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Zotsatira za Physiological ndi Psychological Masiku Ano Zolaula
Nditakhala pafupi ndi mtsikana wina, ndidayamba kuwona momwe zolaula zimakhudzira moyo wanga wogonana .... Sindikumvanso kalikonse panthawi yogonana. Ndikulingalira kuti ndimakhala zolaula ... ndipo ndikachotsa malingaliro anga kwakanthawi, ndimazimitsidwa. Izi sizofanana ndi chikondi chomwe ndimakonda kuchita ndi chikondi changa choyamba, chenicheni - momwe ndimasowabe. (Reddit)
Introduction
Ndi malo oposa 26 omwe aperekedwa ku zolaula komanso kuwonjezeredwa tsiku ndi tsiku, intaneti yatsegula njira zatsopano zomwe anthu angapezere zolaula. Panthawi iliyonse, pafupifupi 29 anthu padziko lonse lapansi, 66% mwa amuna awo, akuwona zolaula (Gallagher, 2010). Kuwerenga kwaulere ndi kophweka kwa zolaula sikunayambe kwakhalako m'mbiri ya anthu ndipo zotsatira zake pa ubongo wa munthu ndi psyche sizinaphunzire bwino. Papepala lino ndikufotokozera chifukwa chomwe masiku ano zithunzi zolaula zilili zosiyana ndi mibadwo yakale ndi momwe kuonera zolaula kungawononge zotsatira zake.
Mbiri ya Zithunzi Zogonana
Zithunzi za anthu za kugonana zimakhala kutali kwambiri pamene tili ndi mbiri za chitukuko. Zithunzi zapaleolithic mapanga kuyambira 12,000 zaka zapitazo zikuwonetsera zojambula za thupi (Sands, 1968). Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, zojambula zomwe zachiwerewere zinawonetsedwa ndizojambula. Zojambula, zojambulajambula, zojambulajambula, ndiyeno magazini, zonsezi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi kapena china kuti ziwonetsere kugonana. Mu 1895, kusintha kwakukulu kwa mafilimu opatsirana pogonana kunayambika ndi kupangidwa kwa chithunzi choyendetsa. M'chaka chomwecho abale a Lumière anapereka umboni woyamba woonetsa zithunzi zawo zojambula zithunzi,Le Coucher, 1895). Kuchokera apo mpaka ku 1980, kugawidwa kwa zolaula kunkachitika makamaka kudzera m'mafilimu ndi magazini. Ndi kusintha kwa digito ndi kubwera kwa intaneti ndi makompyuta a munthu aliyense payekha, kuonera zolaula kunasunthira kwambiri mavidiyo ndi mafilimu m'malo mwa mafilimu ndi mafilimu. Mu 1980 yokha, malonda a magazini ataya 50% ndipo apitiliza kuchepa kuyambira pamenepo (Kimmel, 2005). Tsopano, m'zaka za zana la 21, zolaula zakhala zofanana ndi intaneti yomwe ndi yofalitsa kwambiri zolaula. Pafupifupi kotala la zojambula zonse zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti ndi zolaula komanso zofufuza zokhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula za 68 zimayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito injini (Gallagher, 2010).
Ngati ziwonetsero za kugonana zakhala ziri mbali ya zitukuko zonse zomwe tili nazo mbiri, bwanji masiku ano zolaula zasiyana? Pali zifukwa zingapo ku yankho la funso ili. Asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kupeza zolaula kunali kochepa ndi zaka, ndalama, ndi kupezeka. Kuti mupeze magazini ndi zithunzithunzi, munthu amafunikira kupita kunja kukagula. Malamulo nthawi zambiri amafuna kuti munthu akhale ndi zaka zing'onozing'ono kuti agule zinthu zolaula, kotero kuwonetseredwa kunachitika m'badwo wochuluka kwambiri. Mosakayika, izi sizinachitike nthawi zonse, ndipo ana ambiri adapeza zolaula. Komabe, izi zimafuna khama lalikulu ndipo zomwezo zinali zochepa. Ndi zolaula za pa intaneti, chokhacho chofunika kuti mupeze zolaula ndi kukhala ndi makompyuta kapena makasitomala apakhomo ndipo mutha kulemba bokosi lozindikiritsa kuti wogwiritsa ntchito ali pamwamba pa zaka 18. Kusiyanitsa kwina pakati pa zolaula zamakono zamakono ndi zithunzi zogonana zapitazo ndizosiyana ndi zachilendo zoperekedwa pa intaneti. Kupezeka kwa zolaula kunali kochepa ndi kukula kwa magazini komanso chiwerengero cha zithunzi. Ndi zolaula pa intaneti, zithunzi zoposa 1.3 biliyoni zimatsimikizira kuti nthawi zonse padzakhala zolaula zomwe wosagwiritsa ntchito kale. Mndandanda wa zachilendo ndi zosiyana pa zolaula ndizo zomwe palibe munthu wina yemwe asanathe kufika pa 1990.
