Nkhani yoyambirira. M'miyezi yaposachedwa, gulu laling'ono la asing'anga lakhala likutsutsa kwambiri za chithandizo cha chizolowezi chogonana, makamaka ponena kuti akatswiri onse othandizira chizolowezi chogonana ndi akatswiri a makhalidwe abwino, okonda kusunga malamulo, komanso oganiza moperewera omwe amavutitsa makasitomala awo mosayenera. Chifukwa chomwe otsutsawa amasankhira kuukira asing'anga othandizira chizolowezi chogonana mwanjira imeneyi sichikudziwika. Mwina amaona kuti n'kosavuta kuukira asing'anga omwe amathandizira chizolowezi chogonana kusiyana ndi kuyang'ana ndikupereka ndemanga pa kafukufuku wa sayansi womwe ukukulirakulira womwe ukutsimikizira ndikuthandizira lingaliro lakuti kugonana, kwa anthu ena, kungakhale koledzeretsa mofanana ndi momwe mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mowa, ndudu, kutchova juga, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa chisangalalo komanso makhalidwe omwe angayambitse chizolowezi.
Mfundo yosavuta kumva ndi yakuti asayansi a padziko lonse lapansi akuphunzira zomwe amachita komanso ubongo wa anthu ogonana, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi mayankho omwe amapezeka ndi ena omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndipo zotsatira zake ndi zosatsutsika: Kugonana kumasonyeza ubongo mofanana mofanana ndi chizolowezi china chiri chonse - kusiyana kokha ndiko kukhala chinthu / khalidwe la kusankha.
Mwachitsanzo, Ji-Woo Seok ndi Jin-Hun Sohn a Institute of Brain Research Institute ku Chungnam National University ku South Korea posachedwapa adafalitsa kafukufuku wochita zachiwerewere zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe anapeza pa maphunziro oyambitsana kugonana ndi a Dr. Valerie Voon (University of Cambridge, UK) ndi anzanu olemekezeka kwambiri - pazinthu zamakono komanso zamaganizo. Kafukufuku wina wamakono omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi Paula Banca (yunivesite ya Coimbra, ku Portugal) akuyang'ana kugonana ndi zolaula zolaula zachilendo.
Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, maphunzirowa amasonyeza zotsatirazi:
- Kugonana kwa anthu ogonana kumagwiritsa ntchito gawo loposa lachizoloŵezi cha chidwi chawo pa zizoloŵezi zoledzera (kutanthauza, zolaula), kuchita zimenezi mofanana ndi ena oledzera.
- Maganizo a anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ubongo amasonyeza kuti akugonana (mwachitsanzo, zolaula) amawonetsa ubongo wa anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo atagwidwa ndi mankhwala ozunguza bongo. Mwachitsanzo, chigoba chotchedwa orbital prefrontal cortex chimangoyamba ngati momwe chimakhalira ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti dera lino likupita pansi pazomwe zingakhale zovuta, zomwe zimafanana ndi owononga mankhwala. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chigoba choyendetsa bongo chopweteka kwambiri chimakhala chosokoneza chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti zisaloŵerere m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana zauchizolowezi, kuphatikizapo kugonana.
- Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amangolakalaka zolaula (zazikulu "zofuna") koma alibe chilakolako chakugonana (chachikulu "chokhumba") kusiyana ndi omwe sali oyembekezera. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi momwe timadziwira panopa za mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zina zotayirira.
- Omwe akugonjetsa kugonana ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha chikhalidwe chogonana kusiyana ndi gulu lolamulira. Chifukwa cha izi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumawonjezereka (ntchito zofanana ndi / kapena ntchito zowonjezereka), monga momwe zimachitira ndi uchidakwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zotero. Mwachidule, kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana kumazoloŵera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndikufuna "zosiyana, "Monga ena oledzera. (Ganizirani za odwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe amayamba ndi zinthu monga chamba ndi mapiritsi koma pamapeto pake amatha ndi singano m'dzanja lawo, kuwombera heroin, methamphetamine, kapena mankhwala ena ovuta.)
