Nkhani Yotengera Sayansi Yothetsa Mliri wa Zolaula

Onani nkhani ya Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry

Amati gawo loyamba ndikuvomera kuti muli ndi vuto. Ndikuganiza kuti owerenga nkhani ambiri amayankha mokwiya, ndipo ambiri adzaona kuti akunena zinthu zomwe akudziwa kale kuti ndizowona - ndipo ndikuganiza magulu awiriwa adzagawana. Cholepheretsa champhamvu kwambiri pakuthana ndi chizolowezi chowononga ndikukana, ndipo kwathunthu tikukana zolaula.

Popeza zikuwoneka kuti ndizothandiza, ndiloleni ndinene kumayambiriro kuti ndili French. CHIKWANGWANI chilichonse cha thupi langa Lachilatini, Katolika chimachoka ku puritanism yamtundu uliwonse, makamaka zachilendo, mtundu wa Anglo-Puritan womwe umafala kwambiri ku America. Ndikukhulupirira kuti zolaula ndi imodzi mwazimphatso zazikuluzikulu za Mulungu kwa anthu, prudishness mozizwitsa, ndipo osati kale kwambiri, machenjezo okhudzana ndi zoopsa zolaula, kaya ndi anzanga a Chikristu chachipembedzo kapena abwenzi achikazi opita patsogolo, andiyambitsa maso. 

Osatinso pano. Ndakhala woopsa kwambiri. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, mnzake, mosadabwitsa, mnzake wamkazi - adanena kuti panali umboni wamphamvu wazamankhwala wokhutira kuti zolaula za pa intaneti ndizowopsa kwambiri kuposa momwe ambiri amaganizira. Popeza ndinali wokayika, ndidayang'anitsitsa. Ndidachita chidwi ndikupitiliza kutsatira sayansi yomwe ikubweretsa izi, komanso maumboni opezeka pa intaneti, kupitilizabe. Sizinanditengere nthawi kuti ndimvetsetse kuti mzanga akunena zoona. M'malo mwake, ndikayamba kuganizira za nkhaniyi, zinkandidzidzimutsa nkhawa.

Choyambitsa chachikulu pankhaniyi ndikuti, ngakhale titha kumverera mwamakhalidwe pazithunzi zolaula, zinthu zingapo zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zakhalapo zaka khumi zapitazo, chifukwa cha masamba a "Tube" omwe amapereka zosatha, pompopompo , makanema apamwamba kwambiri mu 2006, komanso kuchuluka kwa mafoni ndi mapiritsi kuyambira 2007, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi chilichonse chomwe tidakumana nacho kale. 

Kugwirizana kwasayansi kukuwoneka kuti zolaula zamasiku ano ndizowopsa kwaumoyo wa anthu wamba: kuphatikizika kwatsopano kuphatikiza zina zomwe zinalengedwa ndi ubongo kuti zipangitse kuti zizipanga chidwi kwambiri, pofanizira ndi mankhwala omwe mungatchule - komanso owononga. Umboni uli mu: zolaula ndizosuta ngati kusuta, kapena zina, kupatula kuti zomwe kusuta kumachita m'mapapu anu, zolaula zimabweretsa ku ubongo wanu. 

Zowonongeka ndizowona, ndipo ndizofunika. Umboni wasayansi wakula: zinthu zina zomwe zinalengedwa mwa kusintha kwa ubongo wathu sikuti zimangotanthauza kuti zolaula zamasiku ano ndizosokoneza kwambiri, koma kuti chizolowezi ichi - chomwe pakadali pano, chikuyenera kuphatikiza amuna ambiri - chikukonzanso ubongo wathu munjira zomwe zidawononga kwambiri chikhalidwe chathu, maubale athu, komanso thanzi lathu lamaganizidwe. 

Kuphatikiza apo, ndikukhulupirira kuti zikuthandizanso kwambiri pakukhalanso kwathunthu — ngakhale ndizosatheka kuwonetsa kuyanjana kwamasayansi mopanda kukaikira zikhalidwe zambiri, ndikukhulupirira umboni ukadali wokakamiza, kapena, umangokakamiza kwambiri.

Zowonadi, ndizokakamiza kwambiri kotero kuti tsopano ndikukhulupirira kuti vuto lokhala ndi zolaula pa intaneti ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri lathanzi lakumidzi lomwe akukumana nalo West lero.

Ngati umboniwo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ndipo kuwonongekako kuli kwakukulu komanso kofala, bwanji palibe amene akunena za izi? Chabwino—chifukwa chiyani zinatenga nthawi yayitali kuti anthu avomereze, ndikuyankha, umboni wokhudza kuipa kwa kusuta? Chifukwa china, ngakhale umboni wa sayansi womwe ukubwera uli wolimba, m'maiko abwino kwambiri nthawi zonse pamakhala kuchedwa pakati pa akatswiri omwe akupeza zinthu ndi akatswiri ofufuza akuvomereza, motero amapatsa chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa anthu mogwirizana ndi sayansi. Chifukwa china, kwa ambiri a ife, lingaliro lathu lakale ndilakuti "zolaula" zimatanthauza china chofanana ndi Playboy ndi ma catalog a zovala zamkati. Chifukwa china, ndi chifukwa cha malingaliro ofala (ndipo, m'malingaliro mwanga, olakwika) okhudza mfundo zofunika monga ufulu wolankhula, kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ndi thanzi la kugonana. Chifukwa china ndi chakuti zofuna zozama zili ndi gawo pa momwe zinthu zilili. Ndipo m'mbali zambiri, chifukwa ambiri a ife tsopano ndife osokoneza bongo—ndipo monga osokoneza bongo abwino, tikukana.

Zolaula Ndikusuta Kwatsopano

Ndakhala ndiri wosuta kuyambira 20s yanga. Ndanena zinthu ngati, "Nditha kusiya nthawi iliyonse," "Ndimangochita izi chifukwa ndimakondwera nazo," "Agogo anga aamuna amasuta kwa zaka makumi ambiri ndipo ali ndi thanzi labwino," ndikumachita manyazi mobisa chifukwa chosatha kukwera ndege. masitepe osataya mpweya. Palibe mtundu wa chinyengo womwe ndiwamphamvu kuposa kudzinyenga. 

Otsutsa omwe ali ndi vuto lodana ndi zolaula ngati mawu oti "porn ndiye kusuta kwatsopano." Imbani masiku ano kuyamba kwa gawo la "Mad Men", ndiye: nthawi yomwe anthu ambiri amawona kusuta kukhala kopanda vuto, koma umboni wasayansi wayamba mulu, ndikuwongolera kwatsopano kwatsopano ndikungoyamba kumvedwa kupyola mabwalo apadera a akatswiri ndi akatswiri owerenga ochepa omwe anali ndi vuto mkati mwake momwe izi sizinali zabwino. Tili ndi chiyembekezo, kwanthawi yayitali kwambiri kuchokera pano, tiziwona nthabwala zamasiku ano zokhudzana ndi PornHub ndi kusakaniza kofananira ndi manyazi komwe timakhala nako tikawona malonda a 1950s okhala ndi mawu olimbikitsa ngati "Madokotala Ochulukirapo Osuta Fodya Kwambiri kuposa Ndudu Zina iliyonse."

Chifukwa chake, ndi chiyani chatsopano chasayansiyi?

Gawo loyamba ndikuwona umboni pazomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithunzi zolaula zikhale zamtundu wa ubongo. Ndizosangalatsa kunena kuti zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa, makamaka amuna, ndizolumikizidwa ndi chisinthiko kuti zimalimbikitse kugonana. Tikazipeza, gawo lakuya la ubongo wathu lotchedwa mphotho ya mphotho, yomwe timagawana ndi zolengedwa zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito zomwe zimatipangitsa kuti tizimva bwino tikamachita zinthu zomwe tinapangidwa kuti tizifunafuna, timatulutsa dopamine ya neurotransmitter. 

Dopamine nthawi zina imatchedwa "hormone yosangalatsa," koma iyi ndi njira yophweka kwambiri; zingakhale zolondola kwambiri kuyitcha "hormone yokhumba" kapena "hormone yokhumba". Chofunika kwambiri, kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine sikuyamba ndi mphotho yokha, koma ndi kuyembekezera mphotho. Ntchito ya malo operekera mphotho ndikutipangitsa kulakalaka zinthu zomwe tidapangidwa kuti tizilakalaka—kuyambira kugonana ndi chakudya.

Sichomwe chimodzichimodzi kuti anthu ali ndi waya kufunafuna chilimbikitso cha kugonana, sichoncho? Ayi, koma zamasiku ano zolaula za pa intaneti zimasewera mosiyana ndi dongosolo lathu la mphotho. Kapangidwe ka machitidwe a mphotho zoyamwitsa zimayambitsa china chake asayansi amachitcha kuti Coolidge Effect. 

Amatchedwa nthabwala wakale: Purezidenti Calvin Coolidge ndi Mkazi Woyambayo akuyendera payokha. Akazi a Coolidge amayendera bwalo la nkhuku ndipo amawona tambala akukalamba kwambiri. Amafunsa kangati, ndipo amauzidwa, “kangati tsiku lililonse.” Mayi Coolidge amayankha, "Uzani purezidenti akabwera." Atauzidwa, Purezidenti amafunsa, "Nthawi zonse nthawi iliyonse? "" O, ayi, Purezidenti, nkhuku yosiyana nthawi zonse. "

Chifukwa chake, The Coolidge Zotsatira. Ngati muika makoswe amphongo m'bokosi lomwe limakhala ndi makoswe angapo pamoto, mankhwalawo amayamba kukhathamira ndi makoswe onse amtunduwo, mpaka atatheratu. Makoswe achikazi, omwe akufunabe chisangalalo chakugonana, adzakoka ndikunyambita chiweto chonyowedwayo, koma nthawi ina angosiya kuyankha- kufikira mutayika mkazi watsopano m'bokosi, pomwepo wamwamuna adzadzuka mwadzidzidzi ndikupanga chibwenzi mkazi watsopano. 

Ndi nthabwala yabwino (yamphepo). Koma The Coolidge Effect ndiimodzi mwazomwe zapeza zolimba kwambiri mu sayansi. Yakhala ikuwerengedwa zazinyama zonse, ndipo zinyama zina zambiri (mitundu ina yamkhola ilibe). Chofunikira pakusintha ndikufalitsa majini mokwanira momwe zingathere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Kholingo Lapamwamba likhale lololera bwino kwambiri. Neurochemically, izi zikutanthauza kuti ubongo wathu umatulutsa dopamine yambiri ndi othandizira nawo. Ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri - patsamba la Tube, zithunzi zolaula zilizonse ubongo wathu amatanthauzira kuti ndi mnzake watsopano. Pakufufuza, kanema womwewo wa zolaula adawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa gulu la abambo, ndipo adapeza kuti kukondweretsedwa kumatsika ndikuwona kwatsopano kulikonse - mpaka atawonetsera filimu yatsopano, pomwepo chidawukanso mpaka nthawi yomweyo. amuna adawonetsedwa kanemayo koyamba. 

Iyi ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zomwe zolaula za masiku ano zimasiyanirana ndi za dzulo: mosiyana ndi Playboy , zolaula za pa intaneti zimapereka zinthu zatsopano zopanda malire popanda khama. Ndi mawebusayiti a Tube ndi kulumikizana kwa intaneti, mutha kukhala ndi kanema watsopano—zomwe ubongo wanu umatanthauzira ngati mnzanu watsopano—mphindi iliyonse, sekondi iliyonse. Ndipo ndi ma laputopu, mafoni a m'manja ndi mapiritsi, amatha kupezeka kulikonse, maola 24 pa sabata, nthawi yomweyo.

