Zowonongeka Zowonongeka M'madothi Owonetsedwa ku Chakudya Chopatsa Chakudya Chokhalitsa Chakudya: Kuwonjezeka Kwambiri ndi Zomwe Zimakhudza Kupititsa Kwambiri Kwambiri (2013)

. 2013; 8 (4): e60407.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2013 Apr 2. do:  10.1371 / journal.pone.0060407

PMCID: PMC3614998

Mihai Covasa, Mkonzi

Kudalirika

Background

Makoswe amakonda zakudya zamafuta kwambiri koma zimadyedwa kwambiri. Zakudya zomwe zimadziwika ndi izi sizikudziwika. Tidagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ogwidwa satiety kupatula njira yodyera ngati chakudya kapena zakudya pang'ono ndikufanizira madongosolo akudya a makoswe omwe amapatsidwa mphamvu yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena chowor.

Njira

Makoswe achimuna asanu ndi atatu a Sprague Dawley adawonetsedwa ndi labop kapena chakudya chamafuta champhamvu kwambiri (komanso chow) masabata a 16. Pambuyo pa 5, 10 ndi 15 masabata, makhola apakhomo ogulitsa usiku adalembedwa. Kudya komwe kumatsatiridwa ndikusamba kenako kupuma kapena kugona kumagawidwa ngati chakudya; pomwe kudya osatsatiridwa ndi dongosolo lonselo kudalowetsedwa ngati chakudya. Zakudya zambiri ndi zakudya zazakudya, nthawi yawo, komanso nthawi yodikira pakati podyetsa zakudya zimayerekezedwa pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi.

Results

Makoswe omwe amadya cafeteria amadya mapuloteni ochulukirapo, mafuta ndi chakudya, akumamwa pafupipafupi mphamvu zamagetsi zopaka zowonjezera, ndipo anali olemerapo pakatha sabata la 4. Makoswe omwe amapezeka m'mafakitala ankakonda kudya zazing'ono pakati pa chakudya ndikudya zakudya zochepa kuposa makoswe otsekemera. Amadyanso zokhazikika pamasabata a 5, sanali ogwira ntchito pakubwezeretsa pakudya pochepetsa chakudya, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zokhwasula-khwasula m'magawo ambiri omwe amapezeka m'makhitchini anali ogwirizana ndi zolemetsa zofunikira thupi.

Mawuwo

Kudya zakudya zabwino kwambiri kumabweretsa zotsatira zake kwakanthawi. Makoswe adayamba kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa poyamba ankadya pafupipafupi ndipo pamapeto pake ankadya zakudya zambiri zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri. Kukula koyamba kwa makoswe ang'onoang'ono odyetsa zakudya zam'mimba kumayimira kukhazikitsidwa kwa zizolowezi zamagulu olimbitsa thupi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wonenepa.

Introduction

Zomwe anthu amadya zimayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zingapo. Nthawi zina kusankha kwa zakudya kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zilipo kapena zotchipa, ndipo nthawi zina mwa kulingalira pazakudya kapena zamakhalidwe, chipembedzo kapena chikhalidwe. Komabe, chomwe chimapangitsa kusankha chakudya ndi hedonics: anthu amasankha kuti adye zomwe amakonda ndi kukana zomwe sakonda , . Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi zakudya zake. Anthu amakonda zakudya zomwe zili ndi mafuta ambiri, shuga, ndi mapuloteni, amawasankha m'malo mwa zakudya zomwe sizikhala ndi michere yambiri, ndipo amadya zambiri , , . Chachiwiri ndi kusinthasintha. Anthu amakonda mitundu yazakudya chawo, sankhani zakudya zomwe zimakoma mosiyanasiyana kapena momwe zidapangidwira kale, ndikudya zambiri . Zakudya zamakono zakumayiko otukuka zidapangidwa kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimakonda. Zakudya izi ndizodzaza ndi mafuta omwe ali ndi mafuta, shuga, ndi mapuloteni ambiri, ndipo amapezeka muzakudya zambiri zomwe zimasiyana mumakomedwe awo. Kuphatikiza apo, zakudyazi zimapezeka mosavuta, zimagulidwa ndi ndalama zochepa kapena zopanda mphamvu, ndipo sizotsika mtengo kokwanira kuti zitheke ndi anthu ambiri omwe akutukuka. Zakudya zamakono, chikhalidwe chake, kupezeka kwake ndi zotsika mtengo, limodzi ndi moyo wamakono, womwe umangokhala molingana ndi zosangalatsa, zoyendera, ndi ntchito (zikapezeka), zikuyenera kuti zathandizira kuchuluka kwa anthu onenepa kwambiri. , ngakhale onenepa kwambiri, m'maiko olemera , .

Mtundu wa nyama yamikhalidwe iyi imakhala yopatsa makoswe a labotale mwayi wopezeka mosiyanasiyana wazakudya zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa ndi anthu omwe. Makoswe amasankha zakudya izi pang'onopang'ono kuposa labotor, kudya zakudya zochulukirapo malinga ndi mphamvu zawo zochepa, ndipo, monga anthu akumayiko otukuka, amalemera kwambiri. Makoswe oterewa amawonjezera kudya kwawo kwa caloric, ndipo amakula kuchuluka kwamankhwala, plasma leptin ndi insulin , . Komabe, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kudya komwe kumadza chifukwa chakudyaku komanso ngati zina zake ndizokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi. Mwachitsanzo, makoswe omwe adasinthidwa kuchokera ku chow wamba kupita ku zakudya zosiyanasiyana zamafuta zowonjezera mphamvu atha kupitiliza kudya chimodzimodzi monga kale, kumangowonjezera kulemera kwawo chifukwa chazakudya zopitilira muyeso izi poyerekeza ndi chow. Kapenanso, makoswe otere amatha kudya chakudya chochulukirapo kwinaku akusunga nambala ya chakudya (onani Rogers & Blundell, kapena kudya zakudya zomwezo koma nthawi zambiri. Pomaliza, makoswe omwe anasinthidwa kuchokera ku chakudya chamakono amatha, ngati anthu, kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zambiri, kuwonjezera pa kuzidya monga gawo la chakudya.

Makoswe nthawi zambiri amawonetsa machitidwe osiyana siyana, kutsatira njira yodyera. Njira iyi, yotchedwa kuti satiety ya pambuyo pabwino kapena chikhalidwe, imakhala pakutha kwa kudya komwe kumatsatiridwa ndikukongoletsa, kupumula kapena kugona , . Kusintha kumeneku kuchokera pakudya pakudya mpaka pang'onopang'ono mpaka kugona kapena kugona kumagwirizana ndi kukhutitsidwa kwachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, kumakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa caloric pamatumbo ndi zinthu zisanafike poipa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi katunduyo [monga cholecystokinin (CCK)] . Tidaganiza kuti kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa izi mwanjira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posankha pakati pa zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala ndi satiation (chakudya) poyerekeza ndi zomwe sizili (zosakudya). Tidasanthula ngati makoswe omwe amadyetsa zakudya zamakono azosiyana ndi omwe amadya chakudya choyenera malinga ndi momwe amagawidwira chakudya chodyetsa, ndipo, makamaka, panjira zomwe sizinatsatidwe kapena zomwe sizinatsatidwe ndi mndandanda wathunthu wakudya, ndiko kudya kapena zoseweretsa, motero. Makoswe pagulu la zakudya amapatsidwa zakudya zopezeka pamalonda (ma pie nyama, mabisiketi ndi zina) kuwonjezera pa chow chow wamba, ndipo chikhalidwe chodyetsa cha magulu onsewa chimayesedwa usiku umodzi pambuyo pa 5, 10, ndi 15 masabata pazakudya zawo.

Njira

Ndondomeko ya malamulo

Pulogalamu yoyesayi idavomerezedwa ndi Animal Care and Ethics Committee ya University of New South Wales ndipo zinali mogwirizana ndi malangizo omwe aperekedwa ndi Australia's Health and Medical Research Council.

