Chidule:
Terry Robinson, pulofesa wolemekezeka wa psychology ndi sayansi ya ubongo ku yunivesite ya Michigan - pamodzi ndi mnzake, Kent Berridge - adazindikira kuti dopamine ndi katswiri wokhumba mtima. Iye amaganiza kuti kutsutsana kwa masantics a chizolowezi ndi osaganizira. "Kaya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugonana, kutchova juga kapena zilizonse, mukuyang'ana matenda osokoneza maganizo kumene anthu amavutika kupeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pali zofanana mofanana ndi njira zokhudzana ndi maganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi maganizo. "
Kuledzera kamodzi kunkawoneka ngati nthendayi yosasangalatsa, yogwedezeka ku zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zowononga zakupha, monga mowa ndi opiamu. Koma tsopano kuchuluka kwa zomwe anthu angakhale osokonezeka kumawoneka kuti ali ndi chipale chofewa, kuchokera ku shuga kupita kukagula kupita ku mafilimu. Chipinda choyamba cha UKS ku intaneti cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo chikuyamba chaka chino; Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) laphatikizapo vuto la masewera pamayendedwe ake okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Chiyambi choyamba cha kusintha kumeneku chinali mu 1992, pamene tabloids adanena kuti Michael Douglas - Achifumu a Hollywood, atsopano kuchokera ku zochitika zochititsa chidwi zozizwitsa za Basic Instinct - adakonzedwa pamalo osungirako zida za Arizonan ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Ziribe kanthu izo, mpaka lero, Douglas amakana mwamphamvu kuti akuvutika konse ndi chikhalidwe - momwe timadziwira kuti chizoloŵezi choyambidwa chinayamba kusokonekera.
Kalelo, kufalikira kwa mawuwo kawirikawiri kumawonekera m'magulu azachipatala monga kugawana kwaulesi; Komabe, katswiri wa ubongo tsopano avomereza kuti ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa ubongo, dopamine, kuyendetsa zilakolako izi zosasinthika. Kuwonjezera apo, dziko lathu la 21st limayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi zizindikiro ndi zolimbikitsa - kuchoka ku malonda otukuka kupita ku zakudya zopanda phindu, osatchula zokopa za moyo wa intaneti - zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe athu a dopamine kukhala "hypersensitised".
"Zambiri zomwe anthu akukumana nazo zikuwonjezeka," akutsimikizira Michael Lynskey, pulofesa wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku King's College London. "Kwa makolo anga, njira zokhazo zinali zosuta fodya komanso mowa. Tsopano palinso mankhwala ambiri, kuphatikizapo kupanga, komanso malonda ndi njira - makamaka pa Intaneti - za kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana nthawi yaitali. "
Zambiri mwazimenezi zikuwoneka ngati khalidwe osati mmaganizo okhudzana ndi mankhwala, koma zotsatira zake zingakhale zovuta. Kutchova njuga ndilolitali kwambiri lomwe limakhazikitsidwa ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi khalidwe, chifukwa chodziwika ndi mankhwala kuyambira 2013. Ziŵerengero za kudzipha, kuphatikizapo mwayi woledzera, ndizowonjezereka pakati pa okakamizidwa kutchova njuga. Henrietta Bowden-Jones, katswiri wa zamaganizo a zachipatala atatha kuchipatala cha NHS pa Intaneti. "Ndimaona anthu okhala ndi ngongole zamalonda omwe ali ndi ngongole zambiri chifukwa sangathe kudziletsa kuti asagule madiresi atatu m'mizere yosiyanasiyana, kuti pamapeto pake malonda awo ndi mabanja awo azivutika."
Nthaŵi zina, amati, zovuta zapakati pa zovuta zosiyanasiyana - Mwachitsanzo, mnyamata yemwe akufuna chitetezo ku mavuto a m'banja akhoza kusintha pakati pa masewera ndi zolaula. Iye anati: "Ndinaona [wodwala matenda osokoneza bongo] dzulo, ndipo kenako anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi zinthu komanso zovala. Mutha kusintha khalidwe koma ndi matenda omwe sitidziwa kale. "
Komabe, n'zovuta kunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti zinthu zambiri zosangalatsazi zimapezeka pongoyang'ana pazenera. Pamene bungwe lothandiza anthu okonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo la Addaction linayambitsa kafukufuku wa YouGov mu Okutobala 2018 , linapeza kuti makolo amada nkhawa kawiri kuti ana awo achinyamata azikonda kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kuposa momwe amachitira ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso chiŵerengero chofanana poyerekeza nkhawa zokhudza masewera ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Komanso mu Okutobala, EU idalengeza kuti ipereka ndalama ku European Problematic Use of the Internet Research Network kuti ifufuze zotsatira za thanzi la anthu.
