Nkhani yatsopano yolembedwa ndi a Virginia Commonwealth University pulofesa imasonyeza kuti zolaula zakhala zikuluzikulu zogonana, ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri miyoyo ya achinyamata. Ofufuza, kuphatikizapo Jennifer Johnson, Ph.D., pulofesa wa Dipatimenti ya Socialology wa College of Humanities ndi Sayansi, adafufuzidwa ndi amuna a koleji a 487, zaka 18 ku 29, kuti ayerekezere kuchuluka kwawo kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zokonda za kugonana ndi zodetsa nkhaŵa.
Nkhaniyo, “Zithunzi zolaula ndi zolemba za amuna ndi akazi: Kukambirana za kugonana ndi kugonana, ”Inafalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Archives of Sexual Behavior, ndipo inalembedwanso ndi Chyng Sun, Ph.D., wa ku New York University; Ana Bridges, Ph.D., aku University of Arkansas; ndi Matt Ezzell, Ph.D., aku James Madison University.
Johnson posachedwapa adakambirana zomwe gulu lidapeza pazokhudzana ndi zolaula, momwe zithunzi zolaula zimakhudzira anthu, komanso chifukwa chake njira yolowera zolaula pa intaneti ingafunike.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wanu watsopano, kodi zolaula zimakhudza bwanji amuna ndi malingaliro awo pa kugonana?
Kafukufuku wanga waposachedwapa amasonyeza mmene zolaula zingayambitsire kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Zithunzi zolaula zimaonedwa kuti ndizokhaokha koma kafukufuku wathu amasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri zithunzi zolaula zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kudalira kwambiri zithunzi zolaula panthawi yomwe anthu akugonana. Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti pakati pa anthu a ku Koleji omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, a 51 peresenti amatsata zolaula kangapo pamlungu, oposa 19 amagwiritsa ntchito kangapo pamwezi ndipo oposa 13.5 amagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Amuna omwe adawonera zolaula zambiri mwadala adakalipira zithunzi zolaula kuti apitirizebe kukondana panthawi yogonana ndikukonda zolaula pazochitika zenizeni zogonana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zolaula sizongoganiza kwa amuna; mmalo mwake, umapanga momwe amachitira ndi makhalidwe apamtima.
Mukuona, kodi zolaula zonse n'zovulaza?
Pali zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino lomwe likuwonetsedwa ndi kukula kwa masewera a zolaula pa intaneti m'zaka 10 zapitazo. Choyamba ndizovuta kuti azimayi ndi amai omwe amaonetsa zolaula azikhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso chitetezo. Matenda opatsirana pogonana, kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zachiwawa ndizofala pakati pa anthu ogulitsa. Izi ziyenera kukhala zikudetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri kumaphunziro a ku koleji chifukwa kupanga zolaula kwafalikira kwambiri ndi malo oyunivesite omwe akulima monga malo atsopano opangidwira. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka chifukwa cha kukwapulidwa kwa Mutu IV ku sukulu za koleji. Dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ku Virginia imadziwa miyambo ya chikhalidwe yomwe imathandizira kusagwirizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi monga chothandizira chiwawa cha kugonana. Zithunzi zolaula ndizo chikhalidwe choyambirira chokhazikitsira malingaliro oterowo.
Ngakhale kufufuza sikungathe kuwonetsa zinthu, zomwe palibe zofukufuku za sayansi zitha kuchita, zolaula zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimazindikirika ngati zothandizira kuchitirana nkhanza za kugonana kuphatikizapo kufotokozera chikhalidwe cha anthu monga chiwawa, malingaliro oipa kwa amayi, ndi kusalingana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pafupifupi zaka zowonongeka zolaula zili pafupi zaka za 12 ndipo zithunzi zolaula zomwe ndizo zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kupeza zimakhala ndi chiwawa chokwanira kwa amayi ndipo zimalimbikitsa khalidwe loipa komanso loipa la kugonana kwa anyamata. Anyamata ndi abambo ndi ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaulazo, zomwe zimapanga chikhalidwe chogonana chomwe anyamata amagwirizana nawo komanso kuti atsikana, monga ogonana nawo, ayenera kuyankha. Choncho, zokambirana, kusukulu ya sekondale ndi makoleji, zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso mgwirizano wabwino zimaphatikizapo kukambirana za kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zolaula.