Ophunzira

Nkhani zake zinali 24 zoyesera ndiïve male Sprague Dawley makoswe omwe adachokera ku Animal Resource Center (Perth, Australia), 7-8 masabata ndikulemera pakati pa 240 ndi 280 g atangofika. Zinaikidwa m'mabokosi apulasitiki (22 masentimita kutalika x 65 masentimita kutalika x 40 masentimita) ndi makoswe awiri m'bokosi lililonse. Makoswe anaikidwa awiri pabokosi lililonse m'malo mabokosi amodzi chifukwa cha zoyenera. Mabokosi anali m'chipinda cholamulidwa ndi nyengo (22 ° C) pa 12-hr (7.00 am – 7.00 pm) kuzungulira / kwamdima.

zakudya

Sabata yoyamba, ma lab chow chow amaperekedwa ndipo makoswe amathandizidwa tsiku lililonse. Madzi anali kupezeka pakuyesa konse. Kutsatira kuzolowera uku, makoswe amapatsidwa mwachisawawa kwa lab lab chow (Gulu Chow) kapena chikhalidwe chambiri chodyera chamafuta (Gulu Cafeteria) (n = 12 pagulu). Standard chow idapereka 11 kJ / g, 12% mphamvu ngati mafuta, 20% protein ndi 65% carbohydrate (Gordon's Specialty Stockfeeds, NSW, Australia). Zakudya zomwe zili mchakudya chodyeramo zidasankhidwa kuti ziwonetse mitundu yayikulu, kukhathamira ndi mphamvu zamagetsi azakudya zakumadzulo zamakono . Anaphatikizanso nyama za Nyama, Dim Sims (nyama yokutidwa ndi pepala la mpunga), pasitala, Miphika ya Mbatata, Mafuta, Mkaka wa Chakudya cha Agalu, makeke ophatikizika (kuphatikiza keke yofukizira yophimbidwa mu chokoleti ndi coconut, yotchedwa lamington) ndi mabisiketi (mwachitsanzo, makeke) , chow yosakanizidwa ndi mafuta anyama ndi mkaka wokometsedwa, komanso chow wamba. Thumba losakanizika ndi mafuta anyama ndi mkaka wopukutidwa, komanso wowonekera wamba, anali kupezeka nthawi zonse. Izi zidakwaniritsidwa ndi zinai za zakudya zina, ziwiri zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera kumtunda wama protein ndi / kapena ma carbohydrate ambiri (Meat Pies, Dim Sims, Oats, Mgalu Chakudya cha Galu), ndipo ziwiri zidatengedwa kuchokera pamafuta / shuga ambiri ( kusankha kuchokera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makeke ndi mabisiketi). Zakudya izi zidapatsa pafupifupi 15.3 kJ / g, mphamvu ya 32% ngati mafuta, 14% protein ndi 60% carbohydrate, kuwonjezera pa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi standard laboteral. Chakudya chamawebusayiti chimaperekedwa tsiku lililonse, ku 5 pm, ndipo makoswe m'magulu onsewa ankalandira chakudya chawo m'matumba omwe amapezeka mkati mwa nyumba zawo. Zakudya zamafuta ndi thupi zimayezedwa kamodzi pa sabata. Zakudya zisanu zomwezo zimaperekedwa patsiku lomwe kudya kwakawiri mphamvu sabata iliyonse. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya kunali kusiyana pakati pa kulemera kwa chakudya chomwe chidaperekedwa ku khola ndi 24 hr yotsalira pambuyo pake. Zakudya zamafuta kuchokera kuzakudya zomwe zidadyedwa zidawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zili pachakudya chilichonse (kJ / g).

Kudyetsa

Khalidwe laudindo linajambulidwa kuchokera ku 7 pm-7 am katatu, pakadutsa masabata a 5, 10 ndi 15, pogwiritsa ntchito makamera ang'onoang'ono azithunzi omwe ali ndi ma infrared ma LED omwe amayimitsidwa pamtunda uliwonse. Khola limodzi m'thambo lirilonse linali ndi chizindikiro chodziwika bwino chomwe chimalola kuti machitidwe a makoswe amodzi azitsatiridwa. Chilichonse chodyedwa chimadziwika ngati chakudya kapena zakudya. Chakudya chimafotokozedwa ngati gawo lazakudya zomwe zimatsatiridwa ndikusamba ndikumapuma kapena kugona . Kamwetulira kunanenedwa kuti ndi gawo logometsa lomwe lotsatiridwa ndi mkwatibwi, koma popanda kutsatira kupumula kapena kugona komwe. Behaviors adalandidwa mu 30 yachiwiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khoswe wadyera ndikukasambitsidwa, koma osapumira mkati mwa masekondi a 30 pambuyo poti atha kuchita zodzikongoletsera, izi zimayesedwa ngati chakudya. Mosiyana ndi izi, ngati ratayo idapumula / kugona mkati mwa masekondi a 30 pambuyo podya ndi kuzolowera ndiye izi zimasankhidwa kukhala chakudya. Momwemo ngati makoswe adadya, adakongoletsa, osagona; ndipo nditatha masekondi a 30 kapena kupitilira apo, nditakudya, ndikupumula / kugona, izi zimayang'aniridwa ngati chakudya cham'madzi chotsatira. Nthawi yachiwiri iyi ya 30 idasankhidwa popeza inali nthawi yochepa kwambiri yomwe idapatsidwanso nthawi yolemba nthawi ya 12 yowonetsedwa pamanja nthawi iliyonse. Kudya kumalondoleredwa ngati kumeza kapena kukuta chakudya; kudzikongoletsa kunalondoleredwa ngati kunyambita thupi kapena kuyeretsa nkhope ndi nkhope zamaso komanso kukanda thupi ndi mutu ndi miyendo yakumbuyo; kupumula / kugona kumagoleredwa ngati kugona pansi osasuntha, nthawi zambiri ndi mutu wopindika . Wowonerera wachiwiri adagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo kuti apange maola angapo (makoswe anayi kuchokera pagulu lililonse) kuchokera nthawi iliyonse. Zotsatira za woyeserera ndi wowonera wachiwiri adalumikizidwa kwambiri (r2 = 0.94, r2 = 0.93, r2 = 0.95 kwa masabata 5, 10 ndi 15 motsatana).

Kusanthula kusanthula

Zambiri zikuwonetsedwa ngati zolakwika error zolakwika zofunikira (SEM). ANNCA ya 4 [yokhala ndi zinthu zamagulu, zotuluka pakadali pano (chakudya kapena zosakudya), njira yapita (chakudya kapena zosafunsa) komanso nthawi (5, 10 ndi masabata a 15)] idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza nthawi yakudikirira pamadongosolo azakudya. Ma pafupipafupi a njira zodyetsera adasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a chi-squared of fit (GOF). Maubwenzi apakati pa kusaneneka ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa (kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa) Kusiyana kulikonse pakulimba kwa ubale pakati pa magulu awiriwo kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa Fisher r-to-Z. Zambiri zomwe zatsalira zidasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ANOVA, kuwongolera mtundu wa 100 zolakwa (α) ku 1. Zakudya zambiri zamagetsi ndikuzidyetsa anagwiritsa ntchito khola (iliyonse yomwe inali ndi makoswe awiri) monga gawo loyang'anira, F kovuta (1, 10) = 4.9, ndi kusanthula kwina konse pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lililonse ngati gawo, F zovuta (1, 22) = 4.3. Kuyanjana kwakukulu kunatsatiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kosavuta kwa posachedwa. Kuchuluka kwa zolakwika poyerekeza zambiri kunayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Tukey ya HSD.

