Wakanikira mu Bokosi La Zolaula (2018). (Kufufuza kwa mtundu wa Grubbs wamakhalidwe osayenera)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1294-4

Zilembedwa Zotsatira Zogonana

February 2019, Voliyumu 48, Nkhani 2 , tsamba 449–453 |

Brian J. Willoughby

Ndemanga iyi ikunena za nkhani yomwe ikupezeka pa https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Ngakhale kuyang'ana zofotokoza zolaula sikunali chinthu chatsopano, zaka za digito ndi kupezeka pa zolaula zowonongeka kwachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kufufuza kuti azindikire momwe zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito komanso zotsatira zake. Akatswiri omwe amaphunzira zowonongeka, amalumikizana, komanso zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zolaula nthawi zambiri akhala akugwiritsira ntchito bokosi lomwe limapitirizabe kumvetsetsa momwe anthu ndi maanja amatha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, koma kuwona kotereku kumakhudza bwanji munthu payekha komanso pachibale bwino. Bokosili likuyimira maganizo opapatiza omwe akatswiri ambiri, ogwira ntchito, komanso olemba malamulo amachitapo zokhudzana ndi zolaula (zolaula nthawi zonse zimakhala zoyipa kapena zabwino nthawi zonse), komanso njira zochepa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ophunzira athu asamvetsetse bwinobwino. Mofanana ndi nkhani zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zofalitsa, zolaula ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zofalitsa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyana siyana za anthu ndi mabanja. Zithunzi zolaula sizodziwikiratu, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana ndi zosiyana malinga ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mkhalidwe wosiyana wa zolaula umagwiritsira ntchito zowonjezera maphunziro pazinthu zenizeni za ntchito yotere osati m'malo owonjezera.

Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, ndi Reid ( 2018 ) akuyang'ana ndemanga yawo ndi chitsanzo chomwe akupereka pa chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kusalingana kwa makhalidwe komwe kungachitike pakati pa anthu ena omwe amaonera zolaula koma amatsutsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Monga momwe akatswiriwa akunenera, pali umboni wamphamvu wotsimikizira kuti kusalingana kwa makhalidwe kotereku kumalumikizidwa ndi thanzi loipa la munthu payekha komanso mavuto omwe amawaona ndi zolaula (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, & Lindberg, 2017 ; Grubbs & Perry, 2018 ). Komabe poyesetsa kumvetsetsa gawo laling'ono la zithunzi zolaula, olemba nkhani yowunikira amagwera m'mavuto ambiri a ntchito yakale, akukulitsa ndi kuchulukitsa malingaliro omwe akanakhala ndi phindu lofunikira ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Funso lomwe limafunsidwa ndi nkhani yowunikira ndilakuti ngati kusalingana kwa makhalidwe ndiko "mphamvu yayikulu yoyendetsera zochitika zowonera zolaula kapena chizolowezi cha zolaula." Chitsimikizo chomwe chaperekedwa ndichakuti kusalingana kwa makhalidwe sikuti ndi chinthu chokha komanso chinthu chachikulu chomvetsetsa zotsatira za zolaula. Izi ndizovuta chifukwa zimanena kuti chitsanzo chomwe chikuperekedwachi chili ndi mbiri yodziwika bwino pakuphunzira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa momwe zimakhalira.