Izi titha kufanizira ndi zomwe Nobel laureate Nikolaas Tinbergen adatcha superstimulus: chinthu chopanga chomwe chimatipatsa chidwi chomwe ubongo wathu umafuna kuchifuna, koma pamlingo wopitilira zomwe takonzekera kuthana nazo, zomwe zikuwononga ubongo wathu. Tinbergen adapeza kuti mbalame zazikazi zimatha kukhala moyo wawo zikuvutika kukhala pa mazira akuluakulu, owoneka bwino akasiya mazira awo, ogulitsa mazira kuti afe. Asayansi ambiri akukhulupirira kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi chifukwa cha superstimulus: zinthu ngati shuga woyesedwa ndi zitsanzo za zolemba zomwe tapangidwa kuti tipeze, mwa mawonekedwe okhazikika omwe mulibe chilengedwe komanso kuti athu matupi sanakonzekere. 

Chisinthiko sichimatha kukonzekeretsa ubongo wathu kuti uzitha kuthamanga kwachidziwitso chazinthu zatsopano zogonana. Izi zimapangitsa zolaula pa intaneti kukhala zosokoneza bongo ngati mankhwala. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chomwe mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kukhala osokoneza bongo ndikuti zimapangitsa njira zathu zolumikizirana zogonana; olemba za heroin nthawi zambiri amati kuwombera "kumakhala ngati kunyengerera." Kafukufuku wa 2010 pa makoswe adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito methamphetamine kunayambitsa machitidwe omwewo omwe amapereka mphotho komanso magawo omwewo monga kugonana.

(Pamodzi ndi ma dolphin ndi anyani ena apamwamba, makoswe ndi okhawo omwe amamvana kuti asangalale komanso kubereka; ndipo makina opatsirana pogonana ndiamisala yama mbewa), chifukwa ndi amodzi mwa magawo omwe asinthika kwambiri mu ubongo wathu Zinthu izi zimapangitsa owerengera pang'ono mayeso abwino kwambiri oyeserera zamaubongo amtundu wa anthu. Inde, pankhani zakugonana, ife amuna tili ndi makoswe. Mudziwa zambiri.)

Zowonjezera, palibe amene amabadwa ndi maphikidwe omwe amalumikizidwa mu ubongo wawo chifukwa cha mowa, kapena cocaine - koma aliyense amabadwa ndi njira yolipirira yolimbikitsira kugonana. Kafukufuku wazowonetsa wawonetsa kuti sianthu onse omwe ali ndi vuto loti atha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo - pokhapokha mutakhala kuti mwakonzeka ndi chibadwa chanu chomwe ubongo wanu ungalandire bwino zomwe zingakupangitseni kuti mugwiritse ntchito mankhwala ena ogonana. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu ena amakhala zidakhwa ngakhale atakhala kuti amamwa mowa wambiri, pomwe ena (ngati ine) amatha kumwa kwambiri osakulitsa chizolowezi, kapena chifukwa chake anthu ena amathanso ndudu imodzi paphwando kenako osadandaula nazo ena (ngati ine) ayenera kukhala ndi chikonga chake tsiku lililonse. Mosiyana ndi izi, tonsefe tili ndi chizolowezi chofuna kutengera chilimbikitso cha kugonana. 

Njira inanso yokhazikitsidwa ndi chisinthiko ndichinthu chotchedwa kugwa kwamphamvu. Tinasinthika munthawi ya kusowa kwa chuma, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti kunali kopindulitsa kukhala ndi dongosolo la mphotho lomwe linapangidwa kutipatsa kuyendetsa kolimba kwambiri tikangogunda chinthu china. Koma kuyikira zolengedwa zoyamwa ndikazolowera nthawi yayitali kumatha kuwononga ubongo. (Kugonana kwamphamvu kumalumikizanso kunenepa.)

Ngati dongosolo lathu lopereka mphoto limatanthauzira kanema watsopano wa zolaula ngati chinthu chomwecho ngati mnzanu watsopano wogonana naye, izi zikutanthauza mtundu wosayerekezeka wa chilimbikitso cha ubongo wathu. Sichingafanane ndi Playboy , kapena ngakhale kutsitsa makanema a m'ma 90. Ngakhale mafumu achiroma odzikuza, a sultan aku Turkey, ndi akatswiri a rock a m'ma 1970 sanakhalepo ndi mwayi wopeza okondedwa ambiri atsopano nthawi zonse, masiku 24 pa sabata, masiku 7 pa sabata, masiku 7 pa sabata.

Kuphatikizidwa kwa gawo lomwe lidalipo kale lamankhwala opatsirana muubongo omwe amalumikizidwa ndi chilimbikitso cha kugonana komanso kuthekera kwakanthawi kochepa, komwe sikunawoneke zolaula mpaka 2006 - zikutanthauza kuti wogwiritsa ntchito tsopano akhoza kukhala wokwezeka kwambiri. , komanso kwa nthawi yayitali, kuposa momwe tingafunire kuti ubongo wathu utha kuwononga popanda kuwononga kwenikweni komanso kwamuyaya. 

Chifukwa chake, ndiye lingaliro. Nanga bwanji mchitidwewu? Umboni wakhala ukukulirakulira pang'onopang'ono; pakadali pano, titha kunena kuti umboni wa sayansi kuti zolaula za pa intaneti zimagwira ntchito pamalingaliro athu monga cocaine kapena mowa kapena fodya, pomwe zaposachedwa, ndizolimba. 

Kugwirizana kwachedwa kuoneka pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha nkhani yotakata: ofufuza osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri safuna kugwiritsa ntchito “chizolowezi” ngati cholembera chamakhalidwe omwe samakhudzana ndi zinthu zamankhwala, zomveka chifukwa chikhalidwe chathu chachipatala chimakonda kuyika zinthu zambiri pansi pa zolembedwa "kusuta." Tonse tonse tidagwedezeka maso athunthu anthu otchuka atangolembedwa ndi #MeToo modzitama kuti "amakonda zachiwerewere" ndipo tidalengeza zofuna zawo, ndipo tidayenera kutero.

Koma chikhalidwe chathu tifunika kuyika mitundu yonse yamakhalidwe olakwika pamawu akuti "kugula mankhwala osokoneza bongo"! Sichinthu chofanana ndi sayansi yakusokonekera, komanso kupita patsogolo kwamalingaliro olingalira zamaubongo kwathandizira masikelo m'malo mowonera lingaliro ili. ndi matenda aubongo, osati matenda amakhemikolo.

Pepala lofunika kwambiri la 2016 lolembedwa ndi Nora D. Volkow, mkulu wa National Institute on Drug Abuse, ndi George F. Koob, mkulu wa National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, mu New England Journal of Medicine , linafufuza za deta yatsopano ya sayansi ya ubongo ndi zithunzi za ubongo ndipo linatsimikiza kuti limathandizira "chitsanzo cha matenda a ubongo cha chizolowezi." Tanthauzo la sayansi la chizolowezi likusinthira ku lomwe limayang'ana zinthu zinazake zomwe zikuchitika mkati mwa ubongo zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kusonyeza machitidwe enaake, mosiyana ndi ngati wodwala ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala enaake.

Zolaula pa intaneti zimakwaniritsa izi. Pang'onopang'ono, umboni wakhala ukukulirakulira, ndipo zikuwoneka, pofika tsopano, zochulukirapo: zolaula zimachitanso zinthu zomwezi kumisala yathu monga zinthu zosokoneza.

Kafukufuku wa mu 2011 pa zomwe amuna 89 adakumana nazo okha adapeza kuti "kufanana pakati pa njira zoganizira ndi ubongo zomwe zingathandize kuti anthu azigonana kwambiri pa intaneti komanso zomwe zafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo." Kafukufuku wa mu 2014 ku Cambridge University adawona ubongo wa anthu kudzera mu makina a MRI; Valerie Voon, wolemba wamkulu wa kafukufukuyu, adafotokoza mwachidule zomwe adapeza motere: "Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zochita za ubongo pakati pa odwala omwe ali ndi khalidwe logonana lokakamiza komanso odzipereka athanzi."

Kafukufuku wina wa ku yunivesite ya Cambridge chaka chomwecho, nthawi ino poyerekeza mayankho a anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula ku mayeso amisala ndi mayankho a anthu wamba, adapeza kuti "mavidiyo owonetsa zachiwerewere anali okhudzana ndi zochitika zazikulu mu netiweki ya mitsempha yofanana ndi yomwe imawonedwa mu maphunziro a mankhwala osokoneza bongo." Pafupifupi maphunziro onse a neuroscience pankhaniyi apeza zotsatira zomwezo: kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumachita zinthu zomwezo ku ubongo wathu monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Koma musakhulupirire mawu anga. Asayansi achita ndemanga zambiri za mabukuwa. Ndemanga imodzi yokha yomwe ndikudziwa, kuyambira mu 2014, imatsutsa lingaliro la chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti; ndi ndemanga yokhayo yomwe siiyang'ana maphunziro a ubongo ndi ubongo, ndipo imaphatikiza maphunziro ochokera nthawi ya Tube isanayambe komanso pambuyo pake. Pakadali pano, kuwunika kwathunthu kwa mabuku a neuroscience pa intaneti pa zolaula kunapeza kuti "kafukufuku wa sayansi ya ubongo amathandizira lingaliro lakuti njira zamkati za mitsempha (za chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti) ndizofanana ndi chizolowezi chogonana" ndikuti "chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti chimagwirizana ndi njira zoyambira zogonana ndipo chimagawana njira zoyambira zofananira ndi chizolowezi chogonana." Ndemanga ina ya 2015 inapeza kuti "Kafukufuku wa Neuroimaging amathandizira kuganiza kuti pali kufanana kwakukulu pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti ndi chizolowezi china cha khalidwe komanso kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo." Ndemanga ya 2018 inapeza chinthu chomwecho:

Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ma neurobiological awonetsa kuti zochitika zogonana zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimagwirizana ndi kusintha kosintha kwa zinthu zogonana komanso kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi ntchito. . . . Zomwe zilipo zikuwonetsa kuti vuto la neurobiological limagawana magulu ena ndizowonjezera monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kusokoneza njuga.

Mu Januwale 2019, gulu la ofufuza linafalitsa pepala lotchedwa “Kusuta Zolaula Pa Intaneti: Zimene Tikudziwa ndi Zimene Sitikudziwa—Kubwereza Kwadongosolo” lomwe linamaliza ndi lakuti, “monga momwe tikudziwira, maphunziro angapo aposachedwapa akuchirikiza (kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti molakwika) ngati chizolowezi.” N’zovuta kunena izi koma umboni wochuluka.

Maphunzirowa adachitidwa m'maiko ambiri, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku kuyerekezera kwa maphunziro a neuro mpaka kuyesa kuyesa, komanso mosiyanasiyana, onse anena zomwezo. 

Chabwino, mutha kuyankha, zolaula za pa intaneti zitha kukhala chinthu chenicheni, koma kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti tifunika kumasuka? Kupatula apo, kusuta fodya ndi heroin kudzakupha, uchidakwa wambiri ungasungunuke ubongo wako, uchidakwa umasokoneza moyo wako - poyerekeza ndi chimenecho, kodi zolaula zingakhale bwanji?

Yankho, likupezeka, ndi: moyipa kwambiri.

Tiyeni tiyambire ndi zomwe tonse tikudziwa za kusuta: mufunika mankhwala anu ochulukirapo kuti muchepetse; uku ndi kuzungulira komwe kumapangitsa chiwerewere kukhala chowononga. Cholinga cha izi ndikuti kusuta kumangotithandizanso kuyendetsa ubongo wathu. 