Results

Zakudya zamafuta ndi thupi

Chithunzi 1 zowonetsa zimatanthawuza kudya kwa magalamu (kumanzere) ndi mphamvu (pakati), ndipo kumatanthauza kulemera kwa thupi (kumanja) kuyeza kamodzi pa sabata pamasabata a 16 mu makoswe osungidwa pa zakudya zama lab kapena pa cafeteria. Ndizachidziwikire kuti makoswe omwe adadyetsa zakudya zam'khwalala adadya kwambiri, adatha mphamvu zambiri ndikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa thupi kuposa omwe adadyidwa chow. Kawuniwuni wowerengera kuchuluka kwa amadyedwa akuwonetsa zotsatira zazikulu za gulu (F (1, 10) = 366.2), koma osakhala ndi nthawi yayitali (F<2) kapena nthawi × kulumikizana kwamagulu (F (1, 10) = 4.2). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti makoswe odyera omwe amadya zakudya zamasamba ambiri amadya kuposa anzawo omwe amapatsidwa chakudya chowonjezera mlungu uliwonse, komanso kuti kukula kwa kusiyana kumasungidwa kumaphunziro onse. Momwemonso, kuwunika kwa kudya kwamphamvu kumatsimikizira kuti panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu, F (1, 10) = 375.1, osatengera nthawi, F (1, 10) = 2.99, ndipo palibe mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa nthawi ndi magulu, F<1, kuwonetsa kuti kusiyana kwamagetsi komwe kumadya pakati pa magulu kunali kwakukulu koyambirira monga kumapeto kwa kuyeserera. Kuwunikaku kunatsimikiziranso kuti kulemera kwakuthupi kunali kwakukulu kwambiri m'gulu la Cafeteria kuposa Chow, F (1, 22) = 42.36, kuchuluka m'magulu onse awiri nthawi yonse, F (1, 22) = 906.38, ndikuwonjezeka mofulumira ku Cafeteria kuposa Chow, F (1, 22) = 85.09.

Chithunzi 1 

Makoswe ophika ndi cafeteria ankadya chakudya chochulukirapo komanso mphamvu, komanso kulemera kuposa makoswe otentha bwino.

Chithunzi 2A amawonetsa mapuloteni, chakudya chamafuta ndi mafuta (kumanzere, pakatikati, ndi mapanelo amanja, motero) amayeza kamodzi pa sabata pamasabata a 16. Zikuwonekeratu kuti Gulu Cafeteria idadya zochulukirapo za macronutrienti awa kuposa makoswe amodzi ndikuti kusiyana pakati pakupanga mapuloteni kumachepa nthawi yonse koma kumalimbikira pankhani ya chakudya ndi mafuta. Kupenda kwa mawerengero kunatsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni anali akulu mu Gulu Cafeteria kuposa Gulu Chow, F (1, 10) = 18.32. Panalibe zotsatira zakanthawi pakudya, F <1, koma panali nthawi yayikulu yolumikizana ndi gulu, F (1, 10) = 19.14, kuwonetsa kuti kukula kwa kusiyana kwamapuloteni pakati pamagulu kunatsika nthawi yonse. Kuwunika kwa chakudya chamafuta F (1, 10) = 57.72, mzere wofatsa, F (1, 10) = 5.46, ndipo palibe gulu nthawi yolumikizana, F<1, kutsimikizira kuti Gulu Cafeteria limapitirizabe kumeza chakudya chambiri kuposa Gulu Chow. Umboni wokhudzana ndi mzerewu mwina udachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kosayembekezereka kwamakabohahydrate sabata ya 9. Kuwunika kwa kudya mafuta kunawonetsa zotsatira zofananira ndi zama carbohydrate. Cafeteria yamagulu idadya kwambiri kuposa Gulu Chow, F (1, 10) = 777.95, ndipo panalibe zotsatirapo zazachuma zazomwe zimachitika pakapita nthawi kapena nthawi pakati pa gulu, Fs <1, kuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwamafuta ambiri mu Gulu Cafeteria kudapitilira pakapita nthawi.

Chithunzi 2 

Makoswe odyera pacafeter amathera kudya mafuta ochulukirapo, ngakhale atasintha thupi.

Chithunzi 2B amawonetsa mapuloteni, chakudya chamafuta ndi mafuta osinthidwa kulemera kwa thupi (kumanzere, pakatikati ndi mapanelo amanja, motero). Kuyang'aniridwa kwa chiwonetserochi kukusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi zakudya zamagulu ochulukirapo kunali kwakukulu mu Gulu Cafeteria kuposa Chow masabata angapo oyambira koma kusiyana kumeneku kunachepa pakadutsa milungu ingapo yotsatira limodzi ndi kuchepa kwakudya m'magulu onse awiriwa. Kudya kwamafuta kunali kwakukulu mu Gulu Cafeteria kuposa Chow. Kukula kwa kusiyana kumeneku kunachepa nthawi yonse, kuwonetsa kuchepa kwa Gulu Cafeteria ndi wocheperako koma wamafuta okhazikika mu Gulu Chow. Kusanthula kwa mawerengero kunathandizira izi. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pama protein ambiri, F<1.0, koma panali zotsatira za nthawi, F (1, 10) = 80.90, kutsimikizira kuti kudya kwamphamvu kumachepera pomwe kulemera kwa thupi kumawonjezeka, komanso nthawi yayitali yochezerana ndi gulu, F (1, 10) = 473.96, chomwe chikuwonetsa kuchuluka koyamba pa Gulu Cafeteria ndi kuchepa kwa izi pakadutsa nthawi mpaka kufika mu Gulu la Chow. Kusanthula kwawonetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagulu mu gulu la Cafeteria kuposa Gulu Chow, F (1, 10) = 16.91, ndikuwonetsa kwakukulu kwa nthawi, F (1, 10) = 176.46, kutsimikizira kuti kudya kunachepa m'magulu onse awiriwo pamene kulemera kwa thupi kumachuluka. Panalinso nthawi yayitali yochezerana ndi gulu, F (1, 10) = 26.59, kutsimikizira kuti kukula kwa kusiyana pakati pa chakudya chama carbohydrate kumacheperachepera pomwe mizu yamthupi iwonjezeka. Kuwunika kwa kudya kwamafuta kunawonetsa kuti Gulu Cafeteria idadya kuposa Gulu Lalikulu, F (1, 10) = 946.59. Kudya mafuta kunachepa nthawi yonseyi, F (1, 10) = 528.81, ndipo panali nthawi yayitali yochezerana ndi gulu, F (1, 10) = 349.01, yomwe imawonetsa kuchepa kwa nthawi yonse mu Gulu Cafeteria komanso kudya kokhazikika ku Gulu la Chow.

Kusiyana kwa mapuloteni osinthika ndi chakudya chama carbohydrate komwe kumawonekera m'masabata oyambilira kunachepa pomwe kulemera kwa thupi kumawonjezeka m'magulu onse awiriwa, koma kusiyana kwa mafuta osinthika kunapitilira masabata onse a 16 kuwonetsedwa kuzakudya. Kutsika kwa mapuloteni osinthika ndi chakudya kumawonetsa kusintha muzakudya zomwe zimasankhidwa pang'onopang'ono kuzakudya zamasamba. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa kuchuluka komwe chakudya chilichonse chomwe chimaperekedwa mu kilojoules kuti chimwanire tsiku lililonse momwe chakudya chimayesedwa. Chiwonetserochi chikusonyeza kuti poyambirira makoswe amasankhidwa ma pie nyama, omwe amakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri komanso chakudya, amakonda zakudya zina. Kusankhidwa kumeneku kunacheperanso limodzi ndikusankhidwa kwa Dim Sims ndi ma Lamestons kuyambira sabata 3. Ma pie, dim sims ndi lamington amakhala osakhazikika pamasabata otsala, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 85% ya okwanira. Ponseponse, zakudya izi, komanso mafuta amkaka opaka mafuta okwanira, zinali ndi mphamvu ya 32% ngati mafuta, mosiyana ndi chakudya choyenera chomwe mafuta ake anali 12%. Kawunikidwe kazakudya zomwe zidakudya zama makoswe pazakudya zam'makedishi adatsimikiza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu, (F (1, 5) = 30.7), palibe zotsatira za nthawi (F<1), koma chakudya chofunikira × kulumikizana kwakanthawi (F (30, 150) = 5.4), monga tanena pamwambapa, zikuwoneka ngati chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma pie nyama, dim sims ndi kumwa kwa lamington nthawi yonse. Kuti muwonetsetse gwero la kuyanjanaku, pezani magawo obwereza (njira zomwe akutsatira) zomwe zimayendetsedwa pazakudya zilizonse zomwe zimadyedwa nthawi yayitali zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma pi F (1, 5) = 20.5, yomwe, kuyesa chiwonetserochi, idayamba chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pai kuyambira sabata 2 mpaka 3, khola pambuyo pake. Mosiyana ndi izi, kudya kwa lamington kunawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa mzere kuyambira milungu 1 mpaka 3, F (1, 5) = 8.2, Panalibe kusintha kwakukulu pakudya zakudya zina nthawi yonse, kuphatikiza ma sim sim, F (1, 5) = 4.7 (F ovuta = 6.6).

