Kusintha kwa Mphamvu mu Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Efflux Pa Coolidge Mphamvu mu Male Rats (1997)

MIYANI YA YBOP: Zotsatira za Coolidge zili kuseri kwa mphamvu ya zolaula za pa intaneti. Zotsatira za Coolidge ndi chodabwitsa chomwe chimawonedwa mwa mitundu ya zinyama pomwe amuna (ndi akazi ochepa) amawonetsa chidwi chatsopano chogonana ngati atayambitsidwa ndi omwe agonana nawo atsopano, ngakhale atakana kugonana kuyambira kale koma akupezekabe ndi zibwenzi. Zomwe zili zolaula zimapitilira nyumbayi mwachisangalalo chatsopano chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi dopamine yapamwamba. Zinthu zamakono ndizomwe zimapangitsa zolaula za pa intaneti kukhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zolaula zakale.

Nkhani yoyamba, ndi ma grafu

  1. Dennis F. Fiorino,
  2. Ariane Coury, ndipo
  3. Anthony G. Phillips

+Onetsani Kugwirizana

  1. The Journal of Neuroscience, 15 Juni 1997, 17 (12): 4849-4855;

Kudalirika

Mphamvu ya Coolidge imalongosola kubwezeretsedwa kwa khalidwe la kugonana mu nyama "yodetsa zogonana" pogwiritsa ntchito mwamuna wokondana wina. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya masolimbic dopamine (DA) m'kati mwa kuyambitsa ndi kukonzanso khalidwe lolimbikitsa, microdialysis inagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anitsitsa kulumikizana kwa nucleus accumbens (NAC) pa nthawi yopikisana, kugonana, komanso kubwezeretsedwa kwa chiwerewere. Pogwirizana ndi malipoti oyambirira, kufotokoza kwa mkazi wachikazi kumbuyo kwa chithunzi ndi kugwirizanitsa kunkagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu ku NAC DA efflux. Kubwereka kwa maiko a NAC DA kupita kuzinthu zoyambirira zogwirizana ndi nthawi yogonana, ngakhale kuti ma metabolites a DA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ndi homovanillic acid, adakwera kwambiri. Kuwonetsedwa kwa mkazi wobvomerezana wamakono pambuyo pa chinsalu kunachititsa kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa DA NAC, yomwe idakhululukidwa kwambiri pa nthawi yowonjezera kutsatiridwa ndi mkazi wachilendo. Zomwe zilipo panopa zimasonyeza kuti zochitika za amayi ovomerezeka amatha kuthandiza kuonjezera kachilombo ka HIV ku NAC ku chikwama chachimuna chogonana, ndipo izi zikhonza kukhala zokhudzana ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa chiwerewere.

Introduction

Mphuno yamphongo imene yadzikakamiza kuti ikhale yosakanizidwa ikhoza kuyambitsanso kukwatirana kachiwiri ngati mkazi woyamba atsimikiziridwa ndi mkazi wachilendo wovomerezeka. Izi zadziwika kuti zotsatira za Coolidge ndipo zawonetsedwa m'mitundu yambiri ya mamalia (Wilson et al., 1963). Zinthu zambiri monga kutopa kapena kupanikizika kwa magalimoto sizikwanira kufotokoza zooneka bwino zokhudzana ndi kugonana, chifukwa chotsutsana ndi mkazi wachikazi chingathe kupangitsana. Kugonana kwapabanja kungakhalenso "kusinthika" kwa pharmacologically, mwachindunji, ndi kayendedwe ka mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe angagwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana za maurotransmitter. Mankhwalawa akuphatikizapo yohimbine, 8-OH-DPAT (Rodriguez-Manzo ndi Fernandez-Guasti, 1994, 1995a), nalaxone (Pfaus ndi Gorzalka, 1987; Rodriguez-Manzo ndi Fernandez-Guasti, 1995a,b), ndi apomorphine (Mas et al., 1995c). Ngakhale kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kusokonezeka (mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za adrenergic pa erectile ntchito), zotsatira za njira zofunikira zogonana zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimapangidwa chifukwa cha zisankho zowonongeka (noradrenergic lesion test)Rodriguez-Manzo ndi Fernandez-Guasti, 1995a) ndi mayesero a microdialysis omwe amayang'anitsitsa dopaminergic metabolism m'dera lamkati lamkati (Mas et al., 1995a,b).

Popeza kuti njira zofunikirazi zingagwirizane ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa khalidwe la chiwerewere monga momwe Coolidge amachitira, wofunikila ndiyo njira ya masolimbic dopamine (DA), kuyendetsa kuchokera ku gawo la ventral kupita ku NAC. Mesolimbic DA ikuwoneka ngati woyendetsa modulator mu njira zovuta zowonjezera zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyesa zowonongeka kwa zachilengedwe, monga chidziwitso chochokera kwa mkazi wachiwerewere, ndi bungwe la makhalidwe otsogolera zolinga, monga kuphatikiza (Fibiger ndi Phillips, 1986; Blackburn et al., 1992; Phillips ndi al., 1992; LeMoal, 1995; Salamone, 1996).

Ngakhale midzi yotchedwa DA neurons imayankha mphoto zapadera ndipo zimapereka mphotho zowonongeka, zolemba kapena zosayembekezereka zowonongeka kwa chilengedwe zimapangitsa kuti neuronal isamuke mwamphamvu kwambiri mobwerezabwereza pafupipafupi maphunziro (Fabre et al., 1983; Schultz, 1992; Mirenowicz ndi Schultz, 1994). Pali umboni wambiri womwe umathandiza kuti pakhale njira yofunikira yothandizira odwala DA muyambitsa ndi kukonza khalidwe la kugonana kwa makoswe (Pfaus ndi Everitt, 1995), ndipo kafukufuku wochuluka wa maphunziro a microdialysis akuwonjezeka ku NAC DA efflux panthawi yovuta komanso yogwiritsira ntchito khalidwe lachiwerewere la amuna (Pfaus et al., 1990; Pleim et al., 1990; Damsma et al., 1992; Wenkstern et al., 1993; Fumero et al., 1994; Mas et al., 1995b). Komabe pali ziwerengero zochepa chabe zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kugwirizanitsa chiwerewere. Kugwiritsa ntchito mu vivo microdialysis kuyang'anitsitsa kuyang'ana kwa magazi kwadzidzidzi pa Coolidge zotsatira zimapereka mpata wapadera wofufuza udindo wa DA NAC pakukambirana, kugonana, komanso kubwezeretsanso.

Chiyeso cha microdialysis chinkachitidwa kuti chizindikire zotsatirazi: (1) ngati kuyambira kwa kugonana kumayenderana ndi kubwerera kwa zigawo za DA zowonjezera m'madera a NAC kuti ziwerengedwe zapadera kapena pansipa, ndi (2) ngati kubwezeretsedwa kwa khalidwe loyendetsa " Kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi amodzi akugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa NAC DA efflux.

