Kubwereranso ndi Kufunidwa Kwambiri: Ndemanga Yatsatanetsatane pa Mbiri ya Chakudya Chokhalitsa Chakudya (2015)

Yale J Biol Med. 2015 Sep; 88 (3): 295-302.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2015 Sep 3.

PMCID: PMC4553650

Zolingalira: Kuledzera

Pitani ku:

Kudalirika

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, lingaliro la kuledzera kwa zakudya lakhala likudziwika kwambiri. Njira imeneyi imavomereza zofanana pakati pa vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi kudya zakudya zogwira mtima kwambiri. Mbali ya zokambiranazi ikuphatikizapo kuti "zakudya zowonjezereka" zingakhale ndi zovuta chifukwa chowonjezeka potency chifukwa cha zakudya zina kapena zowonjezera. Ngakhale kuti lingaliroli likuwoneka ngati latsopano, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zakudya zamakono akuphatikizapo zaka makumi angapo, chinthu chomwe sichidziwikiratu. Scientific ntchito ya mawu osokoneza ponena za chokoleti ngakhale masiku a 19th. M'zaka za zana la 20th, kafukufuku wodetsa zakudya adayamba kusintha maulendo ambiri, kuphatikizapo kusintha ma foci pa anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, kunenepa kwambiri, kapena matenda odyera. Choncho, cholinga cha ndemangayi ndi kufotokoza mbiri ndi mbiri ya luso la kafukufuku wodetsa zakudya ndikuwonetsa chitukuko ndi kukonzanso kwa matanthauzo ndi njira.

Keywords: kuledzera kwa zakudya, kunenepa kwambiri, kudya mowa kwambiri, kudyetsa anorexia, bulimia, kudalira mankhwala, chokoleti

Introduction

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, lingaliro la kuledzeretsa kwa zakudya lafala kwambiri. Lingaliro limeneli limaphatikizapo lingaliro lakuti zakudya zina (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, zokondweretsa kwambiri, komanso zakudya zamakono) zikhoza kukhala ndi vuto lakumwa ndipo mitundu ina yodyera kudya ingayimire khalidwe losokonezeka. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumawonetsedwa osati pa chiwerengero chochuluka cha malipoti owonetsera ndi kuika mabuku [1,2], komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha zolemba za sayansi (Chithunzi 1) [3,4]. Mu 2012, mwachitsanzo, buku lapadera la zakudya ndi zowonongeka linasindikizidwa chifukwa "sayansi yafika pachimake mpaka pamene buku lokonzedweratu liyenera" [5]. Chiwerengerochi chikuwoneka kuti chimawoneka kuti lingaliro la chizoloŵezi cha zakudya lidayamba kukhala lofunikira m'zaka za zana la 21 chifukwa cha kupezeka kwakukulu kwa zakudya zowonongeka kwambiri ndi kuti lingaliro la chizoloŵezi cha zakudya linayambitsidwa poyesera kufotokozera kuchulukitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kunenepa kwambiri [6]. Ochita kafukufuku ena amatchula za ntchito yochita upainiya pofufuza kafukufuku wodyera polemba nkhani zomwe zinafalitsidwa m'zaka za zana lino [7,8].

Chithunzi 1 

Chiwerengero cha zofalitsa za sayansi zokhudzana ndi zakudya m'zaka 1990-2014. Makhalidwe amaimira chiwerengero cha mafilimu omwe akutsatiridwa ndi Webusaiti ya Sayansi yomwe yapangidwa chaka chilichonse padera, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kusokoneza zakudya" ndikusankha "mutu" ...