Zotsatira za thupi
Funso ndilo, kodi kusintha kwa zolaula kumatikhudza? Kodi amasintha momwe timaonera dziko lapansi kapena zotsatira zake zimakhala zofanana ndi zithunzi zolaula zomwe zapezeka pazithunzi zojambulapo zakale zapitazo? Psychiatrist Norman Doidge akunena kuti zolaula zimakhala ndi zakuthupi ndi zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa chizolowezi. Iye akufotokozera momwe adawonera makasitomala ambiri abambo akubwera ku chipatala chake ndi mavuto a kugonana omwe amakhudza maubwenzi awo. Palibe mmodzi mwa amunawa omwe anali osungulumwa, kapena kuchoka kudziko. Onse anali amuna ogwira ntchito yabwino mu ubale weniweni kapena maukwati. Doidge anazindikira kuti amuna awa anganene, nthawi zambiri kudutsa, kuti ngakhale kuti iwo amawona kuti ogonana awo ali okongola, iwo anali ndi kuwonjezeka kovuta kuti awutse. Pambuyo pofunsanso mafunso, iwo adavomereza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimapangitsa kusangalala pang'ono panthawi yogonana. M'malo mokondwera ndi kugonana, iwo anakakamizidwa kuganiza kuti akhale mbali ya zolemba zolaula kuti amuke. Ambiri adapempha anzawo kuti achite ngati nyenyezi zolaula, kuti akonze zochitika zomwe adaziwona pa intaneti-nthawi zambiri zithunzi zomwe zimakhudza chiwawa. Atafunsidwa zambiri zokhudza zolaula zawo, amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zoopsa kwambiri kuti afike poyambira (Doidge, 2007).
Chinsinsi cha kusintha uku chingathe kufotokozedwa ndi ubongo wa ubongo mu ubongo wotchedwa dopamine. Dopamine amagwira ntchito zambiri mu ubongo, koma chofunika kwambiri, ndizoyang'anira maphunziro opindulitsidwa ndi mphoto. Pafupi mtundu uliwonse wa mphoto yomwe yawerengedwa mu malo opangira ma laboratory yasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa kutengera kwa dopamine mu ubongo (Stolerman, 2010). Dopamine ndi mankhwala abwino omwe amapezeka m'thupi la munthu. Zina mwazochitika pamene nthawi zambiri zimamasulidwa ndi panthawi yogonana, pamene zimakhala zovuta Komabe, monga momwe zimachitira ndi heroin, thupi limapirira kulekerera dopamine kumasulidwa pamene akuonera zolaula. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi zachiwerewere panthawi yogonana pamene pali kusintha kwambiri kwa mankhwala ndi mahomoni komwe kumachitika musanayambe kutulutsa dopamine, zomwe zimayambitsa kugwirizana kwa thupi lomwe limapangitsa kuti lisapitirire kulekerera ndi mahomoni ndi odwala omwe ali ndi vutoli. anamasulidwa (Doidge, 2007).
Kumvetsetsa kuti zithunzi zolaula zimasintha khalidwe. Kuchokera m'malingaliro, ubongo umapanga kulekerera ku zinthu zomwe amaziona, monga momwe thupi limamangiririra kulekerera ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake owonetsa zithunzi zolaula amafunika mavidiyo ochuluka kwambiri kuti awutse (Doidge, 2007). M'mbuyomu, izi sizikanatheka kupeza, koma ndi intaneti, kuchulukitsa kungatheke mosavuta. Komabe, dopamine sizimangobweretsa kusintha kwa thupi koma ndi khalidwe limodzi. Dopamine imayambitsa chikhumbo cholimba mu thupi pamene icho chilowa. Munthu akadzazidwa ndi dopamine pamene akuwonera zolaula, zimayambitsa yankho lolimba kwambiri pa zolaulazo. Maganizo amodzi akuwonetsa zolaula ndi dopamine ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha kubwereza khalidwe lomwe limatulutsa dopamine, mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana zolaula. Popeza kuchuluka kwa kubwerera kwa dopamine kukuchepetseratu, ziwonetsero zolaula zimakhala zofunikira kuti mukhale ndi chilakolako chofanana kuchokera ku dopamine (Doidge, 2007). Chochititsa chidwi, dopamine ndi matenda a ubongo omwe amachititsa chikhumbo, osati zosangalatsa. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti makasitomala ambiri omwe amabwera kwa akatswiri a thanzi labwino kuti athandizidwe chifukwa zolaula zomwe zikuwononga maubwenzi awo zimanena kuti sasangalala ndi kuyang'ana zolaula koma satha kuima.
Zotsatira za Psychological
Kusintha kwachilengedwe mu ubongo kuli ndi zenizeni zenizeni komanso zamagulu. Pa kafukufuku wopangidwa kuti ayese zotsatira za zolaula pa kugonana, zotsatira ziwonetsa kuti akuluakulu omwe amadya zolaula zowonjezereka amatha kusonyeza kudzipereka kwa anzawo (Lambert, 2012). Mu phunziroli, ophunzira adagawidwa m'magulu awiri ndipo amapatsidwa ntchito imodzi. Gulu limodzi linapemphedwa kuti asamawonere zolaula pa sabata pamene gulu lolamulira linapatsidwa ntchito yosadziletsa yodziletsa. Zotsatirazo zikuwonetsa kuti gulu lomwe linagwiritsa ntchito zolaula panthawi yophunzirazo zinkakonda kukondana ndi abwenzi ena owonjezera pa mapeto ake. Mwachiyanjano, izi zikhoza kutanthauza kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika zowonongeka zomwe zingathe kuthetsa chiyanjano.