ZIDA NDI NJIRA

Ophunzira. Amuna a Sprague Dawley, omwe anawatenga ku Animal Care Center (pa yunivesite ya British Columbia), ndi makoswe a Long-Evans, omwe anawatenga kuchokera ku Charles River Canada (St. Constant, Quebec, Canada), adakakhala m'zipinda za waya (18) × 25 × 65 masentimita; asanu pa khola) muzipinda zina zosiyana. Zipinda za Colony zinasungidwa kutentha kwa ~20 ° C pang'onopang'ono 12 hr kuwala / mdima. Makoswe anali ndi mwayi wochuluka wa chakudya (Purina Rat Chow) ndi madzi.

Kuyeza opaleshoni ndi kuyeretsa khalidwe pamaso pa ubongo microdialysis.Nthongo zazimayi zinali zogwirizanitsa pakati pa maiko a halothane (anthhesia) (Fluothane, Ayerst Laboratories) osachepera masabata a 4 asanayesedwe. Kugonana pakati pa akazi kumayambitsa matenda a subcutaneous a estradiol benzoate (10 μg) ndi progesterone (500 μg), 48 ndi 4 hr, motero, musanayambe phunziro lililonse. Amphaka amaonedwa kuti azichita zachiwerewere kaŵirikaŵiri, kupatulidwa kwa 4, m'zipinda za Plexiglas (35 × 35 × 40 masentimita). Amphaka amphongo okha omwe anafika pamtundu wotsatira, womwe unaphatikizapo kutulutsa mkati mwa 5 min ya kuwonetsera kwa akazi ndi kuthamanga mkati mwa 15 min ya kuyambira koyambirira, panthawi yoyezetsa maulendo awiri anaikidwa ndi microdialysis probe guide cannulae.

Amphongo (n = 5) ankatsitsimutsidwa ndi ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg / kg, ip) ndi xylazine (10 mg / kg, ip) pamaso pa opaleshoni ya stereotaxic. Zida za Microdialysis probe cannulae (19 gauge) zinayikidwa pambali pa NAC (zogwirizanitsa ndi bregma: anterior, + 1.7 mm; medial, ± 1.1 mm; ventral, -1.0 mm; fupa laling'ono) ndipo anatetezedwa ku chigaza ndi mano a acrylic zikopa za jeweler's. Zowonjezera zowonjezereka zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zogwiritsiridwa ntchito pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wopambana wa microdialysis. Mwamwayi, mu kuyesedwa kwamakono, kokha kamodzi kokha kankafunikira pa makoswe onse. Amphaka omwe ankakhala m'magulu a pulasitiki akuluakulu okhala ndi zipilala za chimanga. Mlungu umodzi utatha opaleshoni, makoswe anayesedwa kuti achite zogonana. Pa gawo ili la maphunziro, chipinda choyesa chinali ndi pulogalamu ya Plexiglas yomwe imagawanika m'chipinda chachikulu. Amphaka adalowa mu chipinda chachikulu ndi 15 min kenako, mkazi adayikidwa kumbuyo. Pambuyo pa 15 min yokonzekera nthawi, chinsalucho chinachotsedwa, ndipo makoswe analoledwa kukwaniritsa 30 min. Gawo la maphunziro atatu linkachitidwa, chimodzimodzi 4 d. Mphungu zonse zinafika pazomwe zimagwira ntchito panthawi iliyonse.

Kuyesera kwenikweni kwa Coolidge. Mphungu zinayambika unilaterally ndi microdialysis probes 12-18 hr isanachitike kuyesa kwa Coolidge ndikuyiyika m'chipinda chachikulu cha chipinda choyesera ndi kupeza kwaufulu chakudya ndi madzi. Mmawa wa kuyesayesa, zitsanzo za microdialysis zinasonkhanitsidwa zonse 15 min. Kuyesera kunaphatikizapo magawo asanu ndi awiri otsatirawa: (1) maziko (osachepera 60 min); (2) 1 chachikazi kumbuyo kwazenera (15 min); (3) kugwirizanitsa ndi akazi 1 mpaka nthawi ya 30 min itadutsa yopanda; (4) kubwezeretsedwa kwa 1 chachikazi kumbuyo kwazenera (15 min); (5) kupeza kwa 1 yazimayi kwa nthawi ya 15 pokhapokha panalibe kokwera (ngati kukwera kwachitika, gawoli linkatengedwa ngati gawo 3); (6) kulumikiza kwa 2 yazimayi kuseri kwazenera (15 min); 7) kugwirizana ndi akazi 2 kwa 60 min.

Makhalidwe adawonetsedwa pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo a JVC ndipo adawona pa kanema kanema komwe kuli kunja kwa chipinda choyesera. Miyezo yovomerezeka ya kugonana inalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi mapulogalamu oyenerera (Holmes et al., 1987).

Pambuyo pa kuyesera kwa microdialysis, zinyama zinapatsidwa kuchuluka kwa ma chloral hydrate ndi kuponderezedwa mopanda mankhwala ndi saline ndi formalin (4%). Ubongo unadulidwa ndi chisanu, ndipo, pambuyo pake, zigawo zina zimadetsedwa ndi cresyl violet kuti azindikire kuika kwa microdialysis probes. Makoswe okhawo omwe ali ndi kafukufuku mkati mwa NAC adagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndi njira zamaganizo.

Microdialysis ndi HPLC-electrochemical detection. Mapulogalamu a microdialysis anali opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri ndi mzere wosakanikirana (2 mm membrane), 340 μm kutalika kwake, 65000 molecular weight cutoff, Filtral 12, Hospal) kumapeto kwa distal. Mapulojekiti amapangidwira pa 1.0 μl / min ndi ndondomeko ya Ringer's solution (0.01 m sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 1.3 mmCaCl2, 3.0 mm KCl, 1.0 mmMgCl2, 147 mm NaCl) pogwiritsira ntchito sering'i yowonongeka (Hamilton, Reno, NV) ndi mpope wa sitiroko (model 22, Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA). Kapepala kothandizira kabwino ka microdialysis kanagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ateteze kafukufuku wa microdialysis mkati mwa chitsogozo chachitsulo. Chophimba chachitsulo, chophatikizidwa ndi mpweya wamadzi (Instech 375s) omwe anali pamwamba pa chipinda choyesera, chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza tubing (Fiorino et al., 1993).