Monga momwe zidzasonyezere mupepala lonseli, lingaliro ili lokhudza kusokoneza chakudya ndi lingaliro latsopano, lomwe linayambira zaka zaposachedwapa ndipo lingathe kufotokoza mliri wa kunenepa kwambiri, ndilolakwika. Choncho, nkhaniyi ikupereka mwachidule chitukuko cha kafukufuku wamagetsi. Cholinga chimodzi ndicho kusonyeza kuti mbiri yake, ngakhale kuti ndi malo atsopano a kafufuzidwe, ikuphatikizapo zaka makumi angapo komanso mgwirizano pakati pa zakudya ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa ngakhale zinalembedwa m'zaka za 19th. M'zaka za zana la 20th, zolinga za malingaliro okhudzana ndi kusokonezeka kwa zakudya zasinthidwa mwachangu, monga mitundu ya zakudya ndi matenda omwe adakonzedwanso kukhala okhudzana ndi kuledzera ndi njira zomwe anagwiritsira ntchito kufufuzira makhalidwe odyera ku chizolowezi choledzera (Chithunzi 2). Komabe, nkhaniyi siyikulongosola zochitika zosiyanasiyana zosiyana siyana pakati pa kudya ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena kulingalira za zotsatira zomwe zingatheke komanso zotsatira za malingaliro okhudzana ndi zakudya zothandizira, kupewa, ndi ndondomeko ya boma. Zonsezi zafotokozedwa kwambiri kwina kulikonse [9-21]. Potsirizira pake, nkhaniyi sichilinga choyesa momwe lingaliro lachizoloŵezi cha zakudya liyenera.

Chithunzi 2 

Zina zimayang'ana malo ndi zolemba zomwe zasankhidwa m'mbiri ya kafukufuku wodetsa zakudya.

Chakumapeto kwa 19th ndi Kumayambiriro kwa 20th Century: Zoyamba Zoyambirira

The Journal of Inebriety inali imodzi mwa masamba oyambirira oledzera ndipo inasindikizidwa kuchokera ku 1876 mpaka 1914 [22]. Panthawi imeneyi, mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito pofotokoza mowa mopitirira muyeso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi choledzeretsa, kusadziletsa, chiwerewere, dipsomania, kukondana, oinomania, uchidakwa, ndi osokoneza). Chochititsa chidwi, mawuwo osokoneza monga amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Journal of Inebriety makamaka amatchulidwa kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo poyamba anawoneka mu 1890 ponena za chokoleti [22]. Pambuyo pake, zakumwa za "zakudya zolimbikitsa" zinatchulidwanso m'nkhani zina za magazini [17]. Mwachitsanzo, Clouston [23] ananena kuti "pamene ubongo wadalira zakudya ndi zakumwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti abwezeretse chakudya, ali ndi chilakolako champhamvu komanso chosasunthika chomwe chimayambitsa zakudya ndi zakumwa zolimbitsa thupi panthawi imene akutopa."

Mu 1932, Mosche Wulff, mmodzi wa apainiya a psychoanalysis, adafalitsa nkhani m'Chijeremani, lomwe liwamasuliridwa kuti "Pa Chidwi Chachidwi Chachimvekedwe Chake ndi Kugonana Kwake"24]. Patapita nthawi, Thorner [25] adanena kuti, "Wulff amalumikiza kudya kwambiri, komwe amachititsa kuti azisokoneza zakudya, komanso amachititsa kuti munthu asamalowetse chakudya, ndipo amasiyanitsa ndi melancholia monga momwe munthu akudyera zakudya amangofuna kuti azigonana pokhapokha atakhala ndi nkhawa komanso njira zowonongeka. "Ngakhale kuti maganizo okhudza maganizo okhudzana ndi kudya kwambiri ndi osakhalitsa ndipo akuoneka kuti akusokonezeka masiku ano, ndizodabwitsa kuona kuti lingaliro lofotokozera kudya mowa mwauchidakwa linali kale mu 1930s.

1950s: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nthawi Yake 'Chakumwa Chakudya'

Teremuyo kuledzera kwa zakudya Anayambitsidwa koyamba mu zolembedwa za sayansi ndi Theron Randolph mu 1956 [26]. Iye anafotokoza kuti ngati "kusinthasintha kwapadera kwa chakudya chimodzi kapena zambiri zomwe nthawi zonse zimadya zomwe munthu amamva bwino kwambiri [zomwe] zimapanga chitsanzo chofanana cha zizindikiro zofanana mofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ena." Komabe, ananenanso kuti " Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chimanga, tirigu, khofi, mkaka, mazira, mbatata ndi zakudya zina zomwe zimadyedwa kawirikawiri. "Maganizowa asintha, monga momwe masiku ano amasinthira zakudya ndi shuga wambiri ndi / kapena mafuta akukambirana kuti akhoza kumwa mankhwala [27].

