Zida zojambulira za chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe: mwachidule (2007)

Psychosoc Med. 2007; 4: Doc11.

Idasindikizidwa pa Intaneti Oct 4, 2007.

Ulrike Albrecht,1 Nina Ellen Kirschner,1 ndi Sabine M. Grüsser*,1

Pitani ku:

Kudalirika

M'zoledzeretsa zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala, zomwe zimatchedwa khalidwe loledzera, palibe zinthu zakuthupi zakuthupi zakunja zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtheradi wa psychotropic umakhala ndi thupi la thupi lomwe limapangidwanso ndi zochita zambiri. Mpaka posachedwa, chidziwitso chinali chochepa ponena za khalidwe lofunafuna ndalama zambiri, monga kutchova njuga, kugula kwambiri komanso kugwira ntchito zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za khalidwe lodzidalira. Pakadali pano, palibe lingaliro lokhalanso lodziŵika ndi chithandizo cha khalidwe lofunafuna zopindulitsa, ndipo malo ake sadziwika. Choncho, kulingalira bwino momveka bwino kwa zomwe zimatchedwa chizolowezi choledzera ndizofunika kwambiri. Kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zokwanira zolimbana ndizofunikira kuti chithandizo chamaphunziro chitheke.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidwi zida zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popenda mosiyanasiyana. Makamaka m'madera ena muli zochepa zokhazokha zowonjezera komanso zowonjezereka zopezeka kuti zitha kuwonetsa khalidwe lopindulitsa kwambiri lomwe limakwaniritsa zowonongeka.

Keywords: zizolowezi zamakhalidwe, zizindikiro, zida zamaganizo

Introduction

Kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th, kutchova njuga monga chizoloŵezi chosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena khalidwe labwino kunadziwika kale ndi akatswiri. Kuwonjezera pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala oledzera, monga mowa, morphine ndi cocaine, kutchova njuga kunafotokozedwa m'mabuku a nthawi imeneyo [1]. Posachedwapa, kukambitsirana za sayansi yokwanira ndi kagulu ka chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe kumatsitsimutsidwa.

Pakadali pano, palibe lingaliro lokhalanso lodziŵika ndi kuchiritsidwa ndi khalidwe lofunafuna malipiro, ndipo gulu lake silikudziwika. Choncho, kumvetsetsa momveka bwino kwa zizolowezi zoterezi ndizofunikira kwambiri, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zokwanira zolimbana ndizofunikira kuti chithandizo chichitike bwino. Sikuti khalidwe lililonse lochita zinthu mopitirira muyeso ndiloledzera. Ophunzira amayenera kukwaniritsa zovuta zokhudzana ndi khalidwe lawo loipa kwa miyezi khumi ndi iwiri. Chodziwika bwino chokhacho chimapangitsa kusiyana pakati pa khalidwe lachiwerewere, khalidwe loipa kwambiri loipa komanso khalidwe loipa lomwe limayambitsa matenda ena a m'maganizo.

Mpaka posachedwapa, "mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe sali okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe" sanagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabuku awiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kapena DSM-IV-TR (Kufufuza ndi Kuwerenga Masalimo a Mental Disorders) [2] kapena ICD-10 (Undondomeko Wadziko Lonse wa Maganizo ndi Makhalidwe Abwino) [3]. Kuchokera ku 1980, kutchova njuga kumaphatikizidwa mu Kufufuza ndi Kuwerenga Buku la Mental Disorders. Kutchova njuga kumatchulidwa m'gulu la "matenda osokoneza maganizo osati kwina kulikonse". N'zotheka kugawana makhalidwe oipawa ngati "kusokoneza maganizo". Choncho, njira yoyenera komanso chidziwitso chodziwikiratu poyenela kutsatila zadzidzidzi ndizofunikira kukhazikitsira njira zothandiza kupewa komanso kuthandizira matendawa.

Kuchokera ku maganizo a ubongo, njira zamakhalidwe zomwe zimangokhala mwachindunji zimakhudza machitidwe a ubongo wa ubongo, angathenso kukhala olimbikitsa ofanana ndi mankhwala apamtima omwe mwachindunji zimakhudza machitidwe awa (mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la dopaminergic, [4], [5], [6]). Zoonadi, zofukufuku zaposachedwapa zithandizira kuganiza kwa njira zomwe zimagwirizanitsa kukonza ndi kukonzanso zovuta zokhudzana ndi khalidwe ndi zamtunduwu (taonani [7], [8]). Izi zimabweretsa kuganiza kuti njira zambiri zogwirira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kugula / masewera, kutchova juga / kusewera masewera a pakompyuta), zomwe zimapangitsa mphoto yeniyeni pamagulu a thupi, zimakhala ndi zovuta. Kulingalira uku kumathandizidwanso ndi zochitika zambiri zachipatala ndi kufufuza kwasayansi. Choncho, olemba angapo atumizira kuti chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chofanana ndi chizoloŵezi chofanana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi mankhwala (monga, [9], [5], [10], [6], [11]). Odwala omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chochita chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe labwino amalongosola zovuta zowonongeka, ndi zizindikiro zoganizira, monga kukhumba kuchita khalidwe mopitirira muyeso, kusokonezeka kwa maganizo ndi thupi, kutaya mphamvu, chitukuko cha kulekerera (kuchuluka kwa khalidwe) kuti apangitse ndi kuzindikira kuti psychotropic effect ( Mwachitsanzo, otchova njuga amatha kusewera makina angapo nthawi yomweyo). Kuonjezera apo, kupweteka kwakukulu pakati pa zizoloŵezi zowonongeka ndi chizoloŵezi chokhudzana ndi mankhwala kumaphatikizapo njira zofanana zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala. Zonsezi, zikuwoneka kuti ziyenera kukhazikitsa makhalidwe opitilirapo omwe amachititsa kuvutika monga chizoloŵezi chodziletsa.

