Kulakalaka, Monga, Kudya: Zosankha za Chakudya Chakudya Mwachitsanzo cha Ana ndi Achinyamata omwe ali ndi gawo lonse mu Thupi la Thupi (2016)

Kudalirika

Kunenepa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu ovuta kwambiri omwe amawonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kudya. Umboni wochuluka umasonyeza kuti pali gulu la anthu okalamba omwe amadziwika ndi zilakolako zamakono komanso zowonongeka monga zakudya zamakonos. Komabe, amadziwika pang'ono za kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu olemera kwambiri ali aunyamata komanso achinyamata. Mu phunziro lino, chitsanzo cha ana ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi thupi labwino kwambiri chinkafufuzidwa ndikutsata chilakolako cha zakudya, kuyerekezera ndi kudya zakudya zakutali ndi zazing'ono. Ana zana limodzi ndi makumi anayi ndi awiri (51.4% akazi, n = 73; Mm'badwo = Zaka 13.7, SD = 2.25; MBMI-SDS = 1.26, SD = 1.50) adamaliza Mafunso Okhumba Chakudya - Makhalidwe, kenako amawonera zithunzi za zakudya zapamwamba ndi zotsika kwambiri ndipo amawerenga zomwe amawakonda, ndipo kenako amadya zakudya zina mwa mayeso osokoneza bongo. Mosiyana ndi zoyembekeza, misala yapamwamba imakhudzidwa ndi kuchepetsa zakudya zamakono. Komabe, panali mgwirizano pakati pa thupi lalikulu ndi chilakolako cha zakudya pamene akulosera za zakudya: Pa anthu owonjezera, chilakolako cha chakudya chokwanira chinagwirizanitsidwa ndi zakudya zamakono kwambiri ndipo mgwirizano umenewu sunapezeke ndi ophunzira olemera. Chiyanjano pakati pa chilakolako cha kudya ndi zakudya zapamwamba pa zakudya za anthu olemera kwambiri zimakhala zogwirizana ndi kukonda kwambiri zakudya zamakono (koma osati pofuna chakudya chochepa). Choncho, mofanana ndi akuluakulu, kagulu ka ana oposa ndi achinyamata - omwe amadziwika ndi chilakolako cha zakudya - akuwoneka kuti alipo, akuyitanitsa njira zothandizira zothandizira.

Keywords: kulemera kwaunyamata, BMI, kukhumba kwa chakudya, kukonda zakudya, kudya chakudya, zithunzi zodyera

Introduction

Kunenepa kwambiri kumakhalabe vuto la thanzi labwino kwa ana, achinyamata, ndi akuluakulu (). Mosiyana ndi chiyembekezo cha odwala omwe ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri komanso mabanja awo, matendawa nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala achikulire, pambali pa zovuta zina zoopsa (comorbidities)). Akuluakulu omwe ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri, amatha kupititsa patsogolo zovuta za majini ndi zachilengedwe kwa ana awo (), chifukwa chake pali kusowa kwa chithandizo chabwino kwa odwala ochepa kuti aswe. Mwamwayi, njira zamakono zokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri zimakhala zochepa mpaka nthawi yayitali osati akuluakulu (), komanso mofanana ndi achinyamata ().

Kunenepa kwambiri muunyamata ndi unyamata kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyanjana pakati pa zibadwa za chibadwa ndi zowonongeka, zomwe kholo lakunenepa ndi zakudya zoyenera makolo zimawonekera kukhala awiri mwa ofunika kwambiri (; ). Kulemera kwa phindu kumakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu, motero, imakhudzana ndi ntchito yochepa (). Komabe, kufufuza za mphamvu yochulukirapo yomwe imadya mwa anthu okhwima ndi kosagwirizana: pamene maphunziro ena a matenda a mliri akupeza mgwirizano pakati pa mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu ndi thupi (), ena samatero (; ). Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwaposachedwapa, kunasonyeza kuti, pokhudzana ndi ndalama zochepa zowonjezera mphamvu, otsika kudya kwa mphamvu kunanenapo phindu lolemera ().

