Rebecca Skloot (2007)
Nora Volkow akufuna chokoleti changa. Ndimakhala pa tebulo lapadera paofesi yake yaikulu pa ofesi ya National Institute on Abuse, kumene ali mtsogoleri. Volkow akundiwuza za kafukufuku wake mu zakudya zogonana komanso momwe, kwa anthu ena, kusiya zakudya monga, kunena, chokoleti-kungakhale kovuta monga kukankha heroin ndi junkie. Chakudya, akuti, kukopa anthu poyambitsa zenizeni zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatira zinachititsa ubongo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kapena chikonga. Kapena mowa. Kapena kugula. Kapena kugonana. Volkow akuti, "Sindileka kuyang'ana pa chokoleti yanu, maso ake akuchoka kwa ine kupita ku chokoleti ndi kumbuyo. Ndi mlembi wa Hershey's Kiss Volkow anandipatsa ine nthawi yapitayi. Ndinalitenga ndi kumwetulira ndikuthokozani, koma ndine mmodzi wa akazi ochepa padziko lapansi
amene samakonda chokoleti. Tsono ndikudumpha nsonga kuti ndikhale wolemekezeka, ndikuyikanso mu nsalu yake yachitsulo, ndikuyiyika pa tebulo pafupi ndi bukhu langa. Izi zimapangitsa Volkow kukhala wosasangalatsa, zomwe sizinali zomwe ndimayang'anira.
Nkhani zambiri za Volkow zikuganizira za ubwana wake ku Mexico City. Amati, Kodi sizodabwitsa kuti anakulira m'nyumba yomweyo komwe Stalin anapeza agogo ake aamuna a Leon-trotsky, omwe anagwidwa ndi ukapolo ku Russia, anapha? Amakamba za momwe Volkow adayambira sukulu ya zachipatala ku 18, kenako anapita ku United States ndipo anakhala mmodzi mwa anthu otsogolera apeza kafukufuku wamaganizo. Koma kwa ine, chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha Volkow ndi chakuti iye-mtsogoleri wa bungwe ladziko lonse la mankhwala osokoneza bongo-si chokoleti chokha basi. Iye nayenso ndi phokoso la chokoleti. Volkow amayendayenda kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwake Bethesda, Maryland, ofesi-yofiira tsitsi lofuula, nsapato zakuda zokhudzana ndi mawondo-kenako amaima, amachepetsa maso ake, ndi maginito. "Ndili ndi zinthu zabwino," akutero, akulowa m'dzere la desiki lake. "Zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyera." Amaponyera gala limodzi lodyera patebulo pafupi ndi ine. "Pitirizani," akutero, "khalani ndi zina." Sindimamuuza ayi, ndipo amadzutsa nsidze.
"Ndikuyesera anthu," akutero. "Ndimaika chokoleticho ndikuwona momwe zimatengera nthawi yaitali kuti azitenge." Amagwedeza mutu wake. "Ndili ndi chokoleti choipa kwambiri. Ndizitenga nthawi yomweyo. Ndikulephera kuyesedwa kwanga. Koma inu, "akunena za Kiss wanga," muli ndi mphamvu zowonongeka kwambiri! "Izi zimandipangitsa kuseka, chifukwa ngati atapereka cheesecake kapena Swedish Fish, sindikanakhala masekondi asanu. Koma vuto langa si chakudya; Ndizochita zolimbitsa thupi komanso kuti ndikulephera kutero. Ziribe kanthu kangati nthawi yomwe ndimalowa nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena kugula zovala zatsopano zogwirira ntchito kapena kupanga masiku odyetsera masewera ndi abwenzi, sindimachita masewero olimbitsa thupi. Nthawi zonse ndimakhala ndi zifukwa zabwino: Ndakhala wotanganidwa kwambiri, mvula, ndikufuna nsapato zabwino, palibe masewera olimbitsa thupi m'dera langa. Ndili ndi nthawi yomalizira, mutu, kapena zipsinjo; kutentha kapena kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kumapweteka mapazi anga, zolemetsa ndi zolemetsa ... Ndikhoza kupitirira. Gawo lomveka bwino la ubongo wanga likudziwa kuti ndiyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi: Ndawerenga nkhani kuti izi zimateteza pafupifupi matenda onse, kumenyana maganizo, komanso kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Ndikumva kuchepetsa nkhawa ndi nkhawa, zomwe zimakuthandizani kuganizira, kugona ndi kugonana bwino. Ndikufuna zonse-omwe sali? Koma mwachiwonekere, gawo lina la ubongo wanga-lomwe limakhala mbali yaikulu-limafuna kuti chirichonse chikhale momwemo momwemo.