Ndiyambe ndi zina mwa zinthu zabwino za chitsanzo chomwe chaperekedwa mu nkhani yomwe ikufunidwa. Choyamba, Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) awonetsa chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolaula, kukwiya kwakukulu komanso kochulukira kwa anthu omwe amaonera zolaula koma amatsutsa mwamakhalidwe, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Monga taonera Grubbs et al., tsopano pali umboni wochuluka wakuti anthu achipembedzo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusagwira ntchito bwino chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe komwe Grubbs et al. ndi ena adanena (Grubbs et al., 2017 ; Nelson, Padilla-Walker, & Carroll, 2010 ; Perry & Whitehead, 2018 ). Izi zili ndi kufunika kofunikira kuchipatala komanso maphunziro. Zikusonyeza kuti asing'anga ayenera kuganizira zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe m'njira zawo chifukwa malingaliro oterewa akhoza kukhala akukhudza momwe amachitira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zikuchitika kapena mokakamiza. Zimasonyezanso kuti khama la maphunziro m'madera achipembedzo liyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri zoopsa zenizeni za zolaula, mtundu weniweni wa chizolowezi, ndi nthano zachikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zonsezi mwina zafotokozedwa bwino kumapeto kwa nkhani yomwe ikufunidwa kumene Grubbs ndi anzake adawona kuti kuwunika kwawo umboni kukusonyeza kuti mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa makhalidwe (PPMI) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chingakhale chofunikira kuwonjezera pa kuwunika kwa kukakamizidwa kwenikweni kapena kuledzera. Mwambiri, nkhani yomwe ikufunidwayo imapereka umboni wowonjezera kuti zinthu zomwe zikuchitika komanso malingaliro a munthu payekha ndizofunikira pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kuyitanitsa mwachindunji kumeneku kophatikiza malingaliro a zolaula mu maphunziro ndi ntchito zachipatala m'derali ndikofunikira ndipo ndichinthu chomwe ndapempha mu ntchito yanga (Willoughby & Busby, 2016 ). Kaya ndi zikhulupiriro zaumwini kapena zinthu zina zamkati kapena zakunja, kuyesa kunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse kumakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wa zotsatira mwina ndi kosayang'ana patali ndi akatswiri onse komanso omwe amalimbikitsa kapena kutsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimenezi, chitsanzo cha PPMI chomwe chikuganiziridwa chikugwera mu misampha yambiri monga momwe ena amayesera kufotokoza mwachidule momwe zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito mu chitsanzo chimodzi cha chiphunzitso. Kuyesa kotereku pa chiphunzitso chofala mwina sikuthandiza chifukwa cha momwe gawoli la maphunziro lilili, ndipo akusonyeza kuti akatswiri kapena wina aliyense ayenera kusamala asanapange mfundo iliyonse yokhudza kufunika kapena kufunika kwa kusalingana kwa makhalidwe. Opanga mfundo padziko lonse lapansi akuoneka kuti akufunitsitsa kunena kuti kuonera zolaula kumachita kapena sikuchita kanthu kwa anthu onse omwe amaonera. Akatswiri akuoneka kuti akukhutira kwambiri ndi zimenezo, chifukwa kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi zolaula wayesa kusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa za munthu ndi banja kapena kuti maubwenzi otere ndi abodza. Nkhani yomwe ikufunidwa nthawi zambiri imagwera mumsampha uwu, monga momwe Grubbs et al. nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuti akufuna kuti chitsanzo chawo cha PPMI chithandize kufotokoza zotsatira zambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu maphunziro am'mbuyomu. Komabe, zonena zotere zinandikumbutsa za gawo lina lotsutsana la maphunziro: zotsatira za kusewera masewera apakanema. Zonena zazikulu monga zomwe zanenedwa m'nkhani yomwe ikukambidwa komanso m'maphunziro ena ambiri okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zingafanane ndi kuyesa kunena kuti kusewera masewera apakanema nthawi zonse kumabweretsa zotsatira zabwino kapena zoyipa. Mofanana ndi mgwirizano wosasinthasintha pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, thanzi labwino, ndi zikhulupiriro zamakhalidwe abwino, ngati munthu angangogwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito masewera apakanema ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za thanzi, kuwongolera zinthu payekhapayekha pamlingo wabwino, zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyanasiyana. Kupatula apo, munthu m'modzi yemwe nthawi zambiri amasewera masewera achiwawa yekha kwa maola ambiri tsiku lililonse mwina amakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri poyerekeza ndi munthu wina yemwe nthawi zonse amasewera masewera ochezera ndi abwenzi ndi achibale. Kafukufuku wavumbulutsanso kusiyana kumeneku, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti masewera achiwawa angakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa (Anderson et al., 2017 ), pomwe kusewera masewera ndi ena kungakhale ndi zabwino (Coyne, Padilla-Walker, Stockdale, & Day, 2011 ; Wang, Taylor, & Sun, 2018 ). Mofananamo ndi kuphunzira zolaula, kuyesa kupanga mawu ambiri okhudza masewera apakanema kumaphonya chifukwa kumachotsa kusiyana kwachilengedwe ndi zovuta za chinthu chomwe chikuphunziridwa.