Chithunzi 3 

Kusankha zakudya mkati mwa 24 hr mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi m'magazi opatsa zakudya.

Kutengedwa palimodzi, zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti Gulu Cafeteria idadya kwambiri magalamu, anali ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi, komanso adayamba kulemera mwachangu kuposa Gulu Lalikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, Gulu Cafeteria lidadya protein yambiri, carbohydrate ndi mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa Gulu Lalikulu. Posinthidwa kulemera kwa thupi, kusiyana pakati pamagulu omwe mumagwiritsa ntchito mafuta kunapitilira. Kusanthula kwa zakudya zomwe zidasankhidwa ndi Gulu Cafeteria kunawonetsa kuti kusiyana kosasinthika pakudya kwamafuta kunachitika chifukwa chakuti chakudyachi chinali, chinali ndi mafuta ambiri. Munthawi ya chakudya chamafuta chotere, Gulu Cafeteria limakonda kudya zakudya zomwe zinali zofunikira kwambiri za mapuloteni (ma pie ndi dim sim), ndikuwonetsa kuti mwina amasankha zakudya potsatira mapuloteni awo. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti Gulu Cafeteria limakhala ndi mwayi wopezeka ku chow omwe mavitamini ake ali apamwamba, komabe sanasankhidwe. Zowonadi zovomerezeka ndizomwe zimakonda kwambiri zakudya zomwe zimapezeka ku Gulu Cafeteria (kupanga 5% ya okwanira), kuwonetsa kuti kufunafuna mapuloteni okha sikungafotokozere kuchuluka kwawo. Pomaliza, chenicheni chakuti panali kusintha pang'ono pazakudya zomwe zidasankhidwa ndi Gulu Cafeteria pakapita nthawi (kusiyapo kuchepa kwa mitengo ya nyama ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a lamington pakati pa masabata 1 ndi 3) zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa kudya kwathunthu komwe kumapangidwa ndi macronutrient iliyonse adakhala nthawi yayitali.

Kapangidwe Kachulukidwe

Zakudya

Chithunzi 4A ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya (kumanzere), kutanthauza nthawi ya chakudya chilichonse (pakati), ndipo kumatanthauza nthawi pakati pa chakudya (kumanja) kwa Magulu A Cafeteria ndi Chow usiku umodzi m'milungu ya 5, 10 ndi 15. Kuwunika kwa kuchuluka kwa zakudya kunatsimikizira kuti Gulu Cafeteria idadya zakudya zochepa kuposa Gulu Lalikulu, F (1, 10) = 14.85. Magulu onse awiriwa amadya kwambiri nthawi yonse, (F (1, 10) = 23.85) koma nthawi yogwirizana ndi gulu x sinali yofunika, F<1, kuwonetsa kuti Gulu Cafeteria limangokhalira kudya zakudya zochepa kuposa Gulu Chow. Kusiyanitsa kwa chakudya sikunali chifukwa cha Gulu Cafeteria kumangodya nthawi yambiri pachakudya chilichonse kuposa Gulu Chow (gulu lapakati). Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu munthawi yakudya, F <1. Panali zotsatira zazikulu zakanthawi pakudya (F (1, 10) = 18.90), kutsimikizira kuti nthawi idakulirakulira kupitilira nthawi, koma kunalibe kulumikizana kwakukulu kwa gulu × nthawi yolumikizirana (F <1). Gulu lakumanja likuwonetsa kuti makoswe mu Gulu Cafeteria amadikirira pakati pa chakudya kuposa omwe ali mu Gulu Chow, F (1, 10) = 17.16 (kumanja). Nthawi yayitali pakati pa chakudya idakula nthawi yayitali. Kukula kumeneku kunayandikira koma sikunafike pamlingo wachilengedwe (F (1, 10) = 4.54, ndipo padalibe kuyanjana kwa gulu nthawi, F<1, kuwonetsa kuti kusiyana kwakanthawi pakati pakudya pakati pa maguluwo kudapitilira nthawi zitatuzo.

Chithunzi 4 

Makoswe ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'makhola amadyedwa nthawi zambiri koma zakudya zambiri

zokhwasula-khwasula

Chithunzi 4B chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zokhwasula-pansi (kumanzere), kumatanthauza nthawi yocheza (pakati) ndi kutanthauza nthawi (pakati) pakati pazakudya pakati pa milungu 5, 10 ndi 15. Kuwunika kwa ziwonetsero kumawonetsa kuti nthawi ya 5 sabata nthawi Gulu Cafeteria idadutsa kuposa Gulu Chow, koma kusiyana uku pakati pamagulu kunalibe pa 10 ndi masabata a 15. Kusiyana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zokhwasula-khwasula zomwe magulu awiriwo adayandikira koma sizinafike pamlingo wampingo, F (1, 10) = 4.84, ndipo panalibe zotengera nthawi, F<1. Komabe, panali nthawi yayikulu yolumikizana ndi gulu, F (1, 10) = 8.53, monga tanena pamwambapa, ndi chifukwa choti makoswe ku Gulu Cafeteria adadya zokhwasula kwambiri kuposa omwe adapezeka mu Gulu Chow sabata 5, F (1, 10) = 21.30, koma osati masabata 10 ndi 15, Fs <1. Panalibe kusiyana pakati pamaguluwa munthawi yopanda zakudya (F<2), ndipo panalibe zotsatira za kulumikizana kwa nthawi kapena nthawi ×Fs <2). Gulu Cafeteria likuwoneka kuti limakhala ndi nthawi yayifupi pakati pa zokhwasula-khwasula kuposa Gulu Chow m'masabata asanu koma osati nthawi ina. Komabe, kusanthula kwa ziwerengero sikunatanthauze kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu, zomwe zimachitika munthawi, kapena kulumikizana kwa gulu ×,Fs <2.5; kumanja).

Nthawi Yonse Yodya

Chithunzi 5 ikuwonetsa nthawi yonse yomwe idadyedwa nthawi iliyonse yamagawo atatu a Magulu A Cafeteria ndi Chow. Nthawiyi inali yokhazikika pakadutsa milungu ingapo ya 5, 10 ndi 15 ku Gulu Cafeteria koma idakwera pazowunikira izi ku Gulu la Chow. Kusanthula kwa manambala kwalephera kuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa magulu, F<1. Komabe, panali zotsatira zazikulu za nthawi, F (1, 10) = 8.89, ndi nthawi yayitali yochezerana ndi gulu, F (1, 10) = 6.42. Kusanthula kwa post-hoc kwa zotsatira zosavuta kunalephera kuzindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu nthawi iliyonse (yayikulu F (1, 10) = 5.93). Izi zikusonyeza kuti kusiyana pagulu komanso nthawi kunathandizira kulumikizana pakati pa zinthuzi.

Chithunzi 5 

Makoswe opatsitsidwa ku Cafeteria amawononga nthawi yochulukirapo kudya koma osachedwa kudya.