Ndipo momveka, sindiri ndekha. Panthawiyi, anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa imfa ku United States, matenda a mtima, shuga, ndi khansa zambiri zimatha kupezeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa khalidwe. Masauzande ambiri a anthu amadzuka pa January 1st ndipo amati, "Kuyambira lero, ndikupita ku zakudya / kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi / kusiya kusuta / kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo / njuga / chirichonse." Iwo amayesa, nthawi zambiri molimba, koma ambiri amalephera. Ndikufuna kudziwa chifukwa chake. Ndipo sindikuyankhula za zinthu zakunja, monga ntchito yochuluka komanso nthawi yokwanira. Ndikuyang'ana zomwe zimachitika mu ubongo wathu pamene tikuyesera kusintha, ndi momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito chidziwitsochi kuti tigwire bwino.
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Umu ndi momwe ndinatsikira ku ofesi ya Nora Volkow ndikumvetsera zomwe akuganiza zokhudza chokoleti changa. Volkow ndi anzake agwiritsa ntchito zaka 15 zakale akufufuza za mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kunenepa kwambiri powerenga chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kusintha chizoloŵezi: dopamine, mankhwala mu ubongo omwe amatumiza zizindikiro kuchokera ku selo kupita ku cell Ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zonse kuchokera ku chakudya kupita ku ndudu kupita kukagula kugonana.
Dopamine amaphunzitsa ubongo wanu zomwe mukufuna, ndiye amakutsogolerani kuti mutenge, mosasamala kanthu zomwe zili zabwino kwa inu. Ikuchita izi muzinyendo ziwiri. Choyamba inu mumapeza chinachake chomwe chimakupatsani chisangalalo (nena, zovuta za McDonald's French), zomwe zimayambitsa dopamine. Zina za dopaminezi zimapita kumadera a ubongo wanu komwe zimakumbukira zomwe zimakumbukira ndikupanga kukumbukira kulumikizana ndi zowawazo ndi kupeza mphotho. Panthawi imeneyo, mu sayansi-kulankhula, zowuma zimakhala "zopanda pake." Ndipo mukakhala kuti mulibe kanthu, mungaganize, Ndizolakwika kwa ine, sindiyenera, koma ubongo wanu umalembetsa, Dopamine jackpot! Ndipamene sitepe iwiri imalowa: Pamwamba pa kulenga kukumbukira, dopamine imayang'anira mbali za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsa chilakolako, kupanga, komanso zolinga. Choncho kamodzi kamodzi kamodzi kafungo kamakhala kosavuta, nthawi ina mukamawawona kapena kuwafungola, ubongo wanu umatulutsa kuwonjezeka kwa dopamine komwe kumakupangitsani kuti mupeze. Mukapambana, ubongo wanu umapanga dopamine yowonjezera, yomwe imalimbikitsa kukumbukira komwe kunkapangitsa kuti chisangalalo chikhale choyambirira, ndikuchikoka mu ubongo wanu. Ndikumapeto kosalekeza: Pamene mukuchita zambiri zomwe zimapindulitsa, dopamine yowonjezera imatsimikiziranso kuti mudzachitanso. Izi ndizo momwe zizolowezi zimakhalira. Potsirizira pake, ngati zovutazo sizikhala zokwanira, ubongo wanu udzamasula dopamine ndikukupangitsani kuti mumveke nthawi iliyonse mukawona mtundu wachikasu ndi wofiira, ngakhale mulibe pafupi ndi McDonald's.
