December 17, 2013 ndi Alan Martin - LINK KU NKHANI YOPHUNZIRA
Sabata yatha, zidalengezedwa kuti zosefera za UK zomwe zidalonjezedwa kuyambira nthawi yayitali ziyamba makasitomala atsopano ku BT. Ndi anthu a Britain maganizo ogawanika pafunika ndi zochitika za kutsegula kunja, zotsatira zake sizikuwonekeranso. Koma kodi tikudziwa chiyani za kukula kwa ana komanso zotsatira za zolaula pa ubongo?
Janice Hiller ndi katswiri wa zamaganizidwe azachipatala yemwe amadziwika bwino pankhani yazakugonana pazaka 15 zapitazi. Malinga ndi matenda aubongo, achinyamata komanso asanakwanitse zaka 10 ali ndi mwayi woti azikhala ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro amdziko lapansi potengera zomwe zimayandikira: "Ali ndi zaka XNUMX amakhala ndi kulumikizana kwamitsempha yambiri kuposa achikulire ndipo ngati kuli zithunzi zogonana ndi zilankhulo zowazungulira, ndizo zomwe 'Ndiyamwa,' 'amandiuza. "Ngati akuyang'ana zolaula pa intaneti, ubongo wawo udzakhala wogonana kwambiri ndipo izi zimawononga zovuta zina m'moyo wachikulire".
Ngakhale kutengera kwina sikungakhale chitsimikizo, akutero. "Njira zamitsempha zoyambitsidwa ndi zolaula zimatha kuphatikizidwa, ngakhale izi zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi munthu. Pali kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki ya m'mimba kotero munthu sangathe kunena kuti zithunzi zachiwerewere zidzakhala 'zolimba kwambiri', koma kupewa kuwopsa kwa ana powateteza kumawoneka kofunikira kwambiri. ”
Paula Hall, wothandizira kwambiri zolaula ndi mpando wamakono ATSAC akuvomereza kuti: “M'maganizo ndi omwe amatengeka kwambiri, sakhazikika m'njira zawo, koma ubongo wa achinyamata ndiosavuta kupanga pulogalamu ndikuphunzira zinthu. Iwo ali kudulira neural njira, ndichifukwa chake zokonda zawo zogonana zimatha kulowerera muubongo wawo poyang'ana zolaula kuposa wachikulire. ”
Pali umboni kuti malingaliro azakugonana atha kusinthidwa pambuyo pake. Mu kuyesera kwa 1981 ko Malamuth ndi Check, gulu la ophunzirira zakale linawonetsedwa filimu yowonera filimu yomwe imaonetsa chiwawa kwa akazi ndipo kenako inkachita kafukufuku ngati kuti sagwirizana ndi kanema. Amuna (koma osati amayi) adasonyeza kuti filimuyi inali ndi masewera apamwamba kwambiri povomereza kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa kwa akazi pazochitika zogonana komanso zosagonana kusiyana ndi magulu olamulira. Zotsatira izi zinayanjanitsidwa mu phunziro lofanana la 1995 Weisz ndi Earls kumene amuna (koma, osati amayi) amasonyeza filimu yofananamoyo amakhala ovomerezeka kwambiri kugwiriridwa nkhanza komanso osamvera chisoni woweruzayo poyesa kubweretsedwa.
Chofunika kudziwa pano ndikuti umboni womwe umasonkhanitsidwa pa ana umafufuzidwa ndi ma anecdotes, osiyana ndi kafukufuku wopatsa chidwi womwe umachitika kwa akulu: kulingalira kwa ichi ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mabelu alamu oyesa zolaula pa ana Nyamukani. Koma zobisika m'malingaliro amenewo ndizowonjezerapo pang'ono kwa iwo omwe akuda nkhawa ndi zomwe zolaula zimachitika: zolaula zosunthika zidaphulika mu 2006 ndi kutuluka kwayouPorn, kutanthauza kuti zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zapansi pabanki ndi zonse zomwe mungathe kudya zolaula zikufika pakufika kwa achinyamata oyamba kuyamwa pa zovuta zosiyana siyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana kulowa m'dziko lachikulire.
Zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza dziko lokhalitsa la chiyanjano ndi chisokonezo, ndithudi. Wired.co.uk anamva zolemba zambiri kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi za kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zokambirana za kugonana kwapadera ndi zaka zino, koma pali zinthu zina zambiri zomwe ziri kapena zingathe kusewera. Izi zikuphatikizapo njira za makolo, khalidwe la maphunziro a kugonana komanso, mwinamwake, mahomoni omwe amapezeka nyama, mkaka ndi madzi akumwa.
Kaya zoperewera izi ndi zovomerezeka kapena ayi, boma lalengeza kuti achitapo kanthu. David Cameron anati: "Akukhala ndi malingaliro opotoka okhudzana ndi kugonana ndikumapanikizika mwanjira yomwe sitinawonepo, ndipo ngati bambo ndili ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi izi." ndemanga kale chaka chino. Pali zambiri kukayikira pazochitika zamakono kuti zosefera izi zitha kugwira ntchito konse, komanso kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi tsatanetsatane wabwino. Ngati fyuluta ndi yolekerera, imanyalanyaza mfundo yoti ikhale nawo poyambirira, koma ngati ili yolimba kwambiri ndiye kuti imatseka zolaula koma imawononganso ndalama zambiri. Mawuwo ndi chilichonse, ndipo kusaka kovomerezeka pamafunso azaumoyo kumatha kutsekedwa ndi fyuluta yochulukirapo. Zotsatsa zotsutsa zolaula za Google zomwe Google adachita mogwirizana ndi kafukufukuyu zikutsimikizira kuti ngakhale makina osakira kwambiri padziko lapansi amalimbana ndi tanthauzo.
Palinso chiopsezo chomwe makolo angaganize kuti boma lachitapo kanthu kuteteza ana awo, chifukwa chake sayenera kutero. Singer and Singer mu 1986, ndi Peterson, Moore ndi Furstenberg ku 1991 adapeza kuti kuyang'anira ndi kukambirana kwa makolo kumatha kuthana ndi zovuta zakukhudzidwa ndi media pothandiza kuganiza mozama, koma popeza zolaula ndizobisa, palokha, palibe mawu ena otsutsa zenizeni zikuwonetsedwa. Ndipo ngati ana angakambirane pakati pawo, sangapeze mawu otsutsana chifukwa chotsutsana ndi anzawo komanso kusadziwa zambiri.
Mwina chofunikira koposa, kuti zolaula ndizosavuta, ndipo pali mafunso okhudza kuchuluka kwazomwe zingakhudze malo amodzi ngati awa pazithunzi zogonana - kutali ndi malingaliro azosangalatsa azolaula - zili paliponse. Magazini, ma tabloid, otsatsa malonda, makanema apa TV, makanema, makanema anyimbo ndi madera ena ambiri amatenga malingaliro athu padziko lapansi ndipo izi ndizolowerera kwambiri kuposa chizolowezi cholaula. Pankhani ya makanema anyimbo, umboni wakukopa kwawo pamalingaliro azakugonana ubwerera m'mbuyo kwazaka makumi awiri: kafukufuku wa 1987 wa ophunzira aku koleji okwana 457 Sungani ndi Buerkel-Rothfuss anapeza kuti pakati pa akazi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa MTV kunali njira imodzi yowonetsera malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi maubwenzi, komanso chiwerengero cha ogonana nawo, ndipo mwachiwonekere amakonda Njoka yoyera 'Pano Ndikubweranso' Mavidiyo ochokera m'chaka cha phunziroli ndi abwino kwambiri poyerekezera ndi okondedwa anu. Zofufuza zimasonyeza TV ikhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu yomweyo, komanso malo ochezera a pa TV ndi chinthu china. Monga mphunzitsi wina anandiuzira kuti: "Facebook, Youtube ndi Twitter zimachita zambiri kuti zisokoneze malingaliro aunyamata athu pazokhudza zolaula kuposa zolaula za pa intaneti. Zithunzi zolaula zimaonedwa ngati zosavomerezeka, koma 'zithunzi zolaula' za achinyamata komanso achinyamata ndizofala. ”
Kodi iyi ndi nkhani yosintha malingaliro, kapena ukadaulo watsopano wopangitsa kuti kufotokoza kwanu kuzikhala kosavuta? Hall akuti kwa ena, ukadaulo umapangitsa kuti zizikhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zikhale zosavuta: "Pomwe panali zotsatsa zazing'ono za mahule ndipo mumayenera kupita pafoni yolipirira ndi 10p yanu, ndiye kuti mutha kupeza mphindi 5 zaulere, kucheza pa intaneti komanso pezani yapafupi kwambiri ndi SatNav yanu. ” Izi ndizosintha momveka bwino: "Ndinali ndi mnyamata pa pulogalamu yachipatala pokhudzana ndi lingaliro loti achikulire azigulitsa komanso kugula magazini azolaula."
Monga china chilichonse pagulu, malingaliro azakugonana sali okhazikika. Kuti tisayiwale mu Zakale za 200 zakale, matelefoni, kuvina, nyimbo za rock ndi zinthu zina zambiri zatsutsidwa kuti zimakhudza achinyamata. Mu 1816, Times la London adanena za waltz "timawona kuti ndiudindo kuchenjeza kholo lililonse kuti lisawonetse mwana wawo wamkazi kuti akhoza kupatsirana". Pafupifupi zaka 200 zimasiyanitsa izi ndi mawu am'mbuyomu a David Cameron, koma malingaliro okhudzidwa a abambo amakhalabe. Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zili ndi mwayi wobwera munthawi yowunikiridwa mwasayansi pomwe pali umboni wokwanira kwa ena, koma monga momwe zingathekere kuti mabuku ndi waltz zidakopa ena kukhala ovuta kudziwa zovuta kufalikira. Hall akuti "Ngati mumaonera zolaula komanso muli ndi mbiri yachiwawa pali mwayi wambiri woti mungachite zachiwawa zogonana", koma akugogomezera kuti "Sizimangobweretsa izi ngakhale izi, ndikuwopseza zolaula sikuthandiza yambani ndi nkhani zofunika kwambiri. ”
Ngakhale titha kuganiza kuti mayankho pamavuto onse anzeru, aumisiri ndi othandizawa afotokozedwa papepala ku Whitehall kwinakwake, kupambana pamunda wopanda tanthauzo chifukwa ndizosatheka kuyerekezera m'njira ina iliyonse yopanda tanthauzo. Pali kafukufuku wokwanira wosonyeza kuti zolaula zomwe achinyamata adakali kuzidulira ma neural zimatha kudzetsa mavuto ena m'moyo wa ena, koma monga kuletsa mowa ndi ndudu sikunakhalepo kothandiza, pakufunika zoposa fyuluta yokhayo yothetsera . Hall ndiwotsimikiza kuti zosefera, ngakhale zili zolandirika, sizigwira ntchito kwa iwo omwe atsimikiza kuziphwanya ndipo maphunziro amafunikira: “Sindine wotsutsana ndi zolaula. Sindingafune kubwerera m'nthawi ya a Victoria: Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuti tiziphunzitsa achinyamata kuti kugonana ndi kosangalatsa, kugonana kumakhala kosangalatsa, kugonana ndikwabwino - koma ndikofunikira kuti azindikire kuti sizosangalatsa zopanda vuto. ”
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