Kuyesera uku kumathandizidwa ndi maphunziro ena ambiri komanso. Ambiri mwa akazi omwe omwe amagonana nawo nthawi zonse amadya zolaula amadziwa kuti abwenzi awo amagwiritsa ntchito poopseza mgwirizano wawo (Bergner ndi Bridges, 2002). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawonjezera mwayi woti maanja azitha kapena kusudzulana (Schneider, 2000). Pa nthawi ya lipoti ili, sindinapeze ziwerengero zofanana kwa amuna omwe abwenzi awo nthawi zambiri ankadya zolaula.
Kuwonjezera pa kuwonjezera mwayi wothetsa chiyanjano, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kwagwirizana kuti kuchepetsa chiyanjano mu ubale. Poyesa koyambirira, adapezeka kuti amuna omwe ankadya zolaula anali olamulira komanso osamvetsetsa kwa anzawo (Zillman ndi Bryant, 1988). Amuna omwe amavomereza kuti alibe chisangalalo chochepa pazogonana ndi anzawo, ngakhale atanena kuti kuchepa kwa mlendo wawo kumakhala kochepa (Philaretou, 2005). Ambiri amanena kuti kuti awonongeke, ayenera kuganizira malingaliro a zolaula omwe adawawonapo (Doidge, 2007).
Pomaliza, kudzidzimva kwa amuna omwe amavomereza kuti amawonetsa zolaula zambiri kumasonyeza kuti mutu wochuluka ndi kusintha kwa kuyandikira kwa amayi. Kafukufuku amene adachitika ku Yale amasonyeza kuti m'malo momangokhalira kuwalimbikitsa akazi, kuonera zolaula kumapangitsa amayi kukhala "odyetsa" amayi. Amuna omwe amaonerera zolaula amasonyeza kuti angathe kuchitira amayi ngati kuti alibe mphamvu zoganiza komanso kulingalira pamene akuwathandiza kuti akhale ndi maganizo amphamvu (Grey, 2011).
Kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti zolaula zingakhale zopindulitsa ku maubwenzi (Hald ndi Malamuth, 2008). Komabe, kufufuza mosamalitsa kafukufuku ukuwonetsa kuti zambiri zomwe zafukufuku siziwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa ubwino wa ubale weniweni koma m'malo mwazidziwitso zowonjezera kugonana ndi malingaliro. Malipoti ochokera kwa abwenzi ali olakwika kwambiri ndipo deta yamtengo wapatali imasonyeza kuti kugonana kumachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. N'kuthekanso kuti anthu omwe amadzifunsa okha kuti apitapo patsogolo akufufuza njira yowonetsera zolaula.
Kutsiliza
Kodi zotsatirazi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zotani pankhani ya chithandizo chamankhwala? Chofunika koposa, odwala matenda a maganizo ayenera kuzindikira zotsatira zolaula zomwe zingakhale ndi chibwenzi. Odwala omwe sakudziwa izi akhoza kusokoneza ubwenzi wawo ndi kupereka mankhwala omwe sagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mu phunziro lina, banja linaleka chithandizo kuchokera kwa wodwala wina ndipo adapeza wina amene adapeza bwino kuti ubale wovutitsawo unachokera ku zolaula komanso osati kuphweka (Ford, 2012). Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti pakhoza kukhala mabanja ambiri omwe amapita kwa odwala omwe sadziwa zomwe zimachitika pa zolaula zolaula ndipo samapatsidwa thandizo lomwe akusowa, zomwe zingatheke kumapeto kwa chiyanjano.
Udindo wofala wa zolaula m'masiku ano uli ndi zotsatira zambiri zosayembekezereka. Papepala lino, ndakambirana chifukwa chake zolaula m'masiku amakono zimasiyana ndi zithunzi zolaula m'mbuyomo. Kusintha kumeneku kwakhala kusintha kwakukulu pa ubongo wa umunthu ndi khalidwe laumunthu. Komabe, izi ndi chabe nsonga za madzi oundana. Kafukufuku wamagulu pamsana uwu ndi ochepa ndipo pali mafunso ambiri osayankhidwa. Kodi pali kusintha komweku kwa amayi omwe amayang'ana mavidiyo oonera zolaula nthawi zonse? Kodi maubwenzi pakati pa abambo ndi abambo ndi amai ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zolaula? Kodi maganizo oyambirira a munthu pankhani ya kugonana musanayambe kuona zolaula amasintha momwe zimawakhudzira? Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene zimapangitsa kuti munthu asamaone zithunzi zolaula? Izi ndi zina mwa mafunso ambiri omwe amayenera kuti ayankhidwe ndikuwonetsa kuti ili ndi malo omwe ali ndi malo ochuluka omwe angapangidwe kafukufuku wambiri.
Zothandizira
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