Kafufuzidwe m'dera lino ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi zolembedwera zolembera za caloric, makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri (; ; ). Komanso, chakudya cha anthu ochepa kwambiri chimasiyana ndi cha anthu osakhala ochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chakudya chochepa kwambiri, champhamvu komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zikuyimira chisokonezo chovuta kwambiri pankhani ya kufufuza zakusankha zakudya zapamwamba kwambiri. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro akufotokoza za chisokonezocho powafotokozera onse omwe angakhale nawo chakudya chamtundu uliwonse, mosasamala kanthu za kulemera kwa thupi (kapena chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe). Komabe, zochitika zowonjezereka ndi zosawerengeka ndi kafukufuku wina omwe amasonyeza kuti chakudya chambiri chimakhala chokwanira poyerekeza ndi akuluakulu olemera (mwachitsanzo, ) kapena chakudya chofanana chomwecho mwa anthu akuluakulu olemera komanso olemera (mwachitsanzo, ).

Zakhala zikufotokozedwa kumayambiriro kuti kunenepa kwambiri kumaimira chikhalidwe chosagwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kudya mwa anthu olemera kwambiri angapezeke (). Motero, ofufuza apeza magulu ang'onoang'ono mwa zitsanzo zamtundu wambiri mwa njira zosiyanasiyana zodyera. Mwa akulu, mwachitsanzo, olemera kwambiri omwe ali ndi kudya mowa mwauchidakwa amafanizidwa ndi anthu ovuta kwambiri osadya kudya (mwachitsanzo, ; ) pamene maphunziro a ana ndi achinyamata akuyang'ana pa anthu omwe alibe komanso osowa zakudya (mwachitsanzo, ; ). Zaka zaposachedwapa, kafukufuku wochulukirapo adafufuzira ochuluka kwambiri achinyamata komanso akuluakulu omwe alibe chizolowezi chodya-monga kudya (, ; ; ; ). Chofunika kwambiri, pali mphamvu pakati pa mfundo zonsezi (mwachitsanzo, ). Choncho, ma correlates a tizilombo tomwe timakhala tambirimbiri timakhala ofanana mofanana, mosasamala kanthu kuti kudya, kudya zakudya, kapena kusuta-monga kudya kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwamasulira. Mwachitsanzo, anapeza kuti achikulire odzala ndi kudya mowa mwauchidakwa amakhala ndi zilakolako zowonjezera komanso zowonjezereka za chakudya ndipo amasonyeza kuti amakonda kudya zakudya zabwino kwambiri kuposa mafuta akuluakulu osadya kwambiri. Mofananamo, ana ndi achinyamata omwe amatha kudya zakudya zopanda malire amangochita zinthu mopupuluma ndipo amadya zakudya zopanda zakudya zowonjezera komanso zakudya zamatope ku laboratori kuposa anthu omwe alibe kusowa zakudya.; ). Pomalizira pake, oposa achinyamata ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chodya, amawoneka ngati osakondweretsa komanso amakhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya kuposa achinyamata komanso achikulire omwe alibe chizoloŵezi chodya,, ; , ). Pomaliza, zikuwoneka kuti pali gulu la anthu ochepa kwambiri (kuphatikizapo ana, achinyamata, ndi akuluakulu), omwe amadziwika ndi kutengeka kwakukulu, zakudya zokonda zakudya zamakono, komanso zochitika zowonjezera komanso zoopsa zomwe zimakhudza chakudya, pa zakudya zambiri (zomwe zingawonongeke ngati kutaya zakudya, kudya, kudya kapena kumwa mowa ngati kudya).

