Matthias Brand ndiye mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya General Psychology: Cognition ku yunivesite ya Duisburg-Essen (Gulu la ochita kafukufuku). Mndandanda uli m'munsiyi ndi maphunziro a ubongo owonetsa zithunzi zolaula, ndi ndemanga za zolemba / ndemanga za zolaula, Brand ndi timu yake yatulutsa:
1) Kuwonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa intaneti: Udindo wa Kugonana Kwachiwerewere ndi Maganizo a Paganizo - Maganizo a Psychiatric kwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Pogonana Kwambiri (Brand et al., 2011) - [zikhumbo zazikulu / zolimbikitsana ndi ntchito zosauka kwambiri] - An excerpt:
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti mavuto omwe amadziwika pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ogwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika zogonana pa intaneti amanenedweratu ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana, chiwonongeko chachikulu cha zizindikiro zamaganizo, ndi chiwerengero cha kugonana komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhala pa Intaneti pa malo ogonana, pamene nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito malo opatsirana pogonana pa intaneti (maminiti patsiku) sizinathandize kwambiri kufotokozera kusiyana kwa magawo a IATsex. Timawona zofanana pakati pa njira zamaganizo ndi ubongo zimene zingathandize kuti zisamalire pa Intaneti komanso zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidaliro chodalira.
2) Zithunzi Zojambula Zithunzi Zogwiritsira Ntchito Zojambula ndi Ntchito Yoyang'ana Kumbukirani (Laier et al., 2013) - [zikhumbo zazikulu / zolimbikitsana ndi ntchito zosauka kwambiri] - An excerpt:
Anthu ena amafotokoza mavuto panthawi yogonana pa intaneti ndi pambuyo, monga kusowa tulo ndikuiwala mayina, omwe amakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira zoipa za moyo. Njira imodzi yomwe ingabweretse mavuto amenewa ndikuti kugonana pa nthawi yogonana pa Intaneti kungasokoneze mphamvu ya kukumbukira ntchito (WM), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kunyalanyaza zinthu zowonongeka kwazomwe zimapangidwira zachilengedwe komanso kusokoneza chisankho. Zotsatira zinawonetsa zovuta kwambiri za WM kuchithunzi cha zithunzi zolaula za ntchito ya 4-kumbuyo poyerekeza ndi zinthu zitatu zotsalira. Zakafukufuku zafotokozedwa potsata kuledzera kwa intaneti chifukwa chakuti kulephera kwa WM ndi zida zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala oledzeretsa zimadziwika bwino kuchokera kuzinthu zowonongeka.
3) Zokambirana Zogonana Zogonana Ndizochita Zopanga Zopanda Pake (Laier et al., 2013) - [zikhumbo zazikulu / zolimbikitsana ndi ntchito zosauka kwambiri] - An excerpt:
Kuchita zisankho kunali koipa kwambiri pamene zithunzi zachiwerewere zimagwiridwa ndi mapepala osokoneza mapepala poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimachitika pamene zithunzi zogonana zogwirizana ndi zopindulitsa. Kugonjera kugonana kwachangu kunayambitsa mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha ntchito ndi kupanga kupanga chisankho. Phunziroli likugogomezera kuti kukakamiza kugonana kumasokoneza kupanga chisankho, chomwe chikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ena amakumana ndi zotsatira zoipa pa nkhani yogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti.
4) Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti: Kugonana kwachidziwitso pamene mukuwonera zolaula osati zogonana zenizeni zimapangitsa kusiyana (Laier et al., 2013) - [zikhumbo zazikulu / zolimbikitsana ndi ntchito zosauka kwambiri] - An excerpt:
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zizindikiro zogonana zimadzuka ndikulakalaka zolaula pa Intaneti zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pa phunziro loyamba. Komanso, zinasonyezedwa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a pa Intaneti ogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ogonana amavomereza kuti akugonana kwambiri komanso akulakalaka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zolaula. Mu maphunziro onsewa, chiwerengero ndi khalidwe ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwenikweni zamoyo sizinayanjanitsidwe ndi chizoloŵezi cha kugonana pa Intaneti. Zotsatirazi zimapereka chithunzithunzi chokhutiritsa, chomwe chimayambitsa kulimbikitsa, kuphunzira njira, ndikukhumba kukhala njira yoyenera pakukula ndi kukonzanso kuledzera kwa cybersex. Osauka kapena osakhutiritsa zokhudzana ndi zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana sangathe kufotokoza mokwanira za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti.
5) Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pogonana ndi amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa intaneti zolaula kungathe kufotokozedwa ndi kukondweretsa (Laier et al., 2014) - [kukhumba / kudzikuza kwakukulu] - An excerpt:
Tinafufuza abambo a 51 a IPU ndi a 51 omwe sali oonera zolaula (NIPU). Pogwiritsira ntchito mayankho, tinayang'ana kuopsa kwa chiwerewere cha cybersex mwachindunji, komanso kukhudzidwa kwachisangalalo cha kugonana, khalidwe lalikulu la kugonana, ndi kuuma kwa zizindikiro za maganizo. Kuwonjezera apo, paradigm yowonongeka, kuphatikizapo kuyesedwa kovomerezeka kwa zithunzi zolaula za 100, komanso zizindikiro zokhumba, zinkachitidwa. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti IPU inawonetsera zithunzi zolaula zikukweza ndipo ikuwonetsa chilakolako chachikulu chowonetsera zithunzi zolaula poyerekeza ndi NIPU. Komanso, kukhumba, kukonda kugonana kwa zithunzi, kukhudzidwa ndi zokondweretsa za kugonana, khalidwe lachiwerewere, ndi kuuma kwa zizindikiro za maganizo kunaneneratu zizoloŵezi zakugonjetsa kugonana kwa azimayi ku IPU. Kukhala mu chibwenzi, chiwerengero cha kugonana, kukhutira ndi kugonana, komanso kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti sizinayanjane ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwa amuna amtundu wapakati pa maphunziro apitalo. Zomwe zokhudzana ndi kulimbitsa chilakolako chogonana, njira zophunzirira, komanso ntchito yowonongeka ndi chilakolako chofuna kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere cha pa Intaneti pa IPU ziyenera kukambidwa.
6) Umboni Wotsutsika ndi Zopeka Zokhudza Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kugonana kwa Ogonana ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Osokonezeka Maganizo Kuchokera Kumalingaliro Olingalira Maganizo (Laier et al., 2014) - [kukhumba / kudzikuza kwakukulu] - An excerpt:
Chikhalidwe cha chochitika chomwe chimatchedwa kuti cyber sex (CA) ndi njira zake za chitukuko chikufotokozedwa. Ntchito yapitayi imasonyeza kuti anthu ena akhoza kukhala pachiopsezo cha CA, pomwe kulimbikitsana ndi kuyimitsa bwinoko kumaonedwa ngati njira zofunikira za chitukuko cha CA. Mu phunziro lino, amuna a amuna osakwatirana a 155 amavomereza zithunzi zolaula za 100 ndikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kugonana kwawo. Komanso, zizoloŵezi za CA, kukhudzidwa ndi chisangalalo cha kugonana, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagonana mwachisawawa zinawerengedwa. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikusonyeza kuti pali zifukwa za chiopsezo cha CA ndi kupereka umboni wa ntchito yokhutiritsa kugonana ndi kuthana ndi vuto losavomerezeka pa chitukuko cha CA.
7) Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti (Mtundu & Laier, 2015). Zowonjezera:
Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula. Anthu ena amalephera kuthetsa machitidwe awo pa Intaneti komanso amawauza kuti sangagwiritse ntchito njira zawo zogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti ngakhale atakumana ndi mavuto. M'nkhani zam'mbuyo zatsopano, kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti pa Intaneti kumatengedwa ngati mtundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku wina wamakono akufufuzira kufanana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe a cybersex ndi zizoloŵezi zina za makhalidwe, monga Internet Gaming Disorder. Kukonzekera-kukwaniritsa ndi kukhumba kumaonedwa kuti kumachita mbali yaikulu pa kugonana kwa kugonana ndi kugonana. Komanso, njira zogwirira ntchito za chitukuko ndi kukonzanso kuyanjana kwa cybersex makamaka zimakhudza kukhumudwa pakupanga chisankho ndi ntchito zogwira ntchito. Maphunziro a Neuroimaging amachirikiza kuganiza kwa zochitika zogwirizana pakati pa kugonana kwa ma cybersex ndi zina zoledzera komanso kukhala wodalirika.
8) Sayansi ya Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: Kukonzanso ndi Kukonzanso (Love et al., 2015). Kufufuza kwathunthu zolemba zokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo zokhudzana ndi machitidwe ozunguza bongo pa intaneti, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa zolaula za pa intaneti. Kuwongosoledwanso kumatsutsanso mutu wa posachedwapa womwe ukugwira EEG maphunziro ndi magulu otsogoleredwa Chithunzi cha Nicole (omwe amanamizira kuti zomwe apezazo zikukayikira za kuledzera kolaula). Zowonjezera:
Ambiri amadziwa kuti zizolowezi zingapo zomwe zingakhudze mphotho yoyendayenda mu ubongo waumunthu zimayambitsa kutaya mphamvu ndi zizindikiritso zina za chizoloŵezi mwa anthu ena. Ponena za kuledzera kwa intaneti, kafukufuku wamaganizo amatsutsana ndi lingaliro lakuti machitidwe a neural ali ofanana ndi kusokoneza bongo ... Pakati pa ndemanga iyi, timapereka mwachidule mfundo zomwe zimapangidwira kusokoneza bongo ndikupereka mwachidule za kafukufuku wa sayansi pa intaneti ndi vuto la kusewera kwa intaneti. Komanso, tinayang'ana zofalitsa zopezeka m'magazi pa zolaula zolaula pa intaneti ndikugwirizanitsa zotsatirapo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuwongolera kumatsimikizira kuti kuwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti zikugwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi choledzeretsa ndipo zimagawana njira zofanana ndizo zowonongeka.