Kuonjezera apo, kuwonetsa kowonongeka, monga umunthu ndi matenda okhudza malingaliro monga momwe akufotokozera zoledzeretsa zokhudzana ndi mankhwala, zikuwonetsedwanso kwa odwala okhala ndi chizoloŵezi chochita chizoloŵezi, koma osati odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza maganizo (mwachitsanzo,12]). Kuonjezera apo, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwachibadwa monga umunthu sizimangowonongeka chabe, koma komanso m'mabvuto ena amalingaliro (mwachitsanzo, [13]). Malinga ndi zomwe zachitika posachedwapa, sizikuwoneka kuti n'zokwanira kugawitsa khalidwe lachizoloŵezi monga vuto lachidziwitso chodziletsa chifukwa cha njira zochiritsira zomwe zimakhudza ndi njira zothandiza zowonjezera [8]. Chifaniziro cha zizindikiro zamagulu pakati pa zida zokhudzana ndi mankhwala ndi khalidwe labwino zimaphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chowongolera monga chizoloŵezi chowongolera ndipo motero ngati matenda odziletsa (monga,14], [15], [16], [7]). Chiwonetsero chodziwika bwino cha kuledzera, mwachitsanzo khalidwe lopitirirabe (khalidwe losokoneza bongo) ngakhale zotsatira zoipa, zomwe zikukhudzana ndi chilakolako ndi kusowa kwa mphamvu, zimakhalanso zovuta kwa odwala omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chochita chizoloŵezi chogonana.

Chifukwa chosowa chithandizo chowunikira, olemba angapo amapanga zida zamaganizo kuti azindikire mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makhalidwe oipa. Kugwiritsira ntchito chida choyimira kuti azindikire zoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito ndizofunika kwambiri kutsutsana ndi kugwilitsila nchito kugwilitsila nchito kugwilitsila nchito kugwilitsila nchito kugwilitsila nchito kugwilitsila nchito kugwilitsila nchito zizoloŵezi zokhuza khalidwe labwino ndi kuzindikiritsa khalidwe lachibadwa ku khalidwe labwino (losadziwika).

Zida zofalitsidwa za chizoloŵezi chochita khalidwe zimakhala ndi zida zatsopano kapena zosinthidwa zomwe zinalipo kale ndipo kenako zinayeretsedwa. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chiwerengero cha ziwerengero, kuyimba kwa zida zambiri zomwe zikufotokozedwa pano ndi zochepa. Choncho, kufotokoza kwa ziwerengero zapamwamba zofunikira za zida zambirizi siziyenera kukwaniritsidwa.

Ndondomeko za chiwerengero cha chiwerengero (mwachitsanzo, kutsimikizirika ndi kudalirika) komanso chisankho chosowa nthawi zambiri. Choncho, kafukufuku wolondola sizingatheke. Mphamvu ya zida zambiri zomwe zikufotokozedwa apa ndizo kuthekera kwawo kupereka zowonjezereka komanso zofunika kuzidziwitsira ndi njira zothandizira. Maphunziro ena ndi ofunikira kuti zikhale zofunikira komanso kuti zikhale zoyenera kutsatiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyana ya khalidwe loledzera.

Zotsatirazi, mwachidule za zida zowonongeka komanso zofala kawirikawiri zokhudzana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere zokhudzana ndi magawo angapo (kutchova njuga, kugula, masewera, ntchito, makompyuta, intaneti ndi kugonana) zidzaperekedwa.

Monga chofunikira kwambiri, kulingalira za kugwiritsa ntchito kophweka kogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zofufuza, chidziwitso chotsimikizika ndi chodalirika chiyenera kukhala chosangalatsa kwa zida zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza za "khalidwe loledzera".

Zambiri mwazida zoperekedwazo zimapangidwa kuti zidziwike. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zingapo ndizoyeneranso kuwunika njira zamagetsi motsatizana, monga "Gambler's Belief Questionnaire" (GBQ) [17], yomwe imayesa kuzindikira komwe kumakhudzana ndi juga, kapena "Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale - Shopping Version" (Y-BOCS-SV) [18].

Kuunika kwa njuga

Kutchova njuga kwambiri ndiko khalidwe lofala kwambiri la khalidwe labwino. Choncho, kuchuluka ndi kusiyana kwa psychometrics komwe kulipo ndi kwakukulu. Zida zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito kutchova njuga zimachokera ku zizindikiro zomwe zilipo kale zokhudzana ndi matenda a m'maganizo (ICD-10 [3]; DSM-IV-TR [2]), momwe "kutchova njuga" kumatchulidwadi ngati vuto lodziletsa, koma ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mowa. Zotsatira zatsopano za kafukufuku zakhala zikuwongolera kuwonetsanso mitundu yambiri ya chitukuko ndi kukonza njuga ku matenda ake. Choncho, komanso chifukwa cha umboni watsopano wochokera ku kafukufuku wamaganizo a maganizo, vutoli limakambidwa (mwachitsanzo, [19], [20], [21]; kwa ndemanga cf. [22], [9]). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, tanthauzo la zikhulupiriro zopanda nzeru, kutsutsana kumeneku pakukula ndi kukonza njuga (monga,23], [24]), amavomerezedwa kwambiri ndipo amalingaliridwa muzidziwitso zake. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri yodziwika ndi kutchova njuga imakhala muyeso yeniyeni yowonetsera, yovuta komanso yovuta njuga.

Pansipa, osankhidwa ochepa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi makonzedwe ovomerezeka omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kutchova njuga, adzatsatiridwa ndi zida zomwe zimayesa zikhulupiriro ndi malingaliro okhudza kutchova njuga.

Zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kufufuza bwino zida poyesa kutchova njuga ndi "Sewu ya South Oaks njuga" (SOGS) [25], yomwe inapangidwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazo kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu zitsanzo zamankhwala pa nkhani ya kudziwonetsera nokha kapena mu zokambirana zachipatala. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi SOGS chimachokera ku zizindikiro za kutchova njuga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi DSM-III-R (APA) [26]. Potsutsa mfundo, tikufuna kufotokoza kuti kusintha kwazomwe zimatengera matenda (mwachitsanzo, mu DSM-IV [27]) sadaphatikizidwe mu SOGS. Kuonjezera apo, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ntchito yake yosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amachititsa kuchepa kwake molondola poyerekeza pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lakutchova njuga. Kuwunika kwake kudalirika ndi kutsimikizirika kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka bwino komanso zowonjezereka zogwirizana ndi zida zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kutchova njuga makamaka makamaka poyerekeza ndi njira za matenda a DSM-IV.

