Sharpe, M., Mead, D. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Zovuta: Zolinga za Malamulo ndi Zaumoyo. Curr Addict Rep (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00390-8
Kudalirika
Cholinga cha Kubwereza
Malipoti a nkhanza zakugonana, makamaka kwa amayi ndi ana, akuchulukirachulukira. Nthawi yomweyo, mitengo yolaula imagwiritsa ntchito (PPU) ikuwonjezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga cha kuwunikaku ndikuwona kafukufuku waposachedwa pa PPU komanso momwe amathandizira pakuzunza. Nkhaniyi imapereka chitsogozo kwa maboma pazomwe zingachitike panjira zantchito zakuchipatala komanso zochita zalamulo zoletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa PPU ndikuchepetsa zachiwawa pakati pa anthu.
Zotsatira Zatsopano
Pogwira ntchito kuchokera kwa ogula, timazindikira PPU ndikufunsa kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zingafune PPU. Timasanthula momwe PPU imayendetsera zolaula kwa ana, achinyamata komanso achikulire. Mphamvu ya PPU pamachitidwe a ogula ena akuwonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi nkhanza zapabanja. Kuphwanya kugonana kumawonetsedwa ngati chitsanzo. Maluso anzeru zaluso amathandizira kwambiri pazogulitsa zolaula ndipo zimawoneka kuti zikuyendetsa kukwera kwazinthu zachiwawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogula azigonana kwambiri ndikupanga zilakolako zowonera ana (CSAM).
Chidule
Kuwona zolaula pa intaneti kwadzetsa PPU ndikuchita zachiwerewere. Kuzindikira ndi chithandizo cha PPU kumayesedwa, monganso zolakwa zalamulo zomwe boma limachita kuchokera ku PPU. Zithandizo zamalamulo ndi zomwe boma lingakhudze zimakambidwa kuchokera pamalingaliro achitetezo. Njira zomwe zikuphatikizidwazo zikuphatikiza kutsimikizira zaka zolaula, ntchito zathanzi pagulu komanso malangizo ophatikizidwa aumoyo ndi zamalamulo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa magawo azolaula komanso maphunziro a ophunzira pazokhudza zolaula zomwe zimakhudza ubongo.
Introduction
Kuyambira cha m'ma 2008, kupezeka kwa zolaula pa intaneti kudzera mu ukadaulo wa mafoni kunapanga mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya injini ya Cooper ya triple-A, yomwe ndi kuti zolaula zitha kupezeka mosavuta, zotsika mtengo komanso zosadziwika [ 1 ]. Zapangitsa kuti pakhale zochitika zogonana pa intaneti zomwe zimakula komanso mwachangu. Masiku ano zolaula zimaperekedwa makamaka kudzera mu chipangizocho m'thumba mwa munthu.
Kuphatikiza pa kufalikira kwachangu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuchuluka kwa mavuto pa thanzi la maganizo ndi thupi mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira [ 2 ]. Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha ogwiritsa ntchito chikunena kuti sakulamulira kapena akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika (PPU). Ziwerengerozi zimasinthasintha kwambiri ndipo zimadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe afotokozedwa komanso ngati PPU imadziwunika yokha kapena yodziwikiratu kunja [ 3 , 4 ]. Mu 2015, deta ya ophunzira aku yunivesite yaku Spain idapeza 9% ndi mbiri ya khalidwe loopsa komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 1.7% mwa amuna ndi 0.1% mwa akazi [ 5 ]. Mu chitsanzo cha anthu oimira ku Australia, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe adanena za zotsatira zoyipa chidakwera kuchoka pa 7% chomwe chidanenedwa mu 2007 kufika pa 12% mu 2018 [ 6 ].
PPU imakhudza wogwiritsa ntchitoyo komanso imakhudzanso machitidwe awo kwa ena. Kutalika kwa PPU kumakhudza momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito. Pazaka XNUMX zapitazi, mabuku ambiri apangidwa omwe akuwonetsa ubale wabwino pakati pa zolaula, makamaka zachiwawa, komanso machitidwe a abambo ndi ana kwa amayi ndi ana [7,8,9,10]. Zithunzi zolaula, zovomerezeka komanso zovomerezeka, zimatha kuyambitsa milandu ngati kukhala ndi zithunzi zosayenera za ana kapena kumwa zinthu zankhanza za ana (CSAM) [11,12,13,14,15,16]. Zingathenso kukulitsa mwayi komanso kuopsa kwa kugwiriridwa, nkhanza zapakhomo, kuchitiridwa zachipongwe, kugawana zithunzi zaumwini popanda chilolezo, kuwonekera pa intaneti, kuzunzidwa komanso kuzunzidwa pa intaneti [17,18,19,20,21,22].
Makhalidwe oipa a mtundu uliwonse, kuphatikizapo zolaula za pa intaneti, zimakhudza luso la munthu lolamulira malingaliro ake; chilakolako chake chogwiritsa ntchito zolimbikitsazo mobwerezabwereza; kukhala pachiwopsezo cha malonda ndipo koposa zonse, kuletsa machitidwe oipa monga kukakamiza, kuzunza ndi nkhanza zogonana [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].
Kukula kwa PPU
Tikuwona kuti kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Castro-Calvo ndi ena amapereka tanthauzo labwino la PPU.
"Ponena za lingaliro lake ndi magulu ake, PPU yaonedwa ngati mtundu wa Hypersexual Disorder (HD; [ 26 ]), ngati mtundu wa Sexual Addiction (SA; [ 27 ]), kapena ngati chiwonetsero cha Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD; [ 28 ]) ... Zotsatira zake, zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano m'makhalidwe ogonana osalamulirika zimaona PPU ngati mtundu wa SA/HD/CSBD (wodziwika kwambiri) osati ngati matenda odziyimira pawokha [ 29 ], komanso amaganiza kuti odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi SA/HD/CSBD adzawonetsa PPU ngati khalidwe lawo lalikulu logonana. Pamlingo wothandiza, izi zikutanthauza kuti odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi PPU adzapezeka ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za 'general' zachipatalazi, ndipo PPU idzawonekera ngati chizindikiro mkati mwa dongosolo lodziwira matenda" [ 30 ].