Pomwe mphotho ya ubongo wathu imayatsidwa, imatulutsa mankhwala omwe amatipangitsa kumva bwino. Makamaka dopamine, monga taonera, komanso mapuloteni otchedwa DeltaFosB. Ntchito yake ndikulimbitsa njira za neural zomwe dopamine imayenda, kukulitsa kulumikizana kwa neural pakati pa buzz komwe timapeza ndi chilichonse chomwe tikuchita kapena kukumana nacho tikachipeza. DeltaFosB ndiyofunikira kuti muphunzire maluso atsopano: ngati mupitiliza kuchita masewera olimbitsa gofu mpaka mutakonza bwino, mumakhala osangalala kwambiri - ndiye dopamine, pomwe kutulutsidwa ndi DeltaFosB kumathandizanso ubongo wanu kukumbukira momwe mungapangire kachiwiri. Ndi kachitidwe kochenjera kwambiri.

Koma DeltaFosB imakhalanso ndi vuto lopangitsa kuti azingokhala osuta. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amathandizira maselo amomwe amodzi am'maso atagonana, chifukwa chake timasangalatsidwa nawo. Koma timasilira kwa iwo pamene DeltaFosB, makamaka, idakonzanso dongosolo laubongo wathu, lomwe linalembedwera kutipanga kuti tipeze zogonana (ndi chakudya), kuti tizipanga kufuna mankhwala amenewo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusokoneza kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri: chilimbikitso chaosokoneza bongo ndi chilimbikitso chathu champhamvu kwambiri chosinthira, kubedwa. Ndipo popeza zolaula za pa intaneti ndizolimbikitsa kugonana, tonsefe ndife okonzeka, ndipo sizitenga nthawi yayitali kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito.

Monga tawonera, gawo laubongo wathu wamatumbo athu lili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pazomwe zimapangitsa bongo kukhudzidwa ndi zolaula: pa zogonana, pa maubale, komanso pagulu lathunthu.

Zolaula Zimapha Chiyembekezo cha Kugonana Kwenikweni

Zolaula ndi chilimbikitso pakugonana, koma si kugonana. Zodziwika bwino, osokoneza bongo a heroin amatha kusiyanitsa kugonana: Izi ndichifukwa choti ubongo wawo umapangidwanso kuti njira zawo zopatsirana pogonana zimakonzedwanso kuti azifunafuna heroin m'malo zogonana. Momwemonso, pamene timadya zolaula zochulukirapo, zomwe tiyenera kukhala kuti ndizowonjezera ndipo tikufuna zambiri kuti zitheke, ubongo wathu umamangidwanso kuti zomwe zimayambitsa dongosolo la mphotho lomwe likuyenera kulumikizidwa ndi kugonana ndi. osalumikizananso ndi kugonana - ndi munthu m'thupi, kukhudza, kumpsompsona, kumukakamiza — koma zolaula.  

Chifukwa chake tikuchitira umboni chinthu chomwe, monga momwe aliyense anganenere, sichinachitikepo m'mbiri yonse ya anthu: mliri wa kusokonekera kwa matenda kwa erectile (ED) pakati pa amuna ochepera zaka 40. Umboni wake ukusokonekera: kuyambira ku Kinsey Nenani mu 1940s, kafukufuku wapeza kuchuluka kofanana, kosakhazikika kwa ED: osachepera 1 peresenti mwa amuna ochepera 30, ochepera 3 peresenti mwa amuna azaka 30-45. 

Pankhani yolemba izi, maphunziro osachepera khumi omwe adasindikizidwa kuyambira mu 2010 akuti ziwonjezeka zazikulu za ED. Chiwerengero cha ED pakati pa amuna ochepera zaka 40 kuchokera pa 14 peresenti kufika pa 37 peresenti, ndipo otsika a libido kuchokera 16 peresenti mpaka 37 peresenti. Palibe kusiyanasiyana kokhudzana ndi unyamata wa ED kwasintha moyenera kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kupatula chimodzi: kukubwera kwa makanema olaula mu 2006. Ndikofunika kubwereza: Tinachokerako mpaka 1% ya kukanika kwa erectile mwa anyamata mpaka 14 mpaka 37 peresenti, kuchuluka kwa madongosolo angapo a kukula. 

Masamba apaintaneti ali ndi malipoti okhumudwitsa ochokera kwa anyamata achichepere pa ED. Nkhani yovutayi ndiyofala kwambiri: mnyamata amakhala ndi mwayi woyamba kugonana; bwenzi lake ndilololeza, amamukonda kapena angakopeke naye, koma amapezeka kuti sangathe kupitiriza kukonzekera (ngakhale atakwanitsa kuonetsetsa kuti atenga zolaula). Ambiri amafotokoza za vuto lofananalo: pogonana ndi bwenzi lawo, ayenera kuona makanema olaula m'mutu mwawo kuti apitirizebe kupanga. Sakuganiza za china chake chomwe amakonda: akufuna kupezekapo, akufuna kudzutsidwa ndi kununkhira komanso kukopa kwa mkazi weniweni. Amamvetsetsa bwino lomwe momwe kuliri kopusa kukopeka ndi wogwirizira kuposa chinthu chenicheni, ndipo zimawakhumudwitsa. Ena ayenera kuyika zolaula kumbuyo kuti athe kugona ndi atsikana anzawo (ndipo, ndizodabwitsa kuti, abwenziwo amavomereza izi). 

Fred Wilson, katswiri wofufuza za ndalama pa intaneti komanso mtsogoleri wa maganizo, ponena za kumasuka kwachilendo kwa anthu okhala m'dziko la digito pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano, nthawi ina anaseka kuti pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya anthu: omwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti atataya unamwali wawo, ndi omwe adapeza kale. Banja langa linapeza intaneti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 pamene ndinali ndi zaka 13, choncho ndili m'gulu lomaliza, komabe ndimamva ngati Agogo Simpson ndikawerenga maumboni amenewo ndikuyerekeza ndi zomwe ndidakumana nazo ndili mwana (zomwe, ndikukutsimikizirani, zinali zosadabwitsa). Komanso, m'masiku anga , magalimoto adafika pa 40 rods to hogshead, ndipo zolaula pa intaneti zinkatanthauza kusakatula kosatha kwa ma text link ndi mainjini osakira osweka okhala ndi maulalo akufa, zithunzi zotsitsa pang'onopang'ono, makanema afupiafupi omwe muyenera kutsitsa, ma paywall okhumudwitsa omwe amateteza "zinthu zabwino" - osati ma Tube omwe ali ndi makanema osatha, ofulumira, owonera, omveka bwino, maola 24 patsiku, masiku 7 pa sabata, kwaulere, motsogozedwa ndi ma algorithm amphamvu omwe adapangidwa ndi asayansi a data kuti awonjezere chidwi cha ogwiritsa ntchito.

Tangoganizirani kuti tapeza kuti mabakiteriya ena amachititsa kuti ED lizidumphira kuchoka pa 1 peresenti mpaka 14 mpaka 37 peresenti - padzakhala mantha apadziko lonse lapansi, mawebusayiti azitsamba azilondana khoma, Congress ikukhala ndi misonkhano tsiku lililonse, boma ndi boma Otsutsa akadakhala akusaka owonerera kuti apange kafukufuku wa Mueller ndi Starr awoneke ngati kafukufuku wokhutiritsa makasitomala a Amazon. Pamodzi, titha kungoyang'ana mopepuka chiyembekezo chodabwitsa kuti china chilichonse chomwe chingayambitse zinthu ngati izi chikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zina paumoyo wa anthu komanso moyo wamunthu. 

Chaka chatha, nkhani ina mu The Atlantic inafalikira kwambiri pambuyo poti yadzudzula "kuchepa kwa chiŵerengero cha achinyamata pankhani ya kugonana". Achinyamata akungochepa kwambiri pakuchita zogonana. Wolembayo, Kate Julian, adati izi sizikuchitika ku United States kokha koma zikufalikira kumayiko akumadzulo konse—nduna ya zaumoyo ku Sweden inati kuchepa kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ogonana (ngakhale Sweden ikuchepa pakuchita zogonana!) ndi "vuto la ndale," chifukwa chakuti izi zingakhudze kwambiri kubereka kwa dzikolo.

A Julian adanenanso kuti Japan idayamba kale, idagwiranso ntchito zakugonana kale - ndikuti ili ndi "apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi omwe amagulitsa komanso ogula zolaula, komanso amene adayambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya zolaula" komanso "mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse wopanga zidole zakugonana komaliza. ”Mwa iye ngongoleyo, adayang'ana kwambiri zolaula ngati choyambitsa vuto la kugona, ngakhale kuti palibe m'modzi mwa mawu omaliza omwe adakumbukira pazinthu zomwe ndimakumbukira kuti adawerenga zomwe zidawunikira. 

Tsopano, munthu wokonda zinthu zakale ngati ine angaganize kuti achinyamata osagonana kwambiri sangakhale chinthu choipa kwambiri! Ndipo n’zoona kuti m’nthawi yomweyi, matenda monga mimba za achinyamata ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana a achinyamata achepa. Kupatula kuti kaya zifukwa zake ndi ziti, ndikuganiza kuti tingathe kuletsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa chipembedzo kapena kukwera mwadzidzidzi kwa makhalidwe achikhalidwe. Chilichonse chomwe tingakhulupirire kuti amuna ayenera kuchita ndi chilakolako chawo chogonana, ngati anyamata achichepere athanzi sakukhala ndi chilakolako chogonana m’chiwerengero chachikulu, chomwe sichinachitikepo, ndithudi ndi chizindikiro cha vuto linalake ndi thanzi lawo.

Kuthana ndi Ubongo

Mwina achinyamata sakugonana chifukwa amunawa sangathe kutsegula. Kapena mwina ndi chifukwa azimayi safuna kugonana ndi amuna omwe amatha kuchita izi, koma omwe ubongo wawo umakhala utawonongeka ndi zolaula.

Chifukwa zolaula zimasokoneza ubongo. Njira zoyambira zolaula, mutha kukumbukira, ndikuti tikamaonera zolaula, timapeza jokosi la dopamine, ndipo tikatero, timapeza mlingo wotsatira wa DeltaFosB womwe umatsitsanso ubongo wathu kuti ulumikize chilakolako chogonana ndi zolaula. - osangoonera zolaula zilizonse. Ku zolaula zomwe timaonera. 

Kumbukirani Zotsatira za Coolidge: chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa kuchuluka kwa dopamine ndikupangitsa zolaula pa intaneti kukhala "superstimulus" yomwe imaswa ubongo wathu, mosiyana ndi mndandanda wa Playboy wa Uncle Ted , ndi chinthu chatsopano.

Monga zizolowezi zonse, zolaula za pa intaneti zili ndi phindu lochepa. Tikufuna zambiri. Tikufuna zatsopano . Ndipo njira yosavuta yopezera izi—makamaka pa masamba a Tube, omwe, monga YouTube ndi Netflix, “mothandiza” amapereka malingaliro pa kanema womwe mukuonera, wopangidwa ndi ma algorithms omwe adapangidwa kuti owonera azikhala osangalala komanso abwerere—ndi mitundu yatsopano. Kungodina kamodzi. Ndipo pali zambiri.

Mu 2014, ofufuza ku Max Planck Institute adagwiritsa ntchito fMRI kuti ayang'ane ubongo wa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumagwirizana ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe zili mu dongosolo la mphotho, komanso kuyambitsa kochepa kwa mphoto powonera zithunzi zogonana - mwa kuyankhula kwina, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula anali opanda chidwi. "Chifukwa chake timaganiza kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri amafuna zolimbikitsa zamphamvu kuti afike pamlingo womwewo wa mphotho," olembawo adalemba.