Zomwe zikuwonetseratu ndizakuti malingaliro osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito polongosola zosiyana siyana muzitsanzo zowonjezereka pogwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe kawo (mwachitsanzo, kutayika kwa kudya, kudya mowa mwauchidakwa, kapena kudya mowa). Komabe, tikhoza kunena kuti mutu umodzi wapadera pamasewero onsewa ndizochitika zokhudzana ndi chakudya, monga momwe tawonera pamwambapa. Kulakalaka chakudya kumatanthauza chilakolako chofuna kudya zakudya zosiyanasiyana ndipo, motero, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chakudya (). Pamene tikukhala ndi chilakolako cha chakudya nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zokondweretsa chakudya zimatha kuonedwa ngati khalidwe (). Mwachitsanzo, Mafunso Okhudzana ndi Kufuna Chakudya (FCQ-T) amachititsa kuti zidziwitso zokhumba zokhudzana ndi chakudya, ndi zochitika zowonjezereka zikuwonetsa zofuna zowonjezera kawirikawiri (ie, "chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba"; ). Kulingalira kwa chilakolako cha chakudya monga khalidwe kwathandizidwa ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu kwa ma FCQ-T pa miyezi 6 (). Komanso, umboni wa lingaliroli wathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti achikulire omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba amakhala ndi chilakolako cha chakudya chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala ndi chidwi mu labotale (mwachitsanzo, , ), khalani ndi chiyanjano chokhazikika ku zakudya zapamwamba za calorie (), ndikuwonetseratu zochitika za ubongo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mphoto poyankha zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya zamakono (). Potsirizira pake, maphunziro apamwamba a FCQ-T akugwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa kayendedwe kamodzi kawirikawiri, kudya mowa mopitirira muyeso, ndi chizoloŵezi-monga kudya achinyamata komanso akulu (mwachitsanzo, ; , ; ; ).

Pakadali pano, palibe phunziro lomwe lafufuzira momwe likugwiritsira ntchito ndi kudya zakudya monga ntchito ya chilakolako cha zakudya ndi thupi mu ana ndi achinyamata. Malingana ndi zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, zinkayembekezeredwa kuti minofu ya thupi idzagwirizana bwino ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ya zakudya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu labotale. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ovuta kwambiri ana ndi achinyamata akuyembekezeredwa kuti asonyeze chizoloŵezi chapamwamba chodya zakudya zamakono kwambiri kuposa ana olemera-olemera (hypothesis 1). Izi zimayembekezeredwa kugwirizana ndi chilakolako cha chakudya: chilakolako chokwanira cha zakudya chiyenera kuti chikugwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi chodya zakudya zamakono, makamaka mwa anthu ovuta kwambiri (hypothesis 2). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ochepa omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya zakudya amafunika kudya zakudya zowonjezera kwambiri. Potsiriza, ngati cholinga chofufuzira, oyanjanitsa omwe angathe kuthandizira. Mwachindunji, kusankha zakudya zapamwamba kwambiri mu calories ku ana ocheperapo ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi chilakolako chokwanira chakudya chingathe kuyamikiridwa ndi kukonda kwambiri zakudya izi, komanso kukonda kwambiri zakudya za calorie (hypothesis 3).

Zida ndi njira

ophunzira

Phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira ndondomeko ya yunivesite ya Salzburg ndi onse omwe adagwira nawo ntchito (ndipo, pakuyenera, makolo awo) adasaina chilolezo chodziwitsidwa. Otsatira onse a 161 (opanda chifuwa cha chakudya) analembedwanso kudzera mu malo olemera kwambiri ku University of Medical Paracelsus komanso ku sukulu za anthu ku Salzburg, Austria. Otsatira khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi adayenera kutulutsidwa chifukwa chosowa deta. Kwa otsalira a 142 (73 akazi, 51.4%), zaka za pakati pa 10-18 zaka (M = 13.7, SD = 2.25). Mndandanda wa misala ya thupi lopotoka (BMI-SDS) unayambira pakati -2.20 ndi 3.60 (M = 1.26, SD = 1.50), pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo achijeremani (). Malingana ndi zochepetsedwa zochokera kuzinthu za bungwe la European Childhood Obesity Group (), ophunzira atatu (2.11%) anali ochepa thupi (BMI-SDS <-2.00), omwe adatenga nawo gawo 56 (39.4%) anali olemera (-2.00 <BMI-SDS <1.00), otenga nawo mbali 19 (13.4%) anali onenepa kwambiri (1.00) <BMI-SDS <2.00) ndi otenga nawo mbali 64 (45.1%) anali onenepa kwambiri (BMI-SDS> 2.00).

