Kukulitsa Nthaka Kukwezera Mbalame Izi Pamtunda Wapamwamba
Wolemba NATALIE ANGIER
Pazinthu zonse zomwe zimalimbikitsa chidwi masiku ano kuphatikiza zoyenera za azimayi a tiger ndi abambo a helikopita, ndiloreni kuti ndipange pang'onopang'ono mtundu wa khwangwala wamakolo wa New Caledonia.
Akhwangwala atsopano ku Caledonia amatchuka chifukwa cha luso lawo lopanga zida.
Mukuwona, kusinthasintha, kusinthasintha kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito a chida chawo, kuthekera kwawo pakupeza ndodo, masamba, mawaya, zingwe ndi china chilichonse chachilengedwe kapena chochita kupanga chomwe angapezeko chida chabwino chodziwitsira nsomba, kapena chachiwiri. -, zida zachitatu- kapena zapamwamba, akhwangwala alibe anzanga mu vivarium osakhala anthu, ndipo izi zimaphatikizapo maukadaulo onyansa monga njovu, macaques ndi chimpanzi.
Makanema a kafukufuku wa m'ma laboratories ndi akhwangwala afalikira kwambiri, akuwonetsa mbalame zikuchita zinthu zomwe zimawoneka ngati zabodza. Mu chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika bwino kuchokera ku Oxford University , mkazi wina dzina lake Betty amapinda waya wowongoka pang'onopang'ono kunja kwa silinda ya pulasitiki kuti apange mawonekedwe a mbedza, yomwe kenako amaiyika mu silinda ya pulasitiki kuti atulutse pulagi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pansi mwaluso monga momwe munthu angakokere choyimitsa kuchokera mu ngalande. Makanema olankhulana ndi amphaka sangakhale ndi mwayi.
Ndiye kodi mbalame zimayenda bwanji mwaluso kwambiri? Malipoti atsopano m'magazini a Animal Behaeve and Study and Behaeve ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Auckland akuwonetsa kuti njira yotsogolera khwangwala siyingakhale yosiyana kwambiri ndi mphuno zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa anthu nthawi zonse: Lolani ana anu azikhala ndi nthawi yayitali kubanja okonda nyumba; khalani ndi zitsanzo; perekani zolimbikitsa; khalani oleza mtima ndi kulimbikira; kukweza ngakhale mwana wamwamuna wachikulire mwa kutulutsa pakamwa pakatulo; ndikuzindikira kuti nthawi iliyonse goshawk ikhoza kugwa ndikutsiriza dongosolo lonse loyendetsa zochitika.
Jennifer C. Holzhaider, wolemba wamkulu pa malipoti awiri atsopanowa, adati mchaka chimodzi chamaphunziro awo a zaka zitatu, akhwangwala omwe adawatsata adabereka ana onse asanu ndi atatu.
"Tinaganiza, tikhala ndi ana 8 omwe timatha kuwonera," adatero. Koma ma goshawks, makoswe, kadzidzi ndi mvula zam'madzi zinayamba kusokonekera, ndipo ndi imodzi yokha mwa ana asanu ndi atatu aja omwe anapulumuka. Ndi moyo wovuta m'nkhalango; Ndizo zonse zomwe zingatheke, "atero Dr. Holzhaider.
Mwa kuphunzira momwe chikhalidwe cha akhwangwala chimakhalira ndi momwe moyo wawo umakhala wovuta tsiku ndi tsiku, ochita kafukufukuwo akuyembekeza kuti apeza nzeru zatsopano pakusintha kwa nzeru, kulumikizana pakati pa luso lamunthu komanso zikhalidwe, komanso kufunika kwa mphamvu iliyonse yosankha pakulimbikitsa kufunika kwa ubongo wawukulu wacinyama.
Ofufuzawo akufuna kudziwa kuti ndichifukwa chiyani, ya 700 kapena mitundu ya akhwangwala, akhwangwala, zibangiri, ma jay ndi matsenga omwe amapanga pang'onopang'ono pama corvids padziko lonse lapansi, khwangwala wa New Caledonia adakhala wotulutsa, wogulitsa ndege, pamwamba pa YouTube pamzere.
"Ndi chithunzi chachikulu," adatero a Russell D. Grey, wamkulu wa gulu la Auckland. “Chifukwa chiyani? Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani mtunduwu pachilumba chaching'ono ku Pacific satha kungogwiritsa ntchito koma kupanga zida zosiyanasiyana, komanso mosinthika m'malo mozungulira kapena mwadongosolo? Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani amatha kuchita komanso chimpanzee pakuyesa kwanzeru komwe kumawonetsa kumvetsetsa kwachilengedwe ndi kuthekera kuphatikizira vuto limodzi mpaka linzake? "
Ngati mbalamezo ziphunzira kupewa mabowo ndi zotchinga poyesa bokosi lamabedi la pulasitiki, mwachitsanzo, zimapewa mabowo ndi zopinga m'malo osiyana ndi tebulo lamatabwa. "Kudziwa chikhalidwe chawo," adatero Dr. Gray, "ndi gawo limodzi la jigsaw."