Ofufuza a Microdialysate, omwe anaphatikizapo DA ndi metabolites dihyroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) ndi homovanillic acid (HVA), analekanitsidwa ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka chromatography (Ultrasphere column; Beckman, Fullerton, CA, ODS 5 μm, 15 cm, 4.6 mm, mkati mwake ) pogwiritsa ntchito 0.083m sodium acetate buffer, pH 3.5 (5% methanol). Mavuto a analyte anali otchulidwa ndi kuzindikira kwa electrochemical (EC). Pulogalamuyo inali ndi pompani ya Bio-Rad (Richmond, CA), Valco Instruments (Houston, TX) EC10W injection ya malo awiri, ESA (Bedford, MA) Coulochem II EC detector, ndi chojambula chachiwiri cha chithunzi (Kipp ndi Zonen, Bohemia, NY). Electrochemical detector magawo anali awa: electrode 1, + 450 mV; electrode 2, -300 mV; ndi kusunga selo, -450 mV. Zopangidwe kafukufuku recovery, anachita mu m'galasi komanso kutentha, anali 22% kwa DA, 18% kwa DOPAC, ndi 18% kwa HVA.

ZINTHU

Makhalidwe

Zotsatira za kayendedwe ka zotsatira za Coolidge zikufotokozedwa mu Table 1. Makhalidwe oyendayenda, intromit, ndi ejaculate, komanso nthawi yopitiliza ntchito pambuyo poyambira koyamba anali ofanana ndi omwe anali ataphunzitsidwa kale (deta yosasonyezedwe). Izi zikusonyeza kuti njira ya microdialysis siinasinthe makhalidwe abwino ogonana. Kukula kwa chiwerewere, monga momwe ziwonetsedwera ndi nambala ya ejaculations isanayambe kukumana (7.8 ± 0.5), kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha intromissions chisanayambe kukwera, ndi kuwonjezeka kwapakati pa nthawi ya postejaculatory (deta yosasonyezedwe) , zinali zofanana ndi zomwe zinalembedwa m'maphunziro apitalo (Mtsinje ndi Jordan, 1956; Fowler ndi Whalen, 1961; Fisher, 1962; Bermant et al., 1966; Rodriguez-Manzo ndi Fernandez-Guasti, 1994; Mas et al., 1995d). Kusiyanitsa kwa munthu aliyense kunkachitika pokhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha ejaculations chomwe chinachitikira ndi 1 yazimayi, nthawi yomwe amatha kugwirana ndi akazi a 1, ndi chiwerengero cha mafotokozedwe a azimayi a 1 omwe amafunika kuti akwaniritse zofunikirazo. 1, pansi). Ziphuphu zina zimafuna kuti thupi la 1 likhazikitsidwe kachiwiri mpaka gawo la 5 lidzatha (n = 3). Zochita za kuika 1 yazimayi kuseri kwazenera ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa gawoli mwina kumakhala ngati chilakolako choyambirira chomwe chimayambitsa kutsutsana. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti 30 imakhala yopanda malire, ngakhale kuti idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale (Beach ndi Jordan, 1965; Mas et al., 1995b), amatsutsana komanso samatsimikizira kuti makoswe sangaperekedwe nthawi yambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, kuchepetsa kapena kuchotseratu njira zowonjezereka sizinapangitse kuti zikhale zogwirizanitsa ndi akazi a 1 (mwachitsanzo, magawo a 4 ndi 5).

Gulu 1

Makhalidwe pa kuyesa kwa zotsatira za Coolidge

Makoswe onse anawonetsa zotsatira za Coolidge. Ntchitoyi ikukhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa 2 chachikazi pamasewerawo, makamaka, kuchotsedwa kwa gawoli kungakhale kwathandizira potsatira izi, koma, kachiwiri, zochitika izi sizinali zokwanira kuti zithetsenso kutsogolo koyambirira. Kuyerekezera pakati pa zogonana ndi akazi a 1 ndi akazi a 2 anapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito t mayesero ndi kukonzedwa kwa Bonferroni. Ngakhale kuti mapulaneti komanso mapulogalamu oyendetsa galimoto atayang'ana kwa akazi a 2 sanali osiyana kwambiri ndi omwe anali nawo pachiopsezo choyamba ndi 1 yazimayi, makamaka khalidwe la chiwerewere ndi akazi a 2 linali lolimba kwambiri, monga momwe amasonyezera ndi ejaculations zochepa (kutanthauza, 0.6 vs 4.2; F = 49.86;p <0.01) ndi ma intromissions (mean = 11.2 vs 37.0;F = 20.17; p <0.05) pa ola loyamba. Chiwerengero cha okwera mu ola loyamba ndi akazi 1 ndi 2 sichinali chosiyana kwambiri.

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti akazi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yomwe akuyesa kuyesa (ie, 1) amawonetsanso mphamvu (mwachitsanzo, kubwezera ndi kutsegula) ndi khalidwe lovomerezeka (ie, lordosis) pa nthawi yonse ya kukhudzana ndi amuna .

Neurochemistry

Dothi lokhazikika la DA ndi ma metabolites omwe ali ndi microdialysates, omwe amasonyeza kuti ± SEM, amatanthauza zitsanzo zitatu zoyambirira: DA, 3.0 ± 0.7; DOPAC, 619.1 ± 77.7; ndi HVA, 234.2 ± 49.0 (yosasankhidwa kuti ayambe kuchira;n = 5). Zotsatira izi zimayimira 100% zolemba zoyambirira.

Mafotokozedwe a deta, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi gawo lililonse la kuyesera ndi lodziwika kwa makoswe onse, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zamaganizo. Izi zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi: (1) zitsanzo zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo poyambitsidwa koyamba kwa akazi a 1, (2) zitsanzo zinayi zomwe zikutsutsana ndi kupezeka kwa khalidwe lachilendo ndi akazi a 1, ndi (3) zisanu zotsatila pambuyo pa kuwonetsedwa kwa akazi a 2. Chithunzi 1 amasonyeza kusintha kwa DA (ma graph, pakati) ndi metabolites a DA (mzere wa graph, pamwamba) kufanana ndi khalidwe lopangidwira (bar graph, pansi) pamayesero a Coolidge.

Fanizo la 1.