Sikuti aliyense amavomereza kufotokozera mavuto atsopanowa monga zowonongeka - pambuyo pake, simungathe kuzidodometsa. Kutchova njuga ndi maseŵera ndi okhawo amene anazipanga ku mndandandanda wa zoledzeretsa za WHO. Komabe, kusintha kosintha kwakumvetsetsa kumayendetsedwa.
Ganizirani za chizolowezi chogonana. Kufunafuna chithandizo cha vutoli lovutali, m'milandu monga ya gofu Tiger Woods, kwatsutsidwa ngati njira yochepetsera kukhulupirika kwa anthu okonda kugonana. Kumbali ina, akatswiri a sayansi ya ubongo omwe atha kuphunzira ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana mopitirira muyeso amaona mayankho ofanana ndi omwe adawawona m'milandu yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Zambiri mwazimene zimayendera matenda osokoneza bongo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku matendawa, akuti Lyskey: "Kulekerera, kunyalanyaza maudindo, kulephera kuimitsa, kuchotsa." Kubwezera ndilo mfundo yowunikirika yoonekera, ngakhale zizindikiro za kuchotsa shuga zakhala zikuyambitsa ma rats - zotuluka , kugwedeza, kusintha kwa kutentha thupi, nkhaŵa, kaboodle lonse. "Ngati wachinyamata akukwiyitsa pamene gawo la masewera litachepetsedwa, pali zokambirana zokhudzana ndi kuchotsa mofatsa," akutero Lynskey.
Terry Robinson, pulofesa wolemekezeka wa psychology ndi sayansi ya ubongo ku yunivesite ya Michigan - pamodzi ndi mnzake, Kent Berridge - adazindikira kuti dopamine ndi katswiri wokhumba mtima. Iye amaganiza kuti kutsutsana kwa masantics a chizolowezi ndi osaganizira. "Kaya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugonana, kutchova juga kapena zilizonse, mukuyang'ana matenda osokoneza maganizo kumene anthu amavutika kupeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pali zofanana mofanana ndi njira zokhudzana ndi maganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi maganizo. "
Robinson ndi Berridge atazindikira kuti dopamine ndi "chikhumbo" ndi opiates yosangalatsa muubongo ngati "kukonda" - zochitika ziwiri zosiyana - adapeza kuti simuyenera kukonda china chake kuti muchifune: kupeza kofunikira kokhudza chizolowezi. Muubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli, chilakolakocho sichingatheke ngakhale atasiya kukonda chinthu chomwe akufuna. Berridge adandiuzapo kuti machitidwe "akuluakulu", "olimba" muubongo amatha kuyatsidwa ndi chisangalalo kapena ayi, pomwe chisangalalo "chili ndi maziko ang'onoang'ono komanso ofooka kwambiri muubongo ... Ndicho chifukwa chake chisangalalo champhamvu cha moyo sichimachitika kawirikawiri komanso sichimakhazikika kuposa zikhumbo zamphamvu za moyo". Imafotokozanso, mwina, chifukwa chake anthu amakopeka mosavuta ndi zinthu zatsopano komanso kukhutira nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale zinthuzi sizikutipangitsa kukhala osangalala.
Robinson anati: "Chimachitika ndi izi," adatero Robinson, "ndiko kuti dongosolo la dopamine likuyamba kukhala hypersensitised, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zolimbikitsa kwambiri." Iye adalongosola zinthu zitatu zomwe zingathandize kumvetsa chifukwa chake "zikuwoneka kuti pali zinthu zambiri zovuta. [kuti mukhale osokoneza] ". (Iye amachenjeza, komabe, kuti "kulowa m'magulu aumphawi ndi kovuta kwambiri powonetsa chifukwa ndi zotsatira".)
Choyamba ndikuti malo athu amakono ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kukhumba. "Anthu samayamikira mphamvu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphotho, kaya ndi mankhwala kapena kugonana kapena chakudya, pakupanga mayiko olimbikitsa." Ndipotu, oledzera angayambe kukonda zolingazo kusiyana ndi cholinga chotsiriza, monga rigmarole polemba mankhwala ndi zina zotero. Iye anati: "Mtundu wa zakudya zomwe zimapezeka ndi zakudya zokoma kwambiri zili paliponse tsopano." "Mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugonana komanso njuga komanso, zomwe zasintha kwambiri pazaka zambiri, ndipo zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri."
