Kusonkhezera? Ngati mudakumana ndi zovuta ndimakoko ndikulemba kuti mbewa zidayenda mu Cheerios, a Amos otchuka, mapaketi atatu a Ramen Zakudyazi, komanso bokosi la yisiti yophika mkate yomwe mudagula " Madona a Canyon ", mudzazindikira momwe zilili zachiphuphu zama labotale zomwe sizikulimbikitsani kudya.
Nkhumba imatha kudya. Amakondabe kukoma kwa chakudya. Ikani khuble m'kamwa mwake, ndipo idzafunafuna ndi kumeza, nthawi yonse ikuyendetsa mphuno zake ngati kukhutitsidwa kwa makoswe.
Komatu atsiyidwa payekha, mbewa siidzadzutsa chakudya. Kungoganiza chabe kuyendayenda pa khola ndikukweza mapepala a zakudya kuchokera mu mbale kumadzaza ndi chidwi chosaneneka. Kodi ndi mfundo iti, yeniyeni yeniyeni yonseyi? Bwanji mukuvutika? Patapita masiku, mbewa siidya, siimayenda, ndipo mkati mwa masabata angapo, yadzipha yokha. Pambuyo pa nthendayi yowonongeka ndi vuto lalikulu la dopamine, chimodzi mwa ziwalo zofunikira zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu ubongo.
Dopamine ali mu mafashoni
Dopamine yayamba kukhala yapamwamba kwambiri, lero "iyo" yotchedwa neurotransmitter, monga serotonin inali "iyo" mu Prozac-laced '90s.
Anthu amalankhula za kupeza "dopamine changu" kuchokera ku chokoleti, nyimbo, ku msika, BlackBerry buzz pa ntchafu - chirichonse chomwe chimapatsa chisangalalo chochepa, chosangalatsa. Mankhwala odziwika bwino a vice ngati cocaine, methamphetamine, mowa ndi chikonga amadziwika kuti amachititsa ubongo wa dopamine circuits, monga momwe zimachititsa chidwi kwambiri monga Adderall ndi Ritalin.
Mu lingaliro lachigawo, dopamine ndi za madalitso, ndikumverera bwino, ndikufunanso kuti mukhale bwino, ndipo ngati simukuyang'ana, mumagwiritsidwa ntchito, mumagulu a zosangalatsa mukuyenda mu ubongo wanu. Eya, n'chifukwa chiyani mukuganiza kuti amatchedwa dopamine?
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku watsopano pa mbewa zopanda dopamine ndi maphunziro ena amasonyeza, chifaniziro cha dopamine monga Bacchus yathu yaying'ono mu ubongo ikusocheretsa, monga momwe zinalili kale pamoto wa serotonin ngati nkhope yosangalatsa ya neural.
Khazikitsani ndi zomwe mukufuna
Pomwe anthu akuganiza, akufotokozedwa mbali ina ku Sukulu ya Neuroscience sabata yatha ku Chicago, dopamine ndizochepa pa zosangalatsa ndi mphotho kusiyana ndi kayendetsedwe ka galimoto ndi zolinga, zokhudzana ndi zomwe muyenera kuchita kuti mukhale ndi moyo ndikuchita. "Pamene simungathe kupuma, ndipo mumatulutsa mpweya, kodi mungatchule kuti zosangalatsazo?" Anatero Nora D. Volkow, wofufuzira wa dopamine ndi wotsogolera wa National Institute on Drug Abuse. "Kapena mukakhala ndi njala kuti mudye chinthu chonyansa, kodi ndizosangalatsa?"
Muzoyankha zonsezi, Dr. Volkow adati, kutentha kwa oxygen ndi kukumbutsa pansi chinthu chimene inu mumakonda kumatsutsa, njira za dopamine za ubongo ziri pamapeto pake. "Ubongo wonse uli ndi maganizo amodzi," adatero. "Kuwongolera mwamphamvu kuti ndikuchotseni kudziko losauka ndikukupatsani moyo."
Dopamine nayenso ndi gawo la fyuluta yodziwa ubongo, yomwe imatenga-chipangizo cha-chipangizo ichi. "Inu simungamvetsere chirichonse, koma mukufuna kukhala odziwa monga chidziwitso chozindikira zinthu zolembedwa," anatero Dr. Volkow. "Simungaone ntchentche m'chipindacho, koma ngati ntchentche imeneyo inali ndi fulorosenti, maselo anu a dopamine angapse."