Nucleus accumcums neurochemical correlates ya khalidwe la kugonana pa zotsatira za Coolidge. Zitsanzo zisanu ndi zitatu zoyambirira zikuyimira mazondomeko opitirira nthawi kuyambira pa 1 mpaka 3. Chitsanzo 1 ndi zitsanzo zenizeni zowonjezera zachinayi ndi zotsiriza (anatsalira). Chitsanzo cha 2 chimayimira kukhazikitsa kwa 1 chachikazi kumbuyo kwazenera (Fr). Pambuyo pa 15 min, chinsalucho chinachotsedwa, ndipo makoswe analoledwa kuti atsatire (zitsanzo 3-8). Theyopuma pa x-axis ikugwirizana ndi kuchotsa deta kuchokera ku makoswe omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali ndi amayi oyambirira. Zitsanzo zisanu ndi zinayi zapitazo zinapitirizananso nthawi. Zitsanzo 9 ndi 10 zimagwirizana ndi nthawi ya 3 (ie, 30 min popanda phiri). Mkazi wa 1 ndiye analowetsedwanso pambuyo pa chinsalu (chitsanzo 11) ndipo, 15 min kenako, chinsalucho chinachotsedwa (chitsanzo 12). Pambuyo pa 15 min popanda kuphatikizana, 2 yazimayi inaikidwa kuseri kwa chinsalu (chitsanzo 13). Zitsanzo 14-17 zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha akazi 2. Chiwerengero cha mapiritsi, intromission, kapena ejaculations chogwirizana ndi nyemba iliyonse ya 15 min microdialysis amasonyezedwa mu galasi lakuya pansi. Dokotala wa deta amasonyezedwa mwa kuchuluka kwa magawo oyambirira. Kusintha kwa DA DA (malo obisika), DOPAC (mabwalo otsekedwa), ndi HVA (midzi yotseguka) zowonjezera zimaperekedwa monga ma graph a mzere. Zotsatira zotsatirazi zinapangidwa: chitsanzo choyambirira 1 motsutsana ndi zitsanzo 2-10; Zotsatira zatsopano 10 motsutsana ndi zitsanzo 11 ndi 12; Zotsatira zatsopano 12 motsutsana ndi zitsanzo 13-17 (*p <0.05; ** p <0.01). Odziyimira pawokha t mayesero anapangidwa pakati pa ziyeso zoyambirira (zitsanzo 1, 10, ndi 12). Pa kusiyana kwakukulu kochokera kumayambiriro oyambirira (sampuli 1), †p <0.05.

Kusiyanitsa njira imodzi, machitidwe a ANOVAs anachitidwa pazinthu zamagetsi zogwirizana ndi akazi 1 (zitsanzo 1-12) ndi akazi 2 (zitsanzo 12-17). A priori kuyerekezera kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso osiyanasiyana a Dunn (Bonferroni t). Zithunzi zitatu zotsatirazi zidapangidwa: (1) zoyamba zapadera (zitsanzo 1) zotsatizana ndi zitsanzo 2-10 (yoyambira kwa 1), (2) mzere wachiwiri (chitsanzo 10) poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo 11 ndi 12 (kubwereranso kwa akazi 1) , ndi (3) mzere wachitatu (chitsanzo 12) motsutsana ndi zitsanzo 13-17 (kuwonetsedwa kwa akazi 2).

Panali kusintha kwakukulu kwa DA efflux poyankha akazi a 1 [F (11,44) = 8.48; p <0.001] ndi wamkazi 2 [F (5,20) = 2.83;p <0.05]. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa DA efflux kunapezeka pamene 1 wamkazi anali kumbuyo kwa chinsalu (+ 44%,p <0.05; chitsanzo 2). Pakuchulukana, kuchuluka kwa DA kunakulirakulira, kufika pamtengo wokwanira (+ 95%;p <0.01) munthawi yoyamba kupopera (sampuli 3). DA idakwezedwa nthawi zonse ndikumangobwerera pazoyambira zoyambira mu mphindi 30 pomwe sipanachitike kukwera (zitsanzo 9 ndi 10). Sichikubwezeretsanso 1 wachikazi kuseri kwa chinsalu (sampuli 11) kapena mwayi wolumikizana, koma osakweza (zitsanzo 12), kukwezedwa kwa DA poyerekeza ndi mtengo wachiwiri woyambira (sampuli 10). Kupezeka kwa azimayi 2 kuseri kwa chinsalu (zitsanzo 13) kudapangitsa kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa DA efflux (12%) kuchokera pamtengo wachitatu woyambira (sampuli 12) womwe sunafikire tanthauzo la ziwerengero. Kuphatikizidwanso ndi akazi a 2 kwadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu (34%) (p <0.05) mu DA efflux panthawi yoyamba yopanga (zitsanzo 14). Ngakhale machitidwe osakwanira okopera anapitilira pazitsanzo zitatu zotsatira, kuchuluka kwa DA kunatsika mpaka pamiyeso yoyambira (zitsanzo 15-17). Odziyimira pawokha t mayesero omwe anachita pakati pa "zitsanzo" (ie, 1, 10, ndi 12) adawonetsa kuti mfundo izi sizinali zosiyana kwambiri.

Mu ntchentche zitatu zomwe zinayambanso kugwirizanitsa pamene akazi a 1 adabwezeretsanso, NAC DA inawonjezeka pamene amayi a 1 analipo pamsana pazenera (range, 25-47%) komanso panthawi yokambirana (13-37%), potsatira chitsanzo usanayambe kubwezeretsedwa kwa mkazi. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku, komabe, kunangokhalapo pamene khalidwe la kugonana linali lamphamvu ndipo linkatsogolera.

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa DOPAC [F (11,44) = 9.57; p <0.001] ndi HVA [F (11,44) = 12.47; p Magulu a <0. 001] adapezeka poyankha 1 wachikazi, koma osati wamkazi 2. Magulu a Metabolite adakulirakulira pang'ono (+ 15% munthawi zonsezi) pakuwonetsa 1 wamkazi wamkazi kuseli kwazenera (chitsanzo 2), koma izi sizinali zofunikira powerengera. Panali, komabe, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pamalingaliro a DOPAC ndi HVA panthawi yamagulu (zitsanzo 3-8), zomwe zimakwaniritsa kwambiri (+80 ndi + 86%, motsatana; p <0.01) pambuyo pa 60 min (zitsanzo 6 pazochitika zonsezi). Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma metabolite kunachepa panthawi yakugonana kumapeto kwa kulumikizana ndi 1 wamkazi (zitsanzo 9 ndi 10), magawo amakhalabe okwera pokhudzana ndi zoyambira (p <0.05 onsewa). Kubwezeretsanso 1 wachikazi kuseri kwa chinsalu (nyemba 11), kufikira kwa 1 wachikazi atachotsa chinsalu (sampuli 12), ndikubweretsa azimayi 2 (sampuli 13) sizinachititse kuti pakhale kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa ma metabolite. Kukula pang'ono, koma kosafunikira, kumawonjezeka pakuwonjezeka kwa DOPAC ndi HVA (+ 23% m'malo onsewa) poyerekeza ndi momwe zakhalira (chitsanzo 12) chofananira ndi nthawi yoyamba kuphatikizana ndi akazi 2 (chitsanzo 14). Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kunali kwakanthawi kochepa, komabe, ndipo kunakana kutsatira mfundo zoyambira pamitundu itatu yotsala (15-17). Odziyimira pawokha tmayesero omwe anachitika pakati pa "zowonjezera" (ie, 1, 10, ndi 12) amasonyeza kuti chikhalidwe chachiwiri ndi chachitatu (zitsanzo 10 ndi 12, mwachitsanzo), ngakhale kuti sizinali zosiyana, zimakhala zikukwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo choyambirira kwa DOPAC ndi HVA (p <0.05 onsewa).