Lynskey akuvomereza, ponena kuti "zina mwa njira zotsatsira ndi kupanga makina otchova juga ndi sitepe patsogolo pa tonsefe akatswiri pakupanga njira zokopera ogwiritsa ntchito ndikuwonjezera dopamine ndikusunga". Batani la "like", loyesa kuvomereza ndikuyambitsa kukakamizidwa koyang'ana malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi chitsanzo chofanana. Poyambitsa lipoti la zotsatira za malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pa achinyamata kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2018, komishonala wa ana ku UK Anne Longfield adalemba kuti "ana ena akuyamba kukonda 'likes' ngati njira yotsimikizira anthu".
Kulingalira kwachiwiri kwa Robinson ndi mlingo. Zomwe timakonda zokoma zokoma zimatiyenerera ife pamene tinali osaka-osonkhanitsa, kutithandizira kusankha magetsi opatsa. Tsopano, tili ndi mazira a chimanga a fructose, omwe amavutitsa maganizo athu ndi shuga. Mofananamo ndi mankhwala, iye akuti: "Kufuna masamba a coca ku Andes sikufanana ndi kusuta fodya cocaine. Ma pharmacology ndi osiyana ndipo izi zingachititsenso kuti munthu akhale wovuta kwambiri. "
Chomaliza chake ndicho kungowonjezera. "Chakudya, kugonana, kutchova njuga ndi mankhwala - kupezeka masiku ano ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kusiyana ndi kale." (Kugonana kungaphatikizepo kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula, kunyalanyaza maliseche, chiwonetsero ndi chiwerewere.)
Zonsezi, Robinson akupitiriza, "kuphatikiza mu njira zovuta - ndipo ndikudziwa kuti sitikumvetsa zonse - kuonjezera mwayi wa ntchito zovuta muzinthu zosiyanasiyana". Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri ali pachiopsezo m'nthaŵi ino ya kupweteka kwa dopamine? Zowopsa zowonongeka, monga kunyalanyaza ndi kupsinjika kwa ana, ziribe zofunikira zowonetsera kuti mosavuta dongosolo lanu la dopamine lingagwidwe, akuti Robinson - "koma inu mwaika pamwamba pa zomwe mukuzidziwika, zomwe mukuzigwiritsa ntchito mwakhama komanso kupezeka kwina".
Chiphunzitso china chokhudza chomwe chikuyambitsa kusiyanasiyana kwa makhalidwe osokoneza bongo chimachokera ku zoyeserera zingapo zomwe zidachitika ku Canada kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 zomwe zimadziwika kuti Rat Park . Katswiri wa zamaganizo Bruce Alexander adapeza kuti makoswe a labu, ngakhale atasungidwa m'mabokosi opanda kanthu ndi mwayi womwa madzi wamba kapena opangidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, amazolowera mosavuta heroin; ngati muyika makoswe m'chipinda chachikulu chodzaza ndi zoseweretsa ndi makoswe ena aamuna ndi aakazi kuti azicheza nawo, heroinyo sakanatha kupikisana. Nkhaniyi inali kuyambitsa chizolowezi, osati mankhwala okhawo. Kafukufuku wotsatira adapangitsa kuti anthu azivutika kwambiri pamene adasindikizidwa - komabe masiku ano, Alexander akuwulutsidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuti akagawane malingaliro ake pa chizolowezi, chomwe amachitcha chiphunzitso cha dislocation.