9) Kugwirizanitsa Maganizo ndi Maganizo Okhudza Pulogalamu Yokhudza Kusintha ndi Kusamalira Mavuto Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito pa Intaneti: Kuyanjanitsa kwa Munthu-Kuzindikira-Mchitidwe wochitidwa (Brand et al., 2016). Kuwunika njira zothandizira ndikukonzekera mavuto ena ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti, kuphatikizapo "Internet-zolaula-kuyang'ana matenda". Olemba amanena kuti kuonera zolaula (ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa) kumatchulidwa ngati vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikuikidwa ndi zizoloŵezi zina zowonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito matenda osokoneza bongo. Zowonjezera:
Ngakhale kuti DSM-5 imayang'ana pa maseŵera a pa intaneti, olemba ambiri amasonyeza kuti anthu ofunafuna chithandizo angagwiritsenso ntchito ma intaneti ena kapena malo addictively ....
Kuchokera mu kafukufuku wamakono, tikupempha kuti tigwiritse ntchito mavuto a intaneti pa ICD-11 yomwe ikubwera. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kuposa vuto la intaneti, masewera ena amagwiritsidwanso ntchito movuta. Njira imodzi ingaphatikizepo kutsegula nthawi yowonongeka kwa intaneti, yomwe imatha kufotokozedwa poganizira ntchito yoyamba yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, vuto la masewera a pa intaneti, vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti, zolaula pa Intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito matenda, Kusokoneza mauthenga pa intaneti, ndi kugula malonda pa intaneti).
10) Kuteteza kwa Prefrontal ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti: njira yophunzitsira ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kafukufuku wamaganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi ubongo (Brand et al., 2015) - [machitidwe osagwira ntchito oyendetsa bwino / ntchito yosauka yolimbikitsana ndi kuwalimbikitsa] - Ndemanga:
Zogwirizana ndi izi, zotsatira za magwiridwe antchito a neuroimaging ndi kafukufuku wina wamaubongo akuwonetsa kuti kuzindikira-kukonzanso, kulakalaka, ndikupanga zisankho ndi malingaliro ofunikira kuti mumvetsetse zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti. Zotsatira zakuchepetsa kwa oyang'anira zimayenderana ndi zizolowezi zina, monga kutchova njuga kwamatenda. Amanenanso za kutsindika kwa chodabwitsachi ngati chizolowezi, chifukwa palinso zofananira zingapo ndi zomwe zidapezeka pakudalira mankhwala. Komanso, zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano zikufanana ndi zomwe zapezedwa pakufufuza kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikugogomezera kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana pa cybersex ndi zizolowezi zakumwa kapena zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe.
11) Kucheza ndi anthu ogonana pa Intaneti pa Intaneti: Adaption of Implicit Association Test ndi zithunzi zolaula (Snagkowski et al., 2015) - [kukhumba / kudzikuza kwakukulu] - Zolemba:
Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti komanso zizolowezi zawo ndikukangana kuti azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati chizolowezi. Kudalira kwambiri zinthu, mabungwe omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi gawo lofunikira, ndipo mayanjano abwinowa sanaphunzirepo pazovuta zapa cybersex, mpaka pano. Pakafukufukuyu, amuna 128 amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adatenga nawo gawo adamaliza Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) yosinthidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta pamavuto azakugonana, chidwi chazakugonana, zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, komanso kulakalaka kugonja chifukwa chakuwona zithunzi zolaula adayesedwa. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa maubwenzi abwino pakati pamagulu azithunzi zolaula omwe ali ndi malingaliro ndi zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, zovuta pamavuto ogonana, kutengeka ndi chisangalalo chogonana komanso kulakalaka kugonja. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika koyeserera kunawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amati amakonda kwambiri zolaula ndikuwonetsa mayanjano abwino azithunzi zolaula ali ndi malingaliro abwino, makamaka omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsa kuti kuthekera kophatikizana ndi zithunzi zolaula pakukonzekera ndikukonzanso chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti. Komanso, zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano zikufanana ndi zomwe zapezedwa pakufufuza kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikugogomezera kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi cha cybersex ndi zizolowezi zamankhwala kapena zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe.
12) Zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo angagwirizane ndi onse omwe akuyandikira ndikupewa zolaula: zotsatira za chitsanzo cha analogi ya ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti pa Intaneti (Snagkowski, et al., 2015) - [kukhumba / kudzikuza kwakukulu] - Zolemba:
Njira zina zimagwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala zosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika kapena kupezeka ndi njira zofunikira. Akatswiri ambiri ofufuza adanena kuti pakakhala chisankho chogwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa, anthu angasonyeze zizoloŵezi zoyenera kukambirana kapena kupeŵa zosokoneza zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere. Mu phunziro la tsopano la 123 amuna okhaokha amatha kukwaniritsa Njira Yopewera (AAT; Sakanizani ndi Becker, 2007) asinthidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Pa otsogolera a AAT amayenera kukakamiza zolaula kapena kuwakopera okha ndi chimwemwe. Kukhalanso ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, khalidwe lachiwerewere, ndi zizoloŵezi zakugonana ndi kugonana ndi azinyalala zinayesedwa ndi mafunso.
Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zakugonana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi amakonda kugwiritsira ntchito kapena kupeŵa zolaula zolaula. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza koyendetsa zinthu zolimbitsa thupi kunawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana ndi khalidwe loipa la kugonana omwe amasonyeza njira zabwino zopezera / kupeŵa, adawonetsa zizindikiro zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Malingaliro okhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi mankhwala, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zizoloŵezi zomwe zimayendera komanso kupeŵa zingayambitse kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe ozunguza bongo. Kuphatikizanso, kugwirizana ndi kukhudzidwa ndi zosangalatsa za kugonana ndi khalidwe loyambitsa chiwerewere kungakhale ndi kuwonjezereka kwa madandaulo omwe ali nawo tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti. Zomwe anapezazi zikupereka umboni wowonjezereka wofanana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe opatsirana pogonana ndi zokhudzana ndi mankhwala. Kufanana kotereku kungabwererenso kumtundu wina wa maukondwerero omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti.
13) Kupitirizabe kuonera zolaula? Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kapena kusasamala za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pazochitika zambiri zikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito mowa pa Intaneti (Schiebener et al., 2015) - [zikhumbo zazikulu / zolimbikitsa ndi olamulira oyang'anira osauka] - Excerpt:
Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, monga zolaula, mwauchidakwa, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto aakulu pamoyo wawo kapena ntchito. Njira imodzi yomwe ingatsogolere ku zotsatira zoipa zingakhale zochepetsedwa kuyang'anira ulamuliro pa kuzindikira ndi khalidwe zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kuti zitheke kusintha pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito cybersex ndi ntchito zina ndi maudindo a moyo. Kuti tithetse vutoli, tafufuza otsogolera amuna omwe ali ndi 104 ndi maulamuliro akuluakulu omwe akutsogolera maofesi awiri. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali ndi zithunzi za anthu, ndipo ena anali ndi zithunzi zolaula. Zonsezi ziyika zithunzizo kuti zikhale zosiyana malinga ndi zofunikira zina. Cholinga chodziwikiratu chinali kugwira ntchito pazogawa zonse ndi ndalama zofanana, mwa kusintha pakati pa ntchitoyi ndi ntchito yoyenera.
Tinawona kuti ntchito zochepa zochepa pazithunzi zambirizi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chizoloŵezi chokwanira kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere. Anthu omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chimenechi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena kunyalanyaza kugwira ntchito pa zithunzi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepetsa ulamuliro wotsogolera pa ntchito zambiri, pamene akukumana ndi zolaula, kungayambitse makhalidwe osayenera komanso zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la kugonana ndi azinthu zakugonana. Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zogonana ndi ogonana amaoneka ngati ali ndi chizoloŵezi chopewa kapena kufotokozera zolaula, monga momwe zanenedwa muzolimbikitsa zowonongeka.
14) Kukondweretsa Kugonana ndi Kulimbana Kwambiri Ndikoyenera Kuletsa Kugonana kwa Amuna Kapena Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha (Laier et al., 2015) - [kukhumba / kudzikuza kwakukulu] - Zolemba:
Zotsatira zaposachedwa zasonyeza kusonkhana pakati pa CyberSex Addiction (CA) zolimba ndi zizindikiro za kukondweretsa kugonana, ndipo kuti kulimbana ndi khalidwe la kugonana kumalimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa kukondweretsa kugonana ndi zizindikiro za CA. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuyesa mgwirizanowu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Masikiti amawonetsa zizindikiro za CA, kukhudzidwa ndi zosangalatsa za kugonana, zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito zifukwa, zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana, zizindikiro zamaganizo, ndi khalidwe la kugonana pamoyo weniweni komanso pa intaneti. Komanso, anthu owona mavidiyo akuwonera mafilimu owonetsa zolaula ndikuwonetseratu kuti akugonana musanakhale ndi kanema. Zotsatira zinasonyeza mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa zizindikiro za CA ndi zizindikiro zokhuza kugonana ndi kukondweretsa kugonana, kuthana ndi khalidwe la kugonana, ndi zizindikiro za maganizo. CA siidagwirizane ndi makhalidwe osagwirizana ndi kugonana komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti. Kulimbana ndi zilakolako za kugonana kunayambitsa mgwirizano pakati pa kukondweretsa kugonana ndi CA. Zotsatirazo zikufanana ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe amaloledwa kugonana amuna ndi akazi m'maphunziro apitalo ndipo akukambidwa motsutsana ndi chiyambi cha ziphunzitso za CA, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ntchito yabwino ndi yolimbikitsa chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti.
15) Ntchito ya Ventral Striatum Pamene Kuonera Zojambula Zosangalatsa Zithunzi Zili Zogwirizana ndi Zizindikiro za Kuonera Zolaula za pa Intaneti (Brand et al., 2016) - [kukumbukira kwambiri / kuchititsa chidwi] - Chiwerengero cha German fMRI. Kupeza #1: Ntchito yapakatikati ya mphoto (ventral striatum) inali yapamwamba kwa zithunzi zolaula zosankhika. Kupeza #2: Ventral striatum reactivity yogwirizana ndi chiwerewere cha kugonana kwa intaneti. Zotsatira ziwirizi zikuwonetseratu kulimbikitsa ndikugwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Olembawo akunena kuti "Neural maziko a zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti zikufanana ndi zoledzeretsa zina." Chidule:
Mtundu wina wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachititsa kuti anthu azionera zolaula komanso amaonerera zolaula pa Intaneti. Kafukufuku wa Neuroimaging anapeza zochitika zowonongeka pamene anthu adayang'ana zolaula zakugonana poyerekeza ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana. Ife tsopano tikuganiza kuti ventral striatum iyenera kuyankha pa zolaula zosakondedwa poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zolaula zomwe sizikukondedwa ndi kuti zochitika za ventral striatum mu kusiyana kumeneku ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zizindikiro zowononga zolaula za pa Intaneti. Tinaphunzira ophunzira a 19 amuna amodzi ndi amuna omwe ali ndi chithunzi paradigm kuphatikizapo zithunzi zolaula zomwe sizinafune.
Zithunzi zochokera m'gulu losankhika zinayesedwa ngati zowonjezera, zosasangalatsa, komanso zoyenera. Yankho la Ventral striatum linali lolimba kwa chikhalidwe chochepetsedwa poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosakondedwa. Ntchito yotchedwa Ventral striatum mu kusiyana kumeneku inagwirizanitsidwa ndi zidziwitso zodzionetsera zolaula za pa Intaneti. Chidziwitso chodzidzimutsa chidziwitso chidali chokhacho chodziwika bwino pakuyesa kutsutsana ndi kuyanjana kwachidziwitso monga zokhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zowononga zolaula, zachidwi zokhudzana ndi kugonana, khalidwe lachiwerewere, kupsinjika maganizo, kukhudzidwa kwachinsinsi, ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere m'masiku otsiriza monga otsogolera . Zotsatira zimathandizira udindo wa ventral striatum pokonzekera mphotho kuyembekezera ndi kukondweretsa komwe kumagwirizana ndi zofuna zolaula zomwe zimakonda kwambiri. Njira zothandizira mphotho zowonongeka zowonjezereka zingathandize kuti pakhale mafotokozedwe a neural omwe amachititsa kuti anthu ena azikonda komanso kugonana ali pachiopsezo choti asayambe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
16) Kukonda Kwambiri Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Kuphunzira Kugwirizana Kulosera Zomwe Zimayendera Kulimbana ndi Kugonana ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Omwe Amagwiritsira Ntchito Kugonana ndi Anthu Omwe Amagwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti pa Intaneti.Snagkowski et al., 2016) - [chidziwitso chochulukirapo / chidziwitso, kuyanjanitsidwa kwabwino] - Phunziro lapaderali linapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala osalowerera ndale, zomwe zinaneneratu kuti zithunzi zolaulazo zidzawonekera. Zolemba:
Palibe mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi njira zowunikira za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Ena amayandikira kufanana ndi zida zofunikira, zomwe zimayambitsa kuphunzira ndizofunika kwambiri. Mu phunziro ili, amuna a 86 amuna amodzi amatha kukonza Standard Pavlovian kupita ku Chida Choyendetsa Chosakanizidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula kuti afufuze maphunziro oyanjana pa chiwerewere. Kuonjezerapo, chilakolako chofuna kudziwonera chifukwa choonera zithunzi zolaula ndi zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi machitidwe opatsirana pogonana zinayesedwa. Zotsatira zinasonyeza zotsatira za chilakolako chofuna kukhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuphunzira. Zowonongeka, izi zowonjezera zimalongosola mbali yofunika kwambiri yophunzirira kusonkhana kuti pakhale chitukuko cha kugonana kwa pa Intaneti, pomwe ikupereka umboni wowonjezereka wa kufanana pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Mwachidule, zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono zimasonyeza kuti kuphunzira kusonkhana kungakhale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zomwe tapeza zimapereka umboni wochuluka wofanana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi ndi azimayi komanso zokhudzana ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi vutoli.
17) Kusintha kwa thupi pambuyo poonera zolaula pa intaneti zikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za pa Intaneti-zolaula-kuyang'ana matenda (Laier & Mtundu, 2016) - [kukhumba / kukhudzidwa kwakukulu, zosakondeka] - Zowonjezera:
Zotsatira zazikulu za phunziroli ndikuti zizolowezi zowonera zolaula pa intaneti (IPD) zimalumikizidwa ndikumverera bwino, kukhala maso, bata, komanso kukhala ndi nkhawa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso chilimbikitso chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pankhani yokhudza chisangalalo komanso kupewa kukhudzidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zizolowezi za IPD zinali zokhudzana ndi malingaliro asanafike komanso atatha kuwonera zolaula pa intaneti komanso kuwonjezeka kwenikweni kwakhazikika komanso bata. Chiyanjano pakati pa zizolowezi za IPD ndi chisangalalo chofunafuna chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti chidawongoleredwa ndikuwunika kukhutira komwe kumachitika. Kawirikawiri, zotsatira za phunziroli zimagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti IPD imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chilimbikitso chofuna kukhutiritsa kugonana ndikupewa kapena kuthana ndi kukhumudwa komanso kuganiza kuti zosintha pakusintha zolaula zimalumikizidwa ndi IPD (Cooper et al., 1999 ndi Laier ndi Brand, 2014).