Kafukufuku wina , nthawi ino wochokera ku Cambridge University mu 2015, adagwiritsanso ntchito fMRI, nthawi ino poyerekeza ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana komanso odwala athanzi. Monga momwe nkhani yofalitsidwayo inanenera, ofufuzawo adapeza kuti "omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana akamawona chithunzi chomwecho cha kugonana mobwerezabwereza, poyerekeza ndi odzipereka athanzi, adakumana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito m'dera la ubongo lotchedwa dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, lomwe limadziwika kuti limakhudzidwa ndi kuyembekezera mphotho ndikuyankha zochitika zatsopano. Izi zikugwirizana ndi 'chizolowezi', komwe munthu wokonda chizolowezi amapeza kuti chilimbikitso chomwecho sichimapindulitsa kwambiri."

Koma sikuti ndi okhawo omwe amaletsa kugonana. Pamene odwala athanzi atawonetsedwa kanema womwewo, amayamba kuchepa; koma, "akawona vidiyo yatsopano, chidwi ndi kusangalatsa kumapitanso koyambirira." Mwanjira ina, sizitengera zambiri kuti makina osokoneza bongo ayambe kugwera, chifukwa tayamba kale kutengera za chibadwa. kufunafuna chilimbikitso cha kugonana.

Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti vutoli silimangotipangitsa kulakalaka zinthu zambiri, koma limatipangitsa kulakalaka zinthu zatsopano . Ndipo ndi mtundu wanji wa zinthu zatsopano, makamaka? Mwachionekere, si nkhani ina iliyonse . Mwachidule, chomwe chimayambitsa Coolidge Effect ndi chomwe chimabweretsa zodabwitsa, kapena kudabwa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, monga madzi omwe akuyenda pansi, timakopeka ndi zolaula zomwe zimaletsedwa kwambiri—makamaka, zachiwawa komanso zonyoza.

Kuyendetsa Kosokoneza kwa Zolaula

Posachedwapa, woseketsa Ryan Creamer adatchuka kwambiri pa intaneti atangodziwika kuti adapanga njira pa PornHub, tsamba lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse la "YouTube la zolaula", komwe adalemba, monga momwe Buzzfeed adafotokozera bwino , "mavidiyo abwino komanso olimbikitsa." Makanema a Creamer omwe ali ndi G-rated amasokoneza mawu olaula pa intaneti, omwe amamuwonetsa ngati Ned Flanders, ndi mitu monga "I Hug You and Say I Had a Really Good Time Tonight" ndi "POV FOREHEAD KISS COMPILATION" ("POV" imatanthauza "point of view," kapena makanema ojambulidwa kuchokera pamalingaliro a munthu woyamba; ma compilation ndi mtundu wa zolaula pa intaneti womwe ukukwera, mfundo ina yowonetsa chizolowezi chofala: ngakhale kanema watsopano alibe zatsopano zokwanira, timafunikira zithunzi zachangu).

Palibe mwa olemba omwe adawonetsera zomwe zikutanthauzika: kupsinjika kwake kunapangitsa chidwi cha anthu ndendende chifukwa pafupifupi zolaula za PornHub - zomwe ma algorithm ake apamwamba amadziwa omwe amawonera amafuna - sizongokhala zolaula mwanjira ina chabe, koma zoyipa, zodabwitsazi, komanso zamanyazi. 

Limodzi mwa mavidiyo a Creamer lili ndi mutu wakuti “Ine, M’bale Wanu Wopeza, Ndikukana Kupita Patsogolo Kwanu Koma Ndikuyamikiridwa Komabe”; chaka chatha, Esquire inanena ) kuti “chibale ndi chizolowezi chomwe chikukula mofulumira kwambiri pa zolaula.” (Mawebusayiti a pa intaneti amaletsa mavidiyo omwe amatchula za kugonana kwa pachibale, koma akadali odzaza ndi mavidiyo okhala ndi “abambo opeza” ndi “amayi opeza” ndi “abale opeza” omwe aliyense amawamvetsa kuti amatanthauza “abambo,” “amayi,” ndi “abale.”)

Mtundu wina wotchuka womwe ukukulirakulira ndi zolaula zotchedwa "mitundu yosiyanasiyana", zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza mtundu winawake wa msonkhano wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana: amuna akuda ndi akazi oyera. Mtunduwu umachokera ku malingaliro oipa kwambiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zithunzi. Ndipo zolaula zamitundu yosiyanasiyana sizimangotchuka kwambiri, komanso zimanyoza akazi, komanso zatsankho kwambiri. Monga momwe olemba okonda zachilengedwe omwe adatsutsa Trump mu 2016 adadziwira kuchokera pa zomwe adatchula pa Twitter, mtundu watsopano wotchuka ndi "cuckolding," womwe umaphatikizapo mwamuna woyera akuonera mkazi wake kapena chibwenzi chake akugonana ndi mwamuna wakuda (kapena angapo). Manyuzipepala akuluakulu akazindikira izi , zimatengedwa ngati umboni wa tsankho lalikulu la anthu oyera aku America. Mosakayikira malingaliro obisika amitundu ayenera kukhala ndi gawo, koma ganizirani zomwe zikuchitika; ngati tsankho lobisika ndiye chifukwa chachikulu, bwanji zolaula zatsankho ziyenera kufalikira mwadzidzidzi pomwe kafukufuku wambiri akuti malingaliro atsankho akupitilirabe kapena akusintha pang'onopang'ono? Ngati mukukumbukira kutchuka mwadzidzidzi kwa zolaula zachibale, lingaliro lakuti ndi kufalikira kwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha chizolowezi chomwe chikuchititsa kukweraku kumakhala komveka bwino.

Ndikofunika kuyimitsa pang'ono kuti muwone kulumikizidwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zomwe timakambirana ndi zomwe tonse tikudziwa kuti zikuchitika. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, dzikolo lidachita mantha atapezeka kuti bwanamkubwa wa Virginia anali atavala zovala zakuda ngati gawo lazovala monga wophunzira wazachipatala; Pakalipano, pali zosangalatsa zamtundu wotchuka komanso zokulira mwachangu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero zazing'ono zikuwoneka ngati seminar yokhudzana ndi mafuko, ndipo palibe amene amalankhula za izi. 

Kugwedeza ndi komwe kumayambitsa bwino kwambiri zomwe zimachitika mu Coolidge, ndipo kuswa ndikusokoneza ndikutanthauzira; ndi yankho la Pavlovian kudabwitsidwa komanso kudabwitsidwa ndi mphotho yathu yonga mphotho. Tikadakhala kuti timakhala osatekeseka ndikutsutsana ndi matebulo, zithunzi zolaula mwadzidzidzi zikadakhala zikuphulika potchuka. M'malo mwake, tili ndi magulu abwinobwino osagwirizana ndi apakati, tsankho. . . ndi nkhanza kwa akazi.

Kink dot com ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu owonetsa zolaula. Ntchito yapadera ya studioyi ndi yachiwerewere chokhudzana ndi BDSM . Njira yake ndi yodabwitsa. Tsambali linakhazikitsidwa kalekale mu nthawi yamdima ya intaneti, mu 1997. Kusakonda anthu ngati chigololo ndi nkhani yakale ngati ya munthu, ndithudi—ndakatulo wachiroma wa m'zaka za m'ma 2 Juvenal amaseka izi mu Satires yake , mwachitsanzo. Koma, monga momwe tingadziwire, monga zigololo zambiri, zakhala zikukopa anthu ochepa okha m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Ndipo ndithudi, Kink anakhala zaka zambiri za zaka zake zoyambirira akuimba mopanda kuwoneka, bizinesi yaying'ono yodziwika bwino yomwe ikugwira ntchito yake.

Kenako, nthawi ina pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000 mpaka kumapeto, tsamba ili linatchuka kwambiri, mpaka kufika pofanana ndi chikhalidwe monga momwe tsamba la zolaula lingakhalire. Mutha kupeza kukula kwake mwadzidzidzi kwa kutchuka—ndi kukopa kwa anthu ambiri. Mu 2007, New York Times Magazine inalemba mbiri ya kampaniyo. Mu 2009, idalandira mphoto yake yoyamba yamakampani akuluakulu. Mu 2013, wochita sewero waku Hollywood James Franco adapanga filimu yokhudza kampaniyo.

Chaka chomwecho, wolemba Emily Witt analemba nkhani yayitali, yosinkhasinkha ya munthu woyamba mu magazini ya intellectual progressive n+1 pa nkhani ya kugonana kwamakono. Pa lipoti lake, pakati pa zinthu zina, adapita ku kuwombera filimu ya "Public Disgrace," imodzi mwa "njira" za Kink zomwe zili ndi, monga momwe mawu ake amanenera, "akazi omangidwa, ovulazidwa, ndi kulangidwa pagulu." Kujambula kumeneku kumachitika m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri monga malo ogulitsira mowa kapena m'masitolo omwe kampaniyo imabwereka pamwambowu, ndipo alendo omwe ali mumsewu amaitanidwa kuti achite zachiwerewere ndi wochita seweroyu "womangidwa, wovulazidwa".

Kink yakula ndikukula kuti igwirizane ndi kupambana kwake kwadzidzidzi, kuchoka pamayendedwe angapo kupita, monga momwe adalembedwera, 78, ndikuyika makanema angapo (ambiri ochulukirapo, mwachilengedwe). Pomwe makampani a PR amadzitamandira ndi zachikazi, mwachitsanzo, zopatsa mphamvu pakugonana, pafupifupi zonse zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhala ndi amuna amadzinyazitsa akazi m'malo mwanjira zina zowazungulira.

Kukwera kwa Kink kuchoka pa niche kupita ku marquee kunangochitika mogwirizana ndi kufika kwa mawebusayiti a Tube mu 2006, omwe ndi othandiza kwambiri pakuyambitsa Coolidge Effect ndikusintha anthu omwe amakonda zolaula kukhala makina ofunafuna zinthu zatsopano. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti, ngakhale kuti ndi chinthu chokopa chomwe mungatche "light kink" - ma handcuffs opepuka a pinki, chophimbidwa ndi nsalu yofiirira, chinthu chonga chimenecho - chakhala chikuzungulira m'chikhalidwe chathu chotchuka kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake mtundu wina wa izi wakhala gawo la zolaula kwa nthawi yayitali, Kink ndiye nkhani yeniyeni. Sikuti ndi sewero lokha. Akazi amamenyedwa ndi kukwapulidwa mpaka ataphwanyidwa ndi kufiira. Sikuti machitidwe ogonana okha ndi oopsa (mungotchula, alipo), komanso zochitika zimalembedwa mozungulira malingaliro ndi chizindikiro, osati kunyoza thupi kokha, kwa mkazi. Fifty Shades of Grey ndi Kink monga filimu ya Hitchcock ndi filimu yopusa.

Makanemawo akakhala ndi nthano, atha kunena kuti mawu amodzi: kugwiriridwa. Kapena mawu awiri: Kugwiriridwa mwankhanza. Ndi chinthu chimodzi chodzutsidwa ndi chochitika cha sadomasochistic pomwe gawo laling'ono (momwe mawuwo amalankhulira) limawonetsedwa mooneka ndi chithandizo; Zimadabwitsanso chidwi kuona mayi akufuula mokhumudwa ndi kukhumudwa pamene agwidwa pansi ndikugwiriridwa. 