Kafukufuku watsopano wa DNA akuwonetsa kuti ma corvids adayamba kutuluka kumapeto kwa nthawi ya ma dinosaur, zaka pafupifupi 65 miliyoni zapitazo, kwinakwake kumadera oyandikana ndi Australia, ndikuwonetsa kunja kuchokera pamenepo. Makolo a khwangwala wa New Caledonia sanayende mtunda wautali asanakhale pamtunda wautali wa 220 wamtunda womwe mtunduwo umatchulidwira.
Khwangwala wamakono wa New Caledonia ndi chisangalalo cha bedi ndi nthenga ndipo, mwa mainchesi a 12 mainchesi ndi ma 12 omata, mtundu wamtundu wa corvid: yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa khwangwala wamba, yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa khwangwala wamba waku America, koma njuchi kuposa jay kapena jackdaw. Kukula kwa ubongo ndi nkhani inanso.
Dr. Gray, anati: "Mitsempha yonse yamkati ndi yayikulu kwambiri, koma umboni woyambirira ukusonyeza kuti ubongo wa New Caledonia ndi wamkulu ngakhale ndi ma corvids." Kuphatikiza apo, ubongo umakulitsidwa mwapangidwe, kuwonetsa zochuluka modabwitsa mu ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a khungu loyang'ana patsogolo. , makamaka magawo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kuphunzira kophatikizana ndi luso labwino yamagalimoto.
Ndalama zawo ndizapadera, "ngati chala chomenyedwa ndi munthu kuposa mtanda wolimba," atero Dr. Gray.
Ndalama "zikuwoneka kuti ndizopanga zida," atero a Anne Clark, yemwe amaphunzira akhwangwala aku America ku State University of New York ku Binghamton koma adawonanso akhwangwala a New Caledonia m'munda. "Nditawayang'anitsitsa, amawoneka kuti amangogwira ndodo nthawi iliyonse iwo akuoneka kuti sangathe kudziwa china chake," anatero, m'malo mwake ngati katswiri wa masamu amavutika kuthetsa vuto popanda cholembera m'manja.
Mbalamezi ndiosintha chida chamtchire. Amapeza timitengo yoyenera, ndikusemphana ndi nthambi, kenako ndikupotera nthambizo kukhala zibowo zakuthwa. Amang'amba mizere yozungulira yokhala ndi masamba ofota a Pandanus, kenako n'kupanga mbalizo kukhala nthungo zapamwamba.
Ndi mbambo zawo ndi mikondo yawo amachotsa ma slog, tizilombo ndi ma invertebrates ena akuwala pansi kapena pamitengo. Mbalamezi ndizotsatira zachikhalidwe chakomweko.
Mwakufufuza kosavuta kwa njira zomwe zidasiyidwa m'masamba a Pandanus ndi akhwangwala ozungulira, Gavin Hunt waku University of Auckland adazindikira kuti masitayala opangira zida amasintha malo ndi malo, ndipo masitayilo amenewo amakhala okhazikika pakapita nthawi. Mwambiri, akhwangwala aku New Caledonia ali ndi mtundu wawo wa chikhalidwe.
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha mbalame n'kovuta. Pophunzira za moyo wa anthu, Dr. Holzhaider ndi anzake adatsimikizira zomwe adawona kale kuti agulugufe a ku New Caledonian si agulugufe okhala m'magulu, monga momwe agulugufe ambiri amachitira, koma m'malo mwake amatsatira dongosolo la banja la anthu. Amphongo ndi akazi amakhala limodzi chaka chonse, akutsimikiziranso ubale wawo ndi zinthu zokongola monga kudyetsana ndi kusamalirana, kukhala pafupi mokwanira kuti akhudzene, komanso osasamala ngakhale pamene mnzawo akusewera ndi zida zawo.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi makolo awo kwa zaka ziwiri kapena kupitirira - kudalira kotalikirapo, mwa miyeso ya mbalame - ndipo zimangokhala pabanja limodzi, kumangolankhulana nthawi yonseyi. "Ali ndi njira yolankhulirana modekha, 'Woak, waak, waak,' zomwe zikumveka zokondweretsa," atero Dr. Holzhaider.
Achinyamata amafunikira kuphunzira kwawo ntchito yayitali. Dr. Holzhaider anati: "Akugwira ntchito mwachangu, akumang'amba masamba a Pandanus, ndipo akufuna kuti agwire bwino ntchito," anatero a Holzhaider, "koma kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu, achinyamata satha kupanga chida chilichonse."
Makolowo amalolerana, kupatsa wophunzirayo chakudya chomwe wapeza ndi zida zawo zabwino. "Powona makolo awo akutuluka mumtengo, amaphunzira kuti pali china chake pansi chomwe chingafune," anatero. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azichita bwino. ”
Njira yofikira karoti: Imagwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse.