Zaka zaposachedwapa, zodziwa za ubongo zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere komanso kugonana kwaumunthu zakhala zikuwunikira pazochitika zoyipa komanso zachiwerewere.
Monga momwe tingathe kuyembekezera ndi mtundu wina watsopano, komabe, zifukwa zina zokayikira za ubongo zakhala zikuwonekera m'ma TV. Monga katswiri wa ubongo ndi wolemba mapepala angapo pa zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chilakolako cha mphotho / mphoto ya ubongo, nthawizina ndimathandiza kuthetsa kusamvetsetsana uku. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo zomwe zingakhale zosangalatsa kwa owerenga athu.
CHOLAKWIKA #1 - "Dopamine siimayambitsa chizolowezi"
Zonena zina zachilendo zokhudza dopamine zawonekera m'miyezi yaposachedwa, monga " Ngati mukufuna kunena kuti zolaula zimasokoneza chilakolako cha kugonana, mungathe, koma ngati mukudalira dopamine kuti ichite. lol, mwalakwitsa " ndi " Chonde siyani kutcha dopamine kuti ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo opindulitsa a ubongo ."
Dopamine imakhala ndi maudindo ambiri mu thupi lathu, monga kutsogolera kayendedwe ndi zosankha. Komabe, akatswiri onse okhudzidwa ndi matendawa amavomereza udindo waukulu wa dopamine m'kuledzeretsa.
Ndipotu, chizolowezi sichingachitike popanda dopamine yambiri, koma yochepa, chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zochita zinazake. Monga momwe akatswiri Volkow ndi Koob adafotokozera m'nyuzipepala yaposachedwa , kuchuluka kwa dopamine kumeneku kumabweretsa zizindikiro za mphotho pamlingo wa selo lolandirira, zomwe zimayambitsa kuphunzira kotchedwa Pavlovian. Njira zamamolekyu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zitheke zimawoneka zofanana pamitundu yonse ya kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira. Zochitika zobwerezabwereza za mphotho (monga kuonera zolaula) zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zili m'malo mwa wogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zisanachitike.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, pambuyo pokumana ndi mphotho yomweyo mobwerezabwereza (mu chitsanzo ichi, zolaula), maselo a dopamine amakonda kuwombera mwamphamvu poyembekezera kuonera m'malo mongogwirizana ndi kuonera kwenikweni - ngakhale kuti zachilendo zosatha za zolaula pa intaneti zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyembekezera zimagwirizanitsidwa, mosiyana ndi, mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi cha cocaine. Pamene chizolowezi chilichonse chikukula, zizindikiro ndi zoyambitsa, monga kumva dzina la nyenyezi ya zolaula, nthawi yokhala yekha, kapena mkhalidwe wamaganizo wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kale (kutopa, kukana, kutopa, ndi zina zotero) zingayambitse kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine mwadzidzidzi. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumayambitsa chilakolako chogwiritsa ntchito kapena ngakhale kudya kwambiri. Mayankho oterewa amatha kukhala olimba kwambiri ndipo angayambitse chilakolako champhamvu ngakhale patapita nthawi yaitali munthu atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Ngakhale kuti dopamine nthawi zina imaonedwa ngati "molekyu yosangalatsa," izi sizolondola kwenikweni. Dopamine imalimbikitsa kufunafuna ndi kufunafuna mphotho - kuyembekezera, kufuna. Mwa anthu ena osowa, kufunafuna kumeneku kumakulirakulira mu vuto lotchedwa chizolowezi . Kufunafuna kwa wogwiritsa ntchito mofunitsitsa kukhuta (komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakanthawi kapena kosatheka) kumapita patsogolo mpaka kufika pamavuto aakulu kapena kuwonongeka kwakukulu m'magawo aumwini, m'banja, pagulu, pamaphunziro, pantchito, kapena m'malo ena ofunikira pakugwira ntchito.
Komabe, chizolowezi tsopano chikufotokozedwa osati ndi tanthauzo la khalidweli lokha. Chimafotokozedwanso kwambiri ngati njira yophunzirira mphotho yosakhazikika. Monga momwe Kauer ndi Malenka adanenera, "chizolowezi chimayimira njira yophunzirira komanso kukumbukira komwe kumayambitsa matenda komanso kwamphamvu." Ichi ndichifukwa chake bungwe la American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) lidatanthauziranso chizolowezicho ngati kuphatikiza zinthu ndi machitidwe. Udindo wa ASAM ndi kuzindikira gawo lalikulu la ubongo poyendetsa zomwe Marc Lewis adatcha "chizolowezi, mzere wa mapazi mu minofu ya mitsempha, yomwe imauma ndikukhala yosatha." (Lewis, Memoirs of an Addicted Brain , 2011).