Chitsanzo chomwe chikuperekedwa cha PPMI mwachibadwa chake chikuwoneka kuti sichikuyenera kukhala chitsanzo chachikulu komanso chogwira ntchito cha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kunena zoona, cholinga cha chitsanzochi ndi chochepa kwambiri. Zotsatira zake ndi mavuto omwe amawonedwa chifukwa cha zolaula (mosiyana ndi njira zochiritsira zomwe zingapangidwe pozungulira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mokakamiza kapena kuwunika kwina koyenera kwa moyo wabwino). Chitsanzo chomwe chikuperekedwachi chimayang'ananso anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la makhalidwe abwino pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Izi mwina zimachepetsa cholinga cha chitsanzochi kwambiri. Kodi PPMI ndi yofala bwanji ndipo chitsanzochi ndi chofunikira bwanji kwa anthu onse? N'zovuta kunena. Mu mkangano wawo wa PPMI, Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) sanaphatikizepo kukambirana kulikonse kokhudza kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe chitsanzochi chingagwire ntchito. M'malo mwake, Grubbs et al. akuwoneka kuti akukhutira ndi kuchulukitsa chitsanzo chawo pobwerezabwereza "anthu ambiri" omwe kusalingana kwa makhalidwe ndikofunikira. Chilankhulochi chimawonekera pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri m'nkhaniyi koma sichimalumikizidwa ndi chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zokwanira motsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe kusalingana kwa makhalidwe kungachitike. Malinga ndi kudziwa kwanga, ndipo ndithudi sindinatchulepo ndi Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ), palibe chidziwitso chokwanira pa kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komwe kungakhale kokwanira kutsutsa zolaula kuti apange mtundu wa kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe komwe Grubbs et al. akunena. Ili si vuto latsopano: mfundo zochirikiza ndi zotsutsana ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere (Halpern, 2011 ; Reid & Kafka, 2014 ) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta nthawi zambiri zanyalanyaza kufalikira kwa nkhani zotere ndipo zapangitsa kuti pakhale maphunziro ochepa omwe afufuza kuti ndi anthu angati omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe ali ndi njira zovuta kapena zokakamiza zoyambira nazo. Inde, umboni ukusonyeza kuti pankhani yovomereza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, anthu ambiri akuvomereza. Carroll et al. ( 2008 ) adapeza kuti pafupifupi 70% ya anyamata achikulire omwe ali mu chitsanzo chawo adavomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikovomerezeka, pomwe pafupifupi theka la akazi achikulire achinyamata nawonso adavomereza lingaliro ili. Posachedwapa, Price, Patterson, Regnerus, ndi Walley ( 2016 ) adapeza mu General Social Survey kuti amuna ndi akazi ochepa okha ndi omwe amakhulupirira kuti zolaula ziyenera kukhala zosaloledwa. Ngakhale umboni uli wochepa, maphunziro oterewa akusonyeza kuti kutsutsa zolaula zikuwoneka kuti sikoyenera pakati pa achinyamata ndi akuluakulu amakono. N'zovuta kunena kuti kusalingana kwa makhalidwe ndi nkhani yofala kwa anthu ambiri ngati anthu ambiri alibe lingaliro lofunikira lomwe lingayambitse kusalingana koteroko.

Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito anthu omwe amakumana ndi kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe abwino chingakhale chochepa, chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri chikuwoneka kuti chimadzinenera mavuto omwe amawonedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo. Ntchito yakale ya Grubbs, Volk, Exline, ndi Pargament ( 2015 ) ikuwoneka kuti ikutsimikizira izi. Mwachitsanzo, pakupanga kwawo CPUI-9, maphunziro atatu a Grubbs et al. ( 2015 ) adagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe anali anthu opitilira 600. Pa sikelo kuyambira pa chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pomwe chimodzi chinali ndi mavuto ochepa kwambiri omwe amawonedwa, avareji m'maphunziro atatuwa inali 2.1, 1.7, ndi 1.8. Izi zikusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali mu chitsanzocho anali kunena zochepa kapena palibe vuto lililonse la mavuto omwe amawonedwa okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo. Akatswiri ena awona chochitika chofanana, ndi Hald ndi Malamuth ( 2008 ) akuwona kuti amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amanena za zotsatira zabwino kuposa zoyipa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Pankhani ya zotsatira zomwe zimawonedwa, zikuwoneka kuti malingaliro a zotsatira zoyipa akuwonekanso kuti ndi ochepa.