Makanema ena a Kink akuchokera pa lingaliro ili: nyenyezi yolaulayi ili yekha m'chipinda ndi amuna angapo; wotsogolerayo akumufotokozera (ndipo tikuonera) kuti ngati angatuluke m'chipindamo, amalandira ndalama; pa chovala chilichonse chomwe amavala kumapeto kwa chochitikacho, amalandira ndalama; pa chilichonse chogonana chomwe mwamuna m'modzi amamuchitira, amalandira ndalama ndipo mwamunayo amataya ndalama. Munthu ayenera kuwapatsa nzeru zamatsenga: zimawalola kuchita chigololo chankhanza popanda chilango chovomerezeka. Mkaziyo amakanadi ; amunawo amamukakamiza kwambiri . Zachidziwikire, "adavomereza" zonsezo, zomwe, mwanjira ina, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovomerezeka.

Kink ndi chitsanzo chovumbulutsa chifukwa cha kuyang'ana kwake kwambiri pa kuwononga, komanso kusintha kwake mwadzidzidzi, kosamvetsetseka, kuchokera pa tsamba lodziwika bwino kupita ku limodzi mwa makampani otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, atangoyamba kuonekera pa tsamba la Tube. Koma chodabwitsa chachikulu ndichakuti pafupifupi zolaula zonse , kuphatikizapo "za vanila," zakula kwambiri, makamaka zachiwawa kwambiri, komanso makamaka zachipongwe komanso zonyoza akazi. O, zolaula zopanda chiwawa zikadalipo, ngati mungathe kuzipeza. Zomwe zinali zodziwika bwino tsopano ndi zachipongwe, ndipo mosemphanitsa.

Ndikufuna kufotokoza bwino nkhaniyi kuti zomwe ndikunena zisamveke molakwika. Pazifukwa zilizonse, malingaliro a amuna okhudza kukana akazi, mphamvu, kukakamiza, ndi ulamuliro, ndi akale ngati moyo weniweniwo (monga momwe zilili ndi malingaliro a akazi pa mitu iyi ). Mitundu ya zolaula, ndi malingaliro ogonana kwambiri, omwe amapezeka m'malo otuwa, ngakhale m'malo otuwa akuda, omwe akazi amavomereza kugonana, akhalapo nthawi zonse ndipo akhala otchuka nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, ndikosavuta kuwona china chake ngati Kink, ndi kukwera kwa zolaula zonyansa, ngati chiwonetsero china cha chizolowezi chakale chimenecho, osati chinthu chatsopano. Koma izi sizowona.

M'mbuyomu, maloto okhudza kugonana omwe anali ndi kukakamiza pang'ono mwina adadzutsa amuna ambiri, koma amuna omwewo adanyansidwa ndi kugwiriridwa mwankhanza komanso kunyozedwa mwankhanza. Mfundo si "kuteteza" woyambayo kapena kukana kuti akuyimira chinthu chakuda komanso cholakwa mu mzimu wa munthu - ndithudi amachita. Mfundo ndi kungonena kuti china chake chasintha , mozama, modabwitsa, komanso mooneka ngati usiku umodzi.

Timauzidwa kuti zizolowezi za anthu zogonana zimakhala zolimba kuyambira kubadwa kapena mwina kuchokera ku zomwe adakumana nazo ali ana, koma sayansi imati zimatha kusintha ndipo zimasintha. Mu kafukufuku wotchuka , ofufuza adapopera makoswe achikazi—inde, makoswe kachiwiri—ndi fungo la thupi la makoswe akufa, lomwe makoswe amathawa mwachibadwa, ndipo adabweretsa makoswe aamuna omwe anali namwali. Makoswe aamuna adagonana ndi akazi—mpaka pano, ndipo anali nyama zoyamwitsa. Koma, chofunika kwambiri, pamene makoswe aamuna omwewo adayikidwa m'khola ndi zoseweretsa zosiyanasiyana, adakonda kusewera ndi omwe amanunkhiza ngati imfa. Chilimbikitso cha kugonana chinasintha njira yawo yopezera mphotho. Mu kafukufuku wasayansi wa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ku Belgium, 49 peresenti “adatchula nthawi zina kufunafuna zogonana kapena kuchita nawo [zochita zogonana pa intaneti] zomwe sizinali zosangalatsa kwa iwo kale kapena zomwe amaona kuti ndi zonyansa.”

Mukayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, chinthu chomwe chimapereka kwambiri dopamine jolt ndizomwe zimadabwitsa kwambiri. Ndipo gawo la mphotho limatanthawuza kuti mumafuna kuwonjezera dopamine yayikulu nthawi iliyonse - chinthu chatsopano, chodabwitsa kwambiri. Ndipo nthawi iliyonse, DeltaFosB imatsitsimutsanso ubongo wanu, ndikupanga ndikulimbitsa makina a Pavlovian omwe mumakopeka nawo ndi zinthu zochititsa manthazi, komanso mukamaliza kuyika njira zamtunduwu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa kugonana kokhazikika, mukudziwa, osavomerezeka, osagonana ndi amuna malo opindulitsa. 

Chachikulu kwambiri, izi zimathetsa nkhani zomwe zikupezeka pakukhudzidwa kwa zolaula pa kugonana kwathu. Izi zikunena kuti vuto lokhala ndi zolaula zokhazokha ndi owonera akuganiza kuti "ndizabwinobwino," chifukwa chake, malinga ataphunzitsidwa kuti sizili choncho, amatha kusangalala ndi malingaliro awo popanda kudzipweteka okha kapena anzawo. Zingakhale bwino zikadakhala choncho, koma umboni ukusonyeza kuti izi sizabwino. Oledzera samamwa kumanda koyambirira chifukwa sanadziwitsidwepo za kudziwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa - inde, amadziwa bwino kwambiri, ndipo zamanyazi zomwe zimayambitsa izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kudya kwambiri. 

Zolaula zimagwira ntchito mofanana, monga momwe zilili ndi malo athu oyamba, ofanana ndi makoswe, omwe amapereka mphotho, gawo la ubongo wathu lomwe limakulitsidwa ndi zaka mamiliyoni ambiri za kusintha kwa zinthu kuti likhale gwero la zilakolako zathu zamphamvu kwambiri. Zolaula sizisintha zomwe timaganiza, makamaka osati mwachindunji, zimasintha zomwe timalakalaka.

Kusintha Zomwe Timafuna

Mu 2007, ofufuza awiri adayesera kuyesa, poyambirira sanalumikizane ndi zolaula, ndikuphunzira kugonana kosangalatsa mwa amuna ambiri. Anayesa kuyambitsa zokondweretsa pamaloko ndikuwonetsa zolaula za vidiyo, koma adakumana ndi vuto (loti) kwa iwo: theka la abambo, omwe anali ndi zaka 29 zakubadwa, sanathe kudzutsidwa. Ofufuzawo omwe adachita mantha pamapeto pake adazindikira vutoli: amawonetsa zolaula zakale-akufufuza mwina anali okalamba komanso osakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuposa omwe adawalamulira.

"Kukambirana ndi anthuwa kunalimbitsa lingaliro lathu lakuti m'magawo ena, kuonera kwambiri zolaula kumawoneka kuti kwapangitsa kuti anthu asamayankhe kwambiri zolaula za 'vanilla sex' komanso kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zinthu zatsopano komanso zosiyana, nthawi zina kuphatikiza ndi kufunikira kwa mitundu yeniyeni ya zolimbikitsa kuti munthu ayambe kusangalala," adalemba.

Zodabwitsa n'zakuti, zolaula zingakhudzenso chilakolako chathu chogonana. Kafukufuku wa mu 2016 adapeza kuti "amuna ambiri amaona zinthu zolaula (SEM) zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi umunthu wawo wogonana. Sizinali zachilendo kuti amuna odziwika ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anene kuti akuonera SEM yokhala ndi khalidwe la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (20.7 peresenti) ndi kuti amuna odziwika ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anene kuti akuonera khalidwe la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu SEM (55.0 peresenti)." Pakadali pano, mu "2018 Year in Review," PornHub idavumbulutsa kuti "chidwi pa zolaula za 'trans' (zomwe zimatchedwa transgender) chidawona phindu lalikulu mu 2018, makamaka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 167 peresenti kwa kusaka kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso oposa 200 peresenti kwa alendo azaka zopitilira 45 (kukhala mawu achisanu omwe amafufuzidwa kwambiri ndi omwe ali ndi zaka 45 mpaka 64)."

Nkhaniyi ikakambidwa konse, nkhani yomwe ili ponseponse ndikuti amunawa amaponderezedwa ndipo amazindikira zofunikira zokhudzana ndi kugonana kudzera pa zolaula, kupatula kuti amunawa akuti kukopeka kumachoka pomwe asiya zolaula pa intaneti. 

Izi n'zodabwitsa. Mfundo si yoti tiyambe kuopa anthu okonda kugonana pa intaneti —mfundo ndi yakuti si yoti tiyambe kudana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Koma mwina zikusintha amuna ena kukhala chinthu china. Andrea Long Chu ndi dzina la wolemba wa ku America wosintha mtundu wa anthu, yemwe amalemba moona mtima za kusintha kwake kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso zomwe adakumana nazo. Mwachitsanzo, Chu adalimba mtima kutsutsidwa ndi anthu osintha mtundu wa anthu polemba mu nkhani ya New York Times za kulumikizana pakati pa kusintha kwake kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi kuvutika maganizo kosatha, ndikukana kuti ntchito yake yosintha idzamupangitsa kukhala wosangalala. Mu pepala pamsonkhano wamaphunziro ku Columbia, Chu adafunsa kuti: "Kodi zolaula zachikazi zinandipangitsa kukhala wosintha mtundu wa anthu?" Zithunzi zolaula zachikazi ndi mtundu—kachiwiri, womwe kale unali wosamveka bwino komanso wosamvetsetseka, ukukula mwadzidzidzi kukhala wotchuka—kumene amuna ovala ngati akazi amachita zachiwerewere ndi amuna m'maudindo achikazi omwe amamvera kwambiri. Zithunzi zolaula zachikazi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu wotchedwa "kukakamiza akazi," womwe ndi momwe zimamvekera. M'buku laposachedwa , Chu amayankha funso lake lokha: "Inde."

Sizikudziwika, osadziwika, mwinanso, - kuti zomwe Chu akumana nazo zikugwirizana bwanji ndi kuchuluka kosinthira kwa kugonana, koma ngakhale kuti chitsanzo chake ndichachidziwikire, chikuyenera kutsimikizira mfundo iyi: zolaula zimabwezeranso ubongo wathu pamlingo wofunikira ndikusintha zomwe timalakalaka. Ndipo izi ziyenera kutidabwitsa mosasamala kanthu za zomwe timakhulupirira pa nkhani ya transgender.

Tiyeni tiwunike ndi kuunikanso: tazindikira kuti zolaula zamasiku ano ndizosokoneza bongo ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso kuti chizolowezichi chikukulirakulira komanso kuchititsa mantha zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kuchokera pa kusawonekeratu kwa kusokonekera kwazomwe zikuchitika mpaka kutchuka kwakukula kwambiri. amayamba (mwakufuna) "vuto lachiwerewere." Zowonadi izi ndi zoyipa. 

Koma, kuchita ngati woimira mdierekezi, kodi ndi koipadi?

Uchidakwa kapena kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, akuti, sizingangowononga kugonana kwa munthu wina - zomwe angakonde - koma moyo wawo wonse ndi wa anthu omwe amakhala nawo. Mwachindunji komanso mosazungulira, amachititsa chaka chilichonse kuti azifa. Zikumveka kuti tiyenera kukhala okhudzidwa ndi zolaula, zowonadi, koma kodi tiyenera kugweradi batani lamantha? 

Yankho limodzi loyambirira ndikuti, zolaula zimakhudza miyoyo yathu kuposa kugonana chabe - zomwe zimapanga malingaliro chifukwa kuyambira apo, kugonana kumagwira mbali zonse m'miyoyo yathu.

Choyamba, zolaula zimakhudza malingaliro a anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli pa akazi. Lingaliro lakuti zolaula ndi "maloto chabe" - kuti kuonera zolaula zonyansa sikupangitsa munthu kukhala ndi zizolowezi zodzikuza kapena zogonana monga momwe kuonera filimu ya Jason Bourne kumatanthauza kuti mutha kuyamba kumenya ndi kuwombera anthu - mwina sizinali zoona mu nthawi ya Playboy , koma sizowona tsopano.

Kuwunika kwa mabuku a 2015 kunayang'ana maphunziro 22 ochokera kumayiko asanu ndi awiri osiyanasiyana ndipo kunapeza kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi nkhanza zogonana.

Kuwunikanso kwa maphunziro kwa kafukufuku wopitilira 135 wowunikidwa ndi anzawo kunapeza "umboni wokhazikika" wogwirizanitsa chizolowezi cha zolaula pa intaneti ndi, pakati pa zinthu zina, "kuchirikiza kwambiri zikhulupiriro zachiwerewere," "zikhulupiriro zachiwerewere zotsutsana," "kulekerera kwambiri nkhanza zogonana kwa akazi," komanso "kuchepa kwa malingaliro a luso la akazi, makhalidwe abwino, ndi umunthu."

Kubwerezanso: kuona pang'ono za makhalidwe abwino a akazi, ndi umunthu. Kodi tachita chiyani?

Popeza zonsezi, kuyambira kumapeto kwa ED kupita pa zochulukirapo zakugonana komanso ngakhale zolakwika, sizingadabwe kuti zolaula zimasokoneza ubale. 

Kusanthula kwa kafukufuku wa 2017 wa maphunziro 50 , kuphatikizapo ophunzira oposa 50,000 ochokera m'maiko 10, kunapeza kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi "zotsatira zochepa za kukhutitsidwa kwa anthu," kaya mu kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana, kafukufuku wautali, kapena zoyeserera za m'ma laboratories.

Kafukufuku wina wa deta yodziwika bwino padziko lonse adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunali chizindikiro champhamvu cha "milingo yotsika kwambiri yaubwino waukwati" - chizindikiro chachiwiri champhamvu kwambiri cha mitundu yonse mu kafukufukuyu. Zotsatirazi zidawonekera pambuyo poti olembawo adayang'anira kusokoneza mitundu monga kusakhutira ndi moyo wogonana komanso kupanga zisankho zaukwati: izi zikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana ndi kusasangalala kwaukwati osati chifukwa chakuti okwatirana omwe sali okondwa amayamba kuonera zolaula, koma m'malo mwake kuti zolaula ndiye chifukwa cha kusasangalala.

Kafukufuku wina , pogwiritsa ntchito deta yochokera ku General Social Survey, yomwe inkafufuza mabanja ambiri aku America chaka chilichonse kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2014, adapeza kuti "kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakati pa mafunde a kafukufuku kunachulukitsa kawiri mwayi woti munthu asudzulane pofika nthawi yotsatira ya kafukufuku." Choopsa kwambiri, kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti gulu lomwe mwayi wosudzulana unawonjezeka kwambiri ndi maanja omwe poyamba adanena kuti anali "osangalala kwambiri" muukwati wawo ndipo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pambuyo pake.

Zotsatira za chizolowezi cha zolaula pa atsikana ndi akazi awo n'zoona. Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chimanena kuti mkazi womasuka komanso wotseguka maganizo ayenera kukhala womasuka pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa mnzake. Pa "Friends," Stone of American culture ya Rosetta, maliseche a Chandler omwe anali pachibwenzi ndi Monica anali nthabwala yobwerezabwereza, ndipo nthawi iliyonse olemba a pulogalamuyi adanena kuti Monica amavomereza. Ndipotu, ngakhale kuti kafukufukuyu wachitika, kafukufuku akunena kuti akazi ambiri sagwirizana ndi amuna awo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ali pachibwenzi chodzipereka. Kupeza kuti mnzanuyo amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri kumachitika, ngati si njira yoperekera, ndiye kuti mwina ngati njira yokanidwa—mwina kumaipiraipira chifukwa chakuti "akudziwa" kuti "sangatsutse", komanso chifukwa chakuti (mosiyana ndi nthawi ya "Friends") amadziwanso kuti zolaula zimatanthauza zinthu zachiwawa, zonyoza, zonyoza akazi (kapena zoipitsitsa).

Chomwe chikuwoneka kuti ndi choipa kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a thupi ndi kudzidalira. Azimayi ambiri mu kafukufuku wina adafotokoza zomwe adapeza kuti mwamuna wawo amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati "zoopsa"; sanangomva ngati wosafunika kwenikweni, komanso adanenanso kuti amadziona kuti ndi otsika. Azimayi ena amatha kukhala ndi zizindikiro za nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, komanso matenda a nkhawa omwe amachitika pambuyo pa zoopsa.

Kafukufuku wa 2016 wa amuna azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 29 adapeza kuti

munthu akamaonera zolaula kwambiri, amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zachiwerewere. Amamufunsanso zolaula za mnzake, amamuwuza mwadala zithunzi zolaula panthawi yogonana kuti akhale ndi chidwi, komanso azikhala ndi nkhawa pogonana. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri sikugwirizana ndi kusangalala ndi kugonana komwe kumagonana.

Sitingathe kutsimikizira kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa chizolowezi cha zolaula ndi "kuchepa kwachuma kwa kugonana," koma tiyeni tikambirane : ngakhale kusiya kukwera kwa ED, poganizira momwe chizolowezi cha zolaula chimakhudzira kugonana kwa amuna, kuchokera ku lingaliro la akazi, kugonana ndi mwamuna wokonda zolaula kumamveka ngati kuyesera komwe simukufuna kubwereza—ndipo pakadali pano, ndikwabwino kuti anyamata ambiri ndi okonda zolaula.

Popeza zonsezi zili choncho, ngakhale kuti sitinafufuze mokwanira kuti tipeze chigamulo cha sayansi, ndikukayikira kwambiri kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula za amuna (makamaka achinyamata) ndi kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa kuvutika maganizo ndi matenda ena a mitsempha pakati pa atsikana achichepere. Polemba ngati mnyamata wakale, ndikunena kuti ngakhale nthawi zabwino kwambiri, anyamata ambiri achichepere si anthu abwino kwambiri, makamaka kwa atsikana achichepere; Sindingathe kuganiza momwe zimakhalira kukhala mtsikana wachinyamata pamene pafupifupi 100 peresenti (monga momwe tingaganizire) ya anthu omwe angakhale pachibwenzi ndi omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana.

Osati kuti zolaula zimangokhuza ubale kapena kugonana. Zolaula zimayambitsa kusungulumwa. Mwa zina, izi ndi chifukwa chakuti ndizowona kukakamira konse, komwe nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa manyazi ambiri omwe amatipangitsa kuti tipewe kapena kukankha anthu ena. Ndipo kuzolowera kumeneku kumatipangitsa kuti tizichita zaphokoso: ngakhale sindinathe kupeza kafukufuku, pali maumboni ambiri opezeka pa intaneti omwe anthu amachotsedwa ntchito chifukwa samatha kudziletsa kukaona malo zolaula kuntchito. 

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Ana Bridges, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku University of Arkansas yemwe amayang'ana kwambiri momwe zolaula zimakhudzira maubwenzi, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti akuti "akusunga chinsinsi, kusakhala paubwenzi komanso kuvutika maganizo kwambiri."

Ziwonetsero Zolaula Zimayambitsa Kubadwa kwa Ubongo

Tikamvetsetsa zolaula za masiku ano, zimakhala zomveka kuti zingakhudze maubwenzi, poganizira momwe zimakhudzira kugonana, malingaliro a akazi, komanso momwe chizolowezi chilichonse chimakhudzira moyo wa anthu komanso moyo wabwino. Koma bwanji za zotsatira zake pa moyo wonse wa anthu? Apanso, zolaula ndiye kusuta kwatsopano—ndipo zomwe kusuta kumakhudza mapapo anu, zolaula zimakhudzira ubongo wanu. Kodi zimenezo sizingakhudze bwanji chilichonse chomwe timachita?

Kodi zimagwira bwanji ntchito? Kumbukirani, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mokakamizira kumayambitsa kutulutsidwa kwa chinthu DeltaFosB, yemwe ntchito yake ndikubwezeretsa ubongo wathu. Umu ndi momwe kupitilira nthawi, chizolowezi sichimangopangitsa kuti munthu azilakalaka chinthu china, komanso amamuchititsa kukhala munthu wina. 

Mwina chochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso chapamwamba kwambiri mu neuroscience pazaka 20 zapitazi akhala lingaliro la neuroplasticity. Asayansi nthawi zambiri amaganiza za ubongo ngati mtundu wamakina, ngati wotchi yovuta kwambiri kapena bolodi, yomwe kamangidwe kake kamakhala kokhazikika, pobadwa kapena nthawi inayake kuubwana. 

Amakhala kuti ubongo wathu umakhala wovuta komanso wopanga. Likusintha, limasinthasintha, limasintha nthawi zonse. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamaubongo athu zimachitidwa ndi njira za neural, ndipo fanizo ndiloti ali ngati minofu. Aristotle anali kunena zoona, zomwe inu mumachita mobwerezabwereza. Uwu ndi wabwino kwambiri, koma pali vuto limodzi: neuroplasticity ndi njira yopikisana. Mukakonzekera gawo limodzi la ubongo wanu, imaba zinthu zofunikira m'magawo aubongo kuti "mudzitumphukitse" ngati izi zatsalira.

Ndiosavuta kuwona momwe zimachitikira munthu wina akamadwala. Nthawi zonse mukayang'ana, kapena kuwombera, kapena kuonera zolaula, zimangokhala ngati "zolimbitsa thupi" zolimbitsa thupi imodzi ya masentimita - zimatulutsa zofunikira kutali ndi ubongo wonse. 

Makamaka, kutulutsidwa kwa DeltaFosB komwe kumabwera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumafooketsa prefrontal cortex yathu. Prefrontal cortex ndi chilichonse chomwe ubongo wa makoswe suli; chifukwa anthu ali ndi prefrontal cortex yayikulu yomwe tili ndi chitukuko. Iyi ndi gawo la kuganiza la ubongo, lomwe limawerengera zoopsa, limalamulira zikhumbo, limatithandiza kudziwonetsa tokha mtsogolo motero kukonzekera, ndikugwira ntchito kuganiza mwanzeru. Ponena za fanizo lodziwika bwino la Plato la galeta, lomwe limafotokoza nzeru ngati woyendetsa galeta yemwe ntchito yake ndi kutsogolera akavalo awiri osalamulirika, Thymoides , khalidwe lathu, ndi Epithymetikon , chibadwa chathu, prefrontal cortex ndiye woyendetsa galeta.

Kafukufuku wa ubongo wasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli amakhala ndi "hypofrontality," mawu aukadaulo otanthauza vuto la prefrontal cortex. Anthu omwe ali ndi hypofrontality amakhala ndi imvi yochepa, zinthu zoyera zachilendo, komanso mphamvu yochepa yogwiritsira ntchito shuga (yomwe ndi mphamvu ya ubongo) mu prefrontal cortex.