Randolph sanali yekhayo amene amagwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti mankhwala ozunguza bongo padziko lino lapansi. M'nkhani yomwe inalembedwa mu 1959, kukambitsirana pazokambirana komwe kunakhudza gawo la chilengedwe ndi umunthu m'kuyang'anira matenda a shuga kunanenedwa [28]. Pa zokambiranazi, Albert J. Stunkard (1922-2014) [29], katswiri wa zamaganizo omwe nkhani yake yoyamba yonena za matenda oledzera (BED) anafalitsidwa chaka chomwecho [30], anafunsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, anafunsidwa kuti, "Imodzi mwa mavuto omwe timakumana nawo ndi ovuta kudya, m'thupi la shuga ndi mankhwala ake. Kodi pali zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njirayi kapena ndizopangitsa munthu kukhala ndi maganizo? Kodi ubale wake ndi chigololo ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera? "[28]. Stunkard anayankha kuti sakuganiza kuti mawu akuti "chizoloŵezi cha zakudya" ndizoyenera chifukwa cha zomwe timadziŵa za kuledzeretsa mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. "Komabe, chofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wambiri mu nkhaniyi ndikuti adanenanso kuti Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, komwe kumatsimikizira kuti lingaliro la kuledzera kwa zakudya linadziwikiratu pakati pa asayansi ndi anthu onse pakadali pano 1950s.

1960s ndi 1970s: Odya Ambiri Osadziwika ndi Omwe Amanena Nthawi Zonse

Odyera Osonymous (OA), bungwe lothandizira lokha lokhazikitsidwa pulogalamu ya 12 ya Alcoholics Anonymous, idakhazikitsidwa ku 1960. Choncho, OA imalimbikitsa chizoloŵezi choledzera kudya, ndipo cholinga chachikulu cha gulu ndi kupeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (ie zakudya zina). Kafukufuku wochepa wachitidwa pa OA m'zaka zoposa 50 zokhalapo, ndipo ngakhale kuti anthu akuvomereza kuti OA ndiwothandiza iwo, palibe mgwirizano pa momwe OA "imagwirira ntchito" [31,32]. Komabe, OA sakanakhalabe gulu lokhalo lothandizira lokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chosokoneza bongo podya kudya, monga magulu omwe amathandizira omwe adakhazikitsidwa zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pake [17].

Kafukufuku wa sayansi ponena za kuledzera, komabe, sikunalipobe mu 1960s ndi 1970s, koma ochita kafukufuku ena adagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa mobwerezabwereza m'nkhani zawo. Mwachitsanzo, kusokoneza zakudya kunatchulidwa pamodzi ndi mavuto ena ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala m'mapepala awiri ndi Bell mu 1960s [33,34] ndipo adatchulidwa m'nkhani yowonjezera chakudya ndi otitis media mu 1966 [35]. Mu 1970, Swanson ndi Dinello adatchulidwa kuti ndizovuta kudya pazomwe zimakhala zolemera zowonjezera kutayika kwa anthu olemera kwambiri [36]. Pofuna kuthetsa, ngakhale kuti panalibe khama lofufuza kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zakudya m'kati mwa 1960s ndi 1970s, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi magulu othandizira okha pofuna kuthandiza kuchepetsa kudya ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhani za sayansi pambali kapena mawu ofanana ndi kunenepa kwambiri.

1980s: Ganizirani za Anorexia ndi Bulimia Nervosa

Mu ma 1980s, ena ofufuza amayesa kufotokoza zakudya zomwe anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia nervosa (AN) amakhala nazo monga chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa (kapena "kudalira njala") [37]. Mwachitsanzo, Szmukler ndi Tantam [38] ananena kuti "odwala omwe ali ndi AN amadalira matenda omwe amachititsa kuti azivutika ndi maganizo awo. Kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kochepa chifukwa cha kupirira ndi njala kumapangitsa kuti zakudya zisawonongeke kwambiri kuti zipeze zotsatira zake, ndipo panthawi yotsatira zizindikiro zosasangalatsa za "kuchotsa" zizindikiro. "Lingaliro limeneli pambuyo pake linatsogoleredwa ndi kupezeka kwa gawo la machitidwe a opioid osayenerera mu AN [39,40]. Zindikirani, komabe, ntchito ya endorphins nayenso idakambidwa mosiyana, ndiko kuti, kunenepa kwambiri [41,42]. Mofananamo, kunenepa kunkafufuzidwa pansi pa ndondomeko ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo mu kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 1989, momwe anthu olemera ankafaniziridwa ndi kulemera kwachibadwa pamlingo wawo wa "chiwonetsero" [43].