Ponena za kafukufuku wawo, Seok ndi Sohn akulemba kuti: "Makamaka maphunzirowa awonetsa kuti kusokonezeka kwa ntchito ya [dorsal orbital prefrontal cortex] monga kuwonongeka kwa chidziwitso chodziwika, chomwe chimabweretsa zizindikiro monga chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chosokoneza bongo. mwakhama ndi makhalidwe osokoneza bongo ndipo adachepetsa chiwongoladzanja kuzinthu zowonongeka. "
Wokambirana ndi anzake akulemba kuti: "Zomwe timapeza zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamangoganizira za kugonana, zimasonyeza kuti zingatheke kuti ayambe kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika potsatira mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zachitika posachedwapa za neural reactivity kwa ziwalo zobisika zogonana mu [kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana] mu intaneti monga ofanana ndi mankhwala okhudzidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ... ".
Banca ndi anzake akulemba kuti: "Ife timayesa zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri kuchipatala, kuti [kugonana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana] kumadziwika ndi kufunafuna, kudziletsa, ndi chizolowezi chogonana ..."
Kafukufuku wina, womwe unachitikitsidwa ku Berlin ndi Simone Kühn wa Max Planck Institute ndi Jürgen Gallinat wa Clinic ya Psychiatry ndi Psychotherapy ku University of Charité, adawona zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa ubongo mosiyana ndi zotsatirazi:
- Kuwona zithunzi zolaula kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mutu wa ubongo m'madera ena a ubongo omwe amapanga madera oyamikira. Zowona, mphoto za ubongo zimakula ndiulesi pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zomwe zimabweretsa chisangalalo chosangalatsa.
- Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwirizanitsa bwino ntchito pakati pa kampani ya prefrontal cortex ndi madera ozungulira.
Ponena za kuphunzira kwawo, Kühn ndi Gallinat alemba kuti: "Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwonetsa zolaula nthawi zonse kumataya mphoto yanu. ... Timaganiza kuti nkhanizi ndi zolaula zikufunika kuwonjezereka kuti alandire mphotho yomweyo. ... Kuwonongeka kwa oyendetsa magalimotowa kumakhudzana ndi zosayenera zoyenera kuchita, monga kufunafuna mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zake zoipa. "Chofunikira kwambiri, Kühn ndi Gallinat akukambirana zachisomo chimodzimodzi cha madera oyamikira (ndi kuchuluka kwa mayankho) timayang'ana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso makhalidwe ena oledzera.
Choncho funso lokhudza kugonana kwa anthu odzudzula - funso limene sakufuna kuti aliyense afunse - ndi ili: Kodi mumalongosola bwanji kusintha kumeneku kwa ubongo? Ngati izi sizoledzera, ndi chiyani?
Chowonadi chenichenicho cha nkhaniyi ndi chakuti kafukufuku wamakono apamwamba akugwirizanitsa kugonana kosokoneza bongo ndi mankhwala ena oledzera. Palibenso umboni wowonjezera womwe umatsutsana nawo. Inde, pali zochepa zofufuza kuyang'ana kugonana kosayenera kuposa momwe tingakonde. Komabe, maphunziro omwe timagwirizanitsa bwino ndi mazana mazana a maphunziro omwe timakhala nawo pazogwiritsira ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa, kutchova njuga, kunywa kudya, ndi zina zotayirira.
Palibenso njira ina yowonjezeramo yomwe ikugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ena adayesa kufotokoza za chiwerewere ngati "chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana." Koma chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana sichiwerengera mitundu ya kusintha kwa ubongo zomwe timaziwona mwa ogwira ntchito opondereza ogonana. Komabe, otsutsa zachitsanzo chogonjetsa kugonana amasankha kukana madokotala omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito powatcha kuti akutsitsimutsa. Pochita zimenezi amachepetsa vuto lenileni. Mwamwayi, izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamvetsetse ndikudzipatula gulu la anthu omwe amamva kuti sakuzimvetsetsa bwino ndipo sakufuna kupeza chithandizo.