Matthias Brand ndiye mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya General Psychology: Cognition ku University of Duisburg-Essen ( gulu la ofufuza a Brand ). Pansipa pali maphunziro a ubongo okhudza ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndi ndemanga za mabuku/ndemanga pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula/kuledzera, zomwe Brand ndi gulu lake adasindikiza:
1) Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti: Udindo wa Kukonda Kugonana ndi Zizindikiro za Maganizo ndi Zamaganizo pa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mawebusayiti Ogonana pa Intaneti Mopitirira Muyeso ( Brand et al. , 2011) – [kulakalaka/kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yofooka ya utsogoleri] – Chidule:
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti mavuto omwe amadziwika pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ogwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika zogonana pa intaneti amanenedweratu ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana, chiwonongeko chachikulu cha zizindikiro zamaganizo, ndi chiwerengero cha kugonana komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhala pa Intaneti pa malo ogonana, pamene nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito malo opatsirana pogonana pa intaneti (maminiti patsiku) sizinathandize kwambiri kufotokozera kusiyana kwa magawo a IATsex. Timawona zofanana pakati pa njira zamaganizo ndi ubongo zimene zingathandize kuti zisamalire pa Intaneti komanso zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidaliro chodalira.
2) Kujambula Zithunzi Zolaula Kumasokoneza Kugwira Ntchito kwa Kukumbukira ( Laier et al. , 2013) – [kulakalaka/kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yofooka ya utsogoleri] – Chidule:
Anthu ena amafotokoza mavuto panthawi yogonana pa intaneti ndi pambuyo, monga kusowa tulo ndikuiwala mayina, omwe amakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira zoipa za moyo. Njira imodzi yomwe ingabweretse mavuto amenewa ndikuti kugonana pa nthawi yogonana pa Intaneti kungasokoneze mphamvu ya kukumbukira ntchito (WM), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kunyalanyaza zinthu zowonongeka kwazomwe zimapangidwira zachilengedwe komanso kusokoneza chisankho. Zotsatira zinawonetsa zovuta kwambiri za WM kuchithunzi cha zithunzi zolaula za ntchito ya 4-kumbuyo poyerekeza ndi zinthu zitatu zotsalira. Zakafukufuku zafotokozedwa potsata kuledzera kwa intaneti chifukwa chakuti kulephera kwa WM ndi zida zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala oledzeretsa zimadziwika bwino kuchokera kuzinthu zowonongeka.
3) Kujambula Zithunzi Zogonana Kumasokoneza Kupanga Zisankho Mosamveka ( Laier et al ., 2013) – [zilakolako/kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yofooka ya utsogoleri] – Chidule:
Kuchita zisankho kunali koipa kwambiri pamene zithunzi zachiwerewere zimagwiridwa ndi mapepala osokoneza mapepala poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimachitika pamene zithunzi zogonana zogwirizana ndi zopindulitsa. Kugonjera kugonana kwachangu kunayambitsa mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha ntchito ndi kupanga kupanga chisankho. Phunziroli likugogomezera kuti kukakamiza kugonana kumasokoneza kupanga chisankho, chomwe chikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ena amakumana ndi zotsatira zoipa pa nkhani yogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti.
4) Chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti: Kukhala ndi chilakolako chogonana mukamayang'ana zolaula osati kugonana kwenikweni kumabweretsa kusiyana ( Laier et al ., 2013) – [zilakolako/kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yofooka ya woyang'anira] – Chidule:
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zizindikiro zogonana zimadzuka ndikulakalaka zolaula pa Intaneti zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pa phunziro loyamba. Komanso, zinasonyezedwa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a pa Intaneti ogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ogonana amavomereza kuti akugonana kwambiri komanso akulakalaka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zolaula. Mu maphunziro onsewa, chiwerengero ndi khalidwe ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwenikweni zamoyo sizinayanjanitsidwe ndi chizoloŵezi cha kugonana pa Intaneti. Zotsatirazi zimapereka chithunzithunzi chokhutiritsa, chomwe chimayambitsa kulimbikitsa, kuphunzira njira, ndikukhumba kukhala njira yoyenera pakukula ndi kukonzanso kuledzera kwa cybersex. Osauka kapena osakhutiritsa zokhudzana ndi zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana sangathe kufotokoza mokwanira za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti.
5) Chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti mwa akazi okonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti chingafotokozedwe ndi lingaliro la kukhutitsidwa ( Laier et al ., 2014) - [zilakolako/kukhudzidwa kwakukulu] - Chidule:
Tinafufuza abambo a 51 a IPU ndi a 51 omwe sali oonera zolaula (NIPU). Pogwiritsira ntchito mayankho, tinayang'ana kuopsa kwa chiwerewere cha cybersex mwachindunji, komanso kukhudzidwa kwachisangalalo cha kugonana, khalidwe lalikulu la kugonana, ndi kuuma kwa zizindikiro za maganizo. Kuwonjezera apo, paradigm yowonongeka, kuphatikizapo kuyesedwa kovomerezeka kwa zithunzi zolaula za 100, komanso zizindikiro zokhumba, zinkachitidwa. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti IPU inawonetsera zithunzi zolaula zikukweza ndipo ikuwonetsa chilakolako chachikulu chowonetsera zithunzi zolaula poyerekeza ndi NIPU. Komanso, kukhumba, kukonda kugonana kwa zithunzi, kukhudzidwa ndi zokondweretsa za kugonana, khalidwe lachiwerewere, ndi kuuma kwa zizindikiro za maganizo kunaneneratu zizoloŵezi zakugonjetsa kugonana kwa azimayi ku IPU. Kukhala mu chibwenzi, chiwerengero cha kugonana, kukhutira ndi kugonana, komanso kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti sizinayanjane ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwa amuna amtundu wapakati pa maphunziro apitalo. Zomwe zokhudzana ndi kulimbitsa chilakolako chogonana, njira zophunzirira, komanso ntchito yowonongeka ndi chilakolako chofuna kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere cha pa Intaneti pa IPU ziyenera kukambidwa.
6) Umboni Wovomerezeka ndi Malingaliro a Ziphunzitso pa Zinthu Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kukonda Kugonana pa Intaneti Kuchokera ku Maganizo Okhudza Khalidwe ( Laier et al. , 2014) – [kulakalaka/kuzindikira kwambiri] – Chidule:
Chikhalidwe cha chochitika chomwe chimatchedwa kuti cyber sex (CA) ndi njira zake za chitukuko chikufotokozedwa. Ntchito yapitayi imasonyeza kuti anthu ena akhoza kukhala pachiopsezo cha CA, pomwe kulimbikitsana ndi kuyimitsa bwinoko kumaonedwa ngati njira zofunikira za chitukuko cha CA. Mu phunziro lino, amuna a amuna osakwatirana a 155 amavomereza zithunzi zolaula za 100 ndikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kugonana kwawo. Komanso, zizoloŵezi za CA, kukhudzidwa ndi chisangalalo cha kugonana, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagonana mwachisawawa zinawerengedwa. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikusonyeza kuti pali zifukwa za chiopsezo cha CA ndi kupereka umboni wa ntchito yokhutiritsa kugonana ndi kuthana ndi vuto losavomerezeka pa chitukuko cha CA.
7) Chizolowezi cha Kugonana pa Intaneti ( Brand & Laier , 2015) . Zidule:
Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula. Anthu ena amalephera kuthetsa machitidwe awo pa Intaneti komanso amawauza kuti sangagwiritse ntchito njira zawo zogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti ngakhale atakumana ndi mavuto. M'nkhani zam'mbuyo zatsopano, kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti pa Intaneti kumatengedwa ngati mtundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku wina wamakono akufufuzira kufanana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe a cybersex ndi zizoloŵezi zina za makhalidwe, monga Internet Gaming Disorder. Kukonzekera-kukwaniritsa ndi kukhumba kumaonedwa kuti kumachita mbali yaikulu pa kugonana kwa kugonana ndi kugonana. Komanso, njira zogwirira ntchito za chitukuko ndi kukonzanso kuyanjana kwa cybersex makamaka zimakhudza kukhumudwa pakupanga chisankho ndi ntchito zogwira ntchito. Maphunziro a Neuroimaging amachirikiza kuganiza kwa zochitika zogwirizana pakati pa kugonana kwa ma cybersex ndi zina zoledzera komanso kukhala wodalirika.
8) Sayansi ya Zachiwerewere pa Intaneti: Kubwerezabwereza ndi Kusintha ( Love et al. , 2015) . Kubwerezabwereza kwathunthu kwa mabuku a sayansi okhudzana ndi mitundu ya chizolowezi cha intaneti, makamaka pankhani ya chizolowezi cha zolaula pa intaneti. Kubwerezaku kukufotokozanso kafukufuku waposachedwa wa EEG wokhudza mitu yankhani ndi magulu otsogozedwa ndi Nicole Prause (yemwe amanena zabodza kuti zomwe zapezekazo zikukayikitsa chizolowezi cha zolaula). Zidutswa:
Ambiri amadziwa kuti zizolowezi zingapo zomwe zingakhudze mphotho yoyendayenda mu ubongo waumunthu zimayambitsa kutaya mphamvu ndi zizindikiritso zina za chizoloŵezi mwa anthu ena. Ponena za kuledzera kwa intaneti, kafukufuku wamaganizo amatsutsana ndi lingaliro lakuti machitidwe a neural ali ofanana ndi kusokoneza bongo ... Pakati pa ndemanga iyi, timapereka mwachidule mfundo zomwe zimapangidwira kusokoneza bongo ndikupereka mwachidule za kafukufuku wa sayansi pa intaneti ndi vuto la kusewera kwa intaneti. Komanso, tinayang'ana zofalitsa zopezeka m'magazi pa zolaula zolaula pa intaneti ndikugwirizanitsa zotsatirapo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuwongolera kumatsimikizira kuti kuwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti zikugwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi choledzeretsa ndipo zimagawana njira zofanana ndizo zowonongeka.