Mu dongosolo la World Health Organization, PPU ikhoza kupezeka ngati vuto la khalidwe logonana lokakamiza, kapena monga momwe Brand ndi ena adanenera posachedwapa, pansi pa “Matenda chifukwa cha makhalidwe osokoneza bongo” [ 31 ].
Kodi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapanga bwanji PPU? Makampani ogulitsa zolaula akugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo monga makampani ena onse a pa intaneti kuti mapulogalamu awo akhale "omata". Mawebusayiti a zolaula adapangidwa makamaka kuti anthu azionera, kudina ndi kusuntha. Ogwiritsa ntchito amaonera zolaula ndikudziseweretsa maliseche kuti adzipatse mphotho yamphamvu ya neurochemical kudzera mu orgasm. Kuzungulira kumeneku ndi njira yodzilimbitsa yokha yolimbikitsira chilakolako chogonana. Kenako, mosiyana ndi kugonana kwenikweni ndi okondedwa, intaneti nthawi yomweyo imawapatsa zolimbikitsa zatsopano kuti abwerezenso njirayi, osatha [ 32 ]. Ndipo mosiyana ndi maliseche okha popanda zolaula, kapena kugonana kwenikweni ndi okondedwa, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amanena kuti nthawi yayitali, mpaka maola angapo panthawi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "edging". Cholinga cha wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula wodziwa bwino ntchito yake ndikutulutsa chilakolako chogonana pokhapokha ngati chikhala ndi mphamvu. Munthu wozungulira amatha kufika pamlingo womwe uli pafupi kufika pa orgasm, koma osasangalala kwenikweni. Mwa kukhalabe m'dera losangalatsali, koma lopanda orgasmic, amatha kupanga nthawi ndi malo komwe anganyenge ubongo wawo kuti akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mosalekeza m'dziko lenileni la okondedwa okongola, ma orgasm osatha komanso maphwando achiwawa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungayambitse kusintha kwa zinthu zotuwa m'mbali zina za ubongo zomwe zimafunika kuti ziletse kuchita zinthu mopupuluma [ 33 ]. Ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Cambridge adapeza kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi ntchito mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopupuluma [ 34 ]. Ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli umayankha zithunzi za zolaula mofanana ndi momwe ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la cocaine umachitira ndi zithunzi za cocaine. Kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumalepheretsa munthu kuchita zinthu mopupuluma. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopupuluma, izi zikutanthauza kulephera kulamulira kuphulika kwachiwawa. Zingathandize kuchititsa nkhanza zapakhomo ndi milandu ina yokhudza akazi ndi ana. PPU imawononga gawo la ubongo lomwe limagwira ntchito ndi "chiphunzitso cha malingaliro" [ 35 ] ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zimakhudza kuthekera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito PPU kuchitira chifundo ena [ 36 ].
Kodi Pakufunika Zithunzi Zotani Zotani Kuti PPU?
Funso ndiloti ogwiritsa ntchito amayenera kuwonera zochuluka motani komanso kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji chiopsezo chomwe chingakhale chowopsa? Ili ndi funso lodziwika koma losathandiza chifukwa limanyalanyaza mfundo yokhudzana ndi ubongo: ubongo umangophunzira nthawi zonse, kusintha ndikusintha poyankha chilengedwe.
Sizotheka kutchula kuchuluka kwa ubongo chifukwa ubongo uliwonse ndi wosiyana. Kafukufuku wa ku Germany wofufuza ubongo (osati wa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli) adagwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha chizolowezi komanso kuchepa kwa chidwi cha zolaula [ 33 ].
Malo opatsirana muubongo sakudziwa kuti zolaula ndi chiyani; imangolembetsa milingo yolimbikitsira kudzera ma dopamine ndi ma spio opioid. Kuyanjana pakati paubongo wowonera ndi zoyeserera zomwe zimasankhidwa kumatsimikizira ngati wowonera azilowerera kapena ayi. Chofunika ndikuti kuledzera sikofunikira pakusintha kwaubongo kapena zotsatira zoyipa.
Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti anthu opitilira 80% omwe akufuna chithandizo cha vuto la khalidwe logonana mosafunikira anena kuti sangathe kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ngakhale zotsatira zake zoyipa [ 28 , 30 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Izi zikuphatikizapo zotsatirapo zoyipa pa maubwenzi, kuntchito komanso pa kuphwanya malamulo okhudza kugonana.
Vuto limodzi lomveka bwino ndilakuti panthawi ya kutha msinkhu, mahomoni ogonana amakakamiza wachinyamata kufunafuna zokumana nazo zogonana. Kwa anthu ambiri, zimakhala zosavuta kupeza zokumana nazo zogonana kudzera pa intaneti kuposa m'moyo weniweni. Unyamata ndi nthawi yomwe ubongo ukukula pamene achinyamata amapanga zambiri, ndipo amakhala osamala kwambiri ndi zinthu zosangalatsa za m'mitsempha [ 41 ]. Chidwi ichi ndi kukhudzidwa ndi zokumana nazo zogonana pamodzi ndi mwayi wopeza zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zimapangitsa mibadwo ikubwerayi kukhala yotetezeka kwambiri ku PPU kuposa mibadwo isanafike intaneti [ 42 , 43 ].
Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimawononga anthu zitha kuonedwa ngati nkhwangwa ziwiri.
Choyamba chimadalira kuchuluka kwa zithunzi zolaula zomwe akumwa. Kodi akumwa zolaula zokwanira kuti athe kukhala ndi khalidwe lokakamiza kapena chizolowezi chochita zinthu mopitirira muyeso chifukwa chofuna kuonera zolaula? Yankho lomveka bwino ndi inde. Ziwerengero za anthu owonera zolaula zikusonyeza kuti kampaniyi yokha idapereka zochitika zolaula 42 biliyoni mu 2019 [ 44 ]. Mu Juni 2021, tsamba lotsogola lothandizira anzawo NoFap.com linali ndi mamembala 831,000 omwe amaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo yopuma poyesa kusagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi ntchito yopindulitsa [ 45 ]. Kusaka pa Google Scholar pa 18 Juni 2021 kwa "kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta" kunabweretsa zinthu 763, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti PPU ikufufuzidwa kwambiri.
Payokha, payenera kukhala kukula kwa nthawi. Kodi ogwiritsa ntchito akuyeserera kugwiritsa ntchito izi kwanthawi yayitali kuti zizolowerezi kapena zizolowezi zawo zizikhazikika pamakhalidwe awo? Ubongo wa munthu aliyense ndi wapadera ndipo pali mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe, zikhalidwe komanso mayendedwe omwe angaike ogula mumisasa yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, komwe kuwonera zolaula sikungakhale ndi zotsatira zake. Komabe, popita nthawi, kwa anthu ena, pali kuthekera kosavuta kosamukira kumsasa wa PPU.
Kuzindikiritsa ndi Kuchiza PPU
Njira zochiritsira PPU zinawunikidwanso ndi Sniewski et al. mu 2018 [ 46 ]. Kafukufukuyu adapeza maziko ofooka ofufuza ndi kuyesa kamodzi kokha kosasinthika komanso maphunziro oyambirira pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ndi mankhwala. Anazindikira kufunikira kwa zida zabwino zodziwira matenda ngati zomangira chithandizo chabwino. Kufunika kumeneku kwakwaniritsidwa tsopano. PPU tsopano ikhoza kuzindikirika modalirika mwa anthu ndi m'magulu osiyanasiyana. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, zida zingapo zodziwira PPU zapangidwa, kuyesedwa bwino komanso kuyesedwa kwambiri [ 47 ]. Mwachitsanzo, Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale tsopano ikupezeka m'mitundu yayitali [ 48 ] komanso yayifupi [ 49 ] yothandizidwa ndi mayeso osiyanasiyana ammudzi [ 50 , 51 ]. Kudalirika kwa Brief Pornography Screener kwawonetsedwanso [ 52 , 53 ].
Lewczuk ndi ena adati “N’zotheka kuti anthu omwe amakonda kwambiri zinthu zosafunikira kwenikweni, monga zolaula za paraphilic kapena zochitika zomwe zili ndi chiwawa chochuluka, akhoza kuda nkhawa ndi zomwe amakonda ndikupempha chithandizo pachifukwa ichi” [ 54 ]. Bőthe ndi ena adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi sikungakhale kovuta nthawi zonse [ 55 ]. Zimatengera munthu payekha ndipo zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri [ 56 ].
Anthu ena amazindikira kuti sangathe kusiya khalidweli okha, ngakhale atakhala ndi cholinga chochita zimenezo. Izi zimawapangitsa kuti afune thandizo la akatswiri kuchokera kwa madokotala a mabanja, akatswiri ogonana, alangizi a ubale ndi aphunzitsi ochira [ 57 , 58 ]. Anthu ena amalowa m'magulu odzithandiza pa intaneti kapena m'madera a 12-step. Padziko lonse lapansi, tikuwona njira zosiyanasiyana kuyambira kudziletsa kwathunthu mpaka njira zochepetsera mavuto [ 59 ].
Pa mawebusayiti obwezeretsa zithunzi zolaula ( www.nofap.com ; rebootnation.org ), amuna ogwiritsa ntchito amanena kuti akasiya zolaula ndipo ubongo wawo umachira, chifundo chawo kwa akazi chimabwerera. Nthawi yomweyo, mavuto ambiri azaumoyo monga nkhawa ndi kupsinjika maganizo, komanso mavuto azaumoyo monga kusagwira ntchito bwino pogonana, amachepetsa kapena kutha [ 36 ]. Kafukufuku wochulukirapo wamaphunziro pa mawebusayiti obwezeretsa zithunzi zolaula akulangizidwa chifukwa zochepa zomwe zafalitsidwa [ 60 ].
PPU ndi Zowopsa kwa Akuluakulu
Posiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuopsa kwa PPU, Bőthe et al. adapeza kuti PPU inali ndi maulalo abwino komanso ocheperako okhudzana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana mwa amuna ndi akazi m'magulu ammudzi komanso m'zipatala [ 61 ]. Amuna omwe ali ndi PPU amatha kukhala ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana monga kusokonekera kwa erectile komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zolaula (PIED), kuchedwa kutulutsa umuna komanso anorgasmia [ 36 , 62 , 63 , 64 ].
Tsopano pali maphunziro ena omwe akuyang'ana kulumikizana pakati pa PPU ndi matenda enaake okhudzana ndi chitukuko kapena thanzi la maganizo. Mu 2019, Bőthe ndi anzake adawona vuto la attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ngati limodzi mwa matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri pakati pa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Adapeza kuti zizindikiro za ADHD zitha kukhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuopsa kwa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi, koma "zizindikiro za ADHD zitha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pa PPU pakati pa amuna koma osati akazi" [ 65 ].
Pali kafukufuku wina amene akusonyeza mavuto omwe anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) ali nawo pankhani ya kuyanjana ndi anthu komanso kugonana komwe kungayambitse khalidwe loipa la kugonana [ 66 ]. Pakadali pano, mgwirizano pakati pa ASD ndi kuonera CSAM sudziwika bwino ndipo sumvetsetseka mokwanira ndi anthu onse komanso akatswiri azachipatala ndi azamalamulo. Komabe, pakadali pano, sitinapeze mabuku enaake ogwirizanitsa PPU ndi ASD kupatula kafukufuku waposachedwa [ 35 ].