Kudziona ngati munthu wopanda pake kumaonekera mu kuchepa kwa zomwe akatswiri a zamaganizo amatcha ntchito ya utsogoleri. Monga momwe dzinalo limasonyezera, ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'maganizo mwathu. Ntchito ya utsogoleri imaphatikizapo luso lathu lopanga zisankho, luso lathu lolamulira zilakolako, kuwunika zoopsa, mphotho, ndi zoopsa. Inde, zimenezo basi. Asayansi samvetsa bwino momwe kuledzera kumayambitsa kudziona ngati wopanda pake, koma n'zomveka kuti ziwirizi ziyenera kulumikizidwa. Kuledzera ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa ngakhale chilakolako chathu cha kugunda kwina chikakula, mphamvu zathu zolamulira zilakolako zimachepa. Mahatchi amatengedwa ngakhale manja a woyendetsa galeta akufooka.

Ndapeza kafukufuku wapafupifupi wazaka 150 yemwe amapeza umboni wa kusokonekera kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe ndiwotetezeka, omwe, ndi otetezeka kuganiza kuti, ali ofanana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, makamaka kwa abambo - komanso oposa khumi ndi awiri omwe apeza zizindikiritso zakugonana. oledzera kapena oonera zolaula. 

Ndizowona: zolaula zolaula zimakwaniritsa gawo lofunikira kwambiri la ubongo wathu.

Kafukufuku wa mu 2016 anagawa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula m'magulu awiri: gulu limodzi lomwe linasiya kudya chakudya chomwe limakonda kwa milungu itatu, ndi gulu limodzi lomwe linasiya kudya zolaula kwa milungu itatu. Kumapeto kwa milungu itatu, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula anali ofooka kwambiri kuti achepetse kukhutitsidwa. Chifukwa ichi ndi kafukufuku wokhala ndi gulu lolamulira lopatsidwa mwachisawawa, ndi umboni wokwanira wa mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kudziletsa pang'ono.

Nayi mavuto enanso azovuta omwe maphunziro asayansi adalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula: kuchepa kwamaphunziro, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kukumbukira kuchepa kwa kupanga zisankho, kukakamizidwa kwakukulu, kugwirira mtima kwakapusa, kuthana ndi chiwopsezo, kukoka mtima, kuchepa kwa mitsempha. Izi ndi zonse zokhudzana ndi hypof mbeleality. 

Kafukufuku wina wapeza kulumikizana pakati pa zolaula ndi nkhawa yayikulu, kuda nkhawa pakati pa anthu, kuda nkhawa ndi kukondana, kupsa mtima, kukhumudwa, nkhawa, kukwiya, komanso kudzikayikira. Izi sizizindikiro zowonetsera pang'onopang'ono, koma ndizosavuta kuwona momwe munthu wolumala amagwira ntchito yomwe ingakhale pachiwopsezo chambiri cha kuchuluka kwa matendawa. Maphunzirowa nthawi zambiri amawona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndizochuluka mavutowa. 

Chifukwa chake neuroplasticity imatanthawuza kuti kusuta kwa zolaula, pakulimbikitsa njira zina zamkati mu ubongo, kumafooketsa ena, makamaka omwe akukhudzana ndi ntchito yayikulu. 

Koma pali lingaliro lina lodabwitsa la zomwe neuroplasticity amatanthauza kukhudzana ndi zolaula: pomwe tikudziwa kuti, pazaka zilizonse, ubongo ndiwopulasitiki kwambiri kuposa momwe timaganizira kale, pakukayikira kuti, koposa zonse kuti ndife ofanana, ndife achichepere kwambiri pulasitiki ubongo wathu. Mutha kuphunzirapo, kunena, chilankhulo chakunja kapena chida choimbira pazaka zilizonse, koma pali luso lina lomwe simudzakwanitsa mutangoyamba mwana. Malingaliro athu amakhala apulasitiki nthawi zonse, koma akadali apulasitiki ochulukirapo tikadali achichepere. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zina zikakhazikika kuubwana, zimakhalabe choncho, chifukwa ndizotheka kuzisintha pambuyo pake m'moyo, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. 

Zovuta Zolaula pa Ubongo wa Mwana

Izi zikutifikitsa ku lamulo lina lalikulu lokhudzana ndi zolaula: nenani chilichonse chomwe mungafune chokhudza akuluakulu omwe amadya, m'malingaliro athu tonse timavomereza kuti ana sayenera kuziwona—koma kwenikweni, tonse tikudziwanso kuti amatero. Modabwitsa. Monga momwe timadziwira kuti malo olaula sachita chilichonse choletsa ana kuti asaziwone.

Ziwerengerozi n’zoopsa kwambiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ku Spain wa mu 2013 , “anyamata 63 pa 100 ndi atsikana 30 pa 100 anaonera zolaula pa intaneti ali achinyamata,” kuphatikizapo “ukapolo, zolaula za ana, ndi kugwiriridwa.” Malinga ndi British Journal of School Nursing , “ana osakwana zaka 10 tsopano ndi 22 pa 100 omwe amaonera zolaula pa intaneti osakwana zaka 18.”

Kuwunika kwa mabuku a 2019 kunapeza zotsatirapo zoyipa izi, zochokera ku maphunziro opitilira 20: "malingaliro olakwika pa akazi," "nkhanza zogonana," "kusakhazikika pa chikhalidwe cha anthu," "kuganizira kwambiri za kugonana," ndi "kukakamiza." Kafukufuku wina adapeza "kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika za nkhanza zogonana pakati pa ana ndipo wochita zachiwerewere nthawi zambiri amaonera zolaula m'zochitika zambirizi." Kuwunikako kunapezanso kuti "maphunziro okhudza atsikana omwe amaonera zolaula ali ana akuwonetsa kuti zimakhudza momwe amadzikondera." Pakati pa zotsatira zina zoyipa, maphunziro a achinyamata makamaka adapeza "ubale pakati pa kuwonetsedwa ndi zolaula ndi ... kudzipatula pagulu, khalidwe loipa, kukhumudwa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, komanso kusiya kuphunzira."

Kuphatikiza apo, "ana omwe ndi akazi omwe amakhala ndi zolaula amatha kukhulupilira kuti zomwe akuwona, monga kugonana kumatako komanso kugonana pagulu, ndizofanana pakati pa anzawo."

Ndizovuta kuwonetsa kulumikizana mwachindunji mwasayansi, komabe zimayeneranso kuti pakhale kulumikizana pakati pa kuphulika kwa zolaula ndi kuphulika kofala kwambiri pamavuto azachipatala pakati pa achinyamata.

Ngakhale zifukwa zomwe zimatchedwa vuto la matenda amisala pakati pa achinyamata zikutsutsidwa kwambiri, zoona zake siziri choncho: malinga ndi National Survey on Drug Use and Health, kafukufuku wovomerezeka wa boma womwe umayang'ana anthu ambiri aku America—oposa 600,000— “kuyambira 2009 mpaka 2017, kuvutika maganizo kwakukulu pakati pa achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 21 kwawonjezeka kawiri, kuchoka pa 7 peresenti kufika pa 15 peresenti. Kuvutika maganizo kwawonjezeka ndi 69 peresenti pakati pa achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 17. Kuvutika maganizo kwakukulu, komwe kumaphatikizapo nkhawa ndi kusowa chiyembekezo, kwakwera ndi 71 peresenti pakati pa achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 25 kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2017. Kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 22 ndi 23 anayesa kudzipha mu 2017 poyerekeza ndi 2008, ndipo 55 peresenti ambiri anali ndi maganizo ofuna kudzipha,” akulemba katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku San Diego State University, Jean Twenge.

Chifukwa chake zovuta zamatenda aubwana zinayamba kuzungulira 2009, atangomaliza kumene ma foni a smartphones ndi Tube adasinthiratu zolaula. Ndiponso, osati chitsimikiziro cha sayansi cha kulumikizana, koma ndichosangalatsa.

Mfundo yofunika kuikumbukira ndi iyi: kupatsidwa zomwe timadziwa kuti zolaula zimabweretsa ku ubongo, komanso kupatsidwa mwayi kuti tikudziwa kuti momwe ubongo uliri wocheperako, ndizotsimikizika kuti zilizonse zomwe anthu okonda zolaula angachite. ana kupatula zoyipa kwambiri. Ichi ndi china chake chomwe tiyenera kumangodziwa kuchokera pakudziwa za mfundo za muubongo wa anthu, ngakhale osaganizira zobwera chifukwa chodana ndi ana. 

Kodi Zoyambitsa Zithunzi Zolaula Zitha Kuwonongeka?

Ndayesetsa kukhala osamala momwe ndingathere komanso kungopereka mfundo zasayansi zokonzedwa bwino. Tikhoza, ndipo tiyenera, kukambirana za makhalidwe abwino, koma tiyenera kukhala omveka bwino pa zoona zake. Ndipo m'dziko lomwe nkhani zambiri zimanena chilichonse ndipo ndizosiyana ndi "kafukufuku" wina, ndimafuna kukhala olondola momwe ndingathere pa zomwe tingadziwe mwasayansi zokhudza zolaula, ndi chitsimikizo chapamwamba, motsutsana ndi zinthu zomwe tingakayikire kwambiri, ngakhale kuti sitingathe kuzitsimikizira.

Tikudziwa zomwe zolaula zimachitira ubongo, chifukwa sayansi ya zamankhwala ndi yolimba. Chifukwa sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi yofewa kwambiri, sitingadziwe motsimikiza zomwe zimayambitsa zolaula pa anthu, ngati zilipo. Koma tikazindikira kuti tiyenera kukhala odzichepetsa kwambiri pankhaniyi, tikhozabe kupanga zisankho zanzeru.

Kumbukirani vuto la kugona? Zikuwoneka kuti Japan ndiyotsogola mu mitundu yonse yakuchepa kwa zinthu: monganso momwe idakhalira pachiwonetsero cha chiwongola dzanja chomwe mayiko ena olemera akhala akukumana nacho kuyambira 2008, ndipo chikuwoneka ngati boma latsopano lokhalokha tsiku, Japan idalowanso mu kugonana komweko zaka khumi tisanachitike. Japan idalinso ndi intaneti yayitali kale kuposa dziko lonse lapansi. Kodi mwina Japan ndi chitsanzo cha zomwe zingachitike ngati sitichita nawo zolaula? 

Kuyambira pomwe Japan idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya broadband, mibadwo yachinyamata yasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu. "Mu 2005, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu osakwatira aku Japan azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 34 anali anamwali; pofika chaka cha 2015, 43 peresenti ya anthu azaka izi anali anamwali, ndipo gawo la omwe adati sakufuna kukwatira linakweranso. (Sikuti ukwati unali chitsimikizo cha kugonana pafupipafupi: Kafukufuku wofanana ndi uyu adapeza kuti 47 peresenti ya anthu okwatirana sanagonepo kwa mwezi umodzi.)," Kate Julian wa The Atlantic adalemba m'nkhani yake yokhudza kusokonekera kwa kugonana.

Ku Japan, mbadwo watsopanowu wa amuna osagonana—ndi kusakhazikika kwachuma kwa kugonana ku Japan kwachitika chifukwa cha kusowa chidwi kwa amuna , zomwe zachititsa kuti akazi achichepere aku Japan azidandaula, ngati malipoti a atolankhani akukhulupirira—amadziwika kuti soushoku danshi , kwenikweni “amuna odya udzu”—mwachidule, anthu odya udzu . Dzina lakuti “herbivores” linayambitsidwa ndi wolemba nkhani wachikazi wokhumudwa koma, modabwitsa, anthu odya udzu sakhumudwa ndipo ambiri a iwo amasangalala kuzindikira kuti ndi otero.

Popeza chiwerengero cha anthu ku Japan chatsika, nyama zodya udzu, zomwe zakhala chikhalidwe chachikulu, ndi nkhani yokambirana m'dziko lonse ku Japan, akutero Alexandra Harney wa Slate . Ndipo chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chimatanthauza nyama zodya udzu si kungoti zilibe chidwi ndi kugonana, koma kuti sizikuwoneka kuti zili ndi chidwi ndi chilichonse.