9) Kuphatikiza Maganizo a Zamaganizo ndi Zamaganizo Okhudza Kukula ndi Kusunga Matenda Enaake Ogwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti: Kuyanjana kwa Chitsanzo cha Munthu ndi Kukhudzidwa ndi Kuzindikira ( Brand et al. , 2016) . Kuwunikanso njira zomwe zimayambitsa chitukuko ndi kusunga matenda enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti, kuphatikizapo "vuto loonera zolaula pa intaneti". Olembawo akuti chizolowezi choonera zolaula (ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti) ziyenera kugawidwa ngati matenda ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndikuyikidwa pamodzi ndi zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe pansi pa matenda ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati makhalidwe osokoneza bongo.
Ngakhale kuti DSM-5 imayang'ana pa maseŵera a pa intaneti, olemba ambiri amasonyeza kuti anthu ofunafuna chithandizo angagwiritsenso ntchito ma intaneti ena kapena malo addictively ....
Kuchokera mu kafukufuku wamakono, tikupempha kuti tigwiritse ntchito mavuto a intaneti pa ICD-11 yomwe ikubwera. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kuposa vuto la intaneti, masewera ena amagwiritsidwanso ntchito movuta. Njira imodzi ingaphatikizepo kutsegula nthawi yowonongeka kwa intaneti, yomwe imatha kufotokozedwa poganizira ntchito yoyamba yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, vuto la masewera a pa intaneti, vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti, zolaula pa Intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito matenda, Kusokoneza mauthenga pa intaneti, ndi kugula malonda pa intaneti).
10) Kulamulira kwa Prefrontal ndi kuledzera kwa intaneti: chitsanzo cha chiphunzitso ndi kuwunikanso zomwe zapezeka mu neuropsychological ndi neuroimaging ( Brand et al ., 2015) - [ma circuits osagwira ntchito bwino / ntchito yosauka ya woyang'anira ndi kudziwitsa] - Chidule:
Zogwirizana ndi izi, zotsatira za magwiridwe antchito a neuroimaging ndi kafukufuku wina wamaubongo akuwonetsa kuti kuzindikira-kukonzanso, kulakalaka, ndikupanga zisankho ndi malingaliro ofunikira kuti mumvetsetse zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti. Zotsatira zakuchepetsa kwa oyang'anira zimayenderana ndi zizolowezi zina, monga kutchova njuga kwamatenda. Amanenanso za kutsindika kwa chodabwitsachi ngati chizolowezi, chifukwa palinso zofananira zingapo ndi zomwe zidapezeka pakudalira mankhwala. Komanso, zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano zikufanana ndi zomwe zapezedwa pakufufuza kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikugogomezera kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana pa cybersex ndi zizolowezi zakumwa kapena zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe.
11) Kuyanjana kobisika mu chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti: Kusintha kwa Mayeso Ogwirizana Obisika ndi zithunzi zolaula ( Snagkowski et al ., 2015) - [zilakolako/kukhudzidwa kwakukulu] - Chidule:
Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti komanso zizolowezi zawo ndikukangana kuti azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati chizolowezi. Kudalira kwambiri zinthu, mabungwe omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi gawo lofunikira, ndipo mayanjano abwinowa sanaphunzirepo pazovuta zapa cybersex, mpaka pano. Pakafukufukuyu, amuna 128 amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adatenga nawo gawo adamaliza Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) yosinthidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta pamavuto azakugonana, chidwi chazakugonana, zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, komanso kulakalaka kugonja chifukwa chakuwona zithunzi zolaula adayesedwa. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa maubwenzi abwino pakati pamagulu azithunzi zolaula omwe ali ndi malingaliro ndi zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, zovuta pamavuto ogonana, kutengeka ndi chisangalalo chogonana komanso kulakalaka kugonja. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika koyeserera kunawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amati amakonda kwambiri zolaula ndikuwonetsa mayanjano abwino azithunzi zolaula ali ndi malingaliro abwino, makamaka omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsa kuti kuthekera kophatikizana ndi zithunzi zolaula pakukonzekera ndikukonzanso chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti. Komanso, zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano zikufanana ndi zomwe zapezedwa pakufufuza kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikugogomezera kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi cha cybersex ndi zizolowezi zamankhwala kapena zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe.
12) Zizindikiro za chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti zitha kulumikizidwa ndi kuyandikira komanso kupewa zolaula: zotsatira kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha analog cha ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse pa intaneti ( Snagkowski, et al. , 2015) – [chilakolako chachikulu/kukhudzidwa] – Chidule:
Njira zina zimasonyeza kufanana kwa kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo komwe njira/kupewa ndi njira zofunika kwambiri. Ofufuza angapo anena kuti mkati mwa chisankho chokhudzana ndi chizolowezi, anthu amatha kusonyeza zizolowezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa zolimbikitsa zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi. Mu kafukufuku wapano, amuna 123 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adamaliza Approach-Avoidance-Task (AAT; Rinck ndi Becker, 2007 ) yosinthidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Pa nthawi ya AAT ophunzirawo adayenera kukankhira zolimbikitsa zolaula kapena kuzikoka kwa iwo okha ndi joystick. Kukhudzidwa ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, khalidwe logonana lovuta, komanso zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti zidayesedwa ndi mafunso.
Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zakugonana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi amakonda kugwiritsira ntchito kapena kupeŵa zolaula zolaula. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza koyendetsa zinthu zolimbitsa thupi kunawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana ndi khalidwe loipa la kugonana omwe amasonyeza njira zabwino zopezera / kupeŵa, adawonetsa zizindikiro zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Malingaliro okhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi mankhwala, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zizoloŵezi zomwe zimayendera komanso kupeŵa zingayambitse kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe ozunguza bongo. Kuphatikizanso, kugwirizana ndi kukhudzidwa ndi zosangalatsa za kugonana ndi khalidwe loyambitsa chiwerewere kungakhale ndi kuwonjezereka kwa madandaulo omwe ali nawo tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti. Zomwe anapezazi zikupereka umboni wowonjezereka wofanana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe opatsirana pogonana ndi zokhudzana ndi mankhwala. Kufanana kotereku kungabwererenso kumtundu wina wa maukondwerero omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti.
13) Kukakamira kuonera zolaula? Kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena kunyalanyaza zizindikiro za kugonana pa intaneti muzochitika zambirimbiri kumakhudzana ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti ( Schiebener et al. , 2015) – [zilakolako/kukhudzidwa kwakukulu ndi ulamuliro wofooka wa akuluakulu] – Chidule:
Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, monga zolaula, mwauchidakwa, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto aakulu pamoyo wawo kapena ntchito. Njira imodzi yomwe ingatsogolere ku zotsatira zoipa zingakhale zochepetsedwa kuyang'anira ulamuliro pa kuzindikira ndi khalidwe zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kuti zitheke kusintha pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito cybersex ndi ntchito zina ndi maudindo a moyo. Kuti tithetse vutoli, tafufuza otsogolera amuna omwe ali ndi 104 ndi maulamuliro akuluakulu omwe akutsogolera maofesi awiri. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali ndi zithunzi za anthu, ndipo ena anali ndi zithunzi zolaula. Zonsezi ziyika zithunzizo kuti zikhale zosiyana malinga ndi zofunikira zina. Cholinga chodziwikiratu chinali kugwira ntchito pazogawa zonse ndi ndalama zofanana, mwa kusintha pakati pa ntchitoyi ndi ntchito yoyenera.
Tinawona kuti ntchito zochepa zochepa pazithunzi zambirizi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chizoloŵezi chokwanira kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere. Anthu omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chimenechi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena kunyalanyaza kugwira ntchito pa zithunzi zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepetsa ulamuliro wotsogolera pa ntchito zambiri, pamene akukumana ndi zolaula, kungayambitse makhalidwe osayenera komanso zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la kugonana ndi azinthu zakugonana. Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zogonana ndi ogonana amaoneka ngati ali ndi chizoloŵezi chopewa kapena kufotokozera zolaula, monga momwe zanenedwa muzolimbikitsa zowonongeka.
14) Kukonda Kugonana ndi Kulimbana ndi Mavuto Osagwira Ntchito Kumadziwitsa Kukonda Kugonana pa Intaneti mwa Amuna Ogonana Ndi Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha ( Laier et al. , 2015) – [zilakolako/kukhudzidwa kwambiri] – Chidule:
Zotsatira zaposachedwa zasonyeza kusonkhana pakati pa CyberSex Addiction (CA) zolimba ndi zizindikiro za kukondweretsa kugonana, ndipo kuti kulimbana ndi khalidwe la kugonana kumalimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa kukondweretsa kugonana ndi zizindikiro za CA. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuyesa mgwirizanowu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Masikiti amawonetsa zizindikiro za CA, kukhudzidwa ndi zosangalatsa za kugonana, zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito zifukwa, zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana, zizindikiro zamaganizo, ndi khalidwe la kugonana pamoyo weniweni komanso pa intaneti. Komanso, anthu owona mavidiyo akuwonera mafilimu owonetsa zolaula ndikuwonetseratu kuti akugonana musanakhale ndi kanema. Zotsatira zinasonyeza mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa zizindikiro za CA ndi zizindikiro zokhuza kugonana ndi kukondweretsa kugonana, kuthana ndi khalidwe la kugonana, ndi zizindikiro za maganizo. CA siidagwirizane ndi makhalidwe osagwirizana ndi kugonana komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti. Kulimbana ndi zilakolako za kugonana kunayambitsa mgwirizano pakati pa kukondweretsa kugonana ndi CA. Zotsatirazo zikufanana ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe amaloledwa kugonana amuna ndi akazi m'maphunziro apitalo ndipo akukambidwa motsutsana ndi chiyambi cha ziphunzitso za CA, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ntchito yabwino ndi yolimbikitsa chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti.