PPU ndi Kugonana kwa Ana ndi Achinyamata
Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula kwa ana (osakwana zaka 18) kuli ndi zotsatira zina. Kumasintha momwe achinyamata amaphunzirira kugonana ndipo nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuyamba kugonana msanga. Izi zimakhala zoopsa, chifukwa kuyamba kugonana msanga kumapangitsa achinyamata kukhala ndi khalidwe loipa [ 30 , 67 , 68 ] komanso kuchita nkhanza zogonana ndi mwana [ 69 , 70 ].
Ku England ndi Wales, pakati pa 2012 ndi 2016 panali kuwonjezeka kwa 78% kwa milandu yokhudza nkhanza zogonana pakati pa ana ndi ana yomwe inanenedwa ku apolisi [ 71 ]. Ku Scotland nthawi yomweyo, panali kuwonjezeka kwa 34% kwa milandu yotereyi, zomwe zinapangitsa Lolicitor General kukhazikitsa gulu la akatswiri kuti lifufuze zomwe zimayambitsa. Mu lipoti lawo lofalitsidwa mu Januwale 2020, akunena kuti "Kuonera zolaula kukudziwika kwambiri ngati chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa kubuka kwa khalidwe loipa la kugonana" [ 25 ].
Mu 2020 ku Ireland, anyamata awiri achichepere adapezeka ndi mlandu wakupha Ana Kriegel wazaka 14. Anali ndi zithunzi zolaula zambiri zachiwawa pafoni zawo [ 72 ]. Kodi pali ulalo? Apolisi adakhulupirira zimenezo.
Milandu yambiri yokhudza nkhanza zogonana pakati pa ana ndi ana imachitidwa ndi anyamata pa atsikana m'banjamo. Kugonana ndi wachibale kapena chomwe chimatchedwa "chibale chabodza" ndi chimodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya zolaula zomwe zilipo [ 73 ].
Kuonera zolaula pa intaneti mosalekeza kukukhudza maganizo a ana ndi achinyamata ndikuwakonzekeretsa kukhala akuluakulu ndi zilakolako zogonana zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira zogonana zachiwawa, zokakamiza komanso zoopsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pali kafukufuku wa anyamata achinyamata omwe adawonetsa kuti "kuwonera dala zinthu zachiwawa zomwe zimayesedwa kwambiri pakapita nthawi kunaneneratu kuwonjezeka kwa mwayi wodzinenera kuti ndiwe wochita zachiwawa zogonana" [ 17 ]. Komanso, pali kafukufuku wosonyeza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nkhanza zogonana zomwe zimayamba kuchitika ali ndi zaka 16 [ 18 ].
Kafukufuku wa ku Australia wochitidwa ndi McKibbin ndi anzake mu 2017 [ 69 ] pa khalidwe loipa la kugonana lomwe ana ndi achinyamata amachita adapeza kuti ndi gawo la theka la nkhanza zonse za ana. Kafukufukuyu adapeza mwayi wopewera kutengera kuyankhulana ndi achinyamata omwe akuchita zachiwerewere: kusintha maphunziro awo okhudzana ndi kugonana; kukonza zomwe adakumana nazo pozunzidwa; ndikuthandizira kuyang'anira zolaula.
Zotsatira pa Khalidwe
Kupewa PPU ndibwino kuposa kuchiritsa. Ndi yotsika mtengo, yabwino kwa anthu, yotetezeka kwa maanja komanso yathanzi lamunthu komanso thanzi. Kupewa kumagwiranso ntchito pochepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha PPU m'ndondomeko zamilandu. Pomwe munthu ali ndi PPU, kuthekera kwawo kuneneratu zoyipa zomwe zimadza chifukwa chamakhalidwe awo sikuthandiza, monganso kuthekera kwawo kuchitanso zinthu mopupuluma. Khalidwe lopupuluma limaphatikizaponso kuchita zachiwawa zogonana.
Ngati ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo ndi zamilandu zolipirira kuthana ndi PPU ziyamba kukwera kwambiri, monga momwe zikuonekera pakadali pano chifukwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, idzakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa maboma. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2020, mawebusayiti a zolaula anali malo a 8, 10, 11 ndi 24 omwe amachezeredwa kwambiri ndi ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku UK [ 74 ]. Oposa 10% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku lililonse. Hafu ya amuna akuluakulu onse aku UK adapita ku Pornhub.com mu Seputembala 2020—kwa akazi chiwerengerochi chinali 16% [ 75 ].
Palibe amene ananeneratu za mliri wa COVID-19 wa 2020, koma kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kuphatikizapo amuna, ana ndi achinyamata omwe ali otopa kunyumba, kunakwera kwambiri chaka chathachi. Izi zinathandizidwa ndi mwayi wopeza kwaulere masamba apamwamba a Pornhub omwe kale anali olipidwa [ 76 , 77 ]. Mabungwe othandiza anthu okhudzidwa ndi nkhanza zapakhomo anena za kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa madandaulo okhudza nkhanza zapakhomo [ 78 ]. Kupeza mosavuta masamba a zolaula pa intaneti mwina kwakhala chifukwa chothandizira [ 79 ]. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuli ndi zotsatirapo zambiri ndipo ichi ndichifukwa chake njira yachipatala komanso yasayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndiyofunikira pothana ndi gwero ili la thanzi la anthu komanso chiopsezo chalamulo.
Amuna ambiri akupezedwa ndi mlandu wochita nkhanza kwa akazi komwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunayambidwa. Mabuku ogwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuphwanya malamulo okhudza kugonana, nkhanza zogonana ndi nkhanza tsopano ndi amphamvu [ 62 , 80 , 81 ].