18) Zotsatila za (Zosokoneza) Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti Kugonana mwachangu: Udindo wa khalidwe lolimbikitsa kugonana ndi njira yeniyeni Zomwe zimayendera pazogonana (Stark et al., 2017) - [zikuluzikulu zowonjezera / kukhudzidwa / zikhumbo] - Zowonjezera:
Kafukufuku wamakono akufufuzira ngati zofuna zogonana ndi zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizo zowonongeka za mavuto omwe SEM amagwiritsa ntchito komanso nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'ana SEM. Poyesera, tinagwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yopewera (AAT) pofuna kuyesa njira zogonana zogonana. Kulumikizana bwino pakati pa njira yoyenera yowonekera ku SEM komanso nthawi yomwe yakhala ikuwonetsetsa SEM ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi zotsatira zake: Njira yodalirika yowonjezereka ingathe kutanthauzidwa ngati chisamaliro choyang'ana kwa SEM. Nkhani yomwe ili ndi chidwi chenicheni ichi ikhoza kukopeka kwambiri ndi kugonana pa intaneti yomwe imakhala ndi nthawi yochuluka yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo a SEM.
19) Zizolowezi zoonera zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito vuto: Zosiyana ndi amuna ndi akazi zokhudzana ndi zolaula (2018) - [chidziwitso chowonjezereka / chidziwitso, zikhumbo zowonjezera]. Zowonjezera
Olemba angapo amaona kuti Internet-zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito matenda (IPD) monga matenda osokoneza bongo. Imodzi mwa njira zomwe zakhala zikuphunzira mwakhama mu zovuta zenizeni ndi zosagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ndizowonjezera chidwi chokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera. Zolinga zamakono zimatanthauzidwa kuti zidziwitso za momwe munthu amalingalira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choyambitsa chizolowezi choyambitsa chizoloŵezi choyambitsa chizolowezi chowongolera. Izi zimaganiziridwa muchitsanzo cha I-PACE kuti anthu omwe angathe kukhala ndi zizindikiro za IPD zimakhala zodziwika bwino komanso zowonongeka-kuyanjanitsa ndi kulakalaka kumawoneka ndikuwonjezeka muzolowera. Kuti tifufuze mbali yowonongeka mwachitukuko cha IPD, ife tafufuzira chitsanzo cha amuna ndi akazi a 174. Ndalama zowonongeka zinayesedwa ndi Zojambula Zowonongeka, zomwe ophunzira anayenera kuchita ndi mivi yomwe ikuwoneka pambuyo pa zolaula kapena zosaoneka. Kuphatikizanso, ophunzira adziwonetsa kuti chilakolako chawo chogonana chinayambitsidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zizoloŵezi za IPD zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa Internetsex Addiction Test. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsera mgwirizano pakati pa chisokonezo chodziwikitsa ndi kuonetsa mphamvu za IPD pang'ono podulidwa ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka-kukwaniritsa ndi kukhumba. Ngakhale kuti abambo ndi amai amasiyana nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zolaula, kufufuza koyendetsa bwino kumawonetsa kuti kunyalanyazidwa kumachitika pokhapokha ngati kugonana kumagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za IPD. Zotsatirazi zimapereka lingaliro lachinsinsi la chitsanzo cha I-PACE chokhudza kulimbikitsana kowonjezera kwa zokhudzana ndi zizolowezi zoledzera ndipo zimagwirizana ndi maphunziro omwe akukamba za kugwiritsidwa ntchito-kugwirizanitsa ndi chilakolako cha vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala.
20) Makhalidwe ndi khalidwe lachikhalidwe pakati pa amuna ndi chizoloŵezi cha pa Intaneti-zolaula-ntchito matenda (Antons & Mtundu, 2018) - [zolakalaka zolimbikitsidwa, kusakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe chachikulu]. Zolemba:
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti khalidwe lachiwerewere limagwirizanitsidwa ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba cha intaneti-zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito matenda (IPD). Makamaka amuna omwe ali ndi khalidwe lapamwamba kwambiri komanso chikhalidwe chosafuna kudziwika pa zochitika zolaula za ntchito yoimitsa chizindikiro komanso omwe ali ndi chidwi chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zizindikiro zoopsa za IPD.
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zonse zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko zimakhala ndi mbali yofunikira pakukula kwa IPD. Malingana ndi mafanizo awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito osokoneza, zotsatira zingakhale zisonyezero za kusamvetseka pakati pa zochitika zosaoneka ndi zooneka zomwe zingayambitsidwe ndi zolaula. Zimenezi zingachititse kuti asayambe kugwiritsira ntchito Intaneti, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale kuti zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa.