15) Zochita za Ventral Striatum Mukaonera Zithunzi Zolaula Zokondedwa Zikugwirizana ndi Zizindikiro za Kusuta Zolaula pa Intaneti ( Brand et al ., 2016) – [kusinthika/kuzindikira kwakukulu] – Kafukufuku wa ku Germany wa fMRI. Kupeza #1: Ntchito ya malo opezera mphoto (ventral striatum) inali yapamwamba pa zithunzi zolaula zomwe amakonda. Kupeza #2: Kuchita bwino kwa Ventral striatum komwe kumagwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti. Zomwe zapezeka zonsezi zikusonyeza kukhudzidwa ndikugwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha chizolowezi . Olembawo akunena kuti "Maziko a Neural a chizolowezi cholaula pa intaneti ndi ofanana ndi chizolowezi china." Chidule:
Mtundu wina wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachititsa kuti anthu azionera zolaula komanso amaonerera zolaula pa Intaneti. Kafukufuku wa Neuroimaging anapeza zochitika zowonongeka pamene anthu adayang'ana zolaula zakugonana poyerekeza ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana. Ife tsopano tikuganiza kuti ventral striatum iyenera kuyankha pa zolaula zosakondedwa poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zolaula zomwe sizikukondedwa ndi kuti zochitika za ventral striatum mu kusiyana kumeneku ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zizindikiro zowononga zolaula za pa Intaneti. Tinaphunzira ophunzira a 19 amuna amodzi ndi amuna omwe ali ndi chithunzi paradigm kuphatikizapo zithunzi zolaula zomwe sizinafune.
Zithunzi zochokera m'gulu losankhika zinayesedwa ngati zowonjezera, zosasangalatsa, komanso zoyenera. Yankho la Ventral striatum linali lolimba kwa chikhalidwe chochepetsedwa poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosakondedwa. Ntchito yotchedwa Ventral striatum mu kusiyana kumeneku inagwirizanitsidwa ndi zidziwitso zodzionetsera zolaula za pa Intaneti. Chidziwitso chodzidzimutsa chidziwitso chidali chokhacho chodziwika bwino pakuyesa kutsutsana ndi kuyanjana kwachidziwitso monga zokhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zowononga zolaula, zachidwi zokhudzana ndi kugonana, khalidwe lachiwerewere, kupsinjika maganizo, kukhudzidwa kwachinsinsi, ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere m'masiku otsiriza monga otsogolera . Zotsatira zimathandizira udindo wa ventral striatum pokonzekera mphotho kuyembekezera ndi kukondweretsa komwe kumagwirizana ndi zofuna zolaula zomwe zimakonda kwambiri. Njira zothandizira mphotho zowonongeka zowonjezereka zingathandize kuti pakhale mafotokozedwe a neural omwe amachititsa kuti anthu ena azikonda komanso kugonana ali pachiopsezo choti asayambe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
16) Kulakalaka Zolaula ndi Kuphunzira Mogwirizana Kumaneneratu Zizolowezi Zofuna Kukonda Kugonana Pa Intaneti mwa Chitsanzo cha Ogwiritsa Ntchito Kugonana Pa Intaneti Nthawi Zonse ( Snagkowski et al. , 2016) – [kuyankha/kuzindikira kwambiri, mayankho olimbikitsidwa] – Kafukufuku wapaderayu adalimbikitsa anthu kuti aziona zithunzi zolaula, zomwe zidaneneratu kuti chithunzicho chizioneka ngati chonyansa.
Palibe mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi njira zowunikira za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Ena amayandikira kufanana ndi zida zofunikira, zomwe zimayambitsa kuphunzira ndizofunika kwambiri. Mu phunziro ili, amuna a 86 amuna amodzi amatha kukonza Standard Pavlovian kupita ku Chida Choyendetsa Chosakanizidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula kuti afufuze maphunziro oyanjana pa chiwerewere. Kuonjezerapo, chilakolako chofuna kudziwonera chifukwa choonera zithunzi zolaula ndi zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi machitidwe opatsirana pogonana zinayesedwa. Zotsatira zinasonyeza zotsatira za chilakolako chofuna kukhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuphunzira. Zowonongeka, izi zowonjezera zimalongosola mbali yofunika kwambiri yophunzirira kusonkhana kuti pakhale chitukuko cha kugonana kwa pa Intaneti, pomwe ikupereka umboni wowonjezereka wa kufanana pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Mwachidule, zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono zimasonyeza kuti kuphunzira kusonkhana kungakhale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zomwe tapeza zimapereka umboni wochuluka wofanana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi ndi azimayi komanso zokhudzana ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi vutoli.
17) Kusintha kwa maganizo pambuyo poonera zolaula pa intaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi zizindikiro za vuto la kuonera zolaula pa intaneti ( Laier & Brand, 2016) – [kulakalaka/kusangalala kwambiri, kusakonda kwambiri] – Zidule:
Zotsatira zazikulu za kafukufukuyu ndikuti zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi Internet Pornography Disorder (IPD) zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi zoyipa ndi kumva bwino, kudzuka, komanso bata komanso zabwino ndi nkhawa zomwe munthu amamva tsiku ndi tsiku komanso chilimbikitso chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pankhani yofunafuna zosangalatsa komanso kupewa malingaliro. Kuphatikiza apo, zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi IPD zinali zoyipa ndi malingaliro asanayambe komanso ataonera zolaula pa intaneti komanso kuwonjezeka kwenikweni kwa malingaliro abwino komanso bata. Ubale pakati pa zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi IPD ndi chisangalalo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti unachepetsedwa ndi kuwunika kwa kukhutira kwa omwe ali ndi nthawi yogonana. Kawirikawiri, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti IPD imalumikizidwa ndi chilimbikitso chofuna kukhutiritsa kugonana komanso kupewa kapena kuthana ndi malingaliro olakwika komanso lingaliro lakuti kusintha kwa malingaliro pambuyo pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi IPD ( Cooper et al., 1999 ndi Laier and Brand, 2014 ).
