Neuroscience ndi PSBs
Zaka zaposachedwapa, zodziwa za ubongo zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi kugonana kwaumunthu zakhala zikuwunikira pazochitika zoyipa komanso zogonana zogonana. Monga momwe tingathe kuyembekezera ndi mtundu wina watsopano, komabe, zifukwa zina zokayikira za ubongo zakhala zikuwonekera m'ma TV. Monga katswiri wa ubongo ndi wolemba mapepala angapo pa zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chilakolako cha mphotho / mphoto ya ubongo, nthawizina ndimathandiza kuthetsa kusamvetsetsana uku. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo zomwe zingakhale zosangalatsa kwa owerenga athu.
ERROR #1 - "Dopamine sakhala wodetsedwa"
Zina mwazinthu zodabwitsa za dopamine zakhala zikupezeka m'miyezi yapitayi, monga "Ngati mukufuna kukangana kuti zolaula zimamwa mankhwala, mungathe, koma ngati mukudalira dopamine kuti muchite. lol, inu mukulakwitsa” ndi “Chonde lekani kutchula dopamine kukhala mankhwala osokoneza bongo opindulitsa. "
Dopamine imakhala ndi maudindo ambiri mu thupi lathu, monga kutsogolera kayendedwe ndi zosankha. Komabe, akatswiri onse okhudzidwa ndi matendawa amavomereza udindo waukulu wa dopamine m'kuledzeretsa.
Ndipotu, mankhwala osokoneza bongo sangathe kukhala opanda apamwamba, koma amphwanyidwe pang'ono, a dopamine chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena ntchito. Monga akatswiri Volkow ndi Koob anafotokozera mu mapepala atsopano, ma dopamine surgeswa amapereka zizindikiro pamlingo wa maselo, zomwe zimayambitsa maphunziro otchedwa Pavlovian. Njira zopangira maselo zomwe zimayambitsa njirayi ziwonekere kwa mitundu yonse ya kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira. Zochitika zowonjezeredwa za mphotho (mwachitsanzo, kuwona zolaula) zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe chomwe chimawatsogolera.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, pambuyo pobwereza mobwerezabwereza ku mphotho yomweyo (mwachitsanzo, zolaula), maselo a dopamine amayamba kuwotcha kwambiri kuyembekezera Kuwona m'malo mowonana ndi maonekedwe enieni - ngakhale chikhalidwe chosasangalatsa cha pulogalamu ya pa intaneti chimatanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyembekezera kumagwirizana, mosiyana ndi, kunena, chizolowezi cha cocaine. Monga momwe chizolowezi chilichonse chimayambira, zizindikiro ndi zoyambitsa, monga kumva dzina la nyenyezi zolaula, nthawi yokha, kapena maganizo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale (kudzipweteka, kukana, kutopa, ndi zina zotero) kukhoza kukhazikitsa, kutuluka mwadzidzidzi kwa dopamine kumasulidwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azilakalaka kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kuledzera. Mayankho oterowo akhoza kukhala olimbika kwambiri ndipo akhoza kubweretsa zofuna zamphamvu ngakhale patatha nthawi yaitali munthu atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Ngakhale dopamine nthawi zina imalingaliridwa ngati "molekyulu yosangalatsa," izi sizolondola. Ma Dopamine amayendetsa kufunafuna ndi kufufuza kwa mphoto - kuyembekezera, kufuna. Mu anthu ena osauka, kufunafuna uku kumawongolera mu matenda omwe amadziwika kuti osokoneza. Kafukufuku wovuta wa wogwiritsira ntchito satiety (omwe pamapeto pake amawonetsa nthawi yayitali kapena yosagwira ntchito) akupita patsogolo mpaka kuoneka kosautsika kapena kuwonongeka kwakukulu payekha, banja, chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ntchito, kapena mbali zina zofunika pakugwira ntchito.
Komabe, kuledzera tsopano kumatanthauzidwa osati kungotanthauzira kwamakhalidwe. Ikufotokozedwanso ngati njira yophunzirira mphotho yomwe yasokonezeka. Monga Kauer ndi Malenka anati, "Kuledzera kumaimira mawonekedwe ovuta komanso ovuta a kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira." N'chifukwa chake American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) kuwonetseratu kuledzeretsa monga kuphatikizapo zinthu zonse ndi makhalidwe. Udindo wa ASAM ndi kuzindikira kuti ubongo ndi udindo waukulu pakati pa kuyendetsa chimene Marc Lewis amatcha "rut, mzere wa mapazi mu thupi la neural, lomwe limakhala lovuta ndi losasinthika." (Lewis, Chikumbutso cha Chidakwa Chosavuta, 2011).