Mafunso Okhumba Chakudya-Makhalidwe (FCQ-T)

Chizoloŵezi cha chakudya chinayesedwa ndi German version ya 39-chinthu FCQ-T (; ). Zinthu (mwachitsanzo, "Ngati ndikupereka kulakalaka chakudya, zonse zowonongeka zatha," "Ngati ndikulakalaka chinachake, malingaliro odyera amandidya.") Ali ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi magulu oyankhidwa kuyambira palibe / ayi ku nthawizonse. Mzerewu uli ndi angapo obwereza. Komabe, zochitika zazing'ono sizinayesedwe mu maphunziro angapo (cf. ). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kupitirira kwa msinkhu kumakhala kotsika kwambiri ndipo, motero, ziwerengero zowonjezereka zimagwirizana kwambiri (ibid.). Choncho, chiwerengero chokhacho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugwirizana kwachinsinsi kunali Cronbach's α = 0.976 mu phunziro la tsopano.

Kayendesedwe

Ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti asadye zakudya zosachepera 3 h asanayese kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzira ali ndi njala ndipo potero amatha kukhala ndi nthawi yowonjezera nthawi ya chakudya poyesedwa. Ophunzirawo adayesedwa payekha ndipo adamaliza FCQ-T pakati pa mafunso ena mu laboratori. Phunziroli linaphatikizapo kujambula kwa EEG pakati pa zina, zotsatira zake zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwina (). Ophunzira sankayang'ana pang'onopang'ono zithunzi za chakudya pazowunikira. Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo zithunzi za 32 za chakudya chokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa (monga apulo, kiwi, broccoli, phwetekere) ndi zithunzi za 32 za zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, chokoleti, mapeyala, makeke, tchizi), zomwe zasankhidwa kuchokera chakudya-pics, mndandanda wa zakudya zovomerezeka ndi zithunzi zopanda kudya zomwe zimadziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino ()1. Kutanthauza mphamvu ya mphamvu ya zakudya zochepa za kalori M = 60.6 kcal / 100 g (SD = 89.4) ndipo amatanthawuza mphamvu ya mphamvu ya zakudya zakutali kwambiri M = 449 kcal / 100 g (SD = 99.1). Ma calories omwe amawonetsedwa pa zithunzi anali M = 114 kcal / chithunzi (SD = 117) pa zakudya zochepa za calorie ndi M = 275 kcal / chithunzi (SD = 224) pa zakudya zakutali kwambiri. Zithunzi zinaperekedwa motsatira ndondomeko ya 2 yotsatizana, yolowedwera ndi nthawi yosakanikirana yosakanikirana (1000 ± 200 ms). Chithunzi chilichonse chinabwerezedwa kamodzi, chiwerengero chazithunzi za 128. Ophunzirawo adavotera zokonda zawo pazenera pazithunzi za analog ("Kodi mukuwona bwanji chakudya chowonetsedwa?"), Kuyambira 0 (osati konse) mpaka 100 (kwambiri). Pambuyo pa ntchito yowonetsera chithunzichi, ophunzira adapereka pepala ndi chigawo chazithunzi za zakudya zomwe zisanawonetsedwe (16 low calorie ndi 16 high-calorie foods) ndipo anauzidwa kusankha asanu ndi awiri a iwo kuti ayesedwe. Ophunzira adatumizidwa zakudya zakusankhidwa ndikuphunzitsidwa kuti azilawa chakudya chilichonse. Anauzidwa kuti akhoza kudya monga momwe amafunira. Ndiye, experimenter anasiya chipinda mpaka ophunzirawo atatsirizika. Pamapeto pake, kulemera kwa thupi ndi msinkhu zinayesedwa ndipo zakudya zotsalazo zinayezedwa.

Kusanthula Deta

Pafupipafupi, ophunzira adya M = 3.88 (SD = 1.63) zakudya zamakono, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ophunzira adasankha zakudya zochepa komanso zapamwamba zowonongeka ndipo akuganiza kuti sankakonda zakudya zonyozeka kwambiri2. Monga chakudya chosankhira chinangokhala chiwerengero chokhazikika, zakudya za calorie kapena zakudya zapamwamba zimalankhulana ndi zokonda (mwachitsanzo, zakudya zoperewera za calorie sizikhoza kuwerengedwa payekha kapena popanda zakudya zakutali). Choncho, pofika pa chiwerengero chotsatira cha zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera, zakudya zonse zosankhidwa zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zawo zowonjezera zowonjezera (mu kcal / 100 g). Choncho, maiko apamwamba amasonyeza zosankha kusankha ndi kudya zakudya zamakono. Zikuoneka kuti ziwerengero zowerengera za calorie ndi zotsika zodzikongoletsera zimakhala zovomerezeka pokhapokha kuti zitha kuyesedwa kafukufuku wathu woyesera.