"Canadian Problem Gambling Index" (CPGI) [28] idapangidwa ngati chida chatsopano choyesa kutchova njuga pakati pa anthu onse. Mafunsowa akugawidwa mu magawo atatu. Gawo loyamba ndi "Kutchova njuga", zomwe zili ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuchulukitsa, kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama, komanso nthawi yochulukirapo pamndandanda wautchova njuga. Gawo lachiwiri, "Vuto la Kutchova Njuga", liri ndi zinthu zomwe zimayikidwa pamatetezo oteteza njuga malinga ndi DSM-IV (APA) [27] ndi zinthu za SOGS [25], motero. Gawo lachitatu, "Correlates of juvenile", linalinganizidwa kuti liwonetsere malingaliro okhudzana ndi juga, ziyembekezero za kupambana ntchito yosamvetsetsa ndi njuga komanso mbiri ya banja la vuto lakutchova njuga. Malingana ndi chiwerengero chonse, munthu aliyense wovomerezeka akhoza kusankhidwa kukhala magulu asanu achitchova njuga (kuyambira osati kutchova njuga mpaka kutchova njuga). Kufufuza mpaka pano kwasonyeza kutsimikizika kokwanira ndi kutsimikizika.

Chida china choyesa kufufuza kutchova njuga, komanso kutchula za DSM-IV (APA) [27], ndi "Screen ya Gambling Screen" (MAGS) [29]. MAGS imafufuza zamoyo (kulekerera, zizindikiro za kuchotsa), maganizo (kugwiritsira ntchito matenda osokoneza bongo, kudziimba mlandu) komanso kugwirizana kwa anthu komanso kusonyeza kutchova njuga pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo ziwiri, zomwe zimachokera ku zinthu zochokera ku "Kuyezetsa Kwachidule kwa Michigan" (SMAST) [30] ndi zina pa zoyenera DSM-IV (APA) [27]. MagS amasonyeza bwino zokhudzana ndi malamulo a DSM-IV komanso kusinthasintha kokwanira.

Chida chosavuta komanso chogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri kuchipatala ndizofanana ndi "Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale" (Y-BOCS, [31]; onani. "Kuwunika kwa Kugula Mokakamiza" pansipa) ku njuga zamatenda (PG-Y-BOCS) [32]. Mndandanda wapadera wa Y-BOCS ukuwonetseratu zapamwamba zogwirizana ndi SOGS ndi makhalidwe okhutiritsa maganizo.

"National Opinion Research Center DSM-IV Mavuto a Kutchova Juga" (NODS) [33], yomwenso ndiyotengera njira za DSM-IV za njuga zamatenda, ili ndi masikelo awiri owunikira kutchova juga kwamavuto m'moyo wa munthu komanso mwezi watha wa 12. Gulu la ena kukhala lotha kuvuta, lovuta komanso lotchova njuga limatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphambu yonse. Malinga ndi zomwe zapezedwa koyambirira, NODS imawonetsa kudalirika koyeserera / kuyesanso komanso kuzindikira koyenera ndikudziwika mwatsatanetsatane pozindikira otchova njuga.

Chinthu chodziwikiratu chodziwikiratu chomwe chili ndi mphamvu yeniyeni komanso yeniyeni ndi "Mafunso okhudzana ndi bodza / pakati" [34], [35]. Zili ndi zinthu ziwiri zokha: "Kodi munayamba mwamvapo kufunika kokhala ndalama zambiri?" Ndi "Kodi munayamba mwanama kwa anthu ofunikira kuti mumatchova njuga zotani?".

Zokambirana za kachipatala zowona kuti kutchova juga sikokwanira. Pa zokambirana zochepa (zomwe zili muyeso yoyendetsa ndege) "Zokambirana zachipatala zopezeka kutchova njuga" (SCI-PG) [36] akufotokozedwa pano monga chitsanzo. SCI-PG ili ndi zinthu 10 zomwe zimayesa zovomerezeka za DSM-IV (APA) [27] zokhudzana ndi kutchova njuga (zinthu 10 zomwe zikuyang'ana kuphatikiza ndi chinthu chimodzi choyesa njira zochotsera). Pankhani ya chidziwitso cha DSM-IV, kutuluka njuga, maphunziro ayenera kukwaniritsa zinthu zisanu kapena zambiri zokhudzana ndi kutchova njuga komanso chimodzi chokhudza kusalidwa ("sikoyenera kuwerengedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu") kuti apeze ngati ali ndi njuga. M'magulu a anthu otchova njuga SCI-PG ndi yovuta kwambiri, yeniyeni ndipo imakhala yolondola.

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kusagwirizana kwadzidzidzi, monga zida zowona njuga ndi zomwe zimayembekezereka zimathandiza kwambiri pakukula ndi kukonza njuga (mwachitsanzo, [23], [24]). Kutsutsana kumeneku, komwe kuli koyenera kuchiza, kumayesedwa kawirikawiri pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso. Zina mwa izo zidzafotokozedwa pansipa.

"Kutchova njuga m'malingaliro" (GAS) [37] amayesa malingaliro (zokhudzana ndi kugwirizanitsa, kulingalira ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi khalidwe) ponena za njuga mwapadera komanso makamaka m'ma casinos, kubetcha kavalo ndi lottery, zomwe zingayambitse chitukuko cha njuga.

Ngakhale kuti zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi zenizeni zisanayambe kuchitidwa, kugwirizanitsa mkati ndi kuyesedwa / kubwereranso kudalirika kwa GAS mamba ndi zabwino.

"Kutchova Njuga ndi Kufufuza Kwachikhulupiriro" (GABS) [38] amayesa mikangano yosamvetsetseka, malingaliro opanda nzeru ndi malingaliro abwino pankhani ya njuga. Kuphatikizanso apo, kukula kwa kusewera njuga kumapezeka. Achinyamata otchova njuga omwe amapanga ndalama zambiri, amatha kutchova njuga monga zosangalatsa, zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuganizira njira zowonongeka ndi mwayi. GABS imasonyeza kusagwirizana kwabwino mkati ndi kutembenuka kwakukulu ndi SOGS.

Funso la "Kutchova Juga la Chikhulupiriro" (GBQ) [17] amayesa mikangano yosamvetsetsana, makamaka ponena za mipata yogonjetsa (mwachitsanzo, kulingalira pa mwayi ndi kutaya mitsinje). GBQ ikuwonetsa kusagwirizana kwakukulu, kuyesayesa koyesa / kubwezeretsa kwabwino ndikuyendetsa bwino ndikugwirizana mofanana, mwachitsanzo ndi SOGS ndi MAGS.