18) Zoneneratu za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti (Zovuta) Zinthu Zokhudza Kugonana: Udindo wa Khalidwe Lolimbikitsa Kugonana ndi Njira Yodziwikiratu Zizolowezi Zokhudza Zinthu Zokhudza Kugonana ( Stark et al. , 2017) – [kubwerezabwereza/kuzindikira/kulakalaka kwambiri] – Zidule:
Kafukufuku wamakono akufufuzira ngati zofuna zogonana ndi zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizo zowonongeka za mavuto omwe SEM amagwiritsa ntchito komanso nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'ana SEM. Poyesera, tinagwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yopewera (AAT) pofuna kuyesa njira zogonana zogonana. Kulumikizana bwino pakati pa njira yoyenera yowonekera ku SEM komanso nthawi yomwe yakhala ikuwonetsetsa SEM ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi zotsatira zake: Njira yodalirika yowonjezereka ingathe kutanthauzidwa ngati chisamaliro choyang'ana kwa SEM. Nkhani yomwe ili ndi chidwi chenicheni ichi ikhoza kukopeka kwambiri ndi kugonana pa intaneti yomwe imakhala ndi nthawi yochuluka yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo a SEM.
19) Zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi vuto la zolaula pa intaneti: Kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi pankhani yokhudza chidwi ndi zolaula (2018) - [kukonzanso/kulimbikitsa kwambiri, kulakalaka kwambiri].
Olemba angapo amaona kuti Internet-zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito matenda (IPD) monga matenda osokoneza bongo. Imodzi mwa njira zomwe zakhala zikuphunzira mwakhama mu zovuta zenizeni ndi zosagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ndizowonjezera chidwi chokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera. Zolinga zamakono zimatanthauzidwa kuti zidziwitso za momwe munthu amalingalira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choyambitsa chizolowezi choyambitsa chizoloŵezi choyambitsa chizolowezi chowongolera. Izi zimaganiziridwa muchitsanzo cha I-PACE kuti anthu omwe angathe kukhala ndi zizindikiro za IPD zimakhala zodziwika bwino komanso zowonongeka-kuyanjanitsa ndi kulakalaka kumawoneka ndikuwonjezeka muzolowera. Kuti tifufuze mbali yowonongeka mwachitukuko cha IPD, ife tafufuzira chitsanzo cha amuna ndi akazi a 174. Ndalama zowonongeka zinayesedwa ndi Zojambula Zowonongeka, zomwe ophunzira anayenera kuchita ndi mivi yomwe ikuwoneka pambuyo pa zolaula kapena zosaoneka. Kuphatikizanso, ophunzira adziwonetsa kuti chilakolako chawo chogonana chinayambitsidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zizoloŵezi za IPD zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa Internetsex Addiction Test. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsera mgwirizano pakati pa chisokonezo chodziwikitsa ndi kuonetsa mphamvu za IPD pang'ono podulidwa ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka-kukwaniritsa ndi kukhumba. Ngakhale kuti abambo ndi amai amasiyana nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zolaula, kufufuza koyendetsa bwino kumawonetsa kuti kunyalanyazidwa kumachitika pokhapokha ngati kugonana kumagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za IPD. Zotsatirazi zimapereka lingaliro lachinsinsi la chitsanzo cha I-PACE chokhudza kulimbikitsana kowonjezera kwa zokhudzana ndi zizolowezi zoledzera ndipo zimagwirizana ndi maphunziro omwe akukamba za kugwiritsidwa ntchito-kugwirizanitsa ndi chilakolako cha vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala.
20) Khalidwe ndi chilakolako cha boma mwa amuna omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti-zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito matenda ( Antons & Brand , 2018) - [zilakolako zowonjezera, chilakolako chachikulu cha boma & khalidwe]. Zidule:
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti khalidwe lachiwerewere limagwirizanitsidwa ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba cha intaneti-zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito matenda (IPD). Makamaka amuna omwe ali ndi khalidwe lapamwamba kwambiri komanso chikhalidwe chosafuna kudziwika pa zochitika zolaula za ntchito yoimitsa chizindikiro komanso omwe ali ndi chidwi chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zizindikiro zoopsa za IPD.
Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti khalidwe ndi chilakolako cha munthu payekha zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa IPD. Malinga ndi njira ziwiri zoledzera , zotsatira zake zitha kusonyeza kusalingana pakati pa machitidwe opupuluma ndi owunikira omwe angayambitsidwe ndi zithunzi zolaula. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti munthu asathenso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngakhale akukumana ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa.
Tikugwirizana ndi mawu akuti "chizolowezi chodziwika" si mawu oyenera ndipo mwina angakhale ovuta kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero chonse cha CPUI-9 pofotokoza "chizolowezi chodziwika" sikukuwoneka koyenera chifukwa magawo atatuwa samayang'ana mokwanira mbali zosiyanasiyana za chizolowezi. Mwachitsanzo, chilakolako sichinaganizidwe mokwanira (onani pamwambapa), chizolowezi sichimafotokozedwa ndi miyeso ya kuchuluka/kawirikawiri (izi zitha kusiyana kwambiri pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; onaninso kukambirana za miyeso ya kuchuluka/kawirikawiri yokhudzana ndi zigoli za CPUI-9 mu Fernandez et al., 2017 ), ndi zinthu zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi sizikuganiziridwa mokwanira (monga kusokoneza maubwenzi, ntchito, sukulu). Mafunso ambiri a CPUI-9, monga okhudzana ndi kupsinjika maganizo komanso ochokera ku miyeso yolumikizidwa ndi malingaliro a makhalidwe abwino/achipembedzo, sakugwirizana bwino ndi magawo awiri ofanana kwambiri a CPUI-9 okhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa ndi kupeza (Grubbs et al., 2015a ). Pachifukwa ichi, ofufuza ena (monga Fernandez et al., 2017 ) anena kuti, "zomwe tapeza zikukayikitsa ngati gawo la Emotional Distress liyenera kukhala gawo la CPUI-9," makamaka chifukwa ndi gawo la Emotional Distress lomwe nthawi zonse silisonyeza ubale ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikizidwa kwa zinthuzi mu sikelo yomwe imafotokoza "chizolowezi chodziwika" kungasokoneze zomwe zapezeka zomwe zimachepetsa zomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokakamiza komanso kukulitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino (Grubbs et al., 2015a ). Ngakhale kuti deta iyi ingapereke chithandizo pakulekanitsa zinthuzi ndi zina zomwe zili mu sikelo (mwina pothandizira chitsanzo chomwe chaperekedwa), zinthuzi zimangoyang'ana kwambiri kumva kudwala, manyazi, kapena kukhumudwa mukaonera zolaula. Malingaliro oipa awa akuyimira zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingachitike zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ndi zomwe zingagwirizane ndi mbali zina za zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Kuti tithetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi PPMI, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuganizira osati mbali ya PPMI yokha, komanso momwe zinthu zingagwirizanire pakati pa njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena osokoneza bongo ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti PPMI ichitike kuti timvetse bwino zinthu ziwirizi komanso ngati zili zosiyana. Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) akunena (mu gawo lakuti: "Nanga bwanji njira yachitatu?") kuti pakhoza kukhala njira yowonjezera ya mavuto okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zomwe zingakhale kuphatikiza kwa kukumana ndi "kusokonezeka kwa cholinga" ndi PPMI nthawi imodzi. Timanena kuti kuphatikiza kwa njira zonse ziwiri sikungakhale kwachitatu, koma mwina njira yomwe imayambitsa mavuto "onse awiri" ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mwanjira ina, tikunena kuti njira zina zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi ndi zinthu zolimbikitsa zitha kugwira ntchito pa PPMI ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika." Kufanana kumeneku kungakhalepo ngakhale nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito poonera zolaula ingasiyane pankhani yobweretsa mavuto kapena kuwonongeka mu PPMI ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika." Mu "mikhalidwe yonseyi," zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa momwe zimafunira, zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira zoyipa ndi kuvutika, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumapitilira ngakhale zotsatira zoyipa. Njira zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa zitha kukhala zofanana, ndipo izi ziyenera kufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane.
22) Mbali za chilakolako ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana nazo zimasiyanitsa pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mosangalatsa komanso mosalamulirika (Stephanie et al., 2019) - [zilakolako zowonjezera, kuchepetsa kuchotsera (chinyengo), chizolowezi]. Zidule:
Chifukwa cha khalidwe lake lopindulitsa kwambiri, zolaula za pa intaneti (IP) ndi chandamale chokonzedweratu cha makhalidwe osokoneza bongo. Mapangidwe okhudzana ndi kutengeka maganizo apezeka kuti ndi omwe amalimbikitsa makhalidwe osokoneza bongo. Mu kafukufukuyu, tafufuza zizolowezi zosaganizira bwino (kutengeka maganizo, kuchedwetsa kuchotsera, ndi kalembedwe ka chidziwitso), chilakolako cha IP, malingaliro okhudza IP, ndi njira zothanirana ndi mavuto mwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP mosangalala nthawi zina, mosangalala nthawi zonse, komanso mosalamulirika. Magulu a anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP mosangalala nthawi zina ( n = 333), omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mosangalala nthawi zambiri ( n = 394), komanso omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mosasamala ( n = 225) adadziwika ndi zida zowunikira.
Anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP mosayang'aniridwa adawonetsa zigoli zapamwamba kwambiri pa chilakolako, kusafuna kusamala, kuchedwetsa kuchotsera, komanso kusagwira bwino ntchito, komanso zigoli zochepa pakugwira ntchito bwino komanso kufunikira kwa kuzindikira. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti mbali zina za kusafuna kusamala ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana nazo monga kulakalaka ndi malingaliro oipa ndi za ogwiritsa ntchito IP osayang'aniridwa. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizananso ndi zitsanzo zamavuto enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndi machitidwe osokoneza bongo…. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP mosayang'aniridwa anali ndi malingaliro oipa kwambiri pa IP poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri zosangalatsa. Zotsatirazi zitha kuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP mosayang'aniridwa ali ndi chikhumbo chachikulu kapena chikhumbo chogwiritsa ntchito IP, ngakhale kuti mwina adakula ndi malingaliro oipa pakugwiritsa ntchito IP, mwina chifukwa adakumana kale ndi zotsatira zoyipa zokhudzana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito IP. Izi zikugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cholimbikitsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ( Berridge & Robinson, 2016 ), chomwe chikuwonetsa kusintha kuchoka pakukonda kupita ku kufuna panthawi yoledzera.