Kuyesera chiganizo cha 1, mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu yowerengera idawerengedwa. Apa, mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa BMI-SDS ndikutanthawuza mphamvu zamagetsi za zakudya zomwe zidawonetsedwa zingasonyeze kuti amakonda kukonda zakudya zowonjezereka mwa iwo omwe ali ndi thupi lolemera. Kuyesera chiganizo cha 2, kufufuza kwapadera kwapadera kunkawerengedwa ndi BMI-SDS, FCQ-T, ndi kuyanjana kwawo monga zowonetsera za mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu ya zakudya zowonongeka. Mitundu yowonongeka inali yoyenera kutsogolo musanayambe kuwerengera nthawi ya mankhwala kuti muthe kutanthauzira zowonjezereka (). Kuphatikizana kwakukulu kunatsatiridwa ndi kufufuza mgwirizano pakati pa chilakolako chakudya cha chakudya ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zowonongeka (-1 SD) ndipamwamba (+ 1 SD) zikhalidwe za BMI-SDS (). Zindikirani kuti, kupatsidwa chiyero ndi kutayika kwa gawoli (onani gawo la Otsogolera), mfundo izi zikufanana ndi ophunzira omwe ali olemera kwambiri komanso omwe ali ochepa kwambiri, motero.

Kufufuza zotsatira zotsatizanitsa za kukonda chakudya chapamwamba ndi chotsika kwambiri mu chiyanjano cha thupi ndi chilakolako cha zakudya ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zowonongeka (chiganizo cha 3), chitsanzo choyamikiridwa choyesedwa chinayesedwa ndi PROCESS kwa SPSS (). Makamaka, chitsanzo ayi. asanu ndi atatu mu PROCESS anasankhidwa ndi chilakolako chakudya monga chodziimira chosasunthika, chokhudzana ndi zakudya zakutali ndi zazing'ono monga oyanjana ofanana, kutanthauza mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zowonongeka monga kusintha kwake,chithunzi Chithunzi1A1A). Mwachidziwitso, izi zikutanthauza kuti chitsanzo choyambirira chomwe chatchulidwa pamwambapa, chomwe chinayesa kuyanjana pakati pa mthupi ndi chilakolako cha chakudya pa mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu ya zakudya zowonongeka, zinawonjezeredwa powonjezeranso kuyesa kugwirizana pakati pa misala ya thupi ndi chilakolako cha chakudya pamene akulosera kukonda chifukwa cha zakudya zapamwamba komanso zotsika kwambiri ndipo, motero, chitsanzochi chimapangitsa kuyesa kuganiza molakwika kwa thupi labwino × kumapatsa chilakolako cha chakudya pa mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zomwe amadya pogwiritsa ntchito chakudya. Zosayera (ie, kuyanjanitsa) zotsatira zinayesedwa ndi 95% nyengo zosamalidwa zosagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za 10,000 bootstrap. Pamene nthawi yokhala ndi chidaliro ilibe zero, izi zikutanthauza kuti zotsatira zosaoneka bwino zikhoza kuwerengedwa monga statistically significant (). Ngati kukhalapo kotereku kumadalira kufunika kwa kusinthasintha kwapadera (apa: BMI-SDS), ichi ndi chiwonetsero cha kuyimira pakati.

CHITSANZO CHA 1   

(A) Mchitidwe wogwirizanitsa wokambirana, womwe umakhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya, thupi, ndi kugwirizana kwawo kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zowonetsera za chakudya chokwanira komanso chochepa (monga oyimira ofanana) ndikutanthauza mphamvu yochuluka ya zakudya zowonongeka. (B) Ulamuliro ...