Panaliponso maphunziro ena pa bulimia nervosa (BN) kuchokera ku chizolowezi choledzera, chomwe chinachokera kumunda wa umunthu wa maganizo. Maphunzirowa anali otsogolera ndi nkhani ziwiri zochokera ku 1979, zomwe zinatulutsa zilembo zapamwamba za umunthu mwa anthu ovuta kwambiri [44] koma zochepa m'mbiri mwa anthu aorexic ndi olemera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi osuta fodya [45]. Maphunziro oyerekeza pakati pa magulu a anthu okhudzidwa ndi odwala ndi a bulimic odwala amapanganso kufufuza kosagwirizana, ndi kufufuza kwina kupeza zofanana zofanana pa zochitika za umunthu m'magulu ndi maphunziro ena kupeza kusiyana [46-49]. Maphunzirowa pa umunthu wodalirika mu BN anaphatikizidwa ndi phunziro la kafukufuku, momwe kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunapezeka kuti ndi chithunzi chothandiza pochiza BN [50] ndi chitukuko cha "Foodaholics Group Treatment Program" [51].

1990s: Zosokoneza ndi Zotsutsa

Potsata zoyesayesa zoyamba kufotokoza zovuta za kudya monga mowa, pali ndemanga zowonjezereka zomwe zimafalitsidwa mu 1990s ndi 2000, momwe chizoloŵezi cha matenda odyera mowa chimakambidwa mozama molingana ndi malingaliro, zamoyo, ndi zina.52-55]. Komabe, kupatulapo nkhani zochepa chabe, ziwiri zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu adzidwe ndi matenda ovutika maganizo kapena kunenepa kwambiri anafufuzidwa [56,57] ndi ziwiri zomwe zimakhala zovuta zachizoloŵezi zoledzera-monga karoti gwiritsiridwa ntchito [58,59], pakufufuza kwatsopano kunkaoneka kuti: chokoleti.

Chokoleti ndi chakudya chofunidwa nthawi zambiri m'mayiko a azungu, makamaka akazi [60,61], komanso chakudya chimene anthu ambiri amakhala nacho ndi kuchepetsa kumwa mankhwala [27,62]. Zidatchulidwa kale mu 1989 kuti chokoleti chimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri komanso shuga wambiri, omwe amachititsa kuti akhale "mankhwala abwino" [63] - lingaliro lomwe liri lofanana ndi malingaliro okhudza "zakudya zowonjezera" zowonjezereka zaka zina za 25 pambuyo pake [3,27]. Kuphatikizana ndi zolemba za chokoleti, zida zina monga zida zake zogwiritsa ntchito monga psychoffeine ndi theobromine zinakambidwanso ngati zothandizira pa chokoleti [64,65]. Komabe, zotsatira za xanthine za chokoleti zapezeka kuti sizingatheke kufotokozera kukonda chokoleti kapena kumwa mowa monga mankhwala [61].

Kafukufuku wochepa amene anachitidwa omwe amatchedwa "zokondweretsa" kapena "chokoleti chodetsa" anafufuzidwa. Imodzi inali ndondomeko yofotokozera yophunzirira zomwe zimalakalaka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa mitundu ina [66]; wina anayerekezera mayendedwe ofanana pakati pa "chokoleti chowongolera" ndi kulamulira [67]; ndipo kafukufuku wina anayerekeza magulu oterewa pamaganizo ovomerezeka ndi okhudza thupi kumalo osakaniza chokoleti [68]. Kulephera kwakukulu kwa maphunzirowa kunalibe kuti "chokoleti chokhalitsa" chimazikidwa pa kudzizindikiritsa okha, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzikwaniritsa komanso zowonjezereka ndikuti ambiri omwe sagwira ntchito mopanda chithandizo alibe tsatanetsatane wa chizolowezi choledzera. Pomaliza, maphunziro awiri adafufuza mayina pakati pa "chokoleti" ndi kuledzera kwa zinthu zina ndi makhalidwe ndi kupeza zabwino, koma zochepa, ubale [69,70].