Kodi chiwawa m'zolaula chimaimira chiyani, makamaka chiwawa kwa akazi? Iyi ndi malo omwe amatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi olemba ndemanga zachikazi [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Kupitiliraku kumayambira pa kumenya pang'ono ndi kukoka tsitsi la munthu mpaka kuchita zinthu monga kudzipha. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka zaposachedwa, apolisi anena za kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa milandu yodzipha, imodzi mwa mitu yotchuka kwambiri yomwe imapezeka mu zolaula masiku ano. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akufotokoza "kuvulala kosiyanasiyana komwe kumachitika chifukwa chodzipha komwe kungaphatikizepo kulephera kwa mtima, sitiroko, kutaya mimba, kusadziletsa, mavuto olankhula, khunyu, ziwalo, ndi mitundu ina ya kuvulala kwa ubongo kwa nthawi yayitali" [ 82 ]. Kudzipha "...ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha chiopsezo chamtsogolo: ngati mkazi wadzipha, mwayi woti aphedwe pambuyo pake umawonjezeka kasanu ndi katatu" [ 83 ].
Komwe kumakhala kovuta ndichakuti kudzipha kungakhale chinthu chomwe munthu amapempha. Zochita zina za Bondage, Domination, Sadism, Masochism (BDSM) zimadalira chilakolako cha mpweya wochepa panthawi yogonana kuti ziwonjezere chilakolako chogonana. Komanso, munthu mmodzi akhoza kudzipha mnzake panthawi yogonana popanda chilolezo chake, chifukwa ndi achiwawa komanso ankhanza. Deta ya Gen Z pa BDSM ndi kugonana kosayenera ndi yodetsa nkhawa. Atsikana ambiri kuposa amuna adanena kuti kugonana kosayenera ndi BDSM ndi chinthu chomwe amakonda kuonera [ 84 ]. Ndipo ngati awonera zolaula, akhoza kukhudzidwa kuti atsanzire khalidweli m'moyo weniweni. Ngati akazi akupempha kuti adziphatike kuti akwaniritse chilakolako chachikulu chogonana, kodi izi zingakhudze bwanji chitetezo chalamulo cha chilolezo? Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha kusintha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi akazi.
Boma la UK "Bill Violence Home" likufuna kufotokoza lamuloli pobwereza, mwa lamulo, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pa mlandu wa R v Brown, kuti munthu sangalole kuvulazidwa kapena kuvulala koopsa kapena, mwa kufalikira, mpaka kufa kwawo komwe.
"Palibe imfa kapena kuvulala kwina kulikonse - kaya zinthu zili bwanji - komwe kuyenera kutetezedwa ngati 'kugonana kolakwika' ndichifukwa chake tikutsimikiza kuti izi sizingavomerezedwe. Ochita milandu iyi sayenera kuonedwa ngati olakwa - zochita zawo sizidzakhala zomveka mwanjira iliyonse, ndipo adzatsatiridwa mwamphamvu m'makhothi kuti apeze chilungamo kwa ozunzidwa ndi mabanja awo." Nduna ya Zachilungamo Alex Chalk [ 85 ].
Kuchokera ku kafukufuku wochuluka, n'zoonekeratu kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa nkhanza zapakhomo, nkhanza zofala kwa akazi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Mosakayikira, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zigwirizane, koma umboni ukusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mokakamiza kungakhudze ubongo ndikuwononga luso lopanga zisankho la munthu wogwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza pakapita nthawi.
Chikhalidwe cha kugonana m'maiko ambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha achinyamata masiku ano. Komabe, kusowa kwa njira yothandiza yolimbana ndi nkhanza kwa amayi kwapangitsa kuti atsikana ena achitepo kanthu kuti awonetse kufalikira kwa nkhanza zogonana m'masukulu ndi m'masukulu. Mawebusayiti monga "Aliyense Waitanidwa" ( everyonesinvited.uk ) akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa akazi omwe akunena za kugwiriridwa kapena kugwiriridwa komwe sikunathetsedwe mokwanira ndi akuluakulu a zamaphunziro kapena apolisi. N'zotheka kuti anyamata achichepere omwe ali ndi PPU akukakamiza anzawo ngakhale kuti alibe chilolezo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziimbidwa mlandu wogwiriridwa kapena kugwiriridwa.
Kukula kwa "mahule", makamaka ku USA, ndi chitsanzo cha zolaula zomwe zimapangidwa zokha pomwe akazi amakumana ndi mtundu wina wa khalidwe logwiritsa ntchito zolaula [ 86 ].
PPU ndi Kukwera
Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zimagwira ntchito ngati njira yophunzitsira zachiwerewere yomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito makamaka zochita zomwe amaona ngati "zolemba zachiwerewere". Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolemba zachiwerewere zikhale zamphamvu kwambiri pakusintha machitidwe a ogula zolaula. Choyamba, anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro olakwika okhudza chiwawa amatha kuchita zomwe amawona [ 87 ]. Chachiwiri, ogula onse ali pachiwopsezo cha momwe ma algorithm a luntha lochita kupanga (AI) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito patsamba lamalonda amalamulira ogula kuti akwere mpaka kuonera mitundu yolaula kwambiri. Kugwira ntchito kwa ma algorithm pakukweza kukula kwa chiwonetserochi kukuwonetsedwa ndi momwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amatha kuzindikira kuti zokonda zawo zimasintha pakapita nthawi; motero, mu kafukufukuyu waku Europe, "Makumi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi pa zana adatchula nthawi zina kufunafuna zinthu zogonana kapena kuchita nawo ma OSA [zochita zogonana pa intaneti] zomwe sizinali zosangalatsa kwa iwo kale kapena zomwe amaona kuti ndi zonyansa" [ 37 ].
Ma algorithm a AI amatha kupangitsa ogula kukhala mbali ziwiri. Kumbali imodzi, amaphunzitsa ubongo wa owonera, mosadziwa, kulakalaka zithunzi zamphamvu komanso zachiwawa. Kumbali ina, amalimbikitsa ogula kuti aziganizira kwambiri za kugonana ndi achinyamata. Chifukwa chake, tayamba kuchita zachiwawa komanso/kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochitira nkhanza ana. Anthu omwe ali ndi PPU asintha ubongo wawo zomwe zimawonjezera chilakolako cha zinthu zolimbikitsa, mwina zoopsa kwambiri komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu yoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 35 , 38 , 63 ].