Results

Mgwirizano pakati pa Phunziro Zosiyanasiyana (Hypothesis 1)

Mosiyana ndi lingaliro la 1, BMI-SDS inagwirizana kwambiri ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zowonongeka (Table Table11). Thupi la thupi limagwirizananso molakwika ndi kukonda chakudya chapamwamba cha kalori. Chilakolako cha khalidwe, mosiyana, chimagwirizanitsa bwino ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zomwe amadya komanso pogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zamakono. Kukonda chakudya chamakono chokwanira chogwirizana bwino ndi kukonda chakudya chochepa cha calorie chosagwirizana ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zowonongeka (Table Table11).

Gulu 1   

Ziwerengero zofotokozera ndi zofanana pakati pa mitundu yowerenga.

Kupenda Modzichepetsa (Hypothesis 2)

Kuyanjana pakati pa thupi la mthupi ndi chilakolako cha chakudya chokwanira pamene kulosera kumatanthauza mphamvu yochuluka ya zakudya zowonongeka zinali zazikulu (Table Table22). Patsatanetsatane mogwirizana ndi chiganizo cha 2, zimakhala zofuna kudya chakudya chodziŵika bwino chomwe chimatanthawuza kuti mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezera zimakhala zowonongeka, koma osati ophunzira olemera (chithunzi Chithunzi2A2A). Komabe, opeputsa ophunzira omwe ali ndi chilakolako chokwanira cha zakudya sanasonyeze kuti amakonda kwambiri zakudya zamakono.

Gulu 2   

Zotsatira zowonongeka kwachilendo zimaganizira ndi khalidwe lokhumba chakudya ndi thupi lalikulu kulongosola kukonda chakudya chapamwamba ndi chotsika kwambiri ndikutanthauza mphamvu yowonjezera ya zakudya zowonongeka.
CHITSANZO CHA 2   

Mitunda yosavuta imayesa kugwirizana pakati pa khalidwe lachilakolako cha chakudya ndi thupi lalikulu pamene akulosera (A) amatanthauza mphamvu yochuluka ya zakudya zomwe amadya komanso (B) akukonda zakudya zakutali kwambiri. Khalidwe lolakalaka chakudya chokhudzidwa bwino lomwe limatanthauziridwa kutanthauza mphamvu ya mphamvu ya ...

Kupanga Moderated Mediation (Hypothesis 3)

Kuyanjana pakati pa thupi la mthupi ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya chakudya chinali chofunika kwambiri pakuneneratu kuti mumakonda zakudya zamakono, koma osati poyerekeza ndi zakudya zochepa (Table Table22). Khalidwe lolakalaka chakudya chokhudzidwa bwino lomwe likukhudzidwa kuti likukhudzana ndi zakudya zapamwamba zowonjezera, koma osati ophunzira omwe ali olemera kwambiri (chithunzi Chithunzi2B2B). Mu mgwirizano wapadera ndi lingaliro la 3, panalibe mwachindunji za khalidwe lofuna kudya chakudya chokhudzana ndi zakudya zowonjezera zowonjezereka za zakudya zomwe amadya pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi kalori (ootstrap estimate 0.50, 95% CI [0.22, 0.86]), koma osati mwa ochita zolemetsa zofunikira (kulingalira kwa bootstrap -0.14, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.25]). Panalibe njira yogwirizanirana ndi kukonda chakudya chochepa cha calorie (chiwerengero cha 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.43], chifukwa cha omvera kwambiri, kulingalira kwa Bootstrap 0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.76] ). Kuphatikiza zaka ngati covariate mu momwe mukugwiritsira ntchito tsopano sikunasinthe kumasulira kwa zotsatira.

Chitsanzo choyamikiridwa chowonetseratu chikuwonetsedwa chithunzi Chithunzi1B1B ndipo tingathe kufotokozera mwachidule izi: Mthupi la thupi ndi chilakolako cha zakudya zimatanthawuza kuti mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezereka zimatanthawuza kuti zakudya zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya zamtunduwu zimakhudzidwa ndi zakudya zowonjezera, koma ndi owonjezera. Kufufuza zotsatira zosawonetsera mwachindunji kunawonetsa kuti kusintha pakati pa thupi ndi chilakolako cha chakudya pa mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu ