Disembala 17, 2013 ndi Alan Martin – Ulalo wa Nkhani Yoyambirira
Sabata yatha, zidalengezedwa kuti zosefera za intaneti zomwe zidalonjezedwa ku UK ziyamba ndi makasitomala atsopano ku BT . Popeza malingaliro a anthu aku Britain agawikana pankhani ya kufunika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoletsa anthu osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zotsatira zake sizikuonekabe. Koma kodi tikudziwa chiyani za kukula kwa ana ndi zotsatira za zolaula pa ubongo?
Janice Hiller ndi katswiri wa zamaganizidwe azachipatala yemwe amadziwika bwino pankhani yazakugonana pazaka 15 zapitazi. Malinga ndi matenda aubongo, achinyamata komanso asanakwanitse zaka 10 ali ndi mwayi woti azikhala ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro amdziko lapansi potengera zomwe zimayandikira: "Ali ndi zaka XNUMX amakhala ndi kulumikizana kwamitsempha yambiri kuposa achikulire ndipo ngati kuli zithunzi zogonana ndi zilankhulo zowazungulira, ndizo zomwe 'Ndiyamwa,' 'amandiuza. "Ngati akuyang'ana zolaula pa intaneti, ubongo wawo udzakhala wogonana kwambiri ndipo izi zimawononga zovuta zina m'moyo wachikulire".
Ngakhale kutengera kwina sikungakhale chitsimikizo, akutero. "Njira zamitsempha zoyambitsidwa ndi zolaula zimatha kuphatikizidwa, ngakhale izi zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi munthu. Pali kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki ya m'mimba kotero munthu sangathe kunena kuti zithunzi zachiwerewere zidzakhala 'zolimba kwambiri', koma kupewa kuwopsa kwa ana powateteza kumawoneka kofunikira kwambiri. ”
Paula Hall, katswiri wodziwa za chizolowezi chogonana ndi anthu okonda zolaula komanso wapampando wa ATSAC akuvomereza kuti: "M'maganizo, amakhala osavuta kuonera zolaula, sali okhazikika, koma ubongo wa achinyamata ndi wosavuta kuukonza ndikuphunzira zinthu. Akudula njira za mitsempha , ndichifukwa chake zokonda zawo zogonana zimatha kulumikizidwa kwambiri muubongo wawo poyang'ana zolaula kuposa munthu wamkulu."
Pali umboni wakuti malingaliro ogonana angasinthidwe pambuyo pake kuposa apa. Mu kuyesera kwa 1981 kwa Malamuth ndi Check , gulu la ophunzira a digiri yoyamba adawonetsedwa filimu ya kanema yokhala ndi nkhanza kwa akazi ndipo pambuyo pake adachita kafukufuku yemwe akuoneka kuti sakugwirizana ndi filimuyi. Amuna (koma osati akazi) adawonetsa kuti filimuyi inali ndi zigoli zambiri pakuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza kwa akazi m'zochitika zogonana komanso zosagonana kuposa magulu olamulira. Zotsatirazi zidabwerezedwanso mu kafukufuku wofanana wa 1995 wa Weisz ndi Earls pomwe amuna (komanso, osati akazi) adawonetsa filimu yofanana anali ndi mwayi wovomereza nthano zogwiririra ndipo samvera chisoni womuneneza m'mayesero ogwiririra omwe adachitidwanso.
Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kudziwa apa ndichakuti umboni womwe wasonkhanitsidwa pa ana uli mu mawonekedwe a kafukufuku ndi nkhani, zosiyana ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa pa akuluakulu: chifukwa chake ndi kuchuluka kwa mabelu ochenjeza a makhalidwe abwino omwe amayesa zolaula pa ana angayambike. Koma chobisika mu zomwe zanenedwazo ndi chinthu chodetsa nkhawa pang'ono kwa iwo omwe akuda nkhawa ndi momwe zolaula zimakhudzira: zolaula zaulere zomwe zimawonetsedwa zidakula kwambiri mu 2006 ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa YouPorn , zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za intaneti yothamanga komanso zolaula zomwe mungathe kudya zikutha ndi m'badwo woyamba wa achinyamata omwe asiya kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogonana zomwe zikulowa m'dziko la akuluakulu.
Zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza dziko lokhalitsa la chiyanjano ndi chisokonezo, ndithudi. Wired.co.uk anamva zolemba zambiri kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi za kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zokambirana za kugonana kwapadera ndi zaka zino, koma pali zinthu zina zambiri zomwe ziri kapena zingathe kusewera. Izi zikuphatikizapo njira za makolo, khalidwe la maphunziro a kugonana komanso, mwinamwake, mahomoni omwe amapezeka nyama, mkaka ndi madzi akumwa.
Kaya zoletsa izi ndi zoona kapena ayi, boma lalengeza kuti lichitapo kanthu. "Akupeza malingaliro olakwika okhudza kugonana ndipo akukakamizidwa mwanjira yomwe sitinawonepo kale, ndipo monga bambo ndikuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi izi," adatero David Cameron mukulankhula koyambirira kwa chaka chino . Pali kukayikira kwakukulu m'gulu la akatswiri azaukadaulo komwe zosefera izi zingagwire ntchito, komanso nkhawa zambiri za tsatanetsatane. Ngati fyuluta ndi yopepuka kwambiri, imachotsa mfundo yoti ikhale nayo poyamba, koma ngati ndi yoopsa kwambiri ndiye kuti idzatseka zolaula koma imabweretsanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Nkhani ndi yofunika kwambiri, ndipo kusaka kovomerezeka kwa mafunso okhudza thanzi la kugonana kungalepheretsedwe ndi fyuluta yonyansa kwambiri. Malonda owopsa ochenjeza za zolaula za ana omwe Google idapereka pofufuza nkhaniyi akutsimikizira kuti ngakhale injini zosakira zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zimavutika ndi tanthauzo la nkhani.
Palinso chiopsezo chomwe makolo angaganize kuti boma lachitapo kanthu kuteteza ana awo, chifukwa chake sayenera kutero. Singer and Singer mu 1986, ndi Peterson, Moore ndi Furstenberg ku 1991 adapeza kuti kuyang'anira ndi kukambirana kwa makolo kumatha kuthana ndi zovuta zakukhudzidwa ndi media pothandiza kuganiza mozama, koma popeza zolaula ndizobisa, palokha, palibe mawu ena otsutsa zenizeni zikuwonetsedwa. Ndipo ngati ana angakambirane pakati pawo, sangapeze mawu otsutsana chifukwa chotsutsana ndi anzawo komanso kusadziwa zambiri.
Mwina chofunika kwambiri, makampani opanga zolaula ndi ovuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo pali mafunso okhudza momwe kuwonera malo amodzi ngati awa kungakhudzire kwambiri pamene zithunzi zogonana - kutali ndi malo owonera zolaula - zili paliponse. Magazini, manyuzipepala, malonda, mapulogalamu apa TV, makanema, makanema a nyimbo ndi madera ena ambiri amawongolera momwe timaonera dziko lapansi ndipo izi ndizozama kwambiri kuposa chizolowezi choonera zolaula. Pankhani ya makanema a nyimbo, umboni wa mphamvu zawo pa malingaliro ogonana unayamba zaka zoposa makumi awiri zapitazo: kafukufuku wa 1987 wa ophunzira aku koleji 457 wolembedwa ndi Strouse ndi Buerkel-Rothfuss adapeza kuti pakati pa akazi, kumwa MTV kunali chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimawonetsa mphamvu kwambiri pa malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi maubwenzi, komanso kuchuluka kwa ogonana nawo, ndipo mwachiwonekere kanema wa White Snake wa 'Here I Go Again' wochokera chaka cha kafukufukuyu ndi wofatsa poyerekeza ndi omwe amakonda pano. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti TV ikhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu yofanana , ndipo malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi chinthu china. Monga momwe mphunzitsi wina ananenera kwa ine: “Facebook, Youtube ndi Twitter zimasokoneza kwambiri malingaliro a achinyamata athu pankhani yogonana kuposa momwe zolaula za pa intaneti zingachitire. Zolaula zimaonedwabe ngati zoletsedwa, koma ‘ma selfie osangalatsa’ a achinyamata ndi ana osakwana zaka 19 ndi ofala kwambiri.”
