Lumikizani ku nkhani yapachiyambi
Panthawi yolemba nkhaniyi, pali maphunziro ambiri kuphatikizapo ndemanga zingapo za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mokakamiza, monga mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mowa, ndi chizolowezi. Komabe pali ofufuza ena, asayansi, komanso asing'anga omwe amakana kuvomereza kuti kugonana kapena zolaula pa intaneti kungakhale chizolowezi. Ndi gulu laling'ono koma, monga momwe mwambi umanenera, zazing'ono sizitanthauza chete. Ndipotu, amalankhula momveka bwino ndi zomwe akunena ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa m'manyuzipepala ambiri ngati "akatswiri" pantchitoyi. Mmodzi mwa otchuka kwambiri adapereka upangiri wamankhwala kudzera patsamba la intaneti la zolaula. Ndipotu, kusaka mwachisawawa pa intaneti kudzakupatsani nkhani zambiri zomwe zimati 'zimatsutsa' 'nthano' ya kugonana ndi/kapena chizolowezi cha zolaula, potchula ofufuza ndi maphunziro ochepa omwe amathandizira malingaliro awo akuti "zolaula sizowopsa" kapena kufotokoza zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zanenedwa ngati "chikhulupiriro " chakuti ndinu chizolowezi cha zolaula chomwe ndi vuto, osati zizolowezi zanu zowonera zokha. Zikuonekanso kuti pali nkhondo yaposachedwa komanso yopitilira pa Twitter ya mitima ndi malingaliro a aliyense amene amasamala kumvetsera zomwe zingatchedwe ndi zomwe sizingatchedwe "chizolowezi".
Chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Aliyense amene akufuna kuchita kafukufuku wake pa nkhaniyi adzapeza maphunziro ambiri komanso ndemanga zambiri za kafukufukuyu (kuwunikanso mwadongosolo ndi pamene mukufufuza mutu, kusonkhanitsa maphunziro onse omwe mwapeza, ndikuyesera kugwirizana ndi zomwe maphunzirowa akunena). Komabe, Gary Wilson wa webusaiti ya Your Brain on Porn ali ndi ntchito yokwanira yosonkhanitsa mndandanda wautali wa ndemanga ndi maphunziro okhudza zotsatira za zolaula zomwe mungathe kuzipeza pano - ngati muli ndi sabata yaulere yowerengera zonse! Chinthu chimodzi chomwe ndingakuuzeni mwachidule ndichakuti maphunzirowa onse ndi nkhani zofufuza zomwe zawunikidwa ndi anzawo ndipo ena ndi ndemanga za kafukufukuyu. N'zovuta kutsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa mabuku omwe alipo pankhaniyi, komabe nkhondo ya T'war (Twitter) ikupitirira. Palinso milandu yomwe ikupitilira yomwe ikusonyeza kuti zomwe zinayamba ngati mkangano wamaphunziro tsopano zikuvuta kwambiri, ndi anthu angapo omwe akumanga milandu yonyoza wofufuza wina yemwe akuwoneka kuti watenga zinthu ngati zachinsinsi kwambiri.
Ndemanga yanga yozama ya mabuku, yomwe kafukufuku wanga amachirikiza, ndi yakuti kafukufuku wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta akutsamira ku gulu la vutoli ngati chizolowezi cha 'makhalidwe'. Kutanthauza kuti, munthuyo "ali ndi chizolowezi" cha zochita kapena khalidwe, osati chinthu choledzeretsa. Buku la American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) lalemba kale chizolowezi chimodzi cha khalidwe m'gulu lake lotchedwa "Substance Use & Addictive Disorders" (APA, 2013). Komabe, chosangalatsa n'chakuti, mawu a DSM-5 sagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi" pofotokoza matenda aliwonse omwe ali m'gululi, ngakhale kuti mawu oti "chizolowezi" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu wa gululo. Ndipotu, monga momwe Richard et al. (2019) akunena kuti, amanena mwachindunji kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuledzera" kwachotsedwa chifukwa cha "tanthauzo lake losadziwika bwino komanso tanthauzo lake loipa" (APA, 2013, tsamba 485). Ngakhale kuti likuwoneka ngati losasangalatsa kulandiridwa/kusalandiridwa ndi alendo, mawu oti "kuledzera" amakana kuchoka paphwandolo mwaulemu. Limapitilira kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana komanso m'mabwalo a maphunziro ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, likubisala ngati bwenzi lomwe palibe amene akufuna kuvomereza kuti akudziwa.
Nanga chifukwa chiyani mawu oti "bongo" ndiwotsutsana kwambiri?
Pakatikati pa zamaphunziro zamaphunziro zamalonda zachiwonetserozi ndi mawu ochezera aanthu akuwoneka kuti ndi mawu oti "kusuta" Pofuna kutipangitsa kuti timve kutsutsana komwe kumakulirakulira tikulankhula, ndimaganiza kuti ndi nthawi yabwino kuyang'ananso pa lingaliro losasinthika, lovuta koma lolimbikira. Poyamba, ndiyang'ana matanthauzidwe ena, ndiye ndiyesa kuyang'ana mbiri yakaleyo kenako ndionjezera lingaliro langa, modzichepetsa, kumapeto.