Amakonda kukhala ndi makolo awo. Kupatula apo, ndizovuta kupeza malo okhala ngati mulibe ntchito yokhazikika, yomwe azitsamba akuti samayang'ana, chifukwa alibe chidwi ndi ntchito yapamwamba. Osati kuti akusankha kuchokera pagulu lopindulitsa kuti azingoyang'ana, kunena, zaluso, kapena zoyambitsa, kapena mtundu wina wazachikhulupiriro kapena chikhalidwe. Zikuwoneka kuti, chimodzi mwazinthu zochepa chabe zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizotchuka pakati pa herbivores ndi. . . kumayenda. Kunena zowona, kuyenda ndi gawo lofunikira pakudya chimbudzi. 

Chomwe nyama zodya udzu zimaoneka kuti zili nacho chidwi ndi kuthera nthawi yawo yambiri zili zokha pa intaneti. Nyama zodya udzu zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wocheza ndi anthu zimangokhalira kukhala ndi anzawo ochepa. Ngakhale kuti anthu aku Japan ankadziwika kuti amakonda kwambiri zokopa alendo, sakonda kupita kunja. Apanga msika watsopano wa yaoi , mtundu wachikondi waku Japan womwe umasonyeza ubale wa amuna ndi akazi; pomwe omvera a yaoi nthawi zambiri anali akazi, nyama zodya udzu za amuna monga yaoi.

Malongosoledwe osawerengeka amatulutsidwa chifukwa cha zodabwitsa, kuyambira pachikhalidwe mpaka pachuma, ndipo zimamveka kuti zina mwazinthuzi zikanachitika. Komabe, zimandivuta kuti zonse zomwe timadziwa zokhudza herbivores zimagwirizana ndi zomwe tikudziwa pazolakwika pa intaneti, makamaka zimachepetsa libido komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika. Tikudziwanso kuti Japan ili ndi misika yomwe ikukula kwa zoseweretsa za amuna, koma osati akazi, komanso zolaula zosaneneka, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu komwe kumatsutsana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. 

Kupatula kugonana, nyama zodya udzu zimaoneka ngati mbadwo wa amuna omwe akuvutika ndi chinyengo, matenda amitsempha omwe amayamba chifukwa cha chizolowezi choonera zolaula. Zikuwoneka kuti vuto lawo lalikulu ndi kulephera kudzipereka , kaya pantchito kapena kwa mkazi. Kudzipereka kumafuna luso lothandizidwa ndi prefrontal cortex, monga kudzilamulira, kuyeza bwino zoopsa ndi mphotho, ndikudziwonetsera mtsogolo. Kukhala wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma, kupita kudziko lina, kutuluka m'nyumba ya makolo anu, kupita kumaphwando, kukumana ndi anthu atsopano, kufunsa mtsikana—zinthu zonsezi zimafanana ndikuti ngakhale anyamata nthawi zambiri amafuna kuchita izi, amathanso kukhala oopsa; ndipo ndi ntchito yaubongo yomwe ili mu prefrontal cortex yomwe imapangitsa kuti zitheke kuthana ndi vuto loyamba la kusafuna kuchita zomwe zimachokera m'munsi mwa ubongo.

Popeza dziko la Japan lili panjira yodziwonongera lokha chifukwa cha kusowa chidwi kwa amuna ake pankhani yogonana kapena ukwati, n'kovuta kusaganizira za fanizo la Nietzsche la Munthu Womaliza, nkhani yake yoopsa ya tsogolo lomwe likanayembekezera chitukuko cha Kumadzulo pambuyo pa Imfa ya Mulungu ngati silinalandire njira ya Übermensch : munthu womaliza amakhala moyo wabwino, amakhutitsidwa ndi zilakolako zake zonse, amavomereza kutsata malamulo ndipo amakana mikangano, ndipo safuna china chilichonse, sangathe chifukwa ali ndi malingaliro, kapena kuyambitsa, kapena luso, kapena chiyambi, kapena kutenga chiopsezo. Munthu Womaliza, mwachidule, ndi munthu wobwerera ku chinthu chonga nyama, ngakhale kuti si nyama yodya nyama. Nietzsche amamuyerekeza ndi tizilombo, koma zomera zimamuyenerera bwino. M'mawu owopsa a Nietzsche, Munthu Womaliza amakhulupirira kuti wapeza chisangalalo.

Apanso, n'zosatheka kutsimikizira mwasayansi kuti vuto la kudya zomera limayambitsidwa ndi chizolowezi chofala cha zolaula. Koma chinthu chimodzi ndi chodziwikiratu: palibe chifukwa chofotokozera chifukwa chake, ngati chizolowezi cha kudya zomera chimayambitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe china kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu, chiyenera kukhala vuto lalikulu la amuna . Kodi pali wina? Kodi pali wina? Bueller?

Kodi Japan ndi lingaliro lamtsogolo? Kodi tili mnjira yoti tidzakhale azitsamba? Kapena, kutenga fanizo lina, kukhala ngati anthu opanda thandizo pamlengalenga mu "WALL-E," pokhapokha titakhala kuti tangopanga kumene kupanga AI ndi maloboti omwe adawathandiza kukhala opanda pake, odzaza ndi zosangalatsa zopanda pake?

Mwina zikumveka moperewera. Koma zomwe tikudziwa ndikuti kuchuluka kwachitukuko chathu kumakhala mankhwala omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ubongo, omwe sitimamvetsetsa, kupatula kuti zomwe timamvetsetsa ndizosalimbikitsa. Ndipo tangotsala zaka XNUMX kuti tichitepo kanthu. Tikapanda kuchitapo kanthu, posachedwa m'badwo wotsatira ukhala m'badwo womwe wakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mankhwalawa akudya ubongo ngati ana, omwe ubongo wawo umakhala pachiwopsezo chokha. Zikuwoneka zomveka komanso zogwirizana ndi maumboni monga tili nazo kuti tichite mantha. Zowonadi, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zopanda tanthauzo kwambiri ndikudandaula kwathu zazinthu zina, pamlingo wina, tonse tikudziwa kuti zikuchitika.

Kuyeserera Kwachikulu pa Mabongo Athu

Njira ina yofunsira funso loti tiyankhe ndikuzindikira kuti ife - dziko lonse lotukuka, ndipo posachedwa dziko lonse lapansi, mitengo yamatelefoni ndi ma Broadband omwe akutukuka akupitilizika kutsika - tikuyesera tokha kwambiri, zomwe sizinachitikepo paokha. ubongo. Asayansi amadziwa zinthu zingapo zokhudza ubongo, koma owerengeka. Ubongo wa munthu ndiye chinthu chovuta kwambiri kuzimvetsetsa za Universal, ndipo tikugawa theka la anthu kwambiri, ku mtundu wina wachilendo wa mankhwala. 

Pamene ndikulemba izi, FDA akuti ikuganizira zoletsa kwathunthu fodya wamagetsi. Tangoganizirani ngati, mwachitsanzo, chowonjezera chodziwika bwino chamankhwala chawonetsedwa kuti, o, chiwonjezere kuchuluka kwa ED pakati pa anyamata ndi chiwerengero china, osatchulanso kuchuluka kwa ma order angapo , kapena kukhala ndi chizolowezi chofanana ndi cocaine m'magulu akuluakulu a anthu. Ndithudi woimira boma wina wofuna kuwunikira anthu angalole eni ake a kampaniyo kuti ayendetse anthu pa TV m'dziko lonselo musananene kuti "Four Loko" - pokhapokha ngati iye mwini anali kuledzera ndi zinthuzi ndipo anali ndi manyazi kwambiri kuti anene pagulu.

Fanizoli lingakhale pano: Kusintha kwanyengo. Pali zinthu zina zomwe tikudziwa kuti mwasayansi ndizowona: tikudziwa kuti mpweya wonyezimira umayambitsa kutentha kotentha kofanana; tikudziwa kuti anthu akutulutsa mpweya wambiri wowonjezera kutentha; tikudziwa kuti kutentha kukuwonjezereka; tikudziwa kuti mpweya wobiriwira ukukula kwambiri. 

Sitikudziwa , mwasayansi, molondola, zomwe zikutanthauza mtsogolo. Dziko lapansi ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri moti sitingathe kulosera motsimikiza zomwe kusintha kwa nyengo kudzatanthauza, makamaka—ndithudi, chifukwa chabwino kwambiri chochitira mantha ndichakuti tili m'dera losadziwika bwino pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa komanso kutentha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake bungwe la UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, lomwe likuyimira mgwirizano wasayansi pa kusintha kwa nyengo, silipereka maulosi a momwe kusintha kwa nyengo kudzakhudzira mtsogolo, koma magawidwe a mwayi (werengani ngati simukundikhulupirira).

Malinga ndi momwe sayansi ilili panopa, tili ndi umboni wochuluka womwe ukutsogolera ku chikhulupiriro chovomerezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi kutentha komwe sikunachitikepo kumabweretsa chiopsezo chosavomerezeka cha zotsatira zoyipa, kuphatikizapo zotsatira zoopsa, kotero kuti mtundu wina wa zochita pamodzi (kupatula mkangano wokwiya pa mtundu wa zochita) ndizoyenera kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Dziko lapansi ndi lovuta kwambiri kuti timvetse bwino, ndipo iyi ndiye mfundo yabwino kwambiri yoti n’chifukwa chiyani kuli kosasamala kulipaka lodzaza ndi mankhwala pamlingo wosayerekezeka. Kupatula apo, tilibe Dziko Lapansi 2. (Ndipo inde, modabwitsa chifukwa cha kusafuna kwa osunga chilengedwe kuvomereza kuchitapo kanthu kwakukulu pakusintha kwa nyengo, iyi ndi mfundo yokhazikika.)

Mutha kuwona komwe ndikupita: ngakhale dziko lapansi ndilofunika, momwemonso ubongo wathu; ngakhale dziko lapansi ndilovuta, momwemonso ubongo wathu, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri kuzimvetsetsa zomwe zili m'chilengedwe. Sindikuwona chifukwa chomwe mfundo zomwezi sizikugwira ntchito. 

Madanda ndiwokwera kwambiri, mfundo zoti zichitike ndi zofanana, komabe zifukwa izi zimasiyanitsa anthu ambiri komanso maboma andale. 

Zinatenga nthawi yayitali pakati pa nthawi pomwe umboni wokhudzana ndi kusuta kwa khansa ya m'mapapo komanso zotsatirapo zabwinobwino zaumoyo utayamba kukhala wosavomerezeka. Ndipo zidatenga nthawi yayitali pakati pa nthawiyo ndi pomwe ife monga gulu tidavomereza umboniwo ndikuganiza zochita. Izi zinali chifukwa cha mafunso ovomerezeka asayansi choyambirira, chifukwa champhamvu yaumbombo, kukonda anthu, komanso zina chifukwa chazokondera zolakwika za pseudo-libertarian. Komanso chifukwa anthu ambiri sanazengereze kuvomereza kuti chizolowezi chawo chokondedwa, chosangalatsa, chinali chizolowezi chowononga - ndipo onse sanazengereze kuvomereza chifukwa anali kudziwa, kuti chinali chowonadi. 

Ndimasutabe. Koma, komabe, ndasiya kunama ndekha kuti bwanji ndizichita. Yakwana nthawi yomwe gulu lathu lasiya kudzinyenga tokha zomwe zakhala zikuwopseza kwambiri thanzi lathu.

Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry ndi mnzake ku Ethics and Public Policy Center. Zolemba zake zidapezeka m'mabuku ambiri. Amakhala ku Paris.