Pakapita nthawi, njira yowonjezerera kungayambitse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosaloledwa, kuphatikizapo zinthu zochitira nkhanza ana [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Kugwiritsa ntchito CSAM n'koletsedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Mkati mwa CSAM mulinso zinthu zambiri komanso machitidwe a ogula. Zimayambira pa kuonera zolemba zakale zomwe zitha kufalikira kosatha pa intaneti yamdima ngakhale kuti apolisi akuyesetsa kuzichotsa, mpaka kuwonera pompopompo pomwe ogula amalipira anthu ena kuti agwirire ana akuonera. Zinthuzi zomwe zimawonetsedwa pompopompo zidzafalikiranso pa intaneti yamdima [ 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ].
Kuyambira pomwe intaneti yothamanga kwambiri idayamba, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pakati pa anyamata achinyamata pa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana m'mabanja ogonana. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale mawu akuti "kulephera kugonana komwe kumayambitsa zolaula" (PIED) [ 63 ]. Chiwerengero cha amuna omwe ali ndi PPU sangagonenso, ngakhale ndi zolaula. Pa mawebusayiti obwezeretsa zolaula, amuna ena anena kuti atayamba kulephera kugonana, amafunikira chilimbikitso champhamvu cha zolaula zoopsa kapena zosaloledwa monga CSAM kuti agone.
Zithandizo Zamalamulo ndi Maganizo A Zaumoyo
PPU ndi matenda omwe amatha kupewedwa. Anthu sangathe kukhala ndi PPU osadya zolaula. Komabe, potengera momwe zinthu zilili pakadali pano, palibe boma lomwe lingayembekezere kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa zolaula. Libido ya anthu ndi msika nthawi zonse zidzagonjetsa kusunthika kulikonse.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zikuwonjezeka zikuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira zambiri za PPU zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ya bere, chifukwa chake titha kuneneratu motsimikiza kuti zovuta zoyipa zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambazi zipitilira kukula mpaka patadutsa zaka zambiri dziko lapansi lisanafike poti zolaula, nthawi yomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amayamba kuchepa . M'chigawo chino, tifufuza zida zaumoyo ndi zamalamulo zomwe maboma ndi mabungwe ena atha kusintha zomwe zingachitike, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera, kutsimikizira zaka, mapulogalamu amasukulu, ntchito zathanzi pagulu ndi machenjezo ena azaumoyo .
Pali mwayi wambiri wochitapo kanthu kapena kukakamiza kuti achepetse kuchita zinthu zomwe zingachititse kuti munthu azikonda kwambiri fodya. Izi zagwira ntchito ku fodya komwe mayiko ena monga Australia awona kuchuluka kwa kusuta fodya kukutsika ndi 70% [ 92 ]. Mwachiyembekezo, malamulo ndi mfundo za boma zokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ziyenera kuthandizira njira zofewa zotere. Kupatula apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu pakadali pano ndikololedwa m'malo ambiri [ 60 ].
Mosiyana ndi izi, kugwiritsa ntchito CSAM ndi akulu ndikosaloledwa. Mabungwe azamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi amafunafuna CSAM ndi omwe amaigwiritsa ntchito. Kukhazikitsa malamulo padziko lonse lapansi ndikofunikira kuthetseratu CSAM. Ponseponse kuponderezedwa kwa CSAM kwakhala kopambana, koma mwina sizingakhale choncho. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa apolisi kwapangitsa kuti msika uziyenda pa intaneti ndipo nthawi zina muma media media. Kodi maboma angachite chiyani ngati zimphona zaukadaulo monga Facebook zizilemba kumapeto kwa mapeto zomwe zingapangitse kuti akuluakulu azamalamulo azindikire ndikuchotsa CSAM pamapulatifomu awo ndikuwapatsa mlandu?
Mfundo Zodzitetezera
Malinga ndi kudziwa kwa olembawo, zolaula sizinayesedwepo asayansi kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti ndizotetezedwa kapena kuti zolaula ndizosachita chiopsezo kudera lonse. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chaukadaulo akuwonetsa kuti anthu atha, pamlingo wofunikira, atha kukhala ndi vuto lokakamiza, kapena losokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zikuwoneka kuti mitundu yonse yazolaula imatha kutsogolera kuti ogula ena apange PPU. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, osatengera msinkhu wawo, jenda, malingaliro azakugonana kapena zina zachitukuko.
Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mabungwe azamalonda pa intaneti zawonetsedwa kuti zili ndi zovuta zambiri zomwe zingapangitse ogula kupanga PPU. Kukangana kuti anthu ambiri amawona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikotetezeka sikuchotsa ntchito yalamulo pazogulitsa zolaula kuti zisavulaze ogula, makamaka iwo omwe ali ndi kuthekera kapena chiwopsezo chenicheni chokhala ndi PPU: achinyamata kapena anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamitsempha kapena zovuta zina. Mosiyana ndi izi, maboma ali ndi udindo woteteza nzika zawo. Kuwonetsera kwachitetezo chakanthawi kochepa pagulu lowononga sikuchotsa zovuta zomwe zingayambitse zovuta zomwe zimangowonekera kwakanthawi. Kupatula apo, chitetezo chazomwe zidachitika posachedwa kapena zowonekeratu zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani opanga fodya. Izi pamapeto pake zidasinthidwa ndikufufuza komwe kumawonetsa zovuta zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Pomwe pali kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikukula kwa vuto lodziwika, makamaka kukakamizidwa kwakugonana, ndiye kuti pali mwayi woti gulu lichite motsutsana ndi omwe amapereka malinga ndi malamulo azovuta pazogulitsa? Izi zikuyenera kupitilizidwa.
Ngakhale osathetsa zolaula, pali njira zingapo zochepetsera zoopsa pagulu komanso anthu. Tikambirana njira zinayi zodalitsika, kutsimikizira zaka, mapulogalamu, maphunziro azachipatala ndi machenjezo oyenera azaumoyo.