Chotsatira china chosangalatsa ndichakuti kukula kwa zotsatira za nthawi yoyeserera pambuyo pa hoc mu mphindi iliyonse, poyerekeza ogwiritsa ntchito osayang'aniridwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amasangalala nthawi zambiri, kunali kokwera poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amamwa IP mosalamulirika makamaka amavutika kusiya kuonera IP panthawi ya phunzirolo kapena amafunikira nthawi yayitali kuti apeze mphotho yomwe akufuna, yomwe ingafanane ndi mtundu wa kulekerera matenda ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira za kuwunika kwa diary, komwe kudavumbulutsa kuti kusuta zolaula ndi chimodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri mwa amuna omwe akufuna chithandizo omwe ali ndi machitidwe ogonana okakamiza ( Wordecha et al., 2018 ).
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Intaneti (IP) kumawonetsa kuchepa kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa IP komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza ngakhale zotsatira zake zoipa. Pali umboni wakuti chilakolako chimayambitsa zotsatira za chidziwitso cha mphamvu ya IP yosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Mafilimu ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito angathe kuthandiza anthu kuti ayambirane ndi khalidwe lawo pochita bwino ndi kukhumba. Izi zimabweretsa funso ngati zotsatira za chilakolako pa ntchito ya IP zimayesedwa ndi magwiridwe ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito mwa anthu omwe ali ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana a IP osagwirizana.
Zowonongeka, 1498 akazi opatsirana pogonana, amuna abambo a IP anachita nawo kufufuza pa intaneti. Ophunzirawo akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa momwe akugwiritsira ntchito IP, chiwonongeko cha kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa IP, machitidwe ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito, ndi chilakolako chawo ku IP.
Kupititsa patsogolo kotereku kunawonetsa kuti kuopsa kwa chidziwitso cha kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwe ntchito ka HIV kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Zotsatirazi zidasokonezedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi chilakolako ndi zotsatira za kukhumba pa ntchito ya IP zinayesedwa ndi magwiridwe ogwira ntchito.
24) Malingaliro, kupewa, ndi kuchiza matenda okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (2019)
Chiyambi Matenda okhudzana ndi khalidwe logonana mokakamiza, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta, aphatikizidwa mu ICD-11 ngati vuto lolamulira malingaliro. Komabe, njira zodziwira matendawa zimafanana kwambiri ndi njira zomwe zimayambitsa matenda chifukwa cha makhalidwe osokoneza bongo, mwachitsanzo kuchita zinthu zogonana mobwerezabwereza kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu, kuyesetsa kosapambana kuchepetsa kwambiri machitidwe obwerezabwereza ogonana komanso kupitiriza kuchita zinthu zogonana mobwerezabwereza ngakhale akukumana ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa (WHO, 2019). Ofufuza ambiri ndi asing'anga amanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika kumatha kuonedwa ngati chizolowezi chochita zinthu mopitirira muyeso.
Njira Kutengera ndi malingaliro a chiphunzitso, maphunziro ofufuza amawunikidwa poganizira funso ngati makhalidwe ndi njira zazikulu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi machitidwe osokoneza bongo zitha kuwonekanso pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta.
Zotsatira Kuzindikira zomwe zimachitika komanso chilakolako chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika komanso kuchepetsa mphamvu yoletsa, kuzindikira zinthu mosadziwika bwino (monga momwe zimakhalira) komanso kukhutira ndi kulipidwa komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawonetsedwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wa sayansi ya ubongo amatsimikizira kuti ma circuits a ubongo okhudzana ndi chizolowezi, kuphatikizapo ventral striatum ndi mbali zina za fronto-striatal loops, akuphatikizidwa pakupanga ndi kusunga kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta. Malipoti a milandu ndi maphunziro otsimikizira mfundo akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, mwachitsanzo opioid antagonist naltrexone, kumathandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso vuto la khalidwe logonana. Mayeso azachipatala olamulidwa ndi placebo omwe amayendetsedwa ndi anthu mwachisawawa amafunika kuti awonetse zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo kwa nthawi yayitali za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Maphunziro okhazikika pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zopewera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta akadalibe, koma ndi mutu wofunikira kwambiri pa kafukufuku ndi machitidwe amtsogolo.
Mapeto Malingaliro a chiphunzitso ndi umboni wowona akusonyeza kuti njira zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi matenda osokoneza bongo ndizovomerezeka pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Maphunziro okonzedwa bwino okhudza njira zothanirana ndi mavuto ndi chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu za kafukufuku wamtsogolo zomwe zimapereka deta yokhudza kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.