"Zowonongeka Zowonongeka" (IBS) [39] zomwe zimasonyeza kusagwirizana kwabwino mkati, zimatha kuperekedwa poyesa kutsutsana kokwanira pakati pa osewera njuga zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zotchedwa ma video otayira. Pofuna kufufuza chilakolako chosalephereka cha wothandizira, chomwe chimawoneka ngati chofunikira kuti zonse zowonongeka ndi kubwerera (monga,40], [15]) kutchova njuga kumafuna "Pepala la Kuliva Juga" (GUS) [41] chinapangidwa. Ikhoza kuperekedwera kuzipatala komanso anthu omwe sali odwala. GUS ikuwonetseratu zogwirizana zogwirizana ndi zochitika zabwino, zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana ndi zovomerezeka.

Momwemo "Mafunso Okhudzana ndi Chikhulupiliro cha Mkhalidwe-39" (SCQ-39) [42] "Pepala la Mafunso Yoyendetsa Galimoto" (GESQ) [43] amadzifufuza okha pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chogonjera khalidwe lakutchova njuga m'mabvuto osiyanasiyana. Zinthu za GESQ zimalongosola zochitika zofanana ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe zimatchedwa "zoopsa zapamwamba" (zoipa ndi zabwino zomwe zimagwirizana ndi maganizo, zowonongeka, zoyesedwa ndi mayesero, kuyesedwa, kusemphana maganizo, kusagwirizana ndi anthu komanso nthawi zosangalatsa) [44]. Izi zimapangitsa GESQ kukhala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri popewera kubwereza. GESQ imasonyeza kusagwirizana komwe kumakhala mkati mwathu ndipo ili ndi coefficient yokhazikika.

Kuwunika kwa kugula mokakamiza

Chimodzi mwa zipangizo zoyambirira zomwe cholinga chake chinali kugula kugula kwambiri chinali "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zopangira Zambiri" [45]. Malingana ndi olembawo, zinthu zake zikuwonetsera miyeso inayi ya kugula mankhwala: chizoloŵezi chokhala, kuganiza zofuna kugula kapena kugulitsa, kulakwa kwapambuyo-kugula, ndi chikhalidwe cha banja. Ngakhale kuti kuwonetsa kwake kukuwonetsa kudalirika komanso kutsimikizirika, zinazindikiranso kuti ziwerengero zapamwamba zimagwirizanitsa kuti zikhale ndi nkhawa komanso nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta monga comboids, chifuwa kapena kuledzeretsa m'banja.

The Hohenheimer Kaufsuchttest [Hohenheim Shopping Addiction Test] "[46] ndimasinthidwe a Chijeremani a "Compulsive Purchase Scale Scale" [45] choncho zimasiyanitsa pakati pa ogula ndi odwala omwe ali ndi chizindikiro chimodzimodzi. "Hohenheimer Kaufsuchttest" imasonyeza kudalirika kwakukulu ndikupanga zomveka.

Chida choyang'ana posachedwa ndi "Erhebung von kompensatorischem und süchtigem Kaufverhalten [Survey on Compensatory and Addictive Shopping Behavior]" (SKSK) [47]. Ndi chida chodziwonetsera chokha kuti alembetse chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chiopsezo chofuna kugula zinthu. The SKSK imakhazikanso pa "Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale" [45] ndipo ili ndi zinthu za 16 zomwe zimayesa chizolowezi chosalamulirika, kugula komanso kugula kwambiri. Chidacho ndi chimodzimodzi ndipo chimapanga kupitiliza, kufika pa zosazindikirika ndi zoperekera kuti zitheke kugula. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kugula mokakamiza ndi njira yowonjezera ya kugula malipiro (kutanthauza kuti khalidwe lopotozedwa ndi chida chothetsera mavuto). Chidachi chimakhala chodalirika kwambiri ndikupanga chovomerezeka.

Chida china choyang'anira, "Compulsive Buying Scale" [48] adayambitsidwa posakhalitsa pambuyo pake. Zinthu zake zinachokera ku kafukufuku wakale ndi malipoti ochokera kwa anthu okhudzidwa. Cholinga chake chinali kupeza chidziwitso cha malingaliro, zolimbikitsa ndi makhalidwe ena okhudza kukakamiza kugula. Kufufuza kwapakati kunawulula kuti "Kugula Kwambiri" ndi chida chodalirika ndi chodalirika.

Mndandanda wa "Minnesota Impulsive Disorder Interview" (MIDI) [49] amafufuza zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za matenda a psychopathological, omwe, malinga ndi olembawo, amatha kuganiziridwa kuti amawonetsa matenda osokoneza maganizo, kuphatikizapo cleptomania, trichotillomania, matenda osokoneza bongo, kutchova njuga, kugonana kwambiri ndi kugonana komanso masewera. Gawo limodzi la MIDI ndilowunikira kugula. Lili ndi mafunso anai, omwe amatsogolera ku magawo asanu. Chithunzi cha MIDI chithunzi chiri chotsimikizika pa kugula mwakufuna ngati mafunso onse ofanana akuyankhidwa movomerezeka. Zikatero ndiye kuti kayendedwe ka zinthu zina za 82 akulimbikitsidwa kuti adziwe bwinobwino. Pakadali pano palibe deta yokhudza kutsimikizirika kwake ndi kudalirika yomwe yatulutsidwa.

Mu 1996 "Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale" (Y-BOCS) [50], [32] anasinthidwa kuti apange "Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale - Shopping Version" (Y-BOCS-SV) [18] kufufuza zidziwitso ndi makhalidwe okhudzidwa ndi kugula. Izi 10-chinthu chiwerengero nthawi nthawi, kusokoneza, kuvutika, kukana, ndi kulamulira kwa zidziŵitso zonse ndi makhalidwe. Chidachi chakonzedwa kuti chiyese kulemera ndi kusintha pa mayesero a zamankhwala. Y-BOCS-SV imasonyeza kusamvana kwapakati mkati ndi kudalirika pakati pothandizira.

Christo ndi anzake (2003) adakhazikitsa mawonekedwe a "PROMIS Questionnaire Addictionnaire" (PROMIS) [51], "Mafunso Ofupikira PROMIS" (SPQ) [52], omwe ali ngati "PROMIS Questionnaire Dediction" akuyesa zoledzeretsa zokhudzana ndi mankhwala komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe (ntchito, chakudya, masewera, kugonana ndi kugula) mwa njira yofupikitsa. Kusanthula za makhalidwe ake okhudza maganizo sikuyenera kuchitidwa.