Histology

Ma prodialysis probes anali ku NAC (mkuyu.2) pamtundu uliwonse ukufutukula + 1.20 mpaka + 1.70 mm kuchokera ku bregma (fupa lakuda). Panali kusiyana pakati pa ndege yamkati; Deta ikuwonetsa zitsanzo kuchokera ku chipolopolo ndi madera akuluakulu a NAC.

Fanizo la 2.

Malo okhala ndi microdialysis probes mkati mwa NAC ya makoswe amphongo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kuyesa kwa mphamvu ya Coolidge. Zithunzi zamagazi zimagwirizana ndi poyera nembanemba dera la microdialysis probes. Zigawo zamakono za ubongo zinachotsedwaPaxinos ndi Watson (1986).

KUKANGANANI

Mogwirizana ndi malipoti oyambirira, zotsatira zaposachedwapa zikuwonetseratu kupititsa patsogolo kwa DAlimbic DA yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zida zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka za khalidwe la chiwerewere cha abambo monga momwemu vivo microdialysis (Mas et al., 1990; Pfaus et al., 1990;Pleim et al., 1990; Damsma et al., 1992; Wenkstern et al., 1993; Fumero et al., 1994; Mas et al., 1995a,b,d). Kuonjezera apo, zotsatirazi zimapereka chithandizo cha neurochemical correlate pofuna kugonana ndi kubwezeretsanso kotsatizana koyambako poyankha mkazi wachikondi (Coolidge effect). Zomwe zilipo panopa zimasonyeza kuti zochitika za amayi ovomerezeka amatha kuthandiza kuwonjezeka kwa kachilombo ka HIV ku NAC ku kachilombo ka amuna kamene kakugonana. Izi zikuwonekera poyamba kuwonjezeka kwa DA DA pamene akufotokozera mkazi wachikulire pambuyo pawonekera ndipo amapezeka mochuluka kwambiri ngati kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pa nthawi yowonjezereka ndi mkazi 2 (Mkuyu.1).

Kukhalapo kwa mkazi woyamba kulandira kuseri kwawunikira kunabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa NAC DA efflux (44% kuchokera pazomwe akuyambira) ofanana mofanana ndi zomwe zinanenedwa kumayesero ambuyomu pogwiritsa ntchito zofanana (30%, Pfaus et al., 1990; 35%,Damsma et al., 1992). Komanso mogwirizana ndi kafukufukuyu ndikuwona kuti NAC DA efflux idalimbikitsidwanso panthawi yopanga (mpaka> 95% pamwambapa poyambira). Ngakhale titha kuwona zokhazokha monga zophatikizidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa NAC DA (Wenkstern et al., 1993; Wilson et al., 1995), ndikofunika kufufuza mawu akuti "chilakolako" ndi "kugwiritsira ntchito" pogonana. Pamene gawo limene mkazi alipo pakhomoli ndilokha lokhazikika kapena lokonzekera, khalidwelo panthawi ya kukambirana sizingaganizidwe kuti ndizofunikira. Chifukwa "chilakolako" chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufotokoza makhalidwe onse omwe amatsogolera kumapeto kwa khalidwe lolimbikitsana (kugwirizanitsa), khalidwe loyambirira mawonetseredwe achimuna pamene akugwira ntchito mu "gawo lowonongeka" likufotokozedwa bwino ngati losautsa; Amuna amathera nthawi yochuluka ndi khama lawo kuti azitsatira. Pachifukwa ichi, tikhoza kulumikizana ndi mauthenga ambiri a NAC DA ndikumaliza komanso zigawo zowonongeka kwambiri za khalidwe la chiwerewere cha abambo.

Kufikira kwachiwiri, buku lachikazi linayambitsa kutsatizana pa phunziro lililonse. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo amasonyeza kuti ambiri amphongo amaloledwa kuti atsatire kusagwiritsidwa ntchito, pogwiritsira ntchito njira yowonetsera yofanana ndi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa, sanayambe kukwanitsa pamene akuyesedwa 24 patapita nthawi (Mtsinje ndi Jordan, 1956). Zikuoneka kuti kupezeka kwa zochitika zapadera za akazi a 2, omwe mwina anaphatikizirapo malingaliro owonetsera komanso owonetsera, adayambitsanso kugwirizanitsa. Funso lochititsa chidwi, limene liyenera kuyankhidwa, ndilo lingaliro laling'onoting'ono la abambo limasiyanitsa mkazi wachikazi ndi mkazi yemwe ali nawo posachedwapa. Malo omwe ali ndi njirayi akhoza kukhala mwadongosolo lapadera. Zakhala zikufotokozedwa kuti kukhulupirika kwa dongosolo lino ndikofunika kwa Coolidge zotsatira mu hamsters (Johnston ndi Rasmussen, 1984). Njira yowonjezeramo ya vomeronasal, komabe, momwe pulomeral ikumbukira ndondomekoyi posachedwa mu mbewa (Kaba et al., 1994), ndiyenso wapadera. Pachifukwa ichi, ndizodabwitsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kulumikizana kwa NAC DA kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mu vivo makoswe amphongo omwe anali ndi zibedi zomwe zinkapezeka ndi makoswe aakazi ku Estrus (Louillot et al., 1991; Mitchell ndi Gratton, 1992). Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito K+ mwachindunji kumalo osungunuka amtundu wa bulb yowonjezeramo, komanso kwa babu yowonjezerapo, inali yokwanira kuonjezera kufalitsa kwa NAC DA (Mitchell ndi Gratton, 1992).

Kuyamba kwa 15 min min yokambirana ndi akazi a 2 kunkagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa DA NAC. Mosiyana ndi akazi a 1, kuyanjana ndi akazi a 2 sikunabweretse kuwonjezeka kwa DA NAC ya kukula komweko pokhapokha panthawi yachisokonezo (12%) kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito (34%). Kuwonjezeka kwakung'ono kwa DA ku NAC, komabe, kumagwirizana bwino ndi kuchepa kwa khalidwe la kugonana lomwe likuwonetsedwa ndi akazi 2 poyerekeza ndi akazi 1. Mavuto a metabolite adakalipobe panthawi yachisokonezo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zatsopano (zitsanzo 10 ndi 12) zomwe zinakwera kwambiri kuchokera ku mtengo woyamba (chitsanzo 1).

Kuwonjezereka kwapakati pazowonjezereka kwa DOPAC ndi HVA zochitika panthawi yopikisana ndizogwirizana ndi mapangidwe awo monga metabolites a kholo, DA. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a microdialysis, panthawi ya khalidwe lachilengedwe lomwe silingagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala, limapereka ndondomeko yothandiza ya neural ntchito (Damsma et al., 1992; Fumero et al., 1994). Mfundo yakuti maselo a metabolite adakalipo ngakhale panthawi ya kugonana kusagwira ntchito muyesoyi, pamene ziwerengero za DA zinabwerera kuzinthu zoyambirira zapadera, zimapangitsa kukayikira pazomwezi.