Kutengedwa palimodzi, zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti Gulu Cafeteria nthawi zonse amadya zochepa kuposa Gulu Chow koma adadya zokhwasula, poyamba. Kusiyana kumene kwa kuchuluka kwa zakudya ndi zakudya zazakudya zina sizinali chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mumadya. M'malo mwake, Gulu Cafeteria limadikirira nthawi yayitali pakati pa chakudya. M'masabata a 5, nthawi yodikira pakati pa chakudya imatha kufotokozeredwa ndi mfundo yoti Gulu Cafeteria limakhala ndi nkhawa yambiri. Komabe, Gulu Cafeteria lidapitilira kudikirira nthawi yayitali pakati pa chakudya pa nthawi ya 10 ndi 15 nthawi ngakhale zinali zofanana ndi kuchita zosafunikira monga Gulu la Chow. Chifukwa chake, chakuti Cafeteria Yopitilira idadikirira nthawi yayitali pakati pa chakudya kuposa gulu la Chow panthawi yotsatila mfundozo ziyenera kukhala chifukwa cha zinthu zina.

Pafupipafupi pafupipafupi zakudya komanso zokhwasula-khwasula

Kuti muwone momwe nthawi yakudikirira pakati pa kudyetsa chakudya inali yogwirizana ndi gawo loyambirira la chakudya (mwachitsanzo, kaya chinali chakudya kapena chodyera), zakudya ndi zokhwimitsa zinthu za Magulu a Chow ndi Cafeteria ku 5, 10 ndi 15 masabata nthawi yomwe adasankhidwa mndandanda womwe unkakhala ndi zokhazikika zomwe zimatsatidwa ndi zokhwasula-khondo (SS), zosemphana ndi chakudya (SM), chakudya chomwe chimatsatidwa ndi zokhwasula-khwasula (MS), ndi chakudya chomwe chimatsatiridwa ndi chakudya (MM). Chithunzi 6A imawonetsera pafupipafupi pazotsatira zilizonse ku 5 (kumanzere), 10 (pakati) ndi 15 (kumanja) masabata ku Groups Chow ndi Cafeteria. Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa kuti pa 5 sabata time point (gulu lamanzere) Gulu la Cafeteria linali ndi gawo lalikulu la mndandanda wa SS kuposa Gulu Chow. Mosiyana ndi izi, Gulu Chow limawoneka kuti lili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la mndandanda wa MM kuposa Gulu Cafeteria. Kusiyana kumeneku kunachepa pamapeto pake. Kuyesedwa kwa GOF ya chi-squared kwatsimikizira kusiyana kwakukulu pakupezeka kwamaulendo angapo a SS (χ2 (1) = 52.2, p<0.0001), ndi MM (χ2 (1) = 36.9, p<0.0001) pakati pa Gulu Chow ndi Gulu Cafeteria panthawi yamasabata asanu. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu motsata SM ndi MS. Izi zimachitika pafupipafupi pazakudya zimapezekanso munthawi ya 5 komanso 10 sabata, koma kunalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiriwa nthawi iliyonse (yayikulu χ2 (1) = 0.6, p> 0.05).

Chithunzi 6 

Makoswe opatsitsidwa ku cafeteria amathanso kudya zodyerana zotsatizana pakati pa chakudya.

Kutanthawuza kuyembekezera nthawi yotsatira

Tidasanthula ngati njira yodikirira chakudya kapena yogulira idakhudzana ndi tanthauzo la chakudya chakudyacho, komanso ngati izi zidathandizira kusiyana kwamagulu komwe kudalipo pakudikirira nthawi yakudya. Kutanthauza nthawi yakudikirira mkati mwanjira iliyonse pa 5, 10, ndi 15 nthawi yama sabata ikuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 6B. Kuyang'anitsitsa kwa chiwonetserochi kukusonyeza kuti, nthawi iliyonse yomwe inali nthawi, nthawi yodikirira nthawi yodyetsa (mosasamala kanthu kuti inali chakudya kapena chakudya) inali yayitali ngati njira yapambuyo inali chakudya kuposa ngati inali chakudya, Kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a satiety kuti muzindikire kudyetsa ngati chakudya, ndiye kuti, njira yoperekera zakudya yomwe imabweretsa kukomoka. Pa nthawi ya sabata la 5, atakhala ndi zokhwasula, Gulu Cafeteria limakonda kukhala ndi nthawi yayifupi yodikirako pang'ono ndi Gulu Lalikulu kuposa Gulu Chow; Komabe, atangodya, gulu la a Cafeteria limangodikirira nthawi yayitali mpaka chakudya chotsatira kuposa gulu la Chow. Kusiyana uku kwa nthawi yakudikirira pakati pazinthu zowerengera kudyetsa kumawoneka kuti kumachepera pa 10 ndi 15 nthawi ya sabata. ANOVA ya 4 [yokhala ndi zinthu zamagulu, zotuluka pakadali pano (chakudya kapena zosafunikira), njira yanthawi yapitayo (chakudya kapena zosafunsa) komanso nthawi (5, 10 ndi masabata a 15)] idawonetsa zotsatira zazikulu zakumbuyo koyambira (F (1, 22) = 14.0) ndi nthawi (F (2, 44) = 6.9), kutsimikizira kuti kudikirira nthawi yayitali ikutsatira chakudya poyerekeza ndi akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi, ndikuti nthawi yakudikirira pakati pazinthu zotsatizana idatsika m'malo atatu. Panali kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa gulu pang'onopang'ono bout wa nthawi yopitaF (2, 44) = 7.1), gulu lamakono la bout × time × (F (2, 44) = 6.7), gulu lakale la nthawi ya xout × nthawi (F (2, 44) = 8.0), njira yanthawi yapitayiF (2, 44) = 12.0), nthawi yotsika nthawi yanthawi (F (2, 44) = 3.6) ndi nthawi × m'mbuyomu (F (2, 44) = 11.6; ps <0.05).

Kuti tidziwe komwe gwero lathu limagwirizanirana, tinapanga magawidwe obwereza osawerengera nthawi mozama munthawi iliyonse. Kusanthula kwakudikirira kwakanthawi kochepa ka chakudya komwe kunaperekedwa ka chakudya (chakudya chamkati) ndi chakudya chosapatsidwa chakudya (MS) kunawonetsa kuti zotsatira zoyambira zamagulu ndi nthawi, komanso momwe zimathandizira sizinali zofunika (Fs <4). Kusanthula kwakanthawi kochezera chotupitsa (SS) kunawonetsa kuti zoyipa zamagulu ndi nthawi sizinali zazikulu (Fs <1). Komabe, kulumikizana kwa gulu × nthawi kumayandikira kufunika (F (1, 22) = 4.2), ndikuwonetsa kuti maguluwo adasiyana pa 5 sabata time point koma osatero. Mosiyana ndi izi, kuwunika kwa kuyembekezera kwapakati pa chakudya chomwe chapatsidwa chakudya (MM) kunawonetsa zotsatira zoyipa za gulu (F (1, 22) = 13.8) ndi nthawi (F (1, 22) = 15.9), komanso mgwirizano pakati pazinthu izi (F (1, 22) = 14.3). Apanso, kuyanjana uku kumachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa magulu omwe ali pamasabata a 5 omwe adatsika pambuyo pake. (F ovuta = 4.3).

Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti magawo amomwe amadyetsera nthawi ya 5 sabata nthawi amasiyana pakati pamagulu awiri amphaka. Gulu la Cafeteria linali lothekanso kwambiri kukhala ndi kakhofi yemwe amatsatidwa ndiokakudya wina kuposa gulu la Gulu Chow, pomwe Gulu Chow lidali lotheka kukhala ndi chakudya chotsatira chotsatira. Pa nthawi ya sabata ya 5, maguluwa adasiyananso nthawi zakudikirira pakati pa zakudya zazakudya ndi chakudya zomwe zimachitika motsatizana, gulu la Cafeteria likuyesetsa kukhala ndi nthawi yayifupi yopumira pakati pa zakudya zotsatizana koma nthawi yayitali yodikirira pakati pa chakudya chotsatira. Kusiyana pakati kwamagulu a Cafeteria ndi Chow pakuphatikiza zakudya komanso nthawi yakudikirira pakati pazinthu zinayenderana kwambiri pambuyo pake.