2000s: Animal Models ndi Neuroimaging

Kumayambiriro kwa 2000s - pafupifupi zaka 40 pambuyo pa OA idakhazikitsidwa - phunziro la oyendetsa ndege linasindikizidwa momwe chithandizo cha odwala a bulimic ndi owonjezera omwe ali ndi pulogalamu ya 12 inanenedwa [71]. Kuwonjezera pa njira imeneyi, njira ya zaka khumiyi ndiyo kuyang'ana njira zopangidwa ndi neural zomwe zimayambitsa kudya ndi kunenepa kwambiri zomwe zingagwirizanenso kuchokera kuzinthu zodzidalira. Kwa anthu, njira zimenezi zapakhungu zinkafufuzidwa makamaka ndi positron emission tomography ndi kugwiritsira ntchito magnetic resonance imaging. Mwachitsanzo, Wang ndi anzake akumufotokozera [72] anafotokoza dopamine D yotchedwa low infatal2 kupezeka kwa anthu obisala poyerekeza ndi maulamuliro, omwe olembawo amatanthauzira ngati mgwirizano wa "matenda osoŵa mphotho" ofanana ndi zomwe zapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la mankhwala [73,74]. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti malo omwe amachititsa ubongo ndi omwe akufuna kuti adziwe ndi zakudya komanso mankhwala, komanso maphunziro omwe asayansi amapeza kuti ali ndi zakudya zamakono apamwamba anafufuzidwa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi BN ndi BED akuwonetseratu zopindulitsa kwambiri malo a ubongo poyerekeza ndi maulamuliro, monga anthu omwe ali ndi chidaliro chodziwika bwino amasonyeza ntchito yowonjezera mphotho chifukwa cha zinthu zokhudzana ndi mankhwala [75,76].

Mndandanda wina wofunikira wa kafukufuku wamakono m'zaka khumizi anali mafano amtengo wapatali. Mu imodzi ya mapadigms awa, makoswe ndi chakudya chosowa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa maola 12 ndipo amapatsidwa mwayi wa 12 ora limodzi ndi njira yothetsera shuga ndi chow [77]. Makoswe omwe anali ndi ndondomekoyi yokhudzana ndi shuga ndi chow kwa milungu ingapo adapezeka kuti anali ndi zizindikiro za khalidwe lachizoloŵezi monga kusuta pamene chithandizo cha shuga chinachotsedwa, komanso kusonyeza kusintha kwa magazi [77,78]. Kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti makoswe omwe anali ndi zakudya zapamwamba zowonjezera "zakudya" ankalemera, zomwe zinkaphatikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa dopamine D2 kulandira zakudya komanso kupitiriza kudya chakudya chokoma ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake sizingatheke [79]. Pomaliza, maphunzirowa akusonyeza kuti kumwa kwambiri shuga kungapangitse kukhala ndi khalidwe lotayirira komanso, kuphatikizapo kudya kwa mafuta okwanira, kuti phindu likhale lopangidwa ndi makoswe [80] ndipo maulendo a neural omwe akuphatikizidwa akuphatikizidwa mu kukonza zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya ndi mankhwala komanso kulamulira kudya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, motero.

2010s: Kuunika kwa Kusokoneza Chakudya mwa Anthu ndi Kupititsa patsogolo Kufufuza Zanyama