Kuunika kwa kuchita zovuta kuchita

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kugwiritsira ntchito zizoloŵezi zowononga zolimbitsa thupi zinali maganizo okhudza maganizo a psychoanalytically [53] ndi "Kudzipereka kwa Kuthamanga Kwambiri" (CR) [54]. Olemba ena [55] adadzudzula lingaliro lalikulu la CR ponena kuti "chizolowezi" komanso "kudzipereka pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi" ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana. Ngakhale kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi njira yokakamiza anthu kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ngakhale pali zopinga zilizonse kapena kuwonetsa zizindikiritso zakulephera ngati kulimbitsa thupi sikungachitike ("kuwonjezera"), kudzipereka ndikupanga zochitika zolimbitsa thupi chifukwa cha chisangalalo komanso chiyembekezo chokwanira. Malinga ndi malingaliro akuti zosokoneza bongo zitha kugawidwa kukhala zabwino komanso zoyipa (mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kwambiri ndikabwino, mankhwala osokoneza bongo alibe) [56] kuyankhulana kwa Sachs ndi Pargman ndi zida za CR zofufuzira zimaganiza kuti kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi kuti munthu akhale ndi vuto labwino. CR ali ndi ubwino wokhala wodalirika kwambiri komanso mkati mwake. Mosiyana, "Kuledzeretsa Kwambiri" (NAS) [57] amalingalira zochita zolimbitsa thupi, makamaka kuthamanga, monga kusokoneza bongo [56]. Zinthu zake zimaganiziranso za maganizo komanso osati zakuthupi zomwe zimakhala zovuta. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chikhalidwe chilichonse cha maganizo, kusalingalira kotsiriza sikungapangidwe kuti ndi chiani chomwe chimatanthauzira kuti munthu ali ndi chizoloŵezi choyendetsa.

"Zolemba Zophunzira Zokhulupirira Zochita" [58] amafufuza malingaliro amodzi pazochita zolimbitsa thupi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zinayi: "chikhalidwe cha anthu", "mawonekedwe a thupi", "maganizo ndi maganizo", ndi "chiopsezo ku matenda ndi ukalamba". Ali ndi kudalirika kokwanira kapena kokwanira, motero.

Pepala la "Zolemba Zochita Zokwanira" (EDQ) [59] amayesa kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi monga zomangamanga. Ikhoza kuperekedwa poyesa kukakamizidwa pokhudzana ndi masewera osiyanasiyana. Zomwe zimaphatikizapo ndi "kusokoneza moyo wa anthu / abambo / ntchito", "mphoto yabwino", "zizindikiro zowonongeka", "kuzindikira zovuta", "kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi", "zochita zolimbitsa thupi" ", Ndi" khalidwe losasinthasintha ". Malingana ndi olemba, EDQ ndi chida chodalirika ndi chovomerezeka.

"Bodybuilding Dependency Scale" (BDS) [60] adapangidwa makamaka kuti athe kuyesa zolimbitsa thupi ndikukhala ndi kudalirika kokwanira. Zothandizira zitatuzi ndi izi: "kudalira pagulu" (zosowa za munthu aliyense kukhala pamalo olimbitsira thupi), "kudalira maphunziro" (kukakamizidwa kwa aliyense kukweza zolemera) ndi "kugonjera" (kufunikira kwa munthu kuti athe kuwongolera nthawi yake yophunzitsira).

"Kulimbitsa Thupi Loyamba" (EXDI) [61] amayesa kuchita zolimbitsa thupi komanso vuto la kudya. EXDI imawunika kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'miyezi itatu yapitayo, malingaliro ogwirizana, zomwe zimakhudza komanso kulumikizana ndi momwe munthu amadyera, kudziyesa momwe amadalira zolimbitsa thupi komanso mbiri yazambiri. Pakadali pano palibe kuwunika kwamachitidwe ake a psychometric komwe kwachitika.

"Kudzipereka Kuchita Zambiri" (CES) [62] zimaphatikizapo zovuta zomwe zimachitika pamaganizo (mwachitsanzo, kupitirizabe kuchita ngakhale kuti kuvulala) komanso ntchito zovuta (mwachitsanzo, kudziimba mlandu pambuyo pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi). CES ili ndi mlingo wokhutiritsa wodalirika.

The "Exercise Dependence Scale" (EDS) [63] amagwiritsa ntchito zovuta kuchita zolimbitsa thupi pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a DSM-IV okhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (APA) [27] ndipo moyenerera amasiyanitsa pakati pa othamanga, omwe amadalira ndi osadalira othamanga komanso pakati pa mankhwala osagwirizana ndi thupi.

"Kuchita Zambiri Zosokoneza Ubongo" (EAI) [64], [65] ndi chida chofufuzira chotsatira chofuna kudziwitsa zovuta kuchita. The EAI ikuyesa zigawo zikuluzikulu za khalidwe lachizoloŵezi: kulimba, kusinthasintha maganizo, kulekerera, zizindikiro za kuchotsa, kusamvana pakati pa anthu komanso kubwerera m'mbuyo [66]. EAI imakhala ndi mgwirizano wamkati mkati komanso wogwirizana ndi EDS.

"Lipoti la Kumayambiriro kwa Kuphunzira Zochita" [67] mosamala amayesa malingaliro pazochita zolimbitsa thupi komanso makhalidwe ena ofanana. Zili ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi: "Kudziletsa", "Kuchita zolimbitsa thupi", "kudzidetsa", "kuchepetsa kulemera," "mpikisano", ndi "kudziwika".

Kufufuza kwa kugwilitsika nchito

Popeza kuti malingaliro amitundu yosiyanasiyana amakhalapo, ntchito zake zimasiyananso. Choncho, zolemba zowonjezera ndi mayankho ali ndi njira zosiyana kwambiri. Posakhalitsa, zochepa chabe za zidazi zimakhala ndi zochepa zomwe zimalimbikitsa makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kuyesa kulingalira zosiyana za makhalidwe.

Kuwonjezera apo, zambiri mwa zidazi sizingagwirizane ndi chiphunzitso ndipo zimapanga miyeso yosiyana. Mwachidziwikire, pali kusowa kwa kuyesa kwa chikhalidwe cha psychometric ndi zofufuza zamatsenga [68], [69]. Mentzel [70] amaganiza kuti munthu amene wagwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndi uchidakwa ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe Jellinek amazindikira kuti ndi uchidakwa [71]. Chida cha Mentzel chimangokhala mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zikulimbikitse munthu wokhudzidwayo kuti aganizire za machitidwe ake (cf. [72]). Choncho, palibe maonekedwe a psychometric omwe ayesedwa.

"Ntchito Yoyang'anira Maganizo" (WAQ) [73] ali ndi miyeso iwiri yokhudza "kudzipereka kugwira ntchito" komanso kuchuluka kwa thanzi labwino ndi malingaliro oipa ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi ntchito. Malingana ndi olembawo, kugwilitsika nchito kosagwilitsila nchito sikumachokera pa kuchuluka kwa khalidwe labwino ndi kuchulukitsa kuganizira za ntchito, koma ku malingaliro ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi thanzi labwino. Kuchita "kudzipereka kuntchito" kumayesa malingaliro a ntchito ndi khalidwe lofanana. Zinapangidwa kuti zigawitse ofunsidwa kwa omwe ali otsika ndi kudzipereka kwakukulu kuntchito. Wachiwiri wotchedwa "thanzi laling'ono" cholinga chake ndi kukhazikitsa malingaliro abwino kapena osayenera kuntchito. Maphunziro onsewa amapezeka powonjezera miyeso iwiri. WAQ imayambitsa tsankho pakati pa anthu omwe ali odzipereka kwambiri kugwira ntchito komanso ogwira ntchito. Kudzipereka kwakukulu kuphatikizapo malingaliro ndi makhalidwe opindulitsa okhudzana ndi thanzi kumasonyeza kuti wofunsidwayo akutsutsidwa, akulimbikitsidwa ndi kukhutira ndi ntchito. Mosiyana, kuphatikiza kwa kudzipereka kwakukulu ndi malingaliro oipa ndi khalidwe labwino ndizochitika kwa ogwira ntchito omwe akuwonetsa mavuto, maganizo, komanso thanzi, omwe sangathe kugwira ntchito zawo. Choncho, olemba amasiyanitsa pakati pazinthu zabwino ndi zosafunika. Pakadali pano, palibe tsatanetsatane wokhutira ndi chotsimikizika cha chida ichi.

"Batkaholism Battery" (WorkBAT) [74] ali ndi masikelo atatu: "kugwira nawo ntchito", "galimoto" komanso "kusangalala ndi ntchito". Bwalo la Ntchito limasonyeza kudalirika kokwanira, kukwanira koyenera mkati ndi kusinthika moyenerera ndi zosintha za bungwe ndi zaumwini. "WorkBAT-R" [75] ndiwongosoledwe ka "Batkaholism Battery" [74]. Ngakhale kuti olemba ake anapeza zifukwa zitatu zomwe zimayambitsa zida zawo, olemba ena [74] kungathe kukhazikitsa kukhala ndi zifukwa ziwiri: "zosangalatsa" (kuntchito), zomwe zimakhala zodalirika kwambiri, komanso "kuyendetsa" (kugwira ntchito), zomwe zikuwoneka kukhala zokhulupilika.

Malinga ndi zomwe anthu amanena kuti matenda a anankastic ndi matenda ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi odwala, "Ndondomeko ya Anthu Osaphatikizika ndi Zomwe Ambiri Akuchita" (SNAP-Work) [76] idapangidwa, yomwe imayesa kuwonetsa umunthu wotsimikizika, kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogwira ntchito. Ntchito ya SNAP-Inapezeka kuti ikuwonetsetsa kuti mkati mwake ndiyodalirika komanso theka lagawanika.

Mudrack ndi Naughton [77] anakhazikitsa chida, chomwe chimaganizira "chizoloŵezi chochita ntchito zosagwira ntchito" (kawirikawiri, kupatula nthawi kuganizira njira zogwirira ntchito bwino) ndi "kulowerera mwakhama pantchito ya ena" (kawirikawiri, nthawi ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutenga udindo kwa ena). Zikhoza kusinthidwa ku ntchito yeniyeni ya wofunsidwayo. Zolumikizana pakati pathu ndi zokhutiritsa.

Kuunika kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Zida zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kusokoneza bongo kumakompyuta zimadalira njira zowatchova njuga komanso zoledzeretsa za mankhwala, motero. Popeza kuti zovuta zamakono za pakompyuta zinayambika kwa ana ndi achinyamata omwe amasewera masewera a pakompyuta, zida zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito khalidwe la masewera achichepere paunyamata. Chifukwa cha kufunika kwakukulu ndi kukambirana pagulu pa mutu wakuti "kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta mochuluka muunyamata", zida zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusewera makompyuta zakonzedwa zaka zingapo zapitazi. Zina mwa izo zimafotokozedwa apa.

Griffith [78] adalemba mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi kusewera kwa masewera a kanema pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'zaka zaunyamata, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya DSM-III-R yomwe imasinthidwa kutchova njuga (APA) [26]. Makhalidwewa amapezeka ngati oledzeretsa, ngati zilipo zinayi. Kusanthula kwayeso sikuyenera kuchitidwa.

DSM-IV-JV (J = Juvenile, V = Masewera a kanema a Arcarde) [79] ndi chida chodalirika chodziwiritsira ntchito masewera owonetsera mavidiyo paunyamata. Zimachokera ku DSM-IV (APA) [27] zifukwa zoyenera kutchova njuga. Kupeza masewera olimbitsa thupi pamakompyuta kungapangidwe ngati zosachepera zinayi zoyenera kuzigwirizanitsa.

"Vuto la Masewera a Pakanema Mavidiyo" (PVB) [80] akuyesa masewera a masewera a masewera ovuta omwe ali achinyamata (13 kwa zaka 18) ndi kudalirika kokwanira.

Kuti aone ngati ana amatha kusuta masewera a pakompyuta m'zaka zapulayimale, Chiu, Lee ndi Huang [81] adayambitsa "Game Addiction Scale", yomwe imasiyanitsa pakati pa "kusewera kwa masewera" ndi "masewera okhudzidwa". Palibe makhalidwe apadera omwe apangidwira panobe.

Kusintha "Vuto la Kugonjetsa Internet" kwa akuluakulu [82], "Kuthandizira Kuthandizira Pakompyuta" (CRABI) [83] inakonzedwa kuti ipeze khalidwe loyendetsa wodula makompyuta. Kudalirika kwa CRABI kuli kokwanira.