Kodi iyi ndi nkhani yosintha malingaliro, kapena ukadaulo watsopano wopangitsa kuti kufotokoza kwanu kuzikhala kosavuta? Hall akuti kwa ena, ukadaulo umapangitsa kuti zizikhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zikhale zosavuta: "Pomwe panali zotsatsa zazing'ono za mahule ndipo mumayenera kupita pafoni yolipirira ndi 10p yanu, ndiye kuti mutha kupeza mphindi 5 zaulere, kucheza pa intaneti komanso pezani yapafupi kwambiri ndi SatNav yanu. ” Izi ndizosintha momveka bwino: "Ndinali ndi mnyamata pa pulogalamu yachipatala pokhudzana ndi lingaliro loti achikulire azigulitsa komanso kugula magazini azolaula."
Monga chilichonse m'gulu la anthu, malingaliro ogonana sali okhazikika. Kuti tisaiwale m'zaka 200 zapitazi, mabuku, mafoni, kuvina, nyimbo za rock ndi zina zambiri zanenedwa kuti zili ndi mphamvu yowononga achinyamata . Mu 1816, The Times of London inanena za waltz kuti "timaona kuti ndi udindo wathu kuchenjeza kholo lililonse kuti lisawonetse mwana wawo wamkazi ku matenda oopsa chonchi". Pafupifupi zaka 200 zasiyana ndi mawu oyambirira ochokera kwa David Cameron, koma cholinga cha bambo chikupitirirabe. Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zili ndi ubwino wobwera munthawi yowunikira kwambiri sayansi pomwe pali umboni wokwanira kwa ena, koma monga momwe zingathekere kuti mabuku ndi waltz zakhudza ena kwambiri, n'kovuta kudziwa momwe vutoli lilili lofala. Hall akuti "Ngati muonera zolaula zachiwawa ndipo muli ndi mbiri yachiwawa pali mwayi waukulu woti muchite zachiwawa zogonana", koma akugogomezera kuti "Komabe sizimabweretsa zimenezo zokha, ndipo kuopseza za zolaula sikuthandiza kuthetsa mavuto akuluakulu."
Ngakhale titha kuganiza kuti mayankho pamavuto onse anzeru, aumisiri ndi othandizawa afotokozedwa papepala ku Whitehall kwinakwake, kupambana pamunda wopanda tanthauzo chifukwa ndizosatheka kuyerekezera m'njira ina iliyonse yopanda tanthauzo. Pali kafukufuku wokwanira wosonyeza kuti zolaula zomwe achinyamata adakali kuzidulira ma neural zimatha kudzetsa mavuto ena m'moyo wa ena, koma monga kuletsa mowa ndi ndudu sikunakhalepo kothandiza, pakufunika zoposa fyuluta yokhayo yothetsera . Hall ndiwotsimikiza kuti zosefera, ngakhale zili zolandirika, sizigwira ntchito kwa iwo omwe atsimikiza kuziphwanya ndipo maphunziro amafunikira: “Sindine wotsutsana ndi zolaula. Sindingafune kubwerera m'nthawi ya a Victoria: Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuti tiziphunzitsa achinyamata kuti kugonana ndi kosangalatsa, kugonana kumakhala kosangalatsa, kugonana ndikwabwino - koma ndikofunikira kuti azindikire kuti sizosangalatsa zopanda vuto. ”