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ofufuza ayesa kufotokozera momveka bwino ndikuyesa kuledzera. Mwachitsanzo, Cassin ndi von Ranson [81] malingaliro amalowa m'malo mwa "mankhwala" ndi "kudya mowa" mu zokambirana zovomerezeka zokhudzana ndi zinthu zowonongeka kwazinthu muzokonzanso kwachinayi kwa Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (DSM-IV) ndipo adapeza kuti 92 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi BED ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira. Njira ina inali kukula kwa Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), yomwe ndizoyesa kudzipangitsa kuti azindikire zizindikiro za kusokonekera kwa zakudya pogwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kuti munthu azidalira kwambiri DSM-IV [82]. Mwapadera, YFAS imayeza zizindikiro zisanu ndi ziŵiri zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino monga momwe zinanenedwa mu DSM-IV ndi zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi chakudya ndi kudya: 1) kutenga mankhwalawa mochuluka kapena kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa momwe anafunira (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikupeza ndikupitirizabe kudya zakudya zina ngakhale kuti sindikusowa njala. "); 2) chilakolako chokhazikika kapena kupewera mobwerezabwereza kuyesa kusiya (mwachitsanzo, "Kusadya mitundu yina ya chakudya kapena kudula zakudya zina ndikudandaula nazo."); 3) amathera nthawi yochuluka kuti apeze kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa kapena kubwezeretsa ku zotsatira zake (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikupeza kuti ngati zakudya zina sizipezeka, ndimachoka ndikuzipeza. kugula zakudya zina ngakhale ndiri ndi zina zomwe ndingasankhe kunyumba. "); 4) kusiya makhalidwe abwino, ntchito, kapena zosangalatsa chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, "Nthawi zina ndadya zakudya zina nthawi zambiri kapena zochuluka kwambiri zomwe ndinayamba kudya m'malo mogwira ntchito, ndikukhala ndi nthawi yanga banja kapena abwenzi, kapena kuchita zinthu zina zofunika kapena zosangalatsa zomwe ndimakonda. "); 5) anapitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ngakhale kuti anali ndi vuto la maganizo (mwachitsanzo, "Ndinapitiriza kudya zakudya zomwezo kapena chakudya chomwecho ngakhale kuti ndinali ndi mavuto / maganizo kapena."); 6) kulekerera (mwachitsanzo, "Patapita nthawi, ndapeza kuti ndikufunika kudya kwambiri kuti ndimve momwe ndikufunira, monga kuchepa kwa maganizo kapena kuwonjezeka kukondwera."); ndi 7) zizindikiro zochotsera (mwachitsanzo, "Ndakhala ndi zizindikiro zowatulutsa monga kusokonezeka, nkhawa, kapena zizindikiro zina pamene ndikudula kapena kusiya kudya zakudya zina."). Zina ziwiri zikutanthauza kuti pali vuto lalikulu kwambiri la matenda kapena mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chodyera. Mofananamo ndi DSM-IV, kuledzera kungakhale "kuzindikiridwa" ngati zizindikiro zitatu zowonjezereka zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena matenda alipo [82,83].

YFAS yakhala ikugwira ntchito zambirimbiri m'zaka zapitazi za 6, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto loti "matenda" amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi omwe alibe "matenda" pazambiri zosiyana siyana kuchokera pazinthu zozizwitsa zozizira , psychopathology, malamulo othandizira, kapena kutengeka kwa zochitika za thupi ndi khalidwe monga ma multilocus maonekedwe okhudza dopaminergic chizindikiro kapena mayendedwe a magalimoto ku chakudya chokwanira cha calorie [62]. Ngakhale YFAS yakhala ngati chida chothandizira kufufuzira mowa-monga kudya, ndizowona, sizingwiro ndipo zowonjezereka zafunsidwa [84]. Mwachitsanzo, zapezeka kuti pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya anthu okalamba kwambiri omwe ali ndi BED amalandira matenda a YFAS ndipo anthuwa amasonyeza kuti ali ndi matenda akuluakulu okhudzana ndi kudya komanso odwala matenda ambiri kuposa anthu okalamba omwe ali ndi BED omwe samalandira YFAS.85,86]. Malingana ndi zofukufukuzi, tawonetseratu kuti chizoloŵezi cha zakudya monga kuyeza ndi YFAS chingangoyimira mawonekedwe oopsa kwambiri a BED [87,88]. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chitsanzo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo chikupitirizabe kukambirana kwambiri ndi akatswiri ena ofufuza omwe akutsimikiziridwa kuti ndi ovomerezeka [3,7,21,89-91], pamene ena amakangana motsutsana ndi zotsatira zosiyana za thupi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zakudya zina monga shuga, malingaliro, ndi zina [84,92-97]. Zomwe zaposachedwapa, zakhala zikuperekedwa kuti ngakhale pali njira yodya kudya yomwe ingatchedwe moledzeretsa, mawu akuti chizoloŵezi chakumwa ndizolakwika chifukwa palibe wodzitetezera, ndipo, motero, ayenera kukhala ngati khalidwe kuledzera (mwachitsanzo, "kudya mowa") [98].