Bungwe la American Society of Addiction Medicine ( ASAM ) limatanthauzira kuledzera mozama, ngati "matenda oyamba, osatha a mphotho ya ubongo, chilimbikitso, kukumbukira ndi ma circuits okhudzana nawo. Kulephera kugwira ntchito bwino m'ma circuits amenewa kumabweretsa zizindikiro za biology, psychological, social and spiritual. Izi zimawonekera mwa munthu amene amafunafuna mphotho ndi/kapena mpumulo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi machitidwe ena. Kuledzera kumadziwika ndi kulephera kudziletsa nthawi zonse, kulephera kudziletsa, chilakolako, kuchepa kwa kuzindikira mavuto akuluakulu ndi machitidwe a munthu ndi maubwenzi ake, komanso kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa malingaliro."
Tanthauzo la chizolowezi cha Centre on Addiction ndi lofanana , "Kuledzera ndi matenda ovuta, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osatha, omwe amakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo ndi thupi. Amawononganso kwambiri mabanja, maubwenzi, masukulu, malo ogwirira ntchito komanso madera oyandikana nawo. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za chizolowezi ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro, kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatirapo zake zinali zoopsa, kuganizira kwambiri za kugwiritsa ntchito, kulephera kuyesa kusiya, kulekerera ndi kusiya."
Webusaiti yotchuka ya zamaganizo, Psychology Today, imanena kuti “munthu amene ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena amachita zinthu zinazake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zotsatira zake zikhale zolimbikitsa kuti abwerezenso kuchita zimenezi, ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zimakhala zoipa. Chizolowezichi chingaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga mowa , mankhwala opumira , opioids, cocaine , ndi nikotini , kapena makhalidwe monga kutchova juga.”
APS imafotokoza kuledzera malinga ndi njira zodziwira matenda okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo imatchula kutchova juga ndi masewera a pa intaneti ngati zitsanzo za zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi khalidwe mogwirizana ndi DSM yomwe imafalitsa.
Inde, pali ena koma ndikutsimikiza kuti mukumvetsa lingalirolo. Mutu wofala kwambiri ukuwoneka kuti ndi uwu: Kuledzera kumakhudza malo opindulitsa a ubongo , zomwe zimapangitsa munthu woledzerayo kufuna kuchita nawo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimapangitsa munthuyo kuti asathe kusiya kapena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ngakhale akufuna, komanso akukumana ndi mavuto ochulukirachulukira omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuledzera. Koma kodi mawu akuti "kuledzera" amatanthauza chiyani ndipo amachokera kuti?
Etymology ya Kuledzera
Malinga ndi Richard et al ., (2019) mawu akuti chizolowezi ali ndi mbiri yayitali komanso yosangalatsa. Poyamba amapezeka ku republic yoyambirira ya Aroma. Muzu wa Chilatini wa addicere , unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu ovomerezeka omwe amatanthauza "kulankhula ndi". Mu nthawi ya Aroma yotsatira, unkagwiritsidwanso ntchito kufotokoza ngongole, nthawi zambiri pokhudzana ndi ngongole za juga. Mu nthawi ya Aroma munthu ( addictus ) yemwe anali ndi ngongole ya juga anali, m'njira ina, wolumikizidwa kapena kapolo kwa wobwereketsa wake mpaka ngongoleyo italipidwa. Pofika nthawi ya Elizabethan, unkagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza kukonda kwambiri munthu wina, chifukwa kapena chinthu. Nthawi zambiri mawu oti "chizolowezi" ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati verebu, monga kugwirizanitsa kapena kudzipereka ku chinachake. Kugwirizana kungakhale kwabwino kapena koipa, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito verebu sikunali kopanda tsankho. Richard et al. (2019) akunena kuti ndi kusinthasintha kwa mawu oti chizolowezi ndi kuthekera kwake kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kukonda koipa kwambiri kapena kwabwino komwe kwapangitsa kuti ikhale yayitali komanso yotchuka pakugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri, komanso kuyambitsa kusamvana kwa matenda.