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zolaula zimanyalanyazidwa monga chilakolako cha kugonana ndi kusiyana kwa chibadwidwe chotengedwa ndi zolaula za pa Intaneti. Nthawi zambiri zithunzi zolaula zimasonyeza kuti munthu akubwera kunyumba ya mayi kapena mayi wamkazi, yemwe ali ndi chiwerewere. Komabe, intaneti yatsatiranso kwambiri zolaula. Masiku ano, zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimapezeka komanso zosavuta kuzipeza zili ndi ziwawa zambiri, kuwonongeka ndi kuchititsidwa manyazi kwa amayi, ndizofupikitsa, ndipo zimangoganizira za ziwalo zoberekera. Ambiri achikulire omwe sakhala ndi zaka zambiri za kukula ndi kugonana komanso omwe adayamba kugonana asanafike pa intaneti, sadakumanepo ndi zolaula zogonana pa Intaneti zomwe zikulembera achinyamata. Choncho, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa momwe akulu ndi achikulire amadziwira zomwe zimaonetsa zolaula, zomwe zimachititsa akuluakulu osakonzekera kuti athandize kutsogolera chisankho.
Kodi kufufuza kwanu kumakhudza mtundu waukulu, makamaka chifukwa cha zolaula za pa Intaneti?
Zithunzi zolaula ndizochita zamalonda padziko lonse zomwe zimapanga mankhwala omwe amakhudza thanzi labwino ndi thanzi labwino. Njira zomwe zimapangidwanso ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito zimaphatikizapo mgwirizano wadziko lonse, womwe umaphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa malonda a anthu, zolaula za ana, uhule, mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mitundu ina ya nkhanza padziko lonse. Zimapereka ndalama zamakampani ambiri kuphatikizapo makampani akuluakulu a hotelo, makampani a makampani, makampani akuluakulu a zamakono, makampani opanga makampani komanso Wall Street. Zithunzi zolaula sizongosankha zokha zokhudzana ndi kulankhula, kufotokoza kapena kugonana. Ndi makampani apadziko lonse omwe amalumikiza matupi a amuna, akazi ndi ana kuti apindule. Ndiwo nkhope ya anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amachokera mwadzidzidzi kuchokera ku nyumba za abambo, malo osungirako antchito osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka mosavuta, ndipo amafunafuna anthu osauka ochokera kudutsa lonse lapansi kuti adye chakudya chokwanira chifukwa chosowa matupi atsopano chifukwa cha msinkhu za chilango chakuthupi ndi kuonongeka komwe kumakhudzana ndi kupanga zolaula.
Kodi mumagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mtundu uliwonse wa zokhudzana ndi zolaula? Kodi mukuganiza kuti ziyenera kuletsedwa, kapena kuchepetsedwa?
Mavuto ku malonda oonera zolaula ayenera kutsogoleredwa makamaka pa zochitika zachuma komanso ayenera kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha anthu ogulitsa malonda, kuphatikizapo osati kulephera kuteteza malamulo kuti athe kulandira malipiro abwino komanso kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala abwino kwambiri; Kukhazikitsa malamulo onse a OSHA pofuna kulimbikitsa malo abwino ogwira ntchito, makamaka momwe zimakhalira ndi kusintha kwa madzi monga nyemba kapena magazi; ndi chitetezo ku chiwawa chogonana mwa kumanga ndi kutsutsa olakwira. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chilungamo chochulukirapo ndi malamulo oyenera akuyenera kulipira njira zomwe malonda oonera zolaula amalimbikitsa ndikugulitsa malonda a anthu, omwe ku United States akuphatikizidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito popita kunyumba ndi malo ogona.
Pa mbali yofunikira ya equation, ndimagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya "opt-in", yomwe imafuna kuti olemba pa intaneti afunse nkhani zolaula kuti zikhale zofikira m'malo mwa dongosolo la "opt-out" lomwe liripo tsopano lomwe limapangitsa kuti zithunzi zolaula zikhale zovomerezeka kupatulapo osasankhidwa. Ndimathandizanso kwambiri maphunziro a kugonana ku masukulu apamwamba ndi apamwamba ndi makoleji kuti ndiwonetsenso zokambirana za zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Nkhaniyi ikuphatikizapo makolo omwe nthawi zambiri samadziwa zolaula zomwe ana awo akuwonera.