Kuwonjezereka kwapakati pazigawo za DA zomwe zimapezeka muziwonetsero zowonongeka (mPOA) za ma metabolite a DA omwe anaziwona makoswe tsiku loyamba atapanga zolemba (satiation)Mas et al., 1995a,b). Kukweza kwa DOPAC ndi HVA ku NAC kapena mPOA sizikuwonetsedwa nthawi zonse pamene nthawi yokwanira ikukhazikitsidwa nthawi yayitali, yochepa kwambiri kuposa nthawi yomwe ikufunika kuti ifike pamapeto. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa DOPAC kunachulukanso ndipo kunapitiriza kukwera panthawi yopikisana koma sanatsatire miyezo yoyamba pokhapokha mkazi atachotsedwa (Pfaus et al., 1990; Pleim et al., 1990; Damsma et al., 1992;Hull et al., 1993; Wenkstern et al., 1993; Hull et al., 1995). Mu phunziroli Mas et al. (1995b), mchere wa DOPAC ndi HVA mu mPOA udakali pamwamba pa masiku a 4 otsatizana okhudzana ndi nthawi yogonana. Patsiku lachinayi, nyama zisanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ziwerengero za metabolites zinali zofunikira kwambiri. Olembawo anafanizira chitsanzo cha kusintha kwa matenda a m'magazi kwa omwe adawona pambuyo poyang'anira a DA receptor blockers (Zetterström et al., 1984; Imperato ndi DiChiara, 1985) ndipo awonetsa kuti chikhalidwe cha kugonana sichikhoza kukhala mkhalapakati kupyolera mu kutulutsidwa kwa prolactin, zomwe zingakhale ngati "matenda osokoneza bongo" (Mas et al., 1995a,b,d). N'zachidziwikire kuti kayendedwe ka neuroleptic ikuphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mankhwala owonjezera a metabolite ndi DA efflux (Zetterström et al., 1984; Imperato ndi DiChiara, 1985). Mwatsoka, Mas et al. (1995a,b) sanathe kuzindikira mPOA DA. Mu phunziro lino, maiko a DA ku NAC adabwereranso kuzinthu zowerengeka, pamene kuika kwa DOPAC ndi HVA kunakwera pamwamba. Chitsanzo ichi n'chosagwirizana ndi gawo la matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amatha kugwira ntchito ku NAC kuti ayambe kugonana.

Chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsa kwa mazoni a DA neurons mu khalidwe lolimbikitsa (Fibiger ndi Phillips, 1986; Blackburn et al., 1992; Kalivas et al., 1993; LeMoal, 1995) komanso kumvetsetsa zolimbikitsa zachilengedwe (Fabre et al., 1983; Schultz, 1992; Mirenowicz ndi Schultz, 1994), kuwonjezeka kwowonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma CD a NAC DA poyankha buku lachikazi laling'ono likugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti ntchitoyi m'dongosolo la DAyi ndi yofunikira kuti abwezeretse khalidwe la kugonana. Kuonjezera apo, malipoti okhutira ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito akuwonjezeka ku DA transmission (Hull et al., 1993, 1995;Mas et al., 1995b; Sato et al., 1995) ndi ntchito ya neuronal (Shimura et al., 1994) MPOA ya ntchentche pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimasonyeza kuti dongosololi lingathandizenso kutsatizanitsa zomwe zimachitika pa Coolidge.

Mogwirizana ndi mbali yaikulu ya machitidwe a DAlimbic DA chifukwa cholimbikitsidwa, zimatsimikizirika kuti kuchuluka kwake kwa DA kumayambanso kutsogolo, nthawi, komanso mwamsanga mutangodya chakudya, ndi kubwerera ku miyezo yoyamba ~XMUMX min kenako (Wilson et al., 1995). Zimadziwika bwino kuti chakudya chokhudzidwa ndi chakudya chimakhudzidwa ndi zida zake zowonongeka. Anthu ndi zinyama amakana chakudya chimene amadyetsedwa kuti azidya komanso kudya zakudya zina zomwe sizinadyedwe (Mizere, 1986). Izi zikupangitsa funsoli kuti ngati DA excellular efflux mu NAC idzawonjezeredwa mwachisonyezo mwa kuwonetsera mtundu wamakono wa chakudya, koma osati ndi chakudya chomwe chatsala posachedwapa kuti chikhale chonchi mogwirizana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu phunziro lino zokhuza kugonana. Ngati zitsimikiziranso, mgwirizano umenewu pakati pa malingaliro a chilengedwe, mphotho, ndi masolimbic kulumikizidwa kwa DA kungapangitse mbali yofunikira kwambiri pa njirayi yachisokonezo, kuwonongeka kwa zomwe zingayambitse mavuto aakulu a kudya ndi kugonana .

ZOKHUDZA

  1. ↵
    1. Beach FA,
    2. Jordan L

    (1956) Kufooka kwa kugonana ndi kuchira kwa mkango wamphongo. QJ Exp Psychol 8: 121-133.

  2. ↵
    1. Bermant G,
    2. Lott DF,
    3. Anderson L

    (1966) Makhalidwe oyipa a Coolidge kwenikweni mu khalidwe lachilombo chokhwima. J Comp Physiol Psychiatry 65: 447-452.

  3. ↵
    1. Blackburn JR,
    2. Pfaus JG,
    3. Phillips AG

    (1992) Dopamine amagwira ntchito zokhutiritsa ndi zotetezera. Prog Neurobiol 39: 247-279.

  4. ↵
    1. Damsma G,
    2. Pfaus JG,
    3. Wenkstern D,
    4. Phillips AG,
    5. Fibiger HC

    (1992) Chiwerewere chimapangitsa kuti dopamine iyambukire mu nucleus accumbens ndi striatum ya makoswe: kuyerekezera ndi zachilendo ndi kukwera. Behav Neurosci 106: 181-191.

  5. ↵
    1. Fabre M,
    2. Rolls ET,
    3. Ashton JP,
    4. Williams G

    (1983) Ntchito ya neuroni m'dera la ventral tegmental la monkey khalidwe. Behav Ubongo Res 9: 213-235.

  6. ↵
    1. Fibiger HC,
    2. Phillips AG

    (1986) Mphoto, cholinga, kuzindikira: psychobiology ya mesotelencephalic system dopamine. mu Handbook of physiology: dongosolo la mitsempha IV, eds pachimake FE, Geiger SD (American Physiology Society, Bethesda, MD), pp 647-675.

  7. ↵
    1. Fiorino DF,
    2. Coury AG,
    3. Fibiger HC,
    4. Phillips AG

    (1993) Kukonzekera kwa magetsi kwa malo a mphotho mumzinda wa ventral tegmental kumapangitsa kuti dopamine atuluke pamtundu wa piritsi. Behav Ubongo Res 55: 131-141.

  8. ↵
    1. Fisher A

    (1962) Zotsatira za kuyambitsa kusiyana kwa kugonana kwa mwamuna wamphongo. J Comp Physiol Psychiatry 55: 614-620.