CHOLAKWIKA #2 – “Kugonana pamlingo wa ubongo sikusiyana ndi kusewera ndi ana agalu”
Pamene mukusewera ndi ana aang'ono mungayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mphoto (pokhapokha mutakhala munthu wa kamba), kutsegulira koteroko sikungagwirizane ndi chidziwitso kuti mphoto zonse zakuthupi ndizofanana ndi zapadera. Choyamba, kukwatira ndi kugonana kumayambitsa ma dopamine oposa ndi opioid osasintha kuposa mphotho ina iliyonse ya chilengedwe. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro amasonyeza kuti ma dopamine omwe amachitika ndi kugonana kwaukwati ndi ofanana ndi omwe amachititsidwa ndi kayendedwe ka morphine kapena chikonga.
Chilakolako cha kugonana ndi chapadera chifukwa chimayambitsa maselo amitsempha omwewo monga momwe amachitira mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pali gawo laling'ono chabe la kuyanjana kwa mitsempha ndi maselo pakati pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mphotho zachilengedwe monga chakudya kapena madzi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ofufuza apezanso kuti mphotho zachilengedwe za chakudya sizimayambitsa kusintha kofanana kwa synaptic plasticity monga zochita zogonana ( Chen et al., 2008 ).
Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti mphotho yosangalatsa singakhale yoledzeretsa kapena yosokoneza anthu ndikuyambitsa nkhawa zaumoyo wa anthu, kapena kuyambitsa kusintha kwa ubongo m'magawo a mphotho . Dokotala aliyense amadziwa kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi vuto lalikulu la thanzi lomwe limawononga ndalama zambiri zachipatala, ndipo kuchepa kwa dopamine receptor m'malo olandirira mphotho muubongo kumabwerera ku kuchuluka kwabwinobwino ndi kuchepa thupi pambuyo pa opaleshoni yolumikiza m'mimba . Komanso, zolemba za DNA zomwe zimapanga mapuloteni ofunikira mu mkhalidwe wa chilakolako omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kuchepa/kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi zofanana ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chilakolako cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Leidke et al., 2011, PNAS). Nkhani ya National Geographic papepalali inati mankhwala osokoneza bongo "amalanda" njira zachilengedwe zolandirira mphotho, ndipo izi ndi zoona pa chizolowezi chilichonse, kaya poker, zolaula, kapena popcorn.
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo samangogwiritsa ntchito maselo enieni amitsempha omwe amayambitsidwa panthawi yogonana, komanso amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo zophunzirira zomwe zidasintha kuti tizilakalaka kugonana. Kuyambitsa maselo omwewo amitsempha omwe amachititsa kuti chilakolako chogonana chikhale chokopa kwambiri kumathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake meth, cocaine, ndi heroin zimatha kukhala zovuta kwambiri. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kugonana kungayambitse DeltaFosB, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa mitsempha ya m'mitsempha kukhale kofanana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zonse.
Ngakhale kuti n’zovuta kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa kwa mitsempha ndi mahomoni kumachitika ndi orgasm komwe sikumachitika ndi mphotho zina zachilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa ma receptor a androgen muubongo, kuchuluka kwa ma estrogen receptors, kuchuluka kwa ma hypothalamic enkephalins, ndi kuchuluka kwa prolactin. Mwachitsanzo, kutulutsa umuna kumatsanzira zotsatira za kuperekedwa kwa heroin kosatha pa maselo amitsempha ya dongosolo la mphotho (dera la ventral tegmental, kapena VTA). Makamaka, kutulutsa umuna kumachepetsa kwakanthawi maselo omwewo opanga dopamine omwe amachepa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito heroin kosatha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dopamine ichepe kwakanthawi m'malo opezera mphotho (nucleus accumbens).