Kuzindikiritsa zaka
Ana ndi achinyamata ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha chizolowezi cha intaneti chamitundu yonse, chifukwa cha chibadwa cha ubongo wawo chosinthika panthawi yovutayi yakukula panthawi yaunyamata. Iyi ndi nthawi ya moyo pomwe matenda ambiri amisala ndi zizolowezi zimakula. Mabuku amaphunziro amawonetsa momveka bwino kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa achinyamata [ 17 , 18 , 93 , 94 , 95 ]. Monga momwe ndemanga yaposachedwa ya Gassó ndi Bruch-Granados idanenera "kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata kwalumikizidwa ndi kukulirakulira kwa paraphilias, kuwonjezeka kwa nkhanza zogonana komanso kuzunzidwa, komanso ... kuwonjezeka kwa nkhanza zogonana pa intaneti" [ 96 ].
Ndi achinyamata, tiyenera kuyang'ana kupewa PPU komanso kuthandiza omwe agwidwa kale ndi zolaula, kuti apite patsogolo, asachite zachiwerewere kwa iwo kapena kuwononga zovuta zogonana. Malamulo otsimikizira zaka ndi gawo lofunikira pantchitoyi.
Ukadaulo wotsimikizira zaka wapangidwa bwino ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera ambiri pazinthu monga fodya, mowa, kutchova juga, zosungunulira ndi zida. Uli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kochepetsa zoopsa kwa ana ndi achinyamata chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula [ 97 ]. Ukadaulo wotsimikizira zaka suchotsa kwathunthu zoopsa kwa ana chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, koma uli ndi kuthekera kochepetsa kwambiri mwayi wopeza zinthu zoopsa, popanda kukhala ndi zotsatira zovuta kapena zoyipa pakati pa anthu ena onse.
Mapulogalamu A Sukulu
Zadziwika kuti malamulo otsimikizira zaka okha sangakhale okwanira kuletsa zolaula ndi achinyamata komanso kuti maphunziro azakugonana ndichimodzi chowonjezera chofunikira. Kwa achichepere ambiri, zolaula zakhala gwero lalikulu pakuphunzitsira mwamwayi za kugonana, nthawi zambiri mwamwayi. Maphunziro azakugonana amakonda kuyang'ana kwambiri biology yobereka komanso nkhani yovomereza. Ngakhale kuvomereza ndikofunikira kwambiri, sikulephera kuthana ndi zovuta zakukhudzana ndi zolaula m'maganizo ndi mthupi la ogwiritsa ntchito, ambiri mwa iwo ndi anamwali osagonana. Zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri ngati ana angaphunzitsidwe za zolaula za pa intaneti ngati zomwe zimakopa kwambiri komanso momwe zimakhudzira ubongo.
Mapulogalamu ophunzitsa za zolaula akhoza kukhala ndi zolinga zingapo, koma zina mwa izo zingakhale zothandiza. Mapulogalamu ophunzitsa za zolaula akhala otchuka [ 98 ], potengera mfundo yakuti zolaula ndi kugonana kongopeka komwe kuli kotetezeka kuonedwa pokhapokha ogwiritsa ntchito atazindikira kuti si zenizeni. Kufooka kwa njira iyi ndikuti imanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti kugonana ndi khalidwe lililonse lachiwawa lomwe limawonetsedwa ndi zenizeni osati kungoyerekezera. Imalepheranso kufotokoza kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvulaza thanzi la maganizo ndi/kapena la thupi. Tsopano pali masukulu [ 99 , 100 ] ndi mapulogalamu a makolo [ 101 ] omwe amaphatikizapo chidziwitso cha kuvulaza zolaula zomwe zimagwirizana ndi njira yathanzi la anthu.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa ku Australia wolemba Ballantine-Jones akuwunikira zovuta zomwe maphunziro angapangitse, komanso kuwulula malire. Idamaliza kuti:
"Pulogalamuyi inali yothandiza pochepetsa zotsatirapo zoipa zingapo zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zithunzi zolaula, machitidwe ogonana pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, komanso machitidwe odzilimbikitsa pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zophunzitsira anthu, kuchita zinthu ndi anzawo, komanso zochita za makolo. Makhalidwe okakamiza analepheretsa khama lochepetsa kuonera zolaula mwa ophunzira ena, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti thandizo lina lamankhwala lingafunike kuti lithandizire omwe akuvutika kusintha khalidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchita zinthu ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kwa achinyamata kungapangitse kuti munthu azidziona kuti ndi wodzikonda kwambiri, zomwe zingakhudze kudzidalira, komanso kusintha momwe amachitira ndi zolaula komanso machitidwe ogonana pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti" [ 102 ].
Makampeni A Zaumoyo Agulu
Mu 1986, msonkhano wa US Surgeon General wokhudza zolaula ndi thanzi la anthu onse unapereka chiganizo chogwirizana chokhudza zotsatira za zolaula. Mu 2008, Perrin et al. [ 103 ] adapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudza njira zophunzitsira zaumoyo wa anthu kuti achepetse mavuto m'dera lonse, popanda kupeza chidwi chachikulu. Masiku ano zoopsa zomwe adachenjeza za izi zachitika, ndi chitukuko cha PPU ndi mavuto ake.
Komabe, Nelson ndi Rothman [ 104 ] ali ndi chowonadi kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikukwaniritsa tanthauzo lokhazikika la vuto la thanzi la anthu. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti zolaula si nkhani yoyenera pa chithandizo chaumoyo wa anthu. Kawirikawiri, kafukufukuyu akuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zimayambitsa PPU sikungakhale koopsa kwa ogula ambiri. Komabe, sitikudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa kuvutika maganizo komwe anthu ena omwe ali ndi PPU adakumana nako kudapangitsa kuti adziphe, komwe kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi PPU kwakwera kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa pakati pa anyamata achichepere, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka pa izi akufunika.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta kumawonekanso kuti kukuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa imfa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha nkhanza zapakhomo kapena nkhanza zokhudzana ndi zolaula kwa akazi. Pano, sitikuwona kuwonongeka kapena kufa komwe kumadziwika kwa ogula zolaula okha, koma ngati chinthu chomwe chimachokera ku zochita zomwe ogwiritsa ntchitowo amachita. Ndikokwanira kuti PPU ikhale chinthu chothandizira kuvulaza akazi ndi ana kuti tiganizire monga anthu momwe tingayesere kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa zilakolako zachiwawazi mwa amuna [ 105 ].
Sikoyenera kuwonetsa zochitika zonse musanatengere njira zodzitetezera ndikuyang'ana kuti muchepetse zovulaza pagulu pochotsa oyendetsa omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osagwirizana ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Njira imeneyi imagwiranso ntchito pakumwa mowa komanso kusuta fodya.
Malinga ndi malingaliro azaumoyo wa anthu, ndizomveka kupeza ndikukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera chikhumbo chamwamuna chofuna zolaula zomwe zitha kuchititsa nkhanza zapabanja komanso nkhanza kwa amayi ndi ana.
Machenjezo A Zaumoyo Kwa Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula
Machenjezo azaumoyo mumawebusayiti azithunzithunzi ndi zida zamphamvu zothanirana ndi zolaula. Lingaliro ndikupatsa wogula chilimbikitso chowakumbutsa za zoopsa zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha zolaula kudzera pa uthenga kumayambiliro awonera zolaula.
Machenjezo okhudza zinthu za fodya akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu za fodya kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo atsimikizira kuti athandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kumwa ndudu [ 92 , 106 , 107 ]. Bungwe la Reward Foundation linayambitsa lingaliro ili la zolemba zolaula pamsonkhano wa Coalition to End Sexual Exploitation ku Washington DC mu 2018 [ 108 ]. Timalimbikitsa makanema, osati machenjezo okhudza mauthenga, chifukwa akugwirizana ndi zomwe ogula akugwiritsa ntchito. Dongosolo la ma IP address omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi intaneti limalola boma kukhazikitsa malamulo oti machenjezo ake azaumoyo agwiritsidwe ntchito m'dera linalake.
Njira yaikulu yaukadaulo yogwiritsira ntchito ma adilesi a IP kuti azitha kuwongolera mwayi wopezeka mu malo enaake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma network achinsinsi (VPNs). Ma VPN amalola ogula kudzionetsera kuti ali kwina. Njira imeneyi ingathe kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Global Positioning System (GPS) kuti atsimikizire komwe kuli foni yam'manja. Ngakhale kuti sizingalephereke, nthawi zoposa 80% ya zochitika zolaula padziko lonse lapansi zimachitika pa mafoni [ 44 ], ambiri mwa iwo adzakhala ndi GPS yoyatsidwa. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo kuti malo enieni azindikirike ndi ogulitsa zolaula zamalonda, kuphatikiza HTML Geolocation API [ 109 ]. Mwayi waukulu pano siwongoganizira njira iliyonse yaukadaulo, m'malo mwake kuzindikira kuti pali ukadaulo womwe ulipo, wokhwima womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pamtengo wotsika ngati opanga malamulo akuwona kuti ndi wofunikira.
Monga umboni wa lingaliro, mu 2018, tinagwira ntchito ndi ophunzira opanga zithunzi ku Edinburgh College of Art kuti tipange makanema achitsanzo, aliwonse a masekondi 20 mpaka 30. Izi cholinga chake chinali kusewera kumayambiriro kwa gawo lovomerezeka lowonera zolaula, kupereka chenjezo la thanzi kwa ogula. Makanema asanu ndi limodzi abwino kwambiri omwe adapangidwa ndi kalasiyo adasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonetsedwa ku Washington Conference [ 108 ]. Chidule cha maphunziro a ophunzirawa chinali kuyang'ana kwambiri momwe zolaula zimakhudzira thanzi la wowonera, makamaka kwa amuna. Zingakhalenso zoyenera kupanga makanema owunikira kuthekera kwa zolaula kuyambitsa chiwawa kwa akazi ndi ana ndikuchenjeza za kuopsa kofika ku CSAM. Ndondomeko yogwira ntchito ingakhale ndi mauthenga osiyanasiyana ambiri, kuwalola kuti awonekere motsatizana zomwe zingawonjezere mphamvu zawo.
Boma la Utah ku USA linakhala ulamuliro woyamba walamulo kukhazikitsa dongosolo lotere, pamene anasankha zilembo zolembedwa [ 110 ].
Pali mwayi wopitilira mtengo wopangira njira zotere kwa omwe amaonetsa zolaula. Boma liyenera kusankha woyang'anira kuti akwaniritse ntchito yotumiza makanema ndikupereka mauthenga oyenera kuti aletse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitilira muyeso. Kutumiza uthengawu kumatha kusinthidwa mokwanira pamawebusayiti amakampani azolaula. Mtengo wochita izi ungakhale wocheperako. Kungakhale mtengo woti ogulitsa zolaula azilipira kuti athe kupeza msika winawake.
Kutsiliza
M'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zolaula ndizovomerezeka, kapena zili m'malo ovuta kumene zinthu zina zingakhale zovomerezeka ndipo zina siziloledwa. M'madera ambiri, lamulo ndi mfundo za boma sizikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwaukadaulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komwe kwakhala kukuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Makampani opanga zolaula ayesetsa kwambiri kuti akwaniritse ndikusunga malo osavuta awa olamulira [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].
Pali kuthekera kokwanira kwa aboma ndi omwe amapanga mfundo kuti ateteze nzika zambiri ndikukhala ndi makampani azamaukadaulo, makamaka makampani azolaula, omwe amakhala ndi mlandu pazolakwika zomwe amapanga. PPU itha kukhala vuto lomwe lingathetsedwe, koma ndiulamuliro wabwino komanso kuphunzitsa anthu pagulu sikuyenera kukhala mliri.
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