  9. ↵
    1. Fowler H,
    2. Whalen RE

    (1961) Kusinthasintha mwa kuwalimbikitsa komanso kukonda kugonana kumphongo wamphongo. J Comp Physiol Psychiatry 54: 68-71.

  10. ↵
    1. Fumero B,
    2. Fernendez-Vera JR,
    3. Gonzalez-Mora JL,
    4. Mas M

    (1994) Kusintha kwa chiwonetsero cha monoamine m'madera otsogolera omwe amagwirizana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere: kuwerenga kwa microdialysis. Resin ya ubongo 662: 233-239.

  11. ↵
    1. Holmes GM,
    2. Holmes DG,
    3. Sachs BD

    (1987) Bungwe la IBM-PC lolemba deta lolemba zojambula zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zojambulazo. Physiol Behav 44: 825-828.

  12. ↵
    1. Hull EM,
    2. Eaton RC,
    3. Mose J,
    4. Lorrain DS

    (1993) Kuwombera kumawonjezera ntchito ya dopamine m'dera lamkati loyambirira la makoswe. Moyo Sci 52: 935-940.

  13. ↵
    1. Hull EM,
    2. Jianfang D,
    3. Lorrain DS,
    4. Matuszewich L

    (1995) Dokotala wosakanikirana ndi dopamine m'deralo. Zomwe zimakhudza kugonana ndi mphamvu ya mahomoni. J Neurosci 15: 7465-7471.

  14. ↵
    1. Imfa A,
    2. DiChiara G

    (1985) Dopamine kumasulidwa ndi kagayidwe kagayidwe kake kamene kadzuka pamphuka pambuyo pa njira zamagetsi monga momwe anaphunzirira ndi dialysis yopweteka. J Neurosci 5: 297-306.

  15. ↵
    1. Johnston RE,
    2. Rasmussen K

    (1984) Kuzindikiritsa kwaokha amayi a hamster ndi amuna: gawo la mankhwala a mankhwala ndi machitidwe okhwima ndi omvera. Physiol Behav 33: 95-104.

  16. ↵
    1. Kaba H,
    2. Hayashi Y,
    3. Higuchi T,
    4. Nakanishi S

    (1994) Kuchokera kwa kukumbukira kukumbukira mwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa metabotropic glutamate receptor. Science 265: 262-264.

  17. ↵
    1. Kalivas PW,
    2. Sorg BA,
    3. Nkhumba MS

    (1993) The pharmacology ndi neural maulendo oyendetsera kwa psychostimulants. Behav Pharmacol 4: 315-334.

  18. ↵
    1. LeMoal M

    (1995) Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Maudindo ogwira ntchito ndi otsogolera. mu Psychopharmacology: mbadwo wachinayi wa kupita patsogolo, eds Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (Raven, New York), pp 283-294.

  19. ↵
    1. Louillot A,
    2. Gonzalez-Mora JL,
    3. Guadalupe T,
    4. Mas M

    (1991) Zochitika zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa dopamine kutuluka mu nkhono yomwe imakhala ndi makoswe. Resin ya ubongo 553: 313-317.

  20. ↵
    1. Mas M,
    2. Gonzalez-Mora JL,
    3. Louillot A,
    4. Solo C,
    5. Guadalupe T

    (1990) Kuchuluka kwa dopamine kumasulidwa mu nkhono yomwe imagwiritsanso ntchito makoswe amphongo monga momwe ikuwonetseredwa ndi mu vivo voltammetry. Neurosci Lett 110: 303-308.

  21. ↵
    1. Mas M,
    2. Fumero B,
    3. Fernandez-Vera JR,
    4. Gonzalez-Mora JL

    (1995a) Kugonana kwa matenda a kugonana ndi kutaya thupi monga momwe zilili mu vivo microdialysis. Resin ya ubongo 675: 13-19.

  22. ↵
    1. Mas M,
    2. Fumero B,
    3. Gonzalez-Mora JL

    (1995b) Kuwunikira ndi microdialysis kuwunika kwa ubongo monoamine neurotransmitter kumasulidwa pa kugonana kwa anthu ogonana. Behav Ubongo Res 71: 69-79.

  23. ↵
    1. Mas M,
    2. Fumero B,
    3. Perez-Rodriguez I

    (1995c) Kuchepetsa khalidwe lakumenyana ndi apomorphine mu makoswe ogonana. Eur J Pharmacol 280: 331-334.

  24. ↵
    1. Mas M,
    2. Fumero B,
    3. Perez-Rodriguez Ine,
    4. Gonzalez-Mora JL

    (1995d) Mmene thupi limakhudzira kugonana. Chitsanzo choyesera cha chilakolako choletsedwa. Mu mankhwala osokoneza bongo a ntchito zogonana komanso osagwira ntchito, Bancroft J (Raven, New York), pp 115-126.

  25. ↵
    1. Mirenowicz J,
    2. Schultz W

    (1994) Kufunika kosayembekezereka kwa mphotho ya mayankho ku primate dopaminergic neurons. J Neurophysiol 72: 1024-1027.

  26. ↵
    1. Mitchell JB,
    2. Gratton A

    (1992) Mesolimbic dopamine kutulutsidwa yomwe inachitidwa ndi kuyambitsa njira zowonjezeramo: kuyendetsa kwambiri chronoamperometric study. Neurosci Lett 140: 81-84.

  27. ↵
    1. Paxinos G,
    2. Watson C

    (1986) Ubongo wamphongo mu stereotaxic coordinates (2nd ed). (Wophunzira, San Diego).

  28. ↵
    1. Pfaus JG,
    2. Damsma G,
    3. Nomikos GG,
    4. Wenkstern D,
    5. Blaha CD,
    6. Phillips AG,
    7. Fibiger HC

    (1990) Kugonana kumalimbikitsa kupatsirana kwa dopamine m'mimba yamphongo. Resin ya ubongo 530: 345-348.

  29. ↵
    1. Pfaus JG,
    2. Everitt BJ

    (1995) The psychopharmacology of sexual behavior. mu Psychopharmacology: mbadwo wachinayi wa kupita patsogolo, eds Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (Raven, New York), pp 743-758.

  30. ↵
    1. Pfaus JG,
    2. Gorzalka BB

    (1987) Opioids ndi khalidwe la kugonana. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 11: 1-34.

  31. ↵
    1. Phillips AG,
    2. Blaha CD,
    3. Pfaus JG,
    4. Blackburn JR

    (1992) Mapulogalamu othandizana ndi maganizo okhudza mtima amasonyeza: dopamine, kuyembekezera ndi mphotho. Mu kufufuza kwapadziko lonse kafukufuku pamalingaliro, ed Strongman (Wiley, New York), pp 31-50.