Kafukufuku wa fMRI wa 2000 anayerekeza kuyambika kwa ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito mphoto ziwiri zosiyana zachilengedwe, chimodzi mwa izo chinali zolaula. Anthu omwe amamwa cocaine ndi anthu omwe amamwa cocaine ankaonera mafilimu a: 1) zolaula, 2) zochitika zachilengedwe zakunja, ndi 3) anthu omwe amasuta crack cocaine. Zotsatira zake: anthu omwe amamwa cocaine anali ndi machitidwe ofanana a ubongo akamaonera zolaula komanso akamaonera zinthu zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chawo. (Mwa njira, onse omwe amamwa cocaine ndi anthu omwe amamwa cocaine anali ndi machitidwe ofanana a ubongo akamaonera zolaula.) Komabe, kwa anthu omwe amamwa cocaine ndi anthu omwe amamwa cocaine, machitidwe a ubongo akamaonera zinthu zachilengedwe anali osiyana kwambiri ndi machitidwe akamaonera zolaula. Mwachidule, pali zifukwa zambiri zamoyo zomwe zimatipangitsa kukhala ndi orgasm mosiyana ndi kusewera ndi ana agalu kapena kuonera dzuwa likulowa. Anyamata ambiri achinyamata ndi atsikana ambiri samangoonera ana agalu pa intaneti, ndipo Mindgeek amadziwa kuti kuti mupeze ndalama zambiri zotsatsa mumatchula tsamba la "Pornhub," osati "PuppyHub!"
CHOLAKWIKA #3 – “Zotsatira za ubongo wa zolaula za masiku ano sizisiyana ndi zolaula zosasintha zakale”
Izi zikutanthauza kuti zolaula zonse ndi zopanda vuto. Komabe, monga momwe nyuzipepala yaposachedwa ya Park et al . , 2016 ikunenera, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zolaula za pavidiyo zimakopa kwambiri kugonana kuposa mitundu ina ya zolaula. (Sindikudziwa kafukufuku pa zolaula za VR pakadali pano.) Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kodzisankhira zinthu kumapangitsa zolaula za pa intaneti kukhala zosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa zosonkhanitsa zomwe zasankhidwa kale. Wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano amathanso kusunga kapena kukulitsa chilakolako cha kugonana podina ku gawo latsopano, kanema watsopano kapena mtundu watsopano. Zithunzi zatsopano zogonana zimayambitsa chilakolako chachikulu, kutulutsa mwachangu, komanso umuna wambiri ndi kugonana kuposa zinthu zodziwika bwino.
Motero zolaula za digito za masiku ano, ndi zinthu zake zachilendo zopanda malire, kutumiza kwamphamvu (kanema wa hi-def kapena pa intaneti), komanso kusavuta komwe wogwiritsa ntchito angafikire kuzinthu zoopsa kwambiri, zikuwoneka kuti ndi " chilimbikitso chapamwamba ." Mawu awa, opangidwa ndi Nikolaas Tinbergen, wopambana mphoto ya Nobel, amatanthauza kutsanzira kopitilira muyeso kwa chilimbikitso chomwe chamoyo china chasintha kuti chitsatire chifukwa cha luso lake losintha zinthu, koma chomwe chingabweretse yankho la neurochemical (dopamine) kuposa chilimbikitso chomwe chimatsanzira.
Poyamba Tinbergen adapeza kuti mbalame, agulugufe, ndi nyama zina zitha kunyengedwa kuti zisankhe zinthu zina zopangidwa kuti ziwoneke zokongola kuposa mazira ndi mabwenzi a nyama wamba. Monga momwe 'zolaula za gulugufe' za Tinbergen ndi Magnus zidapikisana bwino kuti amuna azisamalidwa potengera akazi enieni ( Magnus, 1958 ; Tinbergen, 1951 ), momwemonso zolaula za masiku ano ndi zapadera pakupikisana kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azisamalidwa potengera anzawo enieni.
Zolakwitsa zitatu zomwe tafotokozazi ndizofanana ndi zomwe olemba ndemanga amafunitsitsa kunyalanyaza gawo lalikulu laubongo pakufuna kwa anthu, machitidwe, ndi momwe akumvera. Katswiri wina wazakugonana analemba kuti, "Pali sayansi yaubongo komanso minyewa, koma zonsezi sizigwirizana ndi sayansi yakugonana." M'malo mwake, iwo omwe amaphunzitsidwa za biology amvetsetsa bwino lomwe gawo lalikulu laubongo pazomwe munthu akuchita. Kupatula apo, onse omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso akatswiri amitsempha yofananira ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti maliseche amatenga zomwe amayenda kuchokera kuubongo, chiwalo choyambirira chogonana.
Donald L. Hilton Jr, MD, FACS, FAANS ndi wothandizira pulofesa wa sayansi ya ubongo ku yunivesite ya Texas Health Science Center ku San Antonio, yemwe ndi mkulu wa mgwirizano wa msana ndi mkulu wa maphunziro a ubongo pa njira ya Methodist Hospital. Iye adalemba nkhani zambiri ndikuyankhula kudziko lonse ndi m'mayiko onse pa njira yokhudzana ndi zolaula.