Timavomereza ndi "chizoloŵezi chodziŵika" osati nthawi yabwino komanso yovuta kwambiri. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chiwerengero cha CPUI-9 pofotokozera "kuyerekezera kovuta" sikukuwoneka koyenerera kupatsidwa kuti magawo atatuwa amatha kusanthula zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kuledzera. Mwachitsanzo, chilakolako sichikwaniridwe mokwanira (onani pamwambapa), kuledzera sikutanthauzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu / zowonongeka (izi zimasiyana mosiyana ndi zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala; onaninso zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira za CPUI-9 ku Fernandez et al., 2017), ndi zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi zoledzeretsa sizingaganizidwe mokwanira (mwachitsanzo, kusokoneza mu ubale, ntchito, sukulu). Mafunso ambiri a CPUI-9, monga okhudzana ndi kupsinjika maganizo komanso okhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe / chipembedzo, samagwirizana bwino ndi maulendo awiri omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi CPUI-9 okhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa ndi kupeza (Grubbs et al. , 2015a). Pa chifukwa ichi, ena ofufuza (mwachitsanzo, Fernandez et al., 2017) adanena kuti, "zomwe tinazipeza zikukayikira zokwanira za Emotional Distress subscale monga gawo la CPUI-9," makamaka chifukwa cha Emotional Distress chigawo chomwe sichisonyeza chiyanjano ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwonjezera apo, kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi pamlingo womwe umatanthawuza "kuledzera" kungalepheretse kupeza zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu likhale loperekedwa kuchokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika komanso kugwiritsira ntchito phindu la khalidwe labwino labwino (Grubbs et al., 2015a). Ngakhale kuti detayi ingapereke chithandizo chosiyanitsa zinthu izi kuchokera kwa ena muyeso (zomwe zingakhale zothandizira zowonongeka), zinthuzo zimangoganizira za kudwala, manyazi, kapena kupanikizika poona zolaula. Maganizo olakwikawa amangotengera zotsatira zolakwika zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Intaneti, komanso zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zina zachipembedzo. Pofuna kusokoneza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi PPMI, nkofunika kwambiri kuganizira osati mbali yokha ya PPMI, komanso kuyanjana pakati pa njira zopangira mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe amapereka kwa PPMI kuti amvetse bwino zinthu ziwiri komanso ngati alidi, osiyana. Grubbs et al. (2018) (kutsatila mu gawo: "Nanga bwanji njira yachitatu?") kuti pakhale njira yowonjezera ya mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zingakhale zogwirizana ndi "zovuta zowonongeka" ndi PPMI yomweyo. Timatsutsa kuti kuphatikiza zonse ziwirizi sizingakhale zachiwiri, koma mwina njira yothetsera zolaula imagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'mawu ena, tikunena kuti njira zina zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa zikhoza kugwira ntchito ku PPMI ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika." Zofananazi zingakhalepo ngakhale nthawi yomwe yatha kuona zolaula zingakhale zosiyana ndi kulemekeza kuvutika kapena kuwonongeka kwa PPMI ndi " kugwiritsa ntchito zolakwika. "Mu" zikhalidwe zonsezi, "zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira cholinga, zomwe zingabweretse mavuto ndi mavuto, ndipo kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumapitilirabe ngakhale zotsatira zoipa. Maganizo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi akhoza kukhala ofanana, ndipo awa ayenera kufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane.
22) Makhalidwe okhudzidwa ndi zochitika zina zosiyana zimasiyanitsa pakati pa kusangalala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pa Intaneti (Stephanie et al., 2019) - [zolakalaka zowonjezereka, kuchepetsedwa kocheperako (kudzipangamira), chizoloŵezi]. Zowonjezera:
Chifukwa cha khalidwe lake lopindulitsa kwambiri, zithunzi zolaula za pa Intaneti (IP) zimakonzedweratu chifukwa cha makhalidwe oipa. Zomangamanga zokhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa kwadzidzidzi zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizo zopangitsa anthu kukhala ndi makhalidwe oipa. Phunziro ili, tinkafufuza zizoloŵezi zopanda chidwi (khalidwe lodzikonda, kuchepetsa kuchepetsa, ndi chizolowezi chozindikira), kukhumba ku IP, maganizo okhudza IP, ndi kugonjera mafashoni mwa anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito IP, nthawi zosangalatsa, komanso zosagwirizana. Magulu a anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zosangalatsa (n = 333), zosangalatsa - kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi (n = 394), ndikugwiritsa ntchito mosalamulira (n = 225) ya IP idadziwika ndi zida zowunikira.
Anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza adasonyezeratu kuti ali ndi chidwi chokhumba, kukhudzidwa mtima, kuchepetsa kuwongolera, ndi kupanikizana kosavomerezeka, ndi zotsatira zochepa kwambiri zothandizira kuthana ndi ntchito ndikufunikira kuzindikira. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti ziwalo zina za kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zofanana monga chilakolako ndi malingaliro olakwika kwambiri ndi enieni kwa osagwiritsa ntchito ma PC. Zotsatira zimalinso zogwirizana ndi zitsanzo pa zovuta zapamwamba zogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti ndi makhalidwe oledzera .... Kuwonjezera pamenepo, anthu omwe ali ndi IP osagwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza anali ndi maganizo olakwika pa IP poyerekezera ndi ogwiritsa ntchito osangalatsa. Zotsatira izi zikhoza kuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi ma PC osagwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza amachititsa chidwi kwambiri kapena amakakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito IP, ngakhale kuti atha kukhala ndi malingaliro oipa pa kugwiritsa ntchito IP, mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti awonapo zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi machitidwe awo a IP. Izi zikugwirizana ndi chidziwitso cholimbikitsana cha chizolowezi (Berridge & Robinson, 2016), zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kuchoka kulakalaka kufunafuna nthawi yovuta.