Ndipo izi ndi zoona pa khalidwe lirilonse limene limabweretsa mphotho: Zamoyo zimayambitsa dopamine surges. Momwemonso akugunda jackpot mukamaliza kuthamanga, kupambana mpikisano, kuyesa mayeso, kuchita cocaine kapena methamphetamines, kusuta, kumwa. "Dopamine ndizolimbikitsa," Volkow akundiuza. "Ngati mumapanga nyama mububu omwe alibe dopamine, alibe galimoto. Amatha kudya chakudya ndipo amasangalala, koma alibe chochita kuti achite chilichonse, kotero iwo sadya, ndipo amwalira. "Pamene akulankhula, ndikugwedeza ndikulemba zolemba mpaka, mwadzidzidzi, makompyuta ake: Iye ali ndi imelo. Ine sindiri wokakamiza pankhani ya chakudya, koma imelo? Ziyiwaleni. Volkow sagwirizana nane. Amapitiriza kulankhula za dopamine, ndimabwereranso kukatenga zolemba, ndiye ndikuganiza kuti, Ali ndi ma-e-mails atsopano awiri. Volkow alibe chilungamo. Timapitirizabe ngati izi kufikira atakhala ndi mauthenga khumi ndipo sindingathe kukana kudzuka ndikudziwerengera ndekha. Ndiye izo zimandigonjetsa ine: Imelo ndi yofunikira kwa ine monga chokoleti ndi ya Volkow. Nthawi zambiri ndimagwira ntchito miyezi, nthawi zina ndikuona kuti ntchito yanga imasindikizidwa, koma imelo imandipatsa mphotho yokhutira mwamsanga. Ndikuuza Volkow izi ndipo amaseka. "Mukunena zoona," akutero. "Ndimagula ngati ndikakulowetsani ku MRI ndikusewera phokoso la e-mail, mumakhala ndi dopamine oyendetsa mofanana ndikuona ngati munthu wina akukula."
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Ichi ndi chifukwa chake ndi kovuta kusintha. Kuchita zimenezi kumatanthauza kumenyana ndi njira imodzi yamagulu yambiri ya ubongo mu ubongo. "Taganizirani izi," akutero Volkow. "Ngati mukupanga mtundu wa zamoyo ndipo mukufuna kutsimikiza kuti zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuti mupulumuke-monga kudya ndi kubereka-mumapanga dongosolo lomwe liri ndi zokondweretsa kotero amafuna kubwereza zinthuzo. Ndiye inu muli ndi dopamine kupanga zizoloŵezi zimenezo kukhala zodzidzimutsa. Ndizolondola, ndithudi. "
Ngakhale kuti sanakhalepobe, Volkow ali ndi lingaliro loti n'chifukwa chiyani zakudya nthawi zambiri zimalephera: Mogwirizana ndi maphunziro a zinyama, amaganiza kuti anthu angayambe kusuta pamene ayesa kudya zakudya zina za ubongo wawo zimadalira. Anandiuza kuti, "Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuthetseratu zakudyazo, chifukwa amatha kukhumudwa kapena kuvulaza." Ngati izi zikuchitika, akuti, mwina kusintha zakudya zanu pang'onopang'ono kungakuthandizeni.
Koma funso langa lalikulu kwa Volkow ndi ili: Kodi mumadzifikitsa nokha bwanji pazinthu zomwe sizikukondweretsa inu-monga kukhala pa saladi ndi broccoli, kapena, mwa ine, ndikuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi? Anthu ambiri amapeza malo apamwamba kuti asamagwire ntchito. Ine, komabe, sindiri mmodzi wa iwo. "Kodi pali njira ina yonyenga dopamine system?" Ndikumufunsa. "Njira zina zonyenga ubongo wanga kuti ndifunire kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi?" Zedi, akuti: Chinsinsi ndicho kuganizira mphotho. Zopindulitsa zanga zogwirira ntchito zitha kukhala pedicure kapena nsapato zatsopano. Kwa wina amene akuyesera kudya: Mwinamwake mumakhala misala pambuyo pa sabata yokhala ndi chakudya chabwino, kapena mukhale ndi zothandizira za mphatso zapakhomo ngati mumakhalabe (mumalipira, koma akulamulira ma voucha). "Kupereka nokha mphoto chifukwa khalidwe limapangitsa dongosolo la dopamine kuti ubongo wanu uwononge zotsatira zake ndi izo, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kupanga chizoloŵezichi."
Ndikafika kunyumba ndimayesa. Ndimapanga nawo ndekha: Ngati ndimasewera tsiku lililonse kwa sabata, ndimapeza mchenga watsopano wa MP3. Ndidzuka mmawa ndipo mvula imagwa. Ndikudzikumbutsa ndekha za mchenga wa MP3. Pambuyo pa mphindi zingapo zosokonezeka pozindikira chomwe a
Munthu amavala masewera olimbitsa thupi (a poncho? ndi ambulera?), ndimatha kukhala ndi nsapato zowonongeka ndi madzi ndipo chibwenzi changa chimakhala chokwanira katatu. Ndimagwira galu ndipo timayamba kuthamanga, koma nsapato zanga ndizolemera kwambiri ndipo mapapu anga amayaka, kuphatikizapo sindikutha kuwona chifukwa malowa amayamba kugwa pamaso anga. Ndipo ndithudi, pali mvula. Kotero ife timapita ku kuyenda kofulumira. Patatha ola limodzi timapita kunyumba tikuwoneka ngati tawombedwa mumtsinje. Ndikuvula zovala zanga zamadzi ndikudziuza ndekha, Chitani izi kasanu ndi chimodzi ndipo mutenge wosewera MP3. Ndiye ndikuganiza, Eya, ndithudi, simungathe kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi popanda nyimbo. Kotero ndimagula wosewera wa MP3 ndikudziuza ndekha kuti ndikufunika zovala zogonana ndisanayese chinthu china ngati kuyendanso.