Nkhani yaposachedwa ikufotokoza za zolaula zomwe zimakhudza amuna makamaka. Kodi kafukufuku wofananako adachitidwapo pazokhudzidwa zake kwa amayi? Mukuganiza kuti zolaula zimakhudzanso akazi?
Kukula kwa zolaula pa Intaneti monga njira yogonana ndi nkhani yovuta kwa amayi, omwe matupi awo akhala akulamuliridwa molamulidwa ndi zikhalidwe zogonana zotsutsana. Zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti zimapereka njira yowoneka kuti ikutsutsa ndi kutsutsa zoletsedwazo. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti zithunzi zolaula zimayendetsedwa ndi mafakitale omwe ali ndi chuma chothandizira kulamulira matupi a akazi, malingaliro opatsirana pogonana omwe amaperekedwa ndi makampani oonera zolaula amapangidwa kudzera mu makina okhudzana ndi malonda omwe amapangidwa pa malonda ndi kutaya matupi ena a amayi kuti azisangalala ndi phindu. Makampani oonera zolaula samasula akazi kuti asachite zachiwerewere; mmalo mwake zimachepetsa kugonana monga malonda ndi kugulitsa kwa amayi ngati mawonekedwe a kugonana. Motero zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti zikuwonetsa mauthenga osayenerera kwa amayi - zolaula zimagulitsidwa kwa amayi monga kulimbikitsidwa ndi kugonana koma zomwe zili zankhanza komanso zowononga, makamaka kwa amayi omwe ali mu malonda.
Nkhani yathu yotsatila, yomwe ikupitilizidwanso, ikuyang'ana chisamaliro chachisokonezo chokhudzana ndi ubale wa amai ndi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale amayi ambiri awonapo zolaula (asilamu a 87), ambiri (oposa 52) adawawonetsa kuti sakugwiritsa ntchito. Ena mwa omwe adanena za zolaula zamakono zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolaula zogonana pa nthawi yogonana komanso kukhumudwa kwakukulu pa kugonana ndi thupi. Timagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimapangitsa kuti amayi ambiri asamachite zachiwerewere koma, pakati pa omwe amachita nawo script, zotsatirazo zinali zofanana ndi za amuna.
Nchiyani chinapangitsa chidwi chanu pa mutu uwu?
Chisangalalo changa pa mutu uwu chimachokera ku chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha akazi ndikugwira ntchito ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo. Kafukufuku wanga wamaphunziro adalimbikitsa kubereka kwa amayi pogonana pakati pa mabanja ndi amuna okhaokha. Monga katswiri wa chikazi, ndinkakonda momwe lingaliro lachiwerewere limapangidwira mgwirizano waumunthu ndi momwe abambo ndi amai amamvera za udindo wa amai m'moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndinagwiranso ntchito zaka zitatu monga katswiri wa zasayansi ku Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo, komwe ndinapanga njira zowonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Nditabwerera ku academia, ndinagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kuti ndiyambe kupanga mapulogalamu azachuma pa Intaneti. Kudzera mwa kufufuza kumeneku ndinayamba kumvetsa kukula ndi kukula kwa malonda ndi zomwe zimakhudza thanzi labwino, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata komanso akuluakulu omwe akukula.
Kodi mukugwira ntchito yotsatira?
Ndili ndi zofukufuku ziwiri zomwe zikuchitika nthawi zonse. Wina ndipitirize kufufuza zolaula muzoyanjana ndi anthu pofufuza mitundu ya zolaula zomwe amaziwona ndikuyanjana ndi chiwerewere pochita zachiwerewere. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi anthu omwe amaonera zachiwawa zolaula amatha kuchita zachiwerewere panthawi yogonana ndi mnzanu? Ntchito yanga ina ikuphatikizapo kupanga webusaiti yopanga mapulogalamu ochezera a pa Intaneti poyesa mapu ndi kuyesa makina a malonda oonera zolaula pa intaneti. Ndikufuna kufufuza kukula, kukula ndi kugwirizana kwa mafakitale pa intaneti kuti awulule njira yomwe makampaniwa amaperekera zowonjezereka za kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana.
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