ERROR #2 - "Pakati pa ubongo zochitika zogonana siziri zosiyana ndi kusewera ndi ana"
Pamene mukusewera ndi ana aang'ono mungayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mphoto (pokhapokha mutakhala munthu wa kamba), kutsegulira koteroko sikungagwirizane ndi chidziwitso kuti mphoto zonse zakuthupi ndizofanana ndi zapadera. Choyamba, kukwatira ndi kugonana kumayambitsa ma dopamine oposa ndi opioid osasintha kuposa mphotho ina iliyonse ya chilengedwe. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro amasonyeza kuti ma dopamine omwe amachitika ndi kugonana kwaukwati ndi ofanana ndi omwe amachititsidwa ndi kayendedwe ka morphine kapena chikonga.
Kuukitsa kugonana kumakhalanso wapadera chifukwa kumayambitsa ndendende mphotho yomweyo ya maselo a mitsempha monganso mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mosiyana ndi izi, pali chabe chiwerengero chochepa Mitsempha yothandizira pakati pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi madalitso achilengedwe monga chakudya kapena madzi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ofufuza awonanso kuti mphotho yachilengedwe ya chakudya sichimayambitsa kusintha komweko kosasunthika mu syntaptic plasticity monga kugonana (Chen et al., 2008).
Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti mphoto yosungira sangathe kukhala osokonezeka kapena kusokoneza kwa anthu payekha ndi kuchepetsa mavuto a umoyo wa anthu, kapena chifukwa ubongo umasintha m'madera ozungulira. Dokotala wina amadziwa kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi thanzi labwino lomwe limakhudza madola mabiliyoni a ndalama, komanso Dopamine receptor kudutsa mu ubongo mphoto malo amapitanso ku chidziwitso kwambiri ndi kulemera pambuyo chitamimba opaleshoni opaleshoni. Komanso, zolembedwa za DNA zomwe zimapereka mapuloteni a mapulogalamu ofunika kwambiri mu chikhumbo chimatulutsa kuti mchere umachotsedwa zofanana ndi zomwe zinapangidwa ndi chilakolako cha mankhwala (Leidke et al., 2011, PNAS). A National Geographic Nkhaniyi inanena kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi "chiwombankhanga" omwe amapereka mphotho, ndipo izi ndizoona kuti zonsezi ndizovuta, kaya ndi poker, zolaula kapena popcorn.
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo samangothamanga maselo enieni a mitsempha atagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yomwe akugonana, amasankha njira zomwezo zomwe zinasintha kuti tipange kugonana. Kugwiritsa ntchito maselo ofanana omwe amachititsa kugonana kuti athandize mothandizidwa kwambiri kumvetsa chifukwa chake meth, cocaine, ndi heroin akhoza kukhala oledzera kwambiri. Ndiponso, onse awiri kugonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala akhoza kupanga DeltaFosB chinthu cholembera, zomwe zimachititsa kusintha kwa mapuloteni omwe ali pafupifupi zofanana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Ngakhale zovuta kwambiri kuti zifotokozedwe mwatsatanetsatane, kusintha kwanthaŵi kochepa kokhudzana ndi ubongo ndi mahomoni zimachitika ndi orgasm zomwe sizikuchitika ndi mphotho zina zachilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa ubongo ndi torogen, mapuloteni owonjezera a estrogen, enkephalins owonjezereka a hypothalamic, ndi prolactin wochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, kutsekemera kumatsanzira zotsatira za masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zamagetsi (ventral tegmental area, kapena VTA). Makamaka, Kuthamanga kwa kanthawi kumachepetsa dopamine yomweyo yopanga maselo a mitsempha amene amadwala pogwiritsa ntchito heroin ntchito, zomwe zimachititsa kuti pang'onopang'ono pansi-malamulo a dopamine mu malo opindulitsa (nucleus accumbens).