Dopamine chizindikiro
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, detector yathu yoyendetsa bwino dopamine idzayang'ana pa zinthu zomwe timazidziwa bwino, zabwino ndi zoipa: zinthu zomwe timafuna ndi zinthu zomwe timaziopa. Ngati timakonda chokoleti, dopamine neurons yathu ingayambe kuyaka pang'onopang'ono ngati nyemba ya chokoleti yomwe ili pambali. Koma ngati timakhala ndi mantha, timadzi timene timakhala kovuta kwambiri tikazindikira kuti "nyemba" ili ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi. Koma chokoleti chokondweretsa payekha, komabe, kapena nkhaŵa za phobia, zimatha kukhala zojambula za ma molekyulu ena, monga opiates kapena mahomoni opanikizika. Dopamine amangopangitsa chinthu chovuta kukhala chosatheka kunyalanyaza.
Kodi ubongo uyenera kunyalanyaza zomwe zingaoneke, dopamine iyenera kukhala yotsekedwa. Gulu lotchedwa Nature Neuroscience, Regina M. Sullivan wa ku New York University Medical Center, Gordon A. Barr wa Chipatala cha Ana a Philadelphia, ndi anzawo adapeza kuti, pamene makoswe akuluakulu kuposa masiku a 12 angayambe kuthamangitsira fungo lililonse Kusokonezeka kwamagetsi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono angasonyeze zosangalatsa za fungo ngati amayi awo ali pafupi pamene phunziroli linaperekedwa. Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti mzimu wachinyamata wotchedwa Candide umachotsa ntchito ya dopamine mu amygdala, kumene kukumbukira mantha kumabadwa. Amphaka amadziwa amayi awo ndi fungo, Dr. Sullivan anafotokoza, ndipo asamaphunzire kumudziwa, pakuti ngakhale wonyalanyaza bwino amaposa ayi.
Kodi dopamine ndi chiyani?
Zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri, dopamine ndi kamolekamu kamene imamangidwa ndi ma atomu a 22, ndipo imakhala ndi mapuloteni otchedwa nitrogenous amine knob kumapeto. (Dopamine, mwa njira, imatchula dzina lake kuchokera ku mankhwala ake, ndipo sichikugwirizana ndi mawu akuti - monga heroin kapena mankhwala ena osangalatsa - omwe amalingalira kuti amachokera ku liwu lachi Dutch chifukwa cha mphodza.)
Mankhwala opanga dopamine ndi ofunika kwambiri. Zoperewera kuposa 1 peresenti ya neuron zonse zimapanga mpweya wambiri, ambiri a iwo amakhala pakati pa midbrain monga chiwerengero cha nigra, chomwe chimathandiza kuyendetsa kayendedwe; Ndi kuwonongeka kwa chiwerengero cha maselo a dopamine omwe amachititsa mantha ndi zizindikiro zina za matenda a Parkinson.
Palinso ntchito ya dopamine yomwe ili pamwamba, pamtunda wotchedwa correx yomwe imayimilira pambuyo pamphumi, ubongo wamtunduwu waukulu kumene nkhani zalembedwa, zofuna zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka. Kusokonezeka kwa prefrontal dopamine kumagwirizanitsa ndi schizophrenia.
Kulikonse kumene malo awo, maselo a ubongo amayankha kuti atulutse dopamine kupyolera m'modzi kapena asanu mwapadera omwe amadziwika ndi dopamine receptors akukwera kuchokera pamwamba, mapuloteni okonzedwa kuti alowe pa dopamine ndikuyankha moyenera. Chinanso chosewera ndi woyendetsa dopamine, wothamanga amene amanyamula mamolekyu a dopamine ndi kuwasandutsa kubwalo komwe anabadwira.
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga cocaine amaletsa wotengerayo, kulola kuti dopamine ikhalebe m'kati mwa chipinda cha neuronal ndikupitiriza kuwalitsa chizindikiro chake.
Dopamine ndi chidwi
Anthu amasiyana pakati pa dopamine matrix, pamtunda wachitsulo komwe ma dopamine neurons amachititsa kuti moto ukhale wowopsya, maseŵera omwe maselo amawombera poyesa kufunikira kapena nkhani, komanso kumasuka komwe maselo oponderezedwa amayambiranso kukhala oyamba .
Ofufuza ena ayang'ana kusiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi kusiyana kwake. Malingana ndi Dan TA Eisenberg wa Northwestern University, asayansi azindikira kuti pali kugwirizana kochepa pakati pa dopamine receptor No. 4 ndi chizoloŵezi chofuna kuchita zinthu mwachangu ndi kuchitapo kanthu pangozi, makamaka kutenga ndalama.
Mmodzi sangathe kupanga mgwirizanowu wambiri m'mayendedwe a khalidwe, koma mwinamwake pasanapite nthawi yotsatira, tifunikire kuti mabanki aziyesedwe kuti akhalepo oopsa, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a nthawi yaitali. Ndizo chuma, dopamine.
Wolemba NATALIE ANGIER, New York Times
Dziwani zambiri zokhudzana ndi chiyanjano cha dopamine komanso zolimbikitsira Pano.
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