Ponseponse, chitsanzo cha PPMI chomwe chikuganiziridwa chikuwoneka kuti chikuyang'ana kwambiri, chokhacho kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ochepa okha omwe ali ndi kusavomereza kwa makhalidwe komwe kumafunika kuti apange kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe komanso gawo laling'ono kwambiri la gulu lomwe limafotokoza mavuto omwe akuwoneka. Kuyang'ana kocheperako kumeneku sikovuta kwenikweni. Kuyang'ana kwa Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) kukuwoneka kuti kuli kwenikweni pa zomwe Hald ndi Malamuth ( 2008 ) adapanga "zotsatira zomwe amadziona okha" ndipo zotsatira zake ndizofunika komanso zofunika kuziganizira. Mitundu yotereyi ingakhale ndi phindu lofunikira potsogolera zoyesayesa zachipatala ndi maphunziro ndi anthu omwe ali ofunikira. Monga ndanenera kale, mwanjira iyi chitsanzo chomwe chikuganiziridwacho chimapereka chothandizira chofunikira chomwe chingakhale chothandiza pazinthu zina. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, m'malo movomereza choperekachi, Grubbs et al. adawoneka wofunitsitsa kukulitsa kwambiri chitsanzo chawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidwi chawo chocheperako kwambiri mwa kupangitsa kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe ndi mavuto omwe akuwoneka okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuwoneka ngati chinthu chomwe palibe aliyense: wamba. Olembawo anafulumira kunena kuti sikuti kokha kugwirizana kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi chinthu chachikulu pophunzira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, komanso kuti "mabuku ambiri [ojambula zithunzi] omwe amalemba zotsatira zoyipa za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula angakhale akulemba zotsatira zoyipa za kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino." Kunena kuti zotsatira zoyipa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimangobwera chifukwa cha kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino n'kolimba mtima koma sikukuwoneka kuti n'zotheka chifukwa cha umboni womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa ndipo kunena koteroko kungawoneke ngati kosatheka kupitirira pamene kufufuza kwapafupi kukuchitika.

Mwina nkhani imodzi yokhudza lingaliro yomwe imayambitsa mawu otere ndi yakuti Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) akuwoneka kuti akusokoneza tanthauzo la ziwerengero kapena kukula kwa zotsatira ndi kukula kwa zitsanzo. Ngakhale ziwirizi zitha kukhala zogwirizana, sizigwirizana. Ngakhale kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe kungakhale ndi zotsatira zamphamvu pa ziwerengero m'maphunziro angapo, izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha ochepa mwa zitsanzo pomwe zotsatira zotere zimakhala zazikulu zomwe zimayendetsa kufunika kwa manambala, kubisa gawo lalikulu la chitsanzo pomwe kusagwirizana koteroko sikuli kofunikira kwenikweni. Kafukufuku angapo akuwonetsa kuti kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe, pamene kulipo, ndi gawo lofunikira la mavuto omwe amawonedwa, koma kachiwiri, nthawi zambiri samalankhula za momwe nkhani zotere zilili zofala. Ngati pali chilichonse, ichi ndi kuyitanitsa kafukufuku wowonjezera, kuphatikizapo kuphunzira za machitidwe oyambira ndi machitidwe pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Monga taonera mu Chithunzi 1 cha nkhani yomwe akufuna, atayang'ana mosamala mabukuwa, kusanthula kwa meta komwe kunanenedwa m'nkhani yomwe akufuna kunaphatikizapo maphunziro 12 okha. Poyerekeza, kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwa meta-analysis pa zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa chitetezo cha attachment kunagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro 54 (Fairbairn et al., 2018 ), pomwe kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwa meta-analysis pa makolo ndi machitidwe akunja mwa ana kunagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro opitilira 1000 (Pinquart, 2017 ). Kunena zoona, munthu akamaganizira kwambiri za umboni wawo, ndiye kuti mabuku ochepa omwe amafufuza meta-analyses ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, izi zikupereka umboni wina woti mfundo zazikulu zokhudza chitsanzo chomwe chikuperekedwachi ziyenera kuchepetsedwa.