Kuphunzira kwa XMUMX fMRI poyerekeza ndi ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito mphoto zosiyana zachilengedwe, chimodzi mwazo zinali zolaula. Mankhwala a Cocaine ndi machitidwe abwino amawonera mafilimu a: 1) zachiwerewere, 2) masewero akunja akunja, ndi 3) omwe amasuta mowa wa cocaine. Zotsatira zake: mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine anali ofanana ndi machitidwe a ubongo pamene akuwona zolaula ndikuwona zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chawo. (Mwachidziwitso, onse omwe amamwa mankhwala a cocaine ndi machitidwe abwino a ubongo anali ndi zofanana za ubongo zolaula.) Komabe, chifukwa chodziletsa ndi kulamulira, zochitika za ubongo pakuwona zochitika zachilengedwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zochitika zowonongeka. Mwachidule, alipo zifukwa zambiri zamoyo timakhala ndi vuto losiyana ndi kusewera ndi ana agalu kapena kuwonera kulowa kwa dzuwa. Mamiliyoni a anyamata achichepere komanso atsikana omwe akuchulukirachulukira samangoyang'ana ana agalu pa intaneti, ndipo Mindgeek akudziwa kuti kuti mupange mabiliyoni ambiri pamalonda otsatsa malonda mumatchula tsamba "Pornhub," osati "PuppyHub!"
ERROR #3 - "Zotsatira za ubongo za zolaula zamasiku ano sizili zosiyana ndi zolaula zapamwamba zapita"
Izi zimatanthawuza kuti zolaula zonse zilibe vuto lililonse. Komabe, monga pepala lapitayi Park et al., 2016 akufotokoza kuti kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti zolaula zolaula zimakhudza kwambiri zachiwerewere kusiyana ndi zolaula zina. (Sindikudziŵa za kafukufuku wina pa VR zolaula koma). Kuwonjezera apo, kuthekera kwa kusankha zosankha zomwe zimapangitsa kuti intaneti iwonongeke kuposa zokolola zosankhidwa. Wolemba zolaula wamasiku ano akhoza kukhazikitsa kapena kukweza chilakolako chogonana mwa kuwonekera ku malo achilendo, kanema yatsopano kapena mtundu watsopano. Zojambula zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimayambitsa kukweza, kuthamanga mwamsanga, ndi zochita zambiri za umuna kuposa zozoloŵera.
Momwemo zolaula zamakono zamakono, zopanda malire zopanda malire, kulumikiza mwamphamvu (mafilimu oterewa kapena mafilimu), ndipo kumasuka komwe wogwiritsa ntchitoyo angapitirire kuzinthu zowopsya, kumawonekera kukhala "supranormal stimulus. "Mawu awa, omwe anapangidwa ndi Nobelat Tinbergen, wokhala ndi mpumulo wa Nobel, amatanthauza kutsanzira kochititsa chidwi kuti zamoyo zasintha chifukwa cha kusinthika kwake, koma zomwe zingayambitse matenda a dopamine kuposa momwe zimakhalira .
Tinbergen poyamba anapeza kuti mbalame, agulugufe, ndi zinyama zina zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo zobwezeretsa zopangidwa kuti zikhale zokopa kwambiri kuposa mazira enieni ndi abwenzi. Monga momwe zithunzi za Tinbergen ndi Magnus za 'butterfly' zimagwirira ntchito molimbika kuti azisamalira amuna pokhapokha akazi enieni (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951), kotero zolaula zamasiku ano ndizopambana kukakamiza anthu kuti azisamala ndi anthu omwe ali nawo.
Zolakwitsa zitatu zomwe tafotokozazi ndizofanana ndi zomwe olemba ndemanga amafunitsitsa kunyalanyaza gawo lalikulu laubongo pakufuna kwa anthu, machitidwe, ndi momwe akumvera. Katswiri wina wazakugonana analemba kuti, "Pali sayansi yaubongo komanso minyewa, koma zonsezi sizigwirizana ndi sayansi yakugonana." M'malo mwake, iwo omwe amaphunzitsidwa za biology amvetsetsa bwino lomwe gawo lalikulu laubongo pazomwe munthu akuchita. Kupatula apo, onse omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso akatswiri amitsempha yofananira ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti maliseche amatenga zomwe amayenda kuchokera kuubongo, chiwalo choyambirira chogonana.
Donald L. Hilton Jr, MD, FACS, FAANS ndi wothandizira pulofesa wa sayansi ya ubongo ku yunivesite ya Texas Health Science Center ku San Antonio, yemwe ndi mkulu wa mgwirizano wa msana ndi mkulu wa maphunziro a ubongo pa njira ya Methodist Hospital. Iye adalemba nkhani zambiri ndikuyankhula kudziko lonse ndi m'mayiko onse pa njira yokhudzana ndi zolaula.
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