Chofunikira, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamalingaliro achikhalidwe kuti azigawika chakudya ngati chakudya kapena zakudya zazovomerezeka zinapezedwa poyeserera nthawi yakudikirira pakati pazinthu zomwe zimayenderana. Makamaka, magulu onse odyera komanso odyera omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yopumira anali ndi nthawi yayitali yodikirira kuti ayambe kudya (chakudyacho kapena chakudya). Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro kuti, mosiyana ndi zokhwasula-khwasula, kudyetsa kokhala kofanana ndi machitidwe athunthu a satiety anali omwe amatsogolera kukhutira (mwachitsanzo, zakudya). Tinagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yofanana kapena yayikulu kuposa masekondi a 30 kuti tipeze maulendo awiri osiyana pomwe nthawi yayitali ya 30 masekondi pakati pamaulendo awiri akudya idatchulidwa ngati njira imodzi. Chifukwa chake, ngati nthawi yokhazikika pakati pa zosafunafuna komanso njira yodyetsera yotsatira (ngakhale itakhala yosemphana ndi chakudya kapena chakudya) inali yokulirapo pang'ono kuposa masekondi a 30, titha kunena kuti kupumula sikuyenera kutchulidwa monga zodyedwa motsatizana (SS) kapena akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi zotsatiridwa ndi chakudya (SM), koma monga chakudya chokhazokha kapena chakudya. Komabe, mosemphana ndi mkanganowu, kuwunika kwa nthawi yayitali pakati pa chakudya pang'onopang'ono komanso njira yodyetsera yotsatira kunanenanso kuti kuzimitsa pakati kumachitika kwa magulu onse awiri. Pafupifupi nthawi yonse, gawo lochepera pakati pa chakudya ndi njira yotsatira yodyetserayi inali mphindi za 17.0 za Gulu Chow (gawo la SM mu sabata la 10) ndi mphindi za 17.6 za gulu la Cafeteria (gawo la SM mu sabata la 10). Kuphatikiza apo, zakuti izi zidachitika pamphindi (mosiyana ndi masekondi) zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chitsimikizo cha masekondi a 30 kuzindikira njira imodzi yodyetsera kuchokera kutsogolo sikungakhale ndi vuto la Magulu A Chow ndi Cafeteria - mwachitsanzo. kusiyanasiyana pakudya zazakudya ndi zakudya pakati pa magulu awiriwa si chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha 30 masekondi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga njira zopewera zina.

Ubwenzi wamkati ndi kunenepa kwambiri

Kusiyana pakudya pakati pa magulu awiriwa magawo azakudya zazambiri zitha kukhala kuti zidawonjezera kusiyana kwawoko. Kuthekera kwina ndikuti kusisita kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kunenepa kwambiri kotero kuti makoswe m'gulu lililonse omwe anadya mokhazikika adayamba kulemera mwachangu. M'malo mwake, makoswe omwe adadya zambiri akhoza kukhala kuti adalipira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso kudya kapena kudya nthawi yambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala pang'onopang'ono. Tisanawone momwe kufinya kumakhudzira kulemera, tidayamba tasanthula ngati makoswe m'gulu lonselo adakwanitsa kulipirira mphamvu zomwe zimapezeka pang'onopang'ono. Tidawafunsa ngati makoswe omwe amadya zazakudya zambiri adabweza kuchuluka kwa zakudya zomwe amadya. Ngati makoswe adalipira ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya, izi ziziwoneka mu ubale womwe uli pakati pa kuchuluka kwamakumwa omwe amadya ndi kuchuluka kwa zakudya zomwe zimatchulidwa ngati chakudya (kutanthauza kuti kuchepa kwa chakudya kuyenera kutanthauza kuwonjezeka kwa peresenti) kuthyola).

Chithunzi 7A ikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya m'magulu a Chowani ndi Cafeteria pambuyo pa 5 (kumanzere), 10 (pakati) ndi masabata a 15 (kumanja) pazakudya zawo. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, Gulu Cafeteria lidapeza zambiri (pawiri ndi peresenti) kuposa Gulu Lalikulu pamasabata a 5, koma osati pambuyo pake. Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizano pakati pa anthu osaneneka komanso kuchuluka kwa zosafunikira unasiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa masabata a 5, koma osati pambuyo pake. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa pakuwunika. Pambuyo pa masabata a 5, nambala yama snack idalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa snacking m'magulu onse awiri (r2 = 0.93 ndi 0.36 yama Group Chow ndi Cafeteria, motsatana, ps <0.05), kuwonetsa kuti magulu onse awiriwa akuwonetsa kulipidwa pang'ono chifukwa chodyera. Kufunika kwa kusiyana pakati pama coefficients ophatikizika podyera- ndi makoswe odyetsedwa kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa Fisher r-to-z. Modzidzimutsa, izi zidawulula kuti ubale wapakati pazakudya zokhwasula-khwasula ndi kuchuluka kwa zakumwa zochulukirapo unali wamphamvu kwambiri mu Gulu Chowz = 2.78, p<0.01), ndikuwonetsa kuti makoswe awa amalipira bwino zokhwasula-khwasula kuposa zomwe zili mgulu la Cafeteria. Pambuyo pa masabata 10 ndi 15, nambala yazakudya idakhalabe yolumikizana kwambiri ndi magawo ochepa m'magulu onse awiriwa, kupatula Gulu Chow m'masabata 10 omwe amafunikira tanthauzo (masabata 10, r2 = 0.31 p<0.06, ndi 0.68 p<0.01, yama Group Chow ndi Cafeteria, motsatana; Masabata 15, r2 = 0.73 ndi 0.54 yama Group Chow ndi Cafeteria, motsatana; ps <0.01 :). Mwatsoka, kusiyana koyambirira kwa kulimba kwa ubalewu pakati pamagulu awiriwo sikunaonekenso (kwakukulu z = 1.15, p> 0.05).

Chithunzi 7 

Kuchepetsa kwa peresenti pamasabata a 5 ophatikizidwa ndi miyeso yotsika ya makoswe ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Kodi kulemera kwa thupi kumagwirizana bwanji ndikuwombera kwa 5, 10 ndi masabata a 15?

Kenako tinapenda momwe kusiyanasiyana kwakubwezerera mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwathupi. Chithunzi 7B ikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu olemela thupi ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa pa 5 (kumanzere), 10 (pakati) ndi 15 (kumanja) masabata. Mu Gulu Chow, zikuwoneka kuti palibe ubale pakati pochulukitsa nthawi imodzi iliyonse komanso nthawi yolemetsa. Mosiyana ndi izi, ku Cafeteria ya Gulu, kuwunika kwa Chithunzi kumawonetsa kuti panali ubale pakati pa anthu ochulukitsa omwe anali ndi masabata a 5 ndi kulemera kwa thupi, koma osatero. Zomwe zikuwoneka m'Chithunzicho, ndiye kusokonekera kwa mfundo zitatu zomwe zikuyimira makoswe opepuka kwambiri m'gululi. Makoswe atatuwa akapatula kuwunikira (pazifukwa zomwe sanapeze kulemera monga momwe makoswe ena pagululi), pali ubale womveka pakati pamagulu omangika ndi kulemera kwa thupi m'gululi. Kuwunika kwa mawerengeredwe kunawonetsa kuti kulemera kwamthupi sikunachitike pakubwezeretsa nthawi iliyonse mu Gulu Chow (lalikulu r2 = 0.17, p> 0.05). Mu Gulu Cafeteria komabe, thupi lolemera lidawonetsa kulumikizana kofananira bwino ndi kuchuluka kwakanthawi m'masabata asanu (r2 = 0.82, p<0.01); koma sanagwirizane ndi kuwotchera peresenti nthawi ina iliyonse (yokulirapo r2 = 0.35, p> 0.05).