  32. ↵
    1. Pleim ET,
    2. Matochik JA,
    3. Barfield RJ,
    4. Auerbach SB

    (1990) Mgwirizano wa dopamine wotulutsidwa mumtunduwu umakhala ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere la makoswe. Resin ya ubongo 524: 160-163.

  33. ↵
    1. Rodriguez-Manzo G,
    2. Fernandez-Guasti A

    (1994) Kusintha kwa kugonja kwa kugonana ndi serotonergic ndi noradrenergic agents. Behav Ubongo Res 62: 127-134.

  34. ↵
    1. Rodriguez-Manzo G,
    2. Fernandez-Guasti A

    (1995a) Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yovomerezeka ya noradrenergic pakubwezeretsanso khalidwe loponyera la makoswe ogonana ndi yohimbine, naloxone, ndi 8-OH-DPAT. Bongo Res Bull 38: 399-404.

  35. ↵
    1. Rodriguez-Manzo G,
    2. Fernandez-Guasti A

    (1995b) Otsutsana ndi opioid ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana. Psychopharmacol 122: 131-136.

  36. ↵
    1. Rolls BJ

    (1986) Satiety-specific satiety. Rev 44: 93-101.

  37. ↵
    1. Jalam Salamone

    (1996) Makhalidwe a m'maganizo a ziphunzitso zokhudzidwa: zokhudzana ndi njira zowonongeka komanso zoganizira za ntchito yovuta ya nucleus accumbens dopamine. J Neurosci Njira 64: 137-149.

  38. ↵
    1. Sato Y,
    2. Wada H,
    3. Horita H,
    4. Suzuki N,
    5. Shibuya A,
    6. Adachi H,
    7. Kato R,
    8. Tsukamoto T,
    9. Kumamoto Y

    (1995) Dopamine kumasulidwa kumalo amodzi omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi khalidwe lopopera. Resin ya ubongo 692: 66-70.

  39. ↵
    1. Schultz W

    (1992) Ntchito ya dopamine neurons mu nyamakazi. Semin Neurosci 4: 129-138.

  40. ↵
    1. Shimura T,
    2. Yamamoto T,
    3. Shimokochi M

    (1994) Malo amodzi omwe amayamba kutsogolo amatenga mbali zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi ntchito mu makoswe amphongo: kuyambiranso ntchito ya neuron pakamasuntha nyama. Resin ya ubongo 640: 215-222.

  41. ↵
    1. Wenkstern D,
    2. Pfaus JG,
    3. Fibiger HC

    (1993) Kupatsirana kwa Dopamine kumawonjezeka pamtundu wa makoswe amphongo pamene amayamba kugonana ndi makoswe. Resin ya ubongo 618: 41-46.

  42. ↵
    1. Wilson C,
    2. Nomikos GG,
    3. Collu M,
    4. Fibiger HC

    (1995) Dopaminergic correlates ya khalidwe lolimbikitsa: kufunika kwa galimoto. J Neurosci 15: 5169-5178.

  43. ↵
    1. Wilson JR,
    2. Kahn RE,
    3. Beach FA

    (1963) Kusinthidwa mu khalidwe la kugonana la makoswe omwe amapangidwa ndi kusintha kusintha kwa amayi. J Comp Physiol Psychiatry 56: 636-644.

  44. ↵
    1. Zetterström T,
    2. Chijambuliro T,
    3. Ungerstedt U

    (1984) Zotsatira za mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otchedwa dopamine kumasulidwa ndi kagayidwe kake kamene kamatengedwa ndi intracerebral dialysis. Eur J Pharmacol 106: 27-37.

Nkhani zomwe zikufotokoza izi

  • Matenda Osakanikirana ndi Opioid Opangidwa ndi Opaleshoni ya Dopaminergic Neurons mu Ventral Tegmental Area Mphamvu Zowonongeka Zachilengedwe ndi Zopatsa Mphoto Journal of Neuroscience, 25 June 2014, 34 (26): 8825-8836
  • Kusayenerera pakumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malipiro mu kutchova njuga Ubongo, 1 August 2013, 136 (8): 2527-2538
  • Mphatso zachilengedwe ndi zamankhwala Zochita pa Common Neural Plasticity Njira ndi {Delta} FosB monga Mkhalapakati Wothandiza Journal of Neuroscience, 20 February 2013, 33 (8): 3434-3442
  • Mayankho a Neuronal mu Nucleus Accumbens Shell panthawi ya kugonana mu Male Rats Journal of Neuroscience, 1 February 2012, 32 (5): 1672-1686
  • Chikondi chachikondi: machitidwe a ubongo ammayi kuti azisankha okha Zochitika zafilosofi za Royal Society B: Sayansi ya Zamoyo, 29 December 2006, 361 (1476): 2173-2186
  • Hedonic Hot Mawanga mu Ubongo The Neuroscientist, 1 December 2006, 12 (6): 500-511
  • Kusinthasintha kwa mawu ndi Central and Basolateral Amygdalar Nuclei ya Dopaminergic Correlates ya Kudyetsa kwa Satiety mu Rat Nucleus Accumbens ndi Medial Prefrontal Cortex Journal of Neuroscience, 15 December 2002, 22 (24): 10958-10965
  • Kusinthasintha kwa Dopamine Kugonjetsa Kwambiri Kuwonjezeka Kwambiri Powonongeka Kwambiri ndi Zowonongeka kwa Mphungu Yamwamuna Panthawi ya Kuyamba kwa Zogonana Journal of Neuroscience, 1 December 2002, 22 (23): 10477-10486
  • Ndemanga ya Buku: Mphamvu za Dopamine ya Extracellular mu Zochitika Zachilendo ndi Zachikhalire za Cocaine The Neuroscientist, 1 August 2002, 8 (4): 315-322
  • Kusiyanitsa kwa NMDA, AMPA / Kainate, ndi Dopamine Receptors mu Nucleus Accumbens Core mu Kupeza ndi Kuchita kwa Pavlovian Approach Behavior Journal of Neuroscience, 1 December 2001, 21 (23): 9471-9477
  • Kuletsa khalidwe la cocaine pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'makoswe: Zotsatira za kuyambiranso kutuluka kwa magetsi omwe amatha kuzimitsa komanso madontho owonjezera a dopamine mu amygdala ndi nucleus accumbens PNAS, 11 April 2000, 97 (8): 4321-4326
  • Kuwongolera Mchitidwe Wogonana ndi Kupititsa patsogolo Dopamine Efflux mu Nucleus Accumbens ya Male Rats pambuyo D-Amphetamine-Inducedwe Sensitization Khalidwe Journal of Neuroscience, 1 January 1999, 19 (1): 456-463
  • NEUROSCIENCE: Kupeza chidwi cha ubongo Sayansi, 3 October 1997, 278 (5335): 35-37
  • Dopaminergic Correlates ya Satiety Specific Satiety m'kati mwa Medial Prefrontal Cortex ndi Nucleus Accumbens ya Rat Journal of Neuroscience, 1 October 1999, 19 (19): RC29