke chisamaliro chokwanira ku zogonana ndi kuti lingakhale ndi yankho lokhakha chifukwa yankho lovomerezeka pazokhudzana ndi kugonana sizingathetsedwe bwino. Zoperewera za phunziro lino ndi izi. Choyamba, masewerawo anali Asia. Chachiwiri, phunziroli linakhudza amuna okhaokha, ndipo maphunziro amtsogolo okhudza akazi ndi amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ayenera kukhala othandiza kumvetsetsa PHB. Maphunziro a PHB omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo omwe sagwirizane nawo sanalembedwe mu phunziro lino, motero kuonetsetsa kuti kufufuza kwa neural kusokonekera pogwiritsa ntchito PHB. Komabe, molingana ndi kafukufuku Weiss (2004), 28% ya amuna omwe ali ndi PHB amavutika ndi matenda aakulu. Kuchita zinthu izi pamodzi kumachepetsa kuwonjezereka kwa zotsatira za maphunziro ku chiwerengero cha anthu onse. Pomalizira, magulu awiriwo angakhale osiyana ndi kudzidzimva ndi / kapena kukhudzidwa mtima chifukwa cha chithandizo cha otsogolera a PHB. Tinayesetsa kuchepetsa kusiyana pakati pa magulu olamulira ndi PHB poyenderana ndi zofunikira za anthu, kuphatikizapo msinkhu, msinkhu wa maphunziro, ndi kupereka, poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka, monga kukhalapo kwa matenda a maganizo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a psychotropic, kwa magulu awiriwa. Chotsatira, tikukonzekera kuti tiwone momwe mitundu yolimbana ndi mankhwala kapena mtundu wa mankhwala imakhudzidwa ndi mayankho, kuphatikizapo mayankho ogonana, omwe ali ndi PHB.

Ngakhale zolepheretsa izi, zotsatira za phunziroli zimapereka zothandiza kwambiri ku mabukuwa ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri pa kafukufuku wamtsogolo. Tinazindikiranso zigawo zina za ubongo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo pazochitika za madera amenewa pakati pa maphunziro ndi PHB. Monga momwe phunziro la ubongo limagwiritsira ntchito zovuta ndi khalidwe lachizoloŵezi, PHB yokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa ntchito mu PFC ndi malo osagwirizana, ngakhale popanda mankhwala ozunguza bongo. Zotsatira zathu zimakhala zothandiza pofotokozera makhalidwe ndi njira zogwirizana ndi njira zapamwamba za anthu omwe ali ndi PHB, ndikuyendetsanso magawo opitirira mafotokozedwe monga momwe zinaliri m'maphunziro apitalo.

ndalama

Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa ndi Korea Basic Science Institute (No. E35600) ndi kafukufuku wa 2014 Chungnam National University.

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Kuvomereza

Olembawo akufuna kuthokoza Korea Basic Science Institute kuti alole phunziroli kuti lichitike ku Dipatimenti ya Human Imaging Center pogwiritsa ntchito 3T MRI scanner (Phillips).

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi zitha kupezeka pa intaneti pa: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00321

Zothandizira