Chotsatira china chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti kukula kwake kwazomwe zimachitika poyesera nthawi yayitali pa mphindi iliyonse, poyerekeza ndi osagwiritsidwa ntchito osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito osangalala, anali oposa poyerekeza ndi mafupipafupi pa sabata. Izi zikhoza kusonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IP osagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka amakhala ndi mavuto kusiya kuyang'ana IP panthawi ya gawo kapena akusowa nthawi yochuluka kuti akwaniritse mphoto yomwe akufuna, yomwe ingafanane ndi mawonekedwe a kulekerera muzovuta za mankhwala. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zochokera ku ndondomeko ya diary, zomwe zasonyeza kuti zolaula zolaula ndi chimodzi mwa makhalidwe abwino kwambiri ochizira anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zakugonana (Masewera a Wordecha et al., 2018).
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Intaneti (IP) kumawonetsa kuchepa kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa IP komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza ngakhale zotsatira zake zoipa. Pali umboni wakuti chilakolako chimayambitsa zotsatira za chidziwitso cha mphamvu ya IP yosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Mafilimu ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito angathe kuthandiza anthu kuti ayambirane ndi khalidwe lawo pochita bwino ndi kukhumba. Izi zimabweretsa funso ngati zotsatira za chilakolako pa ntchito ya IP zimayesedwa ndi magwiridwe ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito mwa anthu omwe ali ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana a IP osagwirizana.
Zowonongeka, 1498 akazi opatsirana pogonana, amuna abambo a IP anachita nawo kufufuza pa intaneti. Ophunzirawo akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa momwe akugwiritsira ntchito IP, chiwonongeko cha kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa IP, machitidwe ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito, ndi chilakolako chawo ku IP.
Kupititsa patsogolo kotereku kunawonetsa kuti kuopsa kwa chidziwitso cha kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwe ntchito ka HIV kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Zotsatirazi zidasokonezedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi chilakolako ndi zotsatira za kukhumba pa ntchito ya IP zinayesedwa ndi magwiridwe ogwira ntchito.
24) Malingaliro, kupewa, ndi kuchiza matenda osokoneza bongo (2019)
Introduction Mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta, aphatikizidwa ku ICD-11 ngati chisokonezo cholamulira chisokonezo. Njira zodziwitsira za matendawa, komabe, ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kusokonezeka chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoipa, mwachitsanzo, zochitika zachiwerewere zobwereza zimakhala gawo lalikulu pamoyo wamunthu, zoyesayesa zopanda pake zakuchepetsa machitidwe abwenzi ogonana ndikupitilizabe kuchita zadama. mukukumana ndi zoyipa (WHO, 2019). Ofufuza ambiri ndi akatswiri azachipatala amanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta kumatha kuonedwa ngati chizolowezi chakhalidwe.
Njira Kutengera zamaganizidwe, maphunziro owunika amayesedwa polingalira funsoli ngati mbali zazikulu ndi njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi machitidwe osokoneza bongo zitha kuonekanso pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Results Kuchita zofanananso ndi kukhumba kophatikizana ndi kuchepetsedwa kudziwongolera, kuzindikira zodziwika bwino (mwachitsanzo, zizolowezi) ndi kukhutitsidwa ndikulipidwa kogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawonetsedwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wa Neurosciology amatsimikizira kukhudzidwa kwa magawo omwe amabwera chifukwa cha bongo, kuphatikiza ma ventral striatum ndi mbali zina za fronto-striatal loops, pakukonza ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta. Malipoti a milandu ndi kafukufuku wotsimikizira-za malingaliro akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kulowererapo kwa zamankhwala, mwachitsanzo, opioid antagonist naltrexone, pochiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso vuto lokakamiza pa kugonana. Zoyeserera zopanda chipatala zomwe zimayendetsedwa mosasamala m'malo mwake zimafunikira kuti ziwonetsetse zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumayambiriro kwa zamankhwala. Kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane pakuwoneka bwino kwa njira zopewera kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zovuta adakalibe, koma mutu wofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza ndi kuchita mtsogolo.
Kutsiliza Kulingalira kwa malingaliro ndi umboni wamphamvu kumawonetsa kuti njira zamaganizidwe ndi mitsempha zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zovuta zowonjezereka ndizothandizanso pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wokhazikika omwe amalimbana ndi njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwamagetsi ndi imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu kafukufuku wamtsogolo omwe amapereka njira zopewera umboni ndi zochizira zokhudzana ndi zolaula.
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