Makoswe onse akhomedwa. Makoswe onse adawonetsa kubwezera kwakanthawi kothawathina pochepetsa chiwerengero cha chakudya. Pambuyo pa masabata a 5, Gulu Chow linali lothandiza kwambiri pakubwezeretsa posachedwa kuposa gulu la Cafeteria. Magulu awiriwa adawonetsera cholozera chowonjezeka pakumatha masabata a 10 ndi 15. Mosavomerezeka, panali ubale womveka pakati pa olemela thupi olembetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa pambuyo pa masabata a 5 ku Gulu Cafeteria: Makoswe omwe adadya kwambiri (mwa mawu ochepa) anali m'gulu lolemera kwambiri m'gululi, chifukwa chake, kuwopseza m'gululi kunkagwirizana kwambiri. kunenepa.

Kukambirana

Kuyesera uku kwatsimikizira kuti makoswe a ma labotale amasankha zakudya zamafuta ambiri zomwe zimadyedwa ndi anthu m'malo mwamagetsi wamba, amadya zakudya izi mopitirira muyeso ndikulemera kwambiri. Makoswe omwe adadziwika ndi chakudya cham'khwalawa adakulitsa thupi lawo kuposa omwe adadyedwa pakatha milungu inayi pazakudya zawo, amapitiliza kulimbitsa thupi mwachangu kuposa makoswe otetezedwa, ndipo adakulitsa thupi lawo ndi pafupifupi 270% pambuyo pa masabata a 16 pa zakudya zokhudzana ndi phindu la 170% ndi makoswe fedro. Makoswe pa chakudya cham'chipika chodyera amapeza mphamvu zamagetsi zowonjezera pa zakudya zovomerezeka, poyamba amapeza mapuloteni ochulukirapo komanso zakudya zamafuta, ndikuumirira kudya mafuta ochulukirapo, maukonde komanso kulemera kwa gramu. Kudya kwambiri koyamba kwa mafuta mwina kumawonetsa kukomoka kwake. Komabe, mafuta omwe amapitilira mafuta ambiri - ngakhale atakwaniritsa mphamvu yayitali - atha kukhala chifukwa cha zina. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta azakudya amakwaniritsa zonse pakamwa komanso m'matumbo , , , zomwe zimachepetsa kuzindikira kwa kudya kwambiri mafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti insulini isamamve bwino . Chifukwa chake, makoswe atha kupitilirabe kudya zakudya zochuluka zamafuta ambiri mosasamala kuchuluka kwa thupi, komanso ngakhale kupezeka kwa chow, kokwanira mu macronutrient zofuna, komabe ochepera osankhidwa (5% ya okwanira mafuta). Panali umboni wosonyeza kuti makoswe odyera zakudya amasankha zakudya zolemera kwambiri zomanga thupi, mwina poyamba. Zowonadi, pamene gwero lakulemera kwambiri la mapuloteni (ma pie a nyama) amachotsedwa mu data yamagetsi yamagetsi, masabata oyambirira (a 4) kusiyana komwe kumawoneka mu kusintha kwamphamvu kwa mapuloteni pakati pamagulu kumatha (deta yomwe sinasonyezedwe). Zakudya zokhala ndi mapuloteni mwina zidasankhidwa chifukwa michereyi imakhala yothandiza kwambiri popanga satiety ya postprandial kuposa carbohydrate ndi mafuta , . Komabe, monga tanena kale, izi sizikulongosola chifukwa chake makoswe sanasankhe chow, olemera ndi mapuloteni ena omwe amapezeka pazakudya zamawonekedwe a cafeteria.

Zakudya zodyera pamalopo zimatha kupititsa patsogolo kulemera kwambiri chifukwa zakudya zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chakudya ndizophatikiza mphamvu. Kapenanso, chakudya chimenecho chitha kulimbikitsa kudya pafupipafupi, kudya magawo akuluakulu, kapena kuphatikiza zinthu izi. Zotsatira zake zinali zomveka. Makoswe ophika ndi cafeteria amadya kwambiri kuposa makoswe opatsidwa chowoko, zakudya zomwe ankadya zinali zowonjezera mphamvu, chifukwa chake, adayamba kulemera kwambiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu ukulu wamagulu omwe amadya komanso mphamvu zamagetsi kumayendetsedwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakudya. Tidagwiritsa ntchito kakhalidwe kogwirizanitsa kuti tidziwe njira yodyera ngati chakudya komanso kusapezeka kwathunthu monga kunjenjemera. Pogwiritsa ntchito gawoli, tapeza kuti makoswe odyera omwe amadya kwambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makoswe nthawi zambiri kuposa masekondi oyambira koyambirira (sabata 5) koma osati pambuyo pake (masabata a 10 ndi 15) chakudyacho. Kuyamwa kwambiri m'makoswe odyetserako zakudya kunali kodziwika kuti, atakhala osakoka, makoswewo amatha kusinthanso, ndipo amatero patapita nthawi yotalikirapo. Mosiyana ndi izi, makoswe odyetsedwa pamakhola amadya zakudya zochepa kwambiri kuposa makoswe omwe amapezeka nthawi yayitali phunziroli.

Mikhalidwe yodyerayi ikuwonetsa kuti, m'masabata oyambilira, kudya kwambiri zamafuta m'magawo odyetsedwa ndi cafeteria mwina kunali kwina chifukwa chakuti zakudya zapa cafeteria zimalimbikitsa kugwidwa pafupipafupi. Komabe, kudya kwambiri komanso kudya mopitilira muyeso kunapitilira magawo ena akudya, monga taonera, ngati pali makoswe, omwe amakhala ndi khitchini yokhala nthawi yayitali amangodya pang'ono kuposa makoswe opatsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, kudya kwambiri komanso kudya kwambiri m'magawo am'tsogolo pambuyo podziwonetsa pakudya sizinali chifukwa choti amadya pafupipafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa pakudya ndi mphamvu zamagetsi kumapitirirabe ngakhale kusinthidwa kwa thupi, kunena kuti kudya kwambiri komanso kudya mopatsa mphamvu mu makoswe omwe amadyedwa ndi cafeteria sikunali chifukwa choti anali olemera kwambiri (osati data zikuwonetsedwa). M'malo mwake, izi zimatanthawuza kuti makoswe omwe amadyetsedwa m'makhola amadya zakudya zazikulu zomwe adazolowera kudya asanadye; chifukwa chake, mphamvu zawo zamagetsi zinakhalabe zochulukirapo ndipo zinayamba kunenepa kwambiri. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti, masabata angapo, palibe chomwe chinasintha pa nthawi yomwe makoswe am'malo opangira zakudya zam'malo am'mawa amadya, kapena kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amadya (m'magalamu onse ndi ma kilojoules). Chifukwa chake, chenicheni chakuti makoswe odyera- ndi-opatsitsidwa ndi chowuta anali ndi kukula kosiyanasiyana sikunakhale chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa gawo m'gululi lakale. M'malo mwake, makoswe opatsirana bwino amakhala nthawi yayitali akudya chakudya chokwanira (m'magalamu ndi ma kilojoules) masabata ambiri pachakudya, kutanthauza kuti kukula kwa gawo kumatsika makamaka m'gululi. Zotsatira zake zikutanthauza kuti mtundu wa zakudya zam'khwalala udali wotchuka kotero kuti makoswe sanachepetse moyenerera magawo ena pomwe akayamba kulemera.