Kafufuzidwe ka zinyama pa zakumwa zoledzeretsa zapita patsogolo m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Izi zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro ochuluka omwe amasonyeza kusiyana kwa zotsatira za zakudya zina zomwe zimakhala ndi zakudya zowonjezera zakudya (monga zakudya zowonjezera mafuta, shuga, shuga, zakudya zapamwamba komanso mapuloteni). nthenda yamagetsi [99,100]. Kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti zakudya zina zomwe zimadya zimakhudza ana mu makoswe. Mwachitsanzo, zapezeka kuti kudya zakudya zovuta kwambiri kumakhudza zakudya zomwe zimakonda kwambiri, kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kachakudya, mphoto ya ubongo, komanso kuopsa kwa kunenepa kwambiri [99,101]. Mapulogalamu atsopano owonetsera chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi cha zakudya, omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito, omwe amayeza, mwachitsanzo, kudya chakudya chokakamiza pansi pa zovuta [102]. Pomalizira, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena, omwe amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mu makoswe, wapezeka kuti kuchepetsa kuledzera-monga kudya kwa zakudya zokoma [103].

Zotsatira ndi Malangizo Atsogolomu

Liwu loledzera linagwiritsidwa kale ntchito poyang'ana ku chakudya kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th. Pakatikati pa zaka za 20th, mawu akuti chizoloŵezi chakumwa analigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, osati pakati pa anthu omwe anagawidwa koma komanso pakati pa asayansi. Komabe, izi zinali zovuta (ngati zili choncho), ndipo mawuwo nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kufufuza. Zolemba zokhudzana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi cha zakudya zowonongeka kwa anthu zinali zosasowa m'zaka za zana la 20th, ndipo njira yodalitsira matenda odwala ndi kunenepa kwambiri inali kukambidwa mozama makamaka kumapeto kwa zaka zana. Kafukufuku wamakono anagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu angapo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana kunenepa pakati pa zaka za 20th, kuganizira za AN ndi BN mu 1980s, kugwiritsira ntchito chokoleti mu 1990s, ndikuyang'ana BED ndi - kachiwiri - kunenepa kwambiri mu 2000s chifukwa cha zotsatira za maphunziro ndi zinyama.

Choncho, ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zakudya zawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, sikuti ndi lingaliro latsopano kapenanso silinaganizidwe kuti lifotokoze kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha kunenepa kwambiri. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndi kuonjezera chidziwitso cha mbiri yakale ya lingaliro lachizoloŵezi cha zakudya ndi njira zake zatsopano zosinthira za sayansi. Ngati ofufuza akuganizira za mbiriyi, zingakhale zophweka kupeza mgwirizano pa zomwe kwenikweni zimatanthauzidwa ndi kuledzera kwa zakudya ndipo zingakulimbikitseni zofunikira zofunika zotsatirazi, ndipo, motero, kupita patsogolo mu kafukufukuyu kudzathandizidwa [104].

Mwachitsanzo, nkhani zambiri zomwe zinatsitsimutsidwa zaka zingapo zapitazo zakhala zikufotokozedwa kale zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Izi zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kufufuza pa chizoloŵezi choledzera chomwe chimayambira kudya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala [105,106] kapena lingaliro loyesa AN kukhala woledzera [107,108], ndi mitu yonseyi kukhalapo mwamsanga pomwe 1980s. Lingaliro la kulingalira za BN kukhala chidakwa [109] adakhalanso zaka makumi angapo. Choncho, zikuwoneka kuti kuika patsogolo kunenepa kwambiri pa nkhani ya kusokoneza zakudya m'zaka zaposachedwa (mwachitsanzo, [13,110]) zikuoneka kuti ndi zolakwika, chifukwa chakuti ofufuza anati zaka makumi angapo zapitazo kuti chizoloŵezi choledzeretsa-monga kudya sizongoperekedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri kapenanso kutaya kunenepa kungakhale kofanana ndi kusokoneza zakudya [28,50].