Chitsanzo china cha kuyesera kovuta kochulukitsa gawo lopanda deta yokwanira ndi mkangano womaliza wa ndemanga ya mabuku mkati mwa nkhani yomwe mukufuna. Apa, Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) akuyesera kunena kuti "kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino ndiye chizindikiro champhamvu kwambiri cha mavuto omwe munthu amadziona okha okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula." Ndimapeza zoletsa zingapo ndi lingaliro ili zomwe zimasunganso maphunziro a zolaula m'bokosi lopapatiza komanso loletsa. Choyamba, limaphatikizanso cholinga cha maphunziro otere. Mavuto odziona okha ndi ofunikira kuwaganizira koma si okhawo omwe amafunikira pankhani ya zolaula. Inde, cholinga ichi chimanyalanyaza komwe kafukufuku wopindulitsa kwambiri wakhalapo pankhani ya mabuku ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula: zotsatira za ubale. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, ndi Klann ( 2017 ), kulumikizana kochepa koma kokhazikika pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa ubale kapena kugonana mwina ndiye kulumikizana kokhazikika pakati pa kuwonera zolaula ndi zotsatira m'mabuku apano. Kafukufuku wambiri komanso wokulirakulira wasonyeza kuti kuonera zolaula ndi m'modzi kapena onse awiri kumakhudzana ndi zotsatira zabwino komanso zoyipa, kuphatikizapo kusiyana kwa kukhutitsidwa ndi ubale (Bridges & Morokoff, 2011 ), khalidwe la kugonana (Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013 ), kusintha ubale (Muusses, Kerkhof, & Finkenauer, 2015 ), kusakhulupirika (Maddox, Rhoades, & Markman, 2011 ), komanso kuchita zinthu ndi anthu ogonana (Wright, 2013 ).

Monga kafukufuku amene amayang'ana pa anthu paokha, kafukufukuyu wa ubale uli ndi mavuto ake (kuti muwunikenso, onani Campbell & Kohut, 2017 ) ndipo zotsatira zake zikuwoneka kuti zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, kaya zolaula zimaonedwa zokha kapena pamodzi zikuwoneka kuti zimakhudza kwambiri momwe kuonera koteroko kumakhudzirana ndi machitidwe a anthu awiri (Maddox et al., 2011 ). Jenda limawonekeranso kukhala lofunika kwambiri pomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa amuna ndi akazi paokha kumawoneka ngati mtundu wa kuwonera komwe kumakhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri (Poulsen et al., 2013 ). Kafukufuku wa dyadic uyu akuwonetsa kuti zochitika za ubale ndi gawo lina lofunikira pakumvetsetsa momwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzira moyo wa munthu aliyense. Machitidwe a ubale nawonso ndi ofunikira pakukula ndi zotsatira za kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino kwa iwo omwe ali pachibwenzi. Kusalingana kwa mnzanu m'modzi kumatha kukhudza zotsatira za wina pamene kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumapezeka, kukambidwa, kapena kuletsedwa. Nkhani kapena kukambirana koteroko kulibe mu chitsanzo cha PPMI chomwe m'malo mwake chimawoneka kuti chikuyang'ana pa mavuto omwe amadziona ngati zotsatira zokha za chidwi.

Palinso njira zina zomwe chitsanzo chomwe Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) adapereka chimasunga ofufuza m'bokosi ili la kufalikira kwakukulu ndi zoletsa za njira. Monga ena ambiri, Grubbs et al. amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula" m'njira zomwe sizimanyalanyaza mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mawu oterewa pophunzira kuonera zinthu zolaula. Ntchito yanga (Willoughby & Busby, 2016 ) yanena kuti mawu oti "zolaula" ali ndi matanthauzo osiyana kwambiri kutengera amene mumamufunsa ndipo kungogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti zolaula pofufuza nokha ndi vuto (kuti mupeze njira ina yaposachedwa yoyezera, onani Busby, Chiu, Olsen, & Willoughby, 2017 ). Anthu okwatirana, akazi, ndi omwe ali achipembedzo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi matanthauzo ambiri a zolaula ndipo amalemba mitundu ina ya zolaula zogonana pomwe ena amangowona zofalitsa wamba (kapena zotsatsa) popanda nkhani zogonana. Kudalira kwambiri kumeneku poika zinthu zonse zogonana m'magulu pansi pa chizindikiro chimodzi kumatsutsana ndi mabuku ochepa koma omwe akukula omwe akusonyeza kuti zomwe zili mu zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa ndizofunikira kuziganizira (Fritz & Paul, 2017 ; Leonhardt & Willoughby, 2017 ; Willoughby & Busby, 2016 ). M'malo moganiza kuti PPMI ndi gawo chabe la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndikofunikira kuti akatswiri aganizire momwe kusalingana kwa makhalidwe kungakhalirepo pamitundu ina ya zolaula kapena momwe kusalingana kwa makhalidwe kungakhudzire mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula kwa anthu osiyanasiyana.