Chida chokwanira pakuwunika momwe ana amasewera pakompyuta ndi "Fragebogen zum Computerspielverhalten bei Kindern [Mafunso a Computer Game Behaeve in Children]" (CSVK) [84]. CSVK inapangidwira kwa chilankhulo cha Chijeremani ponena za njira zowunikira za kutchova njuga komanso zoledzeretsa zokhudzana ndi mankhwala mogwirizana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse a matenda a maganizo (DSM-IV [2] ndi ICD-10 [3]). Ichi ndi chida chodziwonetsera chomwe chimathandiza kuti munthu adziwe "masewera ovuta kwambiri a masewera a pakompyuta" komanso kafukufuku pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga "banja ndi moyo", "nthawi yopuma ndi abwenzi", "sukulu" ndi "ma TV". Limaperekanso chidziwitso pankhani ya maganizo, kudzidalira, kulandira chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kusankha njira zothetsera mavuto. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawulula kuti zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zili ndi "zizindikiro" zowonjezera zingathe kuchepetsedwa kukhala chinthu chimodzi komanso kuti chidachi chikuwonetseratu zachindunji, kugwirizana mkati komanso kudalirika. Kuonjezeranso kuyang'ana kwa zinthu za CSVK ziyenera kuphatikizapo kusanthula za maganizo awo.

Kuyesera kuledzera kwa intaneti

Malinga ndi kutchuka kwa intaneti m'madera onse a anthu m'zaka 10 zapitazo, zida zosiyanasiyana zofufuza malonda a intaneti zinapangidwa. Ambiri mwa iwo akutsatira zoyenera za DSM-IV zovuta zokhudzana ndi mankhwala (APA) [27]. Popeza, mwachizoloŵezi, zimakhala zovuta kuti kompyuta ndi intaneti zikhale zovuta kusiyanitsa, kuyeza kokwanira kumaphatikizapo kulingalira za zovuta ziwiri zozizwitsa komanso, motero, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyang'ana pa intaneti ndi kuledzera kwa kompyuta.

Zida zochepa zosankha zidzafotokozedwa pansipa.

Egger ndi Rauterberg [85] Anakhazikitsa "Online-Internetsucht-Fragebogen" [Mafunso Othandiza pa Intaneti pa Intaneti] pogwiritsa ntchito njira za DSM-IV zoyeza matenda okhudza mankhwala (APA) [27]. Kutsimikizirika kwake ndi kudalirika sikukhazikitsidwe.

Zotsatira zofanana, chida china chokhala ndi zinthu za 32 poyesa kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri intaneti chapangidwa posachedwapa. Chida ichi, "Internet-Related Addictive Beventvior Inventory" (IRABI) [86] amasonyeza mlingo wokhutiritsa wodalirika.

Kuphatikiza apo, "Internetsuchtskalen [Internet Addiction Scales]" (ISS) [87] Chida cha German chomwe chinapangidwira kuti chidziwitso pa zauchidakwa-zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi intaneti (monga kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu, kutaya chilema, kukula kwa kulekerera, kupitiliza kuchitidwa khalidwe loipa ngakhale kuti zingapweteke pa ntchito ndi ntchito komanso maubwenzi apamtima) zatsimikizira kuti zonsezi ndi zodalirika komanso zowona zogonana.

Olemba ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira kutchova njuga ya DSM-IV pofuna kufufuza. "Mafunso Odziwitsa Odwala" (YDQ) [82] - pamasinthidwe ake - amasiyanitsa pakati pa "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosavuta", "zovuta zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" komanso "zovuta zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti", kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu 20. Pakufufuza kwa psychometric zinthu zisanu ndi imodzi zomveka komanso zodalirika zitha kupezeka: "kutopa", "kunyalanyaza ntchito", "kunyalanyaza moyo wachitukuko", "kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso", "kuyembekezera" komanso "kusadziletsa".

Posachedwapa, zida zowonjezereka komanso zowonjezera zowonongeka kwa ma intaneti zadutsa. Mmodzi wa iwo [88] zimayendera pazinayi zina "khalidwe lovuta / lovuta kugwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti", "kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono", "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pofuna kukondweretsa kugonana / manyazi" kapena "kusadandaula".

"Generalized Problematic Use Use Scale" (GPIUS) ["Generalized Problematic Internet Scale Scale" [89] amachokera ku lingaliro lophiphiritsira la "ntchito yaikulu ya intaneti yovuta" [90]. Zowonongeka zimakhala ndi zosamalidwa zisanu ndi ziwiri: "Kusinthika kwabwino", "Kuwona kuti phindu lazomwe likupezeka pa intaneti", "Zotsatira zolakwika zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi intaneti", "Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mobwerezabwereza", "Nthawi yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito Intaneti," intaneti ", komanso" kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala pa intaneti ". Zowonjezereka za GPIUS zimagwirizana bwino ndi kupsinjika maganizo, kusungulumwa komanso manyazi komanso kusayenerera. Malingana ndi olemba, GPIUS ndi chida chodalirika ndi chovomerezeka.

"Kuzindikira Kuzindikira pa Intaneti" (OCS) [91] amatsindika makamaka za malingaliro okhudza intaneti ndipo ali ndi miyeso inayi: "kuchepa kwachangu", "kusungulumwa / kupanikizika," "chitonthozo cha chitetezo", ndi "kusokoneza". OCS ikuwoneka yodalirika.

"Zitsanzo za Mafunso Pofufuza Mafunso Pofufuza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Mosavuta" [92] amaimira chida chokhala ndi chiwerengero chokhazikika kuti athe kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti movuta. Gawo lalikulu la magawo asanu a zokambirana (kupereka vuto, zochitika zamoyo, zokhudzana ndi maganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, mobwerezabwereza; kupewa kubwerera) zimachokera ku njira ya biopsychosocial [93]. Kukhulupirika kwake ndi kutsimikiziridwa sikuyenera kuwonetseredwe.

Kuunika kwa kugonana

Kuwonetsa kwa khalidwe lachiwerewere kwambiri sikunayambe kafukufuku mpaka pano ndipo zomveka zomveka pazomwe zikuwoneka sizikusowa. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuchuluka kwa kukhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, [93]) kapena kulingalira kwafupipafupi za zochitika zogonana zoopsa [94] amanyalanyaza zovuta za matendawa ndipo sagwira nawo kupeza zokhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa, monga kusowa mphamvu ndi chitukuko cha kulekerera.

Pakalipano, kuyesa kukayezetsa kugonana [95] ndicho chida chokha chomwe chilipo poyesa kugonana kwachiwerewere. Chiyesochi (monga zida zina zonse zofufuzira) zimangopereka zongopeka za kukhalapo kwa zovutazo ndipo zimapezeka ngati zochepa (zinthu za 24) komanso ndondomeko yayitali (184). Chidulechi chikufuna mayankho a 13 kuti athetse kugonana. Pazifukwa zovuta zonena kuti mayesero ali ochepa kuti aperekedwe kwa amuna okhaokha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Sitiyatsimikizidwe kuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa amayi.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowunikira pa intaneti kwachinsinsi chodziwika ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa Intaneti. Iwo sangathe kukambidwa mwatsatanetsatane apa.

Kufufuza kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizoloŵezi zoipa

Njira yoyamba yowunikira machitidwe osiyanasiyana a zizoloŵezi zoipa (mwachitsanzo, kutchova njuga, kuponderezedwa, kugula mokakamiza) ndi funso lodzifufuza lokha la Germany "Fragebogen zur Differenzierten Anamnese exzessiver Verhaltensweisen" (FDAV, Questionnaire on Assessment Differentiated of Over Zosangalatsa) [96]. A FDAV amachokera ku zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi mankhwala, kutchova njuga komanso kusokonezeka kwa ICD-10 [3] ndi DSM-IV-TR [2].

FDAV ndi "Fragebogen zur Differenzierten Drogenanamnese" (EDDA); Mafunso owona za kusiyana kwa chizolowezi choledzeretsa, QDAA) [97]. Malamulo ake asanu ndi awiri amapeza "mbiri ya anthu" (mwachitsanzo, zaka, ntchito, chikhalidwe), "mbiri ya khalidwe loipa" (mwachitsanzo, zovuta zowonongeka za matenda osokoneza bongo ndi matenda osokoneza maganizo, machitidwe a munthu payekha, zolakalaka) "(Zovuta chifukwa cha zochitika zowopsya)," zochitika zalamulo "," mbiri yachipatala "," zodandaula zakuthupi ndi zamaganizo ", ndi" maganizo "(zomwe zimayambitsa mikhalidwe ya maganizo, kapena zotsatira za khalidwe loledzera, motero). Mutu uliwonse ukhoza kuperekedwa mosiyana molingana ndi chizoloŵezi chowongolera, ndikupangitsa FDAV kukhala chida chamtengo wapatali poyesa zizoloŵezi za khalidwe. A FDAV ndi oyenerera kuunika, kuyezetsa mankhwala ndi kutsatila muzochitika zamakono ndi kufufuza. Pakali pano, FDAV imatsimikiziridwa mu zitsanzo zachipatala komanso zopanda kuchipatala.

Makhalidwe oledzera

Grüsser ndi Thalemann [9] anafotokoza zofunikira zogonana za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizoloŵezi za makhalidwe ozikidwa pazomwe zilipo panopa zowunikira ndi zokambirana za sayansi. Olembawo amawona zizindikiro izi ngati zizindikiro zowonongeka kwa khalidwe loledzera. Komabe, akugogomezera kuti pofuna kuthana ndi kugwilitsila ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, vuto lililonse liyenera kuonedwa ngati khalidwe lokayikira limakhala loledzera kapena lopweteka kwambiri matenda).

Makhalidwe oledzera monga Grüsser ndi Thalemann [9] kuphatikizapo:

  1. Makhalidwewa amawonetsedwa kwa nthawi yaitali (osachepera miyezi 12) mu mawonekedwe opitilirapo, osasunthika, kupatukira ku chizoloŵezi kapena chophwanya (mwachitsanzo, pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwake ndi kukula kwake)
  2. Kutaya mphamvu pa khalidwe loipa (nthawi, maulendo, mphamvu, chiopsezo) pamene khalidwe lidayamba
  3. Mphoto ya mphotho (khalidwe loipitsitsa limaonedwa kuti ndilopindulitsa)
  4. Kukula kwa kulekerera (khalidwe likuchitidwa nthawi yaitali, mobwerezabwereza komanso molimbika kwambiri kuti lipindule chokhumba, mwa mawonekedwe osasinthasintha, mwamphamvu ndi kawirikawiri zotsatira zomwe zimafunidwa sizilephera)
  5. Makhalidwe omwe poyamba ankawoneka okondweretsa, abwino ndi opindulitsa akuwonekeratu kukhala osasangalatsa panthawi ya chizolowezi choledzeretsa
  6. Kukhumudwitsidwa / chilakolako chochita khalidwe
  7. Ntchito (khalidwe makamaka limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yolamulira maganizo / maganizo)
  8. Kuyembekezerapo zotsatira (kuyembekezera zabwino / zabwino mwa kuchita khalidwe loipa)
  9. Khalidwe laling'ono la makhalidwe (likugwiranso ntchito pa ntchito yomanga ndi kutsata)
  10. Ntchito yamaganizo ndi ntchito yomanga, kuchitapo kanthu ndi kutsata za khalidwe loipa komanso mwinamwake zotsatira za khalidwe lopweteka kwambiri
  11. Maganizo osayenerera, otsutsana ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe loipa
  12. Zizindikiro zosiya (maganizo ndi thupi)
  13. Anapitiriza kuchitidwa khalidwe loipa ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake sizinachitike (zokhudzana ndi thanzi, ntchito, chikhalidwe)
  14. Zochitika / zomwe anaphunzira (zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha kukangana ndi zochitika zamkati ndi zakunja zogwirizana ndi khalidwe loipitsitsa komanso kuchokera ku chidziwitso ndi khalidwe loipa)
  15. Kuvutika (kufuna kuthetsa mavuto omwe akukumana nawo)

Malingaliro a zachipatala komanso kuchulukitsitsa kwa kufufuza kwasayansi kumatsindika zofanana zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chokhudzana ndi khalidwe ndi zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala, motero. Choncho, zizindikiro zosiyana siyana za matenda a m'maganizo ziyenera kukhazikitsa zochitika zambiri zomwe zimakhala zoledzeretsa monga matenda osokoneza bongo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera. Zingatheke kuti pakhale zotheka kupeza matenda oyenera (pogwiritsira ntchito zida zomveka ndi zodalirika) ndikuthandizira chithandizo choyenera cha anthu okhudzidwa.

zolemba

Mikangano ya chidwi

Palibe adanenedwa.

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Nkhani za GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine zimaperekedwa pano mwachikondi German Medical Science