Chinthu china chobwerezabwereza chikuwoneka chikukhudza kuyeza kwa chizoloŵezi cha zakudya. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, panali maphunziro ena mu 1990s momwe chizoloŵezi cha zakudya chinali chochokera pa kudzizindikiritsa. Magaziniyi inabweretsedwanso mu kafukufuku waposachedwapa, omwe amasonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zakudya zolimbitsa thupi zochokera ku YFAS ndi kuledzera kwadyera [111,112], motero kumatsimikizira kuti kutanthauzira kwa munthu payekha kapena chidziwitso cha zakudya zolimbitsa thupi sikumagwirizana ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi YFAS. Ngakhale ochita kafukufuku samagwirizana zokhudzana ndi kutanthauzira kwabwino kwa zakudya zakusokoneza chakudya koma [84,113], zikuwoneka kuti miyeso yofanana ndi YFAS ndi yofunika kuti zisawononge mitundu yambiri ya chizoloŵezi cha zakudya. Ngakhale kuti YFAS, yomwe ndikutanthauzira kudalira kwadongosolo kwa DSM kuti idye chakudya ndi kudya, ndi yowongoka, imatsutsidwa ngakhale kuti imasiyana ndi tanthauzo la akatswiri ena okhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera [93,98]. Choncho, kutsogolera kofunikira m'tsogolomu kungakhale ngati komanso momwe chizoloŵezi cha zakudya chikhoza kuyesedwa mwa anthu kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito YFAS.

Ngati kafukufuku wamagetsi adzawatsogoleredwa ndi kusinthidwa kwa njira za DSM kuti azidya ndi kudya m'tsogolomu, funso lofunika kwambiri lidzakhalapo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chidziwitso cha mankhwala m'dongosolo lachisanu la DSM la chakudya chizoloŵezi [114]. Mwachitsanzo, kodi zonsezi ndizovuta kutero (monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu DSM-5) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi khalidwe lodya anthu? Ngati sichoncho, kodi izi zimaononga chizoloŵezi choledzera?

Kuwonjezera pa mafunso ofunikirawa okhudza kufotokoza ndi kuyeza kwa kusokonezeka kwa zakudya, njira zina zofunika zowonjezera kafukufuku zingaphatikizepo, koma sizingowonjezeredwa: Kodi ndizofunikira bwanji kuti munthu adye zakudya zamankhwala kuti azitha kunenepa kwambiri kapena kudya zakudya zolimbitsa thupi komanso kupanga malamulo? Ngati ndizofunika, zingatheke bwanji kuti zithetsedwe bwino [17,91]? Kodi ndizovuta zotani (ngati ziripo) za lingaliro la kuledzera kwa zakudya [115-119]? Kodi zinyama zowonongeka-monga kudya zimakhala zowonjezereka bwanji makamaka zikuwonetsera zoyenera mwa anthu [120]? Kuledzera-monga kudya kwenikweni kumachepetsedwa kukhala zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena chinthu chimodzi kapena "kuledzera" kumalowe m'malo ndi "kuledzera" [98]?

Ngakhale kuti anthu asayansi akhala akudandaula ndi zakumwa za sayansi kwa zaka makumi angapo, izi zimakhalabe zotsutsana kwambiri komanso zomwe zimatsutsana kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti zokhudzana ndi sayansi pa mutuwu mofulumira zinawonjezeka m'zaka zingapo zapitazo, kufufuza kwake kudakali koyambira, ndipo, motero, zotsatira zafukufuku zidzawonjezeka m'zaka zikubwerazi.

Kuvomereza

Wolembayo amathandizidwa ndi thandizo la European Research Council (ERC-StG-2014 639445 NewEat).

achidule

ANanorexia nervosa
 
BNbulimia nervosa
 
bedikudya zakudya zolimbitsa thupi
 
DSMKusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha
 
OAOdyera Osadziwika
 
YFASYale Food Addiction Scale
 

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