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Tsiku lotsatira, ndikupeza chakudya chobiriwira ndi chabuluu ku Kennedy Krieger Institute ku Baltimore, malo olemekezeka a ana ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi zolemala. Ndimakhala pafupi ndi Michael Schlund, PhD, katswiri wa zamaganizo omwe amagawaniza nthawi yake pakati pa mabungwe angapo a sayansi kumene amakafufuza mbali za ubongo zomwe zimakhudza kuphunzira ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe. Kwa Schlund, ntchitoyi ndi gawo la polojekiti yaikulu yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu autism kuphunzira. Koma zomwe ndikuchita chidwi ndi maphunziro omwe adangomaliza kumene ku yunivesite ya North Texas, komwe adakhala miyezi yambiri akuwona ubongo wa anthu okalamba wathanzi pamene adaphunzira makhalidwe atsopano pogwiritsa ntchito mphotho.
Izi ndizochitika: Atapereka anthu odzipereka kuti apange makina a MRI, adawapatsa mabatani awiri-mmodzi kumanja, wina kumanzere-ndiye anati, "Uyenera kupanga zosankha zina. Ngati muli olondola, mumapeza ndalama. Ngati mukulakwitsa, mulibe ndalama. "Iye adawotcha makinawo, omwe adagwedeza ndikugwedezeka pamene adayamba kufufuza ubongo wawo. Mkati mwa makinawo, pa pulogalamu yamakono pamwamba pa mitu ya odzipereka, bwalo linawonekera ndipo linatha. Kenako, mawu CHOOSE anawalira, kutanthauza kuti anayenera kusankha batani, kumanja kapena kumanzere. Masewerawa sankamveka. Panalibe yankho lolondola: Zonse zomwe akanakhoza kuchita ndikutsegula batani pang'onopang'ono, ndiye kompyuta inati WRONG ndi bwalolo linayambanso. Kotero iwo anatenga batani lina ndipo kompyuta ikuwalira, CORRECT. MUMADZIWIRITSIDWA 50 CENTS.
Odziperekawo atadziwa kuti batani angakanikize poyang'ana bwaloli, iwo amapitiliza ndondomekoyi mobwerezabwereza. Mzunguli. Dinani batani. Mphotho. Mzunguli. Dinani batani. Mphotho. Izi ndi zomwe zinkasangalatsa Schlund, chifukwa akufuna kudziwa zomwe zimachitika mu ubongo mukamaphunzira khalidwe latsopano lozikidwa pa mphotho, ndi mbali ziti zomwe zikuwonekera, momwe zimasinthira, ndi momwe zimasinthira nthawi kuti khalidwe likhale mwambo.
Pakangoyamba koyamba, akangoganiza, ubongo wa odzipereka ukuwunikira pang'ono pamtunda-malo omwe akugwirizana ndi kudziletsa, kupanga chisankho, ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono kachiwiri, atalandira mphotho yoyankha molondola, mwadzidzidzi ubongo wawo unathamanga kwambiri, ndipo ndi kubwereza kokha, ma lobes awo amatha kuwunika mosavuta, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yawo ya ubongo inapitiliza kukula pamene adaphunzira khalidwe latsopano . Koma-ndipo uwu ndi uthenga wabwino-mkati mobwereza kubwereza 50, Schlund akuti, chotsutsana chidzayamba kuchitika-chotsekeka cham'tsogolo chimatseguka pang'onopang'ono mpaka ubongo ukuyesera kuchepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yatsopanoyo yakhala chizoloŵezi.
Pamene Schlund akundiuza izi, ndikufunsa ngati zikutanthawuza kuti ndimangodzikakamiza kuti ndichite nthawi za 50 ndipo zidzakhala chizolowezi. "Ndikufuna ndikanena inde," akuyankha motero. "Koma ife sitidziwa kwenikweni. Chimene ndikukuwuzani, pali mitundu yambiri. "Yaikulu kwambiri
ndi nkhawa. Zikuoneka kuti mahomoni omwe amatulutsidwa ndi thupi poyesa kupanikizika ndi mdani wathu wamkulu kwambiri pa kusintha: Iwo amalepheretsa kuwonongeka komweko, zomwe zimapangitsa ubongo kubwerera ku makhalidwe omwe safuna zosankha zoganizira (kudya chakudya chathu chodziwika bwino , kumwa, kusuta). Sikuti mahomoni osokoneza maganizo amachititsa kuti ubongo wathu ukhale wosasinthika, komanso zimalimbikitsa malo athu okhudza maganizo, omwe amatitumizira kuchepetsa nkhawa. Ndipo n'chiyani chimachepetsa nkhawa? Chakudya (chifukwa chimatulutsa opiates zachilengedwe), mowa, ndudu, kugula.
Kusintha kwakukulu kotere kumadalira mbali imodzi pa kusokonezeka maganizo. Koma, Schlund akunena, zimadaliranso kupeza mphoto yolondola. "Ngati anthu atapatsidwa malipiro kuti azichita masewera olimbitsa thupi," anandiuza, "aliyense angachite zimenezo. Ndipo dzikoli likanakhala bwino kwambiri. "Ndikufunsa ngati angandipatse ine masewera olimbitsa thupi. Amagwirana manja pa tebulo la Formica pakati pathu, amandiyang'ana m'maso, ndipo akuti, "Ngati mukufuna kutsimikizira ubongo wanu kuti muyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, muyenera kudzichitira nokha momwe mungachitire ndi galu wanu." Ndinkayembekezera kuti anene, koma panthawiyi, ndine wotseguka kwa chilichonse.
Iye akuti: "Tangoganizani akung'amba pansi tsiku lililonse. "Kodi iwe ukanati, 'Hey galu, ngati iwe usanyowe pansi pansi kwa sabata, ine ndikugula iwe fupa la rawhide?' Zingakhale ngati bwana wanu akunena kuti, 'Ngati mutagwira ntchito zaka zisanu, ndiye kuti mudzapeza cheke lanu.' Ndi kutali kwambiri. "
Mwachiwonekere, ichi ndichifukwa chake mchenga wanga MP3 walephera: Sabata inali yaitali kwambiri kuyembekezera. Ngati ndiphatikizana ndi zolimbitsa thupi, mphoto iyenera kukhala yomweyo. Koma kupyola apo, Schlund amandiuza ine, ndikuyenera kupeza mphoto zomwe ndakhala ndikugwirizana nazo kusagwiritsa ntchito (kupweteka, nthawi yambiri pa zinthu zina). Kuchita izi kumafuna kusintha magalimoto anga a neural. Ndipo kugwiritsanso ntchito ubongo wamkulu, ine ndatsala pang'ono kuwupeza, ndi kovuta kwambiri.
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Patatha masiku angapo ndikukumana ndi Schlund, ndimakhala pa desiki yaing'ono m'chipinda chamaganizo ku Yale, ndikuyang'ana pa pulogalamu yamakompyuta ndi makatani awiri: CHE ndi SHE. Kakompyuta imati "Che" (kapena "ndi"?), Ndipo ndikuyenera kuyika batani yoyenera. Ndikumatula CHE. Kakompyuta imalankhula ndikundiuza kuti ndiyesenso. "Che" kapena "she"? Ndikumatula SHE. Buzz. Mobwerezabwereza, ndimapeza buzz. Ndikulingalira kuti izi ziyenera kukhala nthabwala, koma ndikudumpha, mvetserani mwamphamvu, ndipo potsiriza ndimve. Ndagunda CHE. Makina a makompyuta, kenako nsomba ziwiri zozipsompsona zikuwoneka pawindo ndikuchitavina kuvina ndi nkhanu. Ndiwo mphotho yanga, yomwe imandichititsa kuti dopamine yanga ipite: Ndiyamba kusewera mosakayikira, ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama posankha yankho lolondola kuti ndiwone zomwe mphotho yanga yotsatira idzakhala. Patapita kanthawi, chidwi changa chimayamba kuyendayenda .... Buzz. Kotero ndikudumpha, mvetserani mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo mvetsenso kachiwiri: "Che." Munthu wochepa kwambiri wa spaghetti amawonekera mwadzidzidzi pakompyuta akusewera nyimbo ya xylophone, mpaka nyimbo yomwe imamumenya pamutu. Ndiye Bruce Wexler, MD, akuyenda mu chipinda.
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Wexler, katswiri wamkulu wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi wolemba za ubongo ndi chikhalidwe, amafufuza ubongo wamakono ndi momwe zimakhudzira luso lathu losintha. Ndabwera kudzayesa pulojekitiyi, yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuthandiza odwala omwe ali ndi schizophrenia kuti amvetse bwino mawu awo komanso ma memory. "Ndiwe wabwino kwambiri," Wexler amandiuza. Osati kwenikweni, ndikunena, ndikuwonetsa zolakwika zingati zomwe ndapanga ndisanakhalepo. Koma kwenikweni, ndilo lingaliro lonse la pulogalamu: Kusintha kwabwino kumafuna kukhala kosavuta, kosasokonekera ndi kubwereza. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chakuti tikugwira ntchito motsutsana ndi chisinthiko: Ubongo wathu wapangidwa kuti tipeze mphamvu pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri, monga kupuma ndi kuyendetsa, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina, kusintha khalidwe ndikofunikira monga kupuma. Ubongo wathu umatembenukira ku zizoloŵezi pamene wapatsidwa mpata chifukwa zizolowezi zimafuna mphamvu zochepa kusiyana ndi kusintha. Zochita zonyansa izi ndi "che" ndi "iye" zimasintha njira yomwe anthu achikulire amamvera chifukwa salola kuti izi zichitike. Zimakakamiza kwambiri kuganizira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muzipindula mobwerezabwereza.
"Iwe ukufuna kudziwa chifukwa chake ndi kovuta kusintha?" Wexler anafunsa pamene ine ndinayamba kulowa mu ofesi yake. "Pali ubongo wa mabiliyoni zana mu ubongo wanu. Chimodzi chirichonse chikugwirizana ndi zikwi zina. Chilichonse chimene mukuchikamba-makhalidwe ndi kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira-zimaphatikizapo ntchito zophatikizana za maselo mazana masauzande m'makonzedwe ovuta mu ubongo. "Kwa akuluakulu machitidwewa ndi ovuta.
Pamene uli mwana, ndi nkhani yosiyana: Ubongo wachinyamata nthawi zonse amapanga mgwirizano watsopano pakati pa neurons, kusintha momwe ana amasinthira malingana ndi zomwe akumana nazo. Izi ndizopulasitiki, ndi chifukwa chake ana amamasula chilankhulidwe chawo ndikusintha miyambo yatsopano pamalonda omwe amachititsa akulu kuti achite manyazi. "Panthawi imene timagwira 20s," Wexler akuti, "ubongo wathu wataya kwambiri pulasitiki yawo." Koma mwatsoka, iwo sanataye zonsezo.
Tangoganizirani kuti muli ndi diso limodzi lamphamvu komanso diso limodzi lofooka, akundiuza. Ngati mutaphimba diso labwino ndi chigamba, choncho simungatengeke, diso lofooka lidzakula. Koma chachiwiri mumachotsa chigambacho, diso lolimba limathamangiranso ndipo wofooka amalephera. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi njira zonse mu ubongo. Kamodzi atakhazikitsidwa, amamatira ndikukhalabe olimba malinga ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Choncho, sitepe yoyamba ya kusintha, Wexler akuti, ndikuyika "patch" pa njira yomwe mukufuna kutayika (monga, kunena, chokoleti chofunika), zomwe zikutanthauza kuthetsa chirichonse chomwe chimayambitsa (kukhala ndi chokoleti m'nyumba, kupita kumalo mumagula chokoleti). Ichi ndi chifukwa chake, kwa anthu ambiri omwe amayesa kusiya kumwa kapena kusuta, ndizosatheka kukhala ndi galasi limodzi la vinyo kapena ndudu. Ndicho chifukwa heroin ndi coke oledzeredwa ayenera kupewa malo ndi anthu ogwirizana ndi mankhwala awo masiku.
Kwa dieters, kungoyenda mu sitolo yogulitsa nthawi zonse kungayambitse njira yachikulire yodyera ndikusunga. Choncho kuperewera kwa kulemera kwa thupi kumakhudza kwambiri kusintha kwa moyo monga momwe mukudyera: Gulani ku sitolo yatsopano; Gula zakudya zatsopano; gwiritsani ntchito mbale yatsopano; idyani mu chipinda china, pa nthawi yosiyana ya tsiku. Zonsezi zidzakuthandizani kufooketsa njira yakale yopanda thanzi kuti mutha kukhazikitsa latsopano. "Wexler akuti," makamaka pamene mukukonzanso zizoloŵezi zanu, "" Wexler akuti, "njira yowonjezera yomwe mukuyesera kusintha ndiyofooka."
Koma kuchotsa njira yakale sikuli chirichonse. Mudzapanga zinthu mosavuta mukasanthula ubongo wanu kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino-ngakhale laling'onoting'ono-kenaka lililimbitse. Wexler amandiuza kuti ndipeze "Ndikukonda masewero olimbitsa thupi". Ndimamuuza kuti sindikuganiza kuti ndili naye. Iye samagula izo. "Kodi panalibe ntchito ina yomwe mumakonda monga mwana?" Akufunsa motero. Sindikuganiza choncho.
Ndili paulendo wapita kumudzi, komabe, pamene ndikuyang'ana pawindo ndikumvetsera wosewera watsopano wa MP3, "Kusintha" kwa David Bowie kumabwera ndikuyamba kuseka. Yoyenera, inde. Koma inanso nyimbo yomwe ndimakhala naye pafupi ndi mnzanga ndikukwera kumbuyo kwanga ndili mtsikana. Kwa moyo wanga wonse wachinyamatayo, ndinkangokhalira kugwedeza. Kupsompsona kwanga koyamba kunali pa skate; Ndinavala masewera apamwamba kusukulu ya sekondale tsiku ndi tsiku, kenako ndinagubudulira ku holoyo kuchokera m'kalasi kupita ku sukulu. Ndinatsimikiza kuti sukulu yanga yapamwamba ndikutaya mwayi wanga wa PE ndikundipatsa ngongole yondipangira. Ndakhala pa sitima ndikukumbukira zonsezi, ndikumwetulira ndikuganiza, ndangogunda dopamine jackpot.
Ndikafika kunyumba, ndimamanga Rollerblades wazaka khumi ndikuyesa. Ndikutsegula vutolo ndikuyamba kuyendetsa. Kuli dzuwa; galu wanga akuthamanga pafupi ndi ine. Ndikhoza kumverera kuti dopamine amapitiliza kupyolera mu mitsempha yanga. Vuto langa la zolimbitsa thupi limathetsedwa. Moyo sukanakhala wabwinoko.
Tsiku lotsatira ndimadzuka, ndikulowa m'chipinda changa chokhalamo, ndikukhala pansi pamaganizo anga, O Mulungu wanga, ndiri nazo zochuluka zoti ndichite. Maola angapo kenako ine ndikuganiza, ine ndiyenera kupita Rollerblade tsopano. Koma ndikugwira ntchito. Ndili ndi nthawi yomalizira, ine ndagwiritsa ntchito dzulo, ndipo pambali, izo zikuwoneka ngati kuti imvula. Ine ndichita izo mtsogolo. Koma pakapita mtsogolo, ndatopa ndikugwira ntchito tsiku lonse, ndipo tsopano ndikuda. Ndiye ndikuganiza, Dikirani miniti. Chifukwa chiyani si zonse zomwe dopamine za dzulo zandiyendetsa ine kuti ndiyimirire ndi Rollerblade kachiwiri? Kodi ubongo wanga unaiwala?
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Patangotha sabata, ndikuitana Monika Fleshner, PhD, katswiri wa ubongo pa yunivesite ya Colorado ku Boulder yemwe wachita kafukufuku wambiri pa zochitika za thupi. Ndimalongosola zochitika zanga. Ndikunena kuti ndinapeza zochitika zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndiri ndi vuto la dopamine, koma chinthu chodabwitsa ndi ichi: Sindikuchita.
Inu mukudziwa chomwe maziko ake ali? Tchepetseni-muzichita masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Fleshner ndi zomveka bwino: Si monga momwe mumapezera dopamine jackpot ndipo ubongo wanu umati, "Tsopano timayesetsa tsiku lililonse. Kwa kanthawi, mukufunikira kudzikakamiza kuti muchite. Koma, ndikumuuza kuti, ndili ndi chifukwa chabwino kuti ndisadziwe: Ndikudziwa kuti kafukufuku wake anapeza kuti zinyama, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi sizimapangitsa kuti phindu la thupi lovomerezeka likhale lopindulitsa. Ndipotu, imafooketsa chitetezo cha mthupi mwa kuchititsa kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni opanikizika m'thupi. Ndikumufunsa za izi, ndipo akunena zoona, koma sindiyenera kudandaula za izo. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa sindidzachita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi yaitali. Kumene ine ndimati, "Ndikhululukireni ine?"
Kenaka amandiuza chinthu chodabwitsa: Zomwe ndikuyenera kuchita ndikudzipangitsa ndekha kuti ndizichita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa milungu iwiri, mwina zitatu, ndipo ubongo wanga umayamba kupanga puloteni yotchedwa brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), yomwe imatcha kuti Mira-Gro ubongo. Zimapangitsa ubongo wa pulasitiki, kuti muthe kuphunzira, kuganizira bwino ndi kuganizira nthawi yayitali. Zimapangitsanso dopamine neurotransmission, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndimayesetsa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, mphotho yomwe ndimapeza, komanso momwe ineyo ndikuyendera kuti ndizichita chizoloŵezi, posachedwapa ndikulakalaka.
"Ingovala pa Rollerblades yako," Thupi linandiuza ine. "Dulani matepi ena, tambani galu wanu, tulukani kunja, ndipo muyambe kuchita masewerawa panopa."
Kutalika, pause pang'ono.
"Ndili wovuta," akutero.
Ndakhala ndikugwira foni kwachiwiri ndisanaganize, O, gehena. Masabata atatu si olakwika. Kotero ine ndikupita kunja kwa tsiku limodzi. Ndipo inde, ndi tsiku limodzi, chifukwa sindinatuluke tsiku lachiwiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndikuyamba kuyambira pachiyambi.
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Pamene ndinayamba kufunafuna chifukwa chake ndi kovuta kusintha makhalidwe osayenera, ndinayankhula ndi asayansi khumi ndi awiri. Aliyense ankaseka ndipo ananena zina mwa izi: "Ngati ndingayankhe funsoli, ndipambana mphoto ya Nobel ndikukhala ndi makampani osokoneza bongo
ndikupita pakhomo panga. "
Koma zoona ndizo, asayansi atulukira zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, kusintha kumakhala kovuta. Anthu ena amatha kudzuka mmawa wina, amasintha kusintha, ndikutsatira. Koma ambiri, mwina ambiri, sangathe. Chifukwa chake chikhoza kukhala chibadwa; zikhoza kukhala momwe iwe unakulira; mwina anthu ena ali ndi zolimba kwambiri kuposa ena. Asayansi akadalibe otsimikiza. Chimene amadziwa ndi chakuti, ngati ndinu mmodzi wa anthu omwe akuvutika, sikungodzipweteka nokha-ndi momwe ubongo wanu umagwirira ntchito. Koma sizowonjezeranso kuponyera mu thaulo ndikumanena, Chabwino, ndilibe dopamine yokwanira, kapena njira Zanga zoipa ndizolimba. Monga Bruce Wexler anandiuza, "Tikamamvetsetsa zomwe tikutsutsa, tikhoza kukhala ndi njira zomwe zingatithandize kugwira ntchito ndi ubongo wathu kuti tisinthe bwino."
Kotero, mmalo modzuka m'mawa wa Chaka Chatsopano ndi kunena, "Ndikuchita X tsopano," ndikudziyesa nokha patatha mwezi umodzi pamene chisankhochi sichinagwire ntchito, kumbukirani: Inu simukuchita kanthu kena kuposa kubwereza ubongo wanu. Kuyandikira kusintha ngati kuti mukuphunzira chinenero chatsopano kapena chida chatsopano. Mwachiwonekere, simudzakhala bwino kapena kusewera masewero nthawi yomweyo; Muyenera kuika maganizo anu nthawi zonse. Kugonjetsa chizoloŵezi choipa kumaphatikizapo kusintha makhalidwe omwe akukhudzana nawo ndi kuyendetsa nkhawa, chifukwa kudandaula za kusintha (kapena china chirichonse) kukugogoda kuchokera pa ngolo mofulumira kuposa momwe mukudziwira. Koposa zonse, pangani dongosolo la dopamine likupita: Pezani mphoto-kuwapanga iwo pang'onopang'ono, ndipo musakhale okhumudwa. Ubongo wanu amafunikira iwo. Ndipo ndikulonjeza (chabwino, Volkow, Schlund, Wexler, ndi lonjezo la Thupi) zimakhala zosavuta. Icho si gulu lathandizo lokha
zopanda pake. Ndi biology.