Chithunzi chonse chomwe chatuluka pazopezazi ndikuti kuyamwa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kungakhale kotsimikizika kambiri pa kulemera kwamphaka zodyetsedwa ndi kaphete. Kulemera koyambirira m'makola awa kungakhale kochulukirapo chifukwa alephera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya pobwezeretsa mphamvu zomwe zimapezeka pang'onopang'ono. Tidaganiza kuti makoswe omwe amalephera kulipirira mphamvu zomwe zimapezeka pang'onopang'ono amakhala ndi chakudya chambiri poyerekeza ndi akudya awo ambiri, chifukwa chake, kumangodya kumene kumakhala kochepako. Pamfundo imeneyi, makoswe m'magulu onsewa adawonetsa kulipira kwakina. Komabe, koyambirira kwa nthawi, ubale pakati pa manambala amphaka ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumakhala kochepa mphamvu m'magulu amphika zodyera poyerekeza ndi makoswe opatsidwa chakudya. Kuchepetsa kumeneku kubwezeretsa panthawi yomwe inali koyambirira kunali kokhudzana ndi zolemetsa zodwala thupi. Makoswe omwe anthu omwe amadya nawo mankhwalawo amapezeka kuti anali ambiri mwa makoswe olemera kwambiri. Kwambiri, panalibe ubale wamphamvu pakati pochulukitsa ndi kuwonda kwina m'thupi panthawi ina yanthawi yamtsogolo, ndikuwonetsa kuti chinali chizolowezi choyambirira chomwe chimayambitsa makoswe panjira yomwe imatsogolera miyendo yayitali kwambiri.

Ndizachidziwikire kuti kudya kodyera kumalimbikitsa kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe amadya kwambiri. Kodi nchifukwa ninji zakudya zam'kati zokhazokha zimalimbikitsa kuseza? Kulongosola kumodzi kwa izi kungakhale kuti zakudya zomwe zimasankhidwa ngati zokhwasula-khwasula m'magulu a ma 5 masabata sakanakhala zotsogolera ku satiety kuposa chow. Zambiri zamafuta azakudya za m'chipinda chodyera makamaka zikadapangitsa kuti pakhale kusasangalala. Mwachitsanzo, zakudya zamafuta ambiri zimadzetsa kuponderezana kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ghrelin, komwe kumakhala ngati chizindikiro champhamvu cha njala, zokhudzana ndi chakudya ndi mapuloteni , . Zosiyanasiyana mu zakudya zam'khalamo ziyeneranso kulingaliridwa. Mitundu yazakudya zomwe zidapezeka zikadachepetsa mphamvu ya kukhudzika kwatsatanetsatane, potero kumawonjezera kudya , . Makamaka, makoswe omwe amapatsidwa zakudya zam'khola lodyera amatha kusinthana ndi zakudya, kusungika nthawi yayitali ndikuwonjezera mwayi woti mukhale ndi zotsatizana mosapumula / kugona, ndiye kuti, pang'onopang'ono. Mosiyana ndi izi, makoswe odyetsedwa angakhale atasiya kudya ndikupumula / kugona pokhapokha kukomoka kwatsatanetsatane kumachitika. Zotsatira zamtunduwu, komabe, sizikufotokozera chifukwa chake kuwonjezeka kwazosakanizira komwe kumawonedwa m'magawo opangidwa ndi cafeteria pamasabata a 5 sikunawonekebe pamasabata a 10 ndi 15. Mwina zotsatira zake sizinawonekenso chifukwa zakudya zomwe zimaperekedwa zinali zodziwika bwino / kapena kuchepera kukongola.

Phunziro lapitalo, Rogers ndi Blundell anawunika madongosolo akudya mu makoswe omwe amadya zakudya zam'kati. Adapeza kuti makoswe awa adayamba kudya zakudya zambiri kuposa makoswe opatsidwa chakudya chowonjezera (pomwe chakudya chimafotokozedwanso mwachangu ngati mphindi ya 1 ya kudya yotsatiridwa ndi kupatula kwa mphindi zochepa za 15 popanda kudya), koma kuti kusiyana uku kudatsika kudutsa nthawi yonseyi kafukufuku. Mosiyana ndi izi, makoswe omwe amadya zakudya zam'kabati amadya zakudya zazikulu kuposa makoswe opatsa mphamvu panthawi yonse yophunzirayo. Zotsatirazi zikuwoneka kuti zikufanana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku waposachedwa pomwe Gulu Cafeteria lidadya zakudya zochepa kuposa Gulu Lalikulu. Komabe, pali zosiyana ziwiri pakati pa kafukufuku wapano ndi wa Rogers ndi Blundell . Poyamba, zakudya zomwe zimapangidwira mu kope loyambirira zidali ndi zouma, mkate wopanda chofufumitsa, ndi zophika za chokoleti, pomwe zakudya zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pano zinali ndi mitundu yambiri ya zakudya; mtundu wofuna kutsatsa zakudya zoperekedwa m'maiko otukuka. Chachiwiri, kusiyana pakati pa kapangidwe kakudya m'maphunziro awiriwa kumatha kukhala kosiyana ndi momwe chakudya chimafotokozedwera [kudya pang'ono kwa mphindi imodzi ndikutsatiridwa ndi kusowa kwa mphindi pafupifupi 15 motsutsana ndi kudya kotsatira komwe kumatsata kupuma / kugona].

Zambiri mwa zomwe zapezedwa pano zimawonetsedwa mwa anthu omwe kunenepa kwambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chakudya , ndi zochulukirapo , . Zonsezi zimaphatikizidwa ndi kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri mu phunziroli lipangidwe munjira yomwe zimadalira zomwe zachitika pakudya: kuwotcha pafupipafupi komwe kumachitika pang'onopang'ono kunawonekera koyambirira kwa zakudya, ndipo mwa kutengera, magulu akulu akulu adadyedwa pambuyo pake chakudya. Kuyamwa kwambiri komanso pafupipafupi kumatha kukhala kovuta makamaka pakukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri. Mphamvu zowonjezera, chifukwa chake, kunenepa kwambiri kungawonetse kulephera kulipirira ma calorie omwe amapezeka pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono pazakudya zamagetsi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mbali zazikuluzikulu zomwe zingachitike pakudya pamenepo. Pali umboni kuti zonsezi zimathandizira kuti munthu achepetse kunenepa kwambiri komanso kunenepa kwambiri mwa anthu , , , , .

Kuwonjezeka koyambirira kwa kusadya bwino komanso kuchepetsa zakudya zomwe zanenedwa pano ndi chikhalidwe cha achinyamata azakudya (asananenepa kwambiri). Achichepere amakonda kudya pang'ono tsiku lonse, kulumpha chakudya , komanso kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu kuphatikiza zakudya zamafulumira . Kusakhazikika mu zakudya kwa achinyamata kwakula nthawi imodzi ndi kukwera kwa kunenepa kwambiri , kuthandizira kulumikizana pakati pa zakudya zamakono ndi kusintha kwamachitidwe. Chifukwa chake ukalamba ukhoza kuimira nthawi yomwe machitidwe omwe amadyetsera kulemera amakhazikika.

Kuyesera komwe tili pano ndi koyamba kujambula momwe makoswe amadyera momasuka kuti azitha kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zomwe zimadyedwa ndi anthu, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito machitidwe a satiety ngati njira yogawa chakudya chambiri ngati chakudya kapena zakudya. Zotsatira zake ndizofunikira m'mbali ziwiri. Choyamba, zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lofunikira pakudya. Mankhwala othandizira kuchepa thupi pakadali pano ali othandiza nthawi yayitali. Kudziwa zokhudzana ndi zakudya zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kudya kwambiri kungathandize pulogalamu yochepetsa thupi, komanso kudziwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kunenepa kwambiri. Chachiwiri, kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu kumayambiriro kwa kadyedwe kunakhudzana ndi miyambo yayikulu yakumapeto kwa iwo omwe amadya zakudya zam'kabati. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kudya koyambirira komanso pafupipafupi zakudya zamagulu abwino kumatha kusokoneza zisonyezo zakukondweretsedwa, ndipo zimapangitsa kukhala ndi njira zodyera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikula mopitilira muyeso.

Ndondomeko ya Zothandizira

Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi pulojekiti yopereka #568728 ya National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia kupita ku MJM ndi RFW. Othandizira ndalamawo analibe nawo gawo pakuphunzira, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, kusankha kufalitsa, kapena kukonza zolembedwazo.

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