"Dziko lamakono likuphwanya mitundu yonse ya mderalo, mitundu yonse ya miyambo ndi zipembedzo ndi zinthu zomwe zapangitsa moyo kukhala wathanzi komanso wodzaza kwa anthu akale," akutero. "Simungangonena kuti: 'Chabwino, tsopano ndikubwezerani zomwe zam'tsogolo zapita.' Tiyenera kubwezeretsanso anthu, monga momwe timachitira nthawi zonse, ndi maso kuti titsimikize kuti pali chiyanjano chokwanira kwa wina ndi mzake mwa chikhalidwe, kuti anthu athe kukula ndikukhala okhutira kotero safunikira kupeza olowa m'malo oledzera moyo. "
Mabungwe monga Addaction ku UK, akuti, "akupeza njira zowonjezerera [magulu ozunguza bongo] m'magulu ndikumawunikira maguluwa mmidzi ndikuwathandiza anthu kumaguluwa kuti asatayike koma adwale moyo wokhutiritsa ". Steve Moffatt, woyang'anira ndondomeko ku Addaction, akunena kuti monga mautumiki onsewa, "tikuyamba kuyesa kumvetsa momwe ziliri kunja. Kwa m'badwo uwu ukubwera, chisudzo ndi chinthu chachikulu ndi ntchito za pa Intaneti zambiri, koma sitikudziwabe momwemo. "
Ngakhale kuwonjezeka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, akuti Lynskey, akadakali owerengeka ochepa kwambiri kuposa omwe analipo zaka 30 zapitazo chifukwa chiwerengero cha kudalira kwa chikonga - chakupha kwambiri - chataya ku 50% kufika pa 20% ku UK . Komabe, zowonjezereka zotsatila zogonana zimatanthauza kuti anthu omwe amakhala otsika kwambiri kumalo osokoneza bongo angathe kuoneka ngati akukhala ndi mavuto ovuta. Akuluakulu a American Psychiatric Association, akuti, "ankakonda kusiyanitsa pakati pa 'nkhanza' ndi 'kudalira', koma tsopano ali m'gulu limodzi la mavuto osokoneza bongo. Mwina amodzi mwa amuna anayi amatha kukhala ndi chizolowezi cha kumwa mowa, komanso amayi ochepa, koma amodzi. "Komabe anthuwa sakhala pangozi yoti akhoza kugwa kapena kufa ngati atalowa. Iye anati: "Pali zinthu zambirimbiri, kaya ndi kumwa mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kugula zinthu ndipo anthu amasangalala kwambiri pofotokoza mfundo imene khalidwe lawo limakhala lovuta kwambiri."
Bowden-Jones akuti umboni wabwino kwambiri wokhudza kuledzera khalidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha khalidwe labwino (CBT) kuti muteteze zizindikiro (mwachitsanzo, kutenga njira yosiyana kunyumba kuti musadutse bukhuli), kupindulitsa khalidwe labwino ndi kutsimikizira zomwe anthu ali nazo kutaya zikumbutso nthawi zonse, monga pa mawuni.
Thandizo lingathenso kubwera ngati mawonekedwe othandizira. "Pali zinthu zosangalatsa zomwe zingakulepheretseni kuonera zolaula, kutchova njuga komanso zilizonse zokhudzana ndi khalidwe lomwe muli nalo, kupatulapo masewera," adatero Bowden-Jones. "Tifunika kufika pamalo pomwe mungathe kunena kuti: 'Sindiyenera kukhala maola oposa awiri patsiku ndikuchita izi, choncho ndimadziteteza pambuyo pa maola awiri [ofsewera] ]. "" Udindo umenewu, akuti, amanama ndi malonda a masewera.
Kusinkhasinkha mwanzeru kwathandizanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo molakwika. Ndipotu, kunapezeka kuti kunali kothandiza kwambiri kuposa pulogalamu ya Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step ndi kafukufuku wa CBT mu 2014 wotsogozedwa ndi Sarah Bowden, pulofesa wothandizira wa zamaganizo azachipatala ku Pacific University ku Portland, Oregon; chaka chatha, Bowden, Berridge ndi akatswiri ena a sayansi ya ubongo anakumana kuti akambirane za kuledzera ndi Dalai Lama. Kupatula apo, Abuda adazindikira vutoli zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo, pogwiritsa ntchito kusinkhasinkha kuti athetse zilakolako zomwe adazizindikira ngati maziko a kuvutika kwa anthu, kale kwambiri nthawi izi zisanachitike dopamine.
Vuto lamakono ndilodziwika, ndipo ndilofunika: paliponse masiku omwe mukubwezeretsa chizoloŵezi cha chizoloŵezi chazomwe mungathe kuuzidwa kuti mupewe intaneti yofunikira, mwachitsanzo. Bowden-Jones anati: "Mibadwo yachinyamata idzawonongedwa," ndipo zomwe odwala athu akunena ndi pamene akuona kuti akusowa, zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi moyo wambiri omwe ali nawo kale, m'malo mochita bwino mu nkhope zawo ndi maso. "Monga momwe Moffat ananenera," ndi pamene amapeza kutsimikizira kwawo ".
Ambiri aife tikhoza kukonza machitidwe athu a intaneti pamapeto oterewa: akapolo a mafoni athu, kutaya maola kuti sitidzabweranso pansi pamabowo a kalulu wa intaneti, kufufuza zofuna zathu. "Pali kusiyana kwakukulu," akutero Bowden-Jones "pakati pa ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito ndi ntchito yomwe sikofunikira. Zili ngati kudya mkate wochuluka kwambiri, zomwe zimakupweteketsani. Anthu omwe ali pazinthu zofalitsa zachikhalidwe, sizowoneka bwino, ngakhale kuti zakhala zikuyambika motere. "Kumeneko amapita dopamine popanda zosangalatsa, kachiwiri.