Kulumikizana kwa mawu akuti kuledzera ndi kukondana kumandithandiza kwambiri pazachipatala. Pamene ndinkayendetsa gulu lothandizira anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, nthawi zambiri ndinkayambitsa gululo ndi zochita zomwe zimaphatikizapo matanthauzo osiyanasiyana a mawu oti "kuledzera" kuti ndithandize kukambirana. Panali matanthauzo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ena azachipatala, ena ochokera ku magwero ovomerezeka monga DSM ndi mawu ena ochokera kwa anthu otchuka omwe kale anali kugwiritsa ntchito. Kenako ndimapempha mamembala a gululo kuti asankhe mawu omwe amamva kuti amafotokoza zomwe adakumana nazo. Nthawi zambiri ogwiritsa ntchito amasankha mawu ochokera kwa Dr. Patrick Carnes, (yemwe ndi katswiri pa kuchiza kuledzera ndi kugonana ndipo walemba mabuku angapo pankhaniyi kuphatikizapo, Out of the Shadows ) momwe amafotokozera kuledzera ngati "ubale wa pathological". Kuti mawu awa, olembedwa ndi katswiri wa chizolowezi chogonana, ndi omwe amunawa amasankha nthawi zambiri ndi osangalatsa kwa ine. Kenako amapitiliza kufotokoza ubale wawo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati ubale wapamtima, wodalirika komanso wokhazikika womwe adakumana nawo. Kugwirizana kwawo ndi mankhwala omwe amasankha kunali kwenikweni ndipo nthawi zambiri, chinali chinthu chokhacho chomwe akanatha kugwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze chitonthozo. Ambiri mwa amunawa anali ndi mbiri ya miyoyo ya mabanja yosakhazikika komanso yozunza, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankakhumudwitsidwa ndi anthu omwe inu ndi ine timayembekezera kuti tingawakhulupirire, mobwerezabwereza. Nzosadabwitsa kuti kukonda kwawo zinthu zawo, chizolowezi chawo cha zinthu zawo zoledzeretsa chinali chovuta kusiya. Carnes akupitiliza kunena kuti ubale wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi wolowa m'malo mwa ubale wabwino ndi anthu. Zomwezo zitha kunenedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu zoledzeretsa, kutchova juga ndi omwe amaonera zolaula mopitirira muyeso, zomwe ndi zomwe kafukufuku wanga adalemba:
“Sindigwirizana kwenikweni. Ndi chifukwa chake ndimaonera zolaula pa intaneti. Koma kangapo konse ndakhala ndikuyanjana kwakanthawi ndipo ndimakhala ndi mpumulo womwe umabwera podziwa kuti ndili ndi ufulu wobwereranso pa intaneti, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti sichingakhale chinthu chabwino ”
Ngati titatenga mawu oti "chizolowezi" kutanthauza kungodziphatika, kudzipereka, kapena ukapolo wa chinthu china, kaya ndi chinthu chonga mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena zochita, monga kutchova juga, masewera kapena zolaula pa intaneti, ndiye kuti mawu oti chizolowezi akuwoneka kuti akugwirizana, makamaka ngati mawu ofotokozera ngati si ozindikira. Tanthauzo lililonse loipa la mawuwo lingakhale logwirizana ndi chinthucho kapena khalidwe lomwe limakhala lovuta pankhani imeneyo, osati mawu oti "chizolowezi" lokha. Kuphatikiza apo, mitu yankhani yomwe imati chizolowezi cha zolaula "sichilipo" kapena ndi "nthano" chifukwa sichinalembedwe ngati matenda mu DSM ndi yolondola mwaukadaulo, chifukwa, mu DSM yamakono palibe vuto ndi mawu enieni oti "chizolowezi" omwe alembedwa konse. Zonsezi ndi matenda ogwirizana ndi chinthucho kapena khalidwe, monga mu Alcohol Use Disorder kapena Opioid Use Disorder etc. - ngakhale kuti matenda onsewa agwera pansi pa Substance Use & Addictive Behaviours.
Goodman (2001) adapereka umboni wotsimikizika wa mawu oti "chizolowezi chogonana" pofotokoza zomwe zimachitika pamavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana. Adawona kufanana pakati pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndipo adapeza kuti ndizofanana kwambiri. M'zaka 20 zapitazi, kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya ubongo kwawonetsa kuti kufanana kumeneku kumawonekera muubongo. Ndiye, ngati mawu oti "chizolowezi" achotsedwa pati pamkangano, kodi tidzatsala tikukambirana chiyani? Kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kugonana kapena zolaula sikuvulaza? Kuti anthu omwe amadzitcha kuti ndi okonda zolaula pa intaneti ndi onyenga kapena olakwika? Sindikuganiza kuti ndizothandiza konse. Zoona zake n'zakuti, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi kugonana molakwika kulipo, ndipo ndi vuto lenileni kwa ambiri. Iwo omwe akukumana ndi vutoli mosakayikira sakusamala za zomwe mukufuna kutcha matenda awo, koma zambiri zokhudza kupeza thandizo, kuchira ndi kuchiritsidwa ku vutoli, kaya limatchedwa chiyani. Monga mlangizi, si ntchito yanga kukambirana ndi makasitomala za ngati vuto lawo ndi "chizolowezi chenicheni" kapena ayi. Ntchito yanga ndi kumvetsera, kuthandiza kusintha zinthu komanso kuthandiza kasitomala wanga kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino kwa iwo eni komanso okondedwa awo.
Msonkhano wa American Psychiatric. 2013. Buku lodziwitsa ndi kuwerengera kwamavuto amisala. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: Wolemba.
Goodman, A. (2001) Ndi dzina liti? Matchulidwe otanthauzira matenda amachitidwe ogonana. Kugonana & Kukakamira. 8: 191–213, 2001. DOI: 10.1080 / 107201601753459919
Richard J. Rosenthal & Suzanne B. Faris. (2019) Chiyambi ndi mbiri yoyambirira ya 'kuledzera', Addiction Research & Theory, 27:5, 437-449, DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2018.1543412