Kupatula nkhani zotere, palinso zinthu zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa musanatchulidwe kuti PPMI ndi chifukwa cha mavuto okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Nkhani ina yofunika kuiganizira yokhudza chitsanzo cha Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) ndi yakuti ngakhale kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe abwino kuli vuto kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ena, kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe abwino kapena chipembedzo chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala kumbuyo kwake sichichotsa maubwenzi ambiri pakati pa zolaula ndi thanzi kapena ubwino. Kafukufuku angapo asonyeza kuti mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi ubwino umakhalapobe, ngakhale mutalamulira zachipembedzo kapena makhalidwe ena oyambira (Perry & Snawder, 2017 ; Willoughby, Carroll, Busby, & Brown, 2016 ; Wright, 2013 ). Mwachitsanzo, pomwe Perry ndi Snawder ( 2017 ) adapeza kuti mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi khalidwe lotsika la makolo unali wapamwamba pakati pa anthu achipembedzo, zotsatira zake zinapitirira kwa anthu onse ngakhale atalamulira zachipembedzo. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwapezekanso kuti kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro ogonana, ngakhale polamulira malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zakuya (Wright, 2013 ). Mwina umboni wabwino kwambiri wa izi womwe umawoneka wogwirizana mosasamala kanthu za chipembedzo kapena makhalidwe abwino uli m'mabuku ophunzirira za ubale komwe zolaula zakhala zikugwirizana nthawi zonse ndi zotsatira zina zoyipa zaubwenzi ngakhale pambuyo polamulira makhalidwe kapena chipembedzo chakuya (Doran & Price, 2014 ; Maas, Vasilenko, & Willoughby, 2018 ; Poulsen et al., 2013 ; Willoughby et al., 2016 ).

Poika pamodzi, cholinga chachikulu mu Grubbs et al. ( 2018 ) chikuwoneka cholunjika kwambiri komanso chopapatiza kwambiri kuti chikhale chitsanzo chogwira mtima kwa onse kapena ngakhale ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chitsanzochi chimagweranso m'zolepheretsa zomwezo zomwe zimavutitsa kwambiri maphunziro a zolaula chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumayesa kuphimba malo ambiri komanso nkhani zambiri. Bokosi laling'ono lomwe maphunziro ambiri a zolaula amawoneka kuti akukhutira kukhalamo, bokosi la malingaliro komwe zolaula ndi ntchito yosavuta yomwe iyenera kutsogolera ku zotsatira zochepa zokha, limapitirira. Inde, kusalingana kwa makhalidwe ndi lingaliro lofunika kuganizira ndikuwunika pofufuza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zotsatira zake. Komabe, popanda kuganizira momwe kusalingana koteroko kumagwirizanirana ndi zomwe zili muzinthu zogonana zomwe zikuwonedwa, momwe munthu payekha komanso ubale zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kapena kuvomereza gawo laling'ono la ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe amakumana ndi kusalingana kwa makhalidwe, chitsanzo cha PPMI chili m'bokosi lofanana la malingaliro monga mabuku ambiri a zolaula. Grubbs et al. akunena kuti chitsanzo chawo chingathandize kuthetsa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ponena kuti "mosasamala kanthu za nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito poonera zolaula, ndizotheka kuti mavuto omwe mumadziona nokha, monga kukhulupirira kuti munthu ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula, ndi ofunikira kumvetsetsa molondola momwe zithunzi zolaula zimakhudzira thanzi ndi moyo wabwino ndipo motero ndi cholinga chachikulu chofufuzira." "Zotsatira zenizeni" izi mwina zimakula kwambiri kuposa kuyang'ana kwambiri pazotsatira zomwe mumadziona nokha komanso kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino. Monga momwe Grubbs et al. adanenera, maphunziro angapo asonyeza kuti mavuto omwe mumadziona nokha nthawi zambiri sagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zizindikiro zina za thanzi zomwe zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zingakhale malo abwino ophunzirira. Nthawi zambiri, pali anthu ena omwe amatsutsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo kusavomereza koteroko kumakhudza kugwirizana kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pamene akulimbana ndi kusagwirizana m'makhalidwe awo ndi malingaliro awo. Mkangano woterewu umachokera ku malingaliro omwewo a kusamvetsetsana kwa chidziwitso omwe akhala gawo la gawo la zamaganizo a anthu (Festinger, 1962 ). Ngakhale kuti chitsanzo chomwe chikuperekedwachi chingakhale chothandiza chikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, akatswiri ayenera kusamala poganiza kuti chitsanzo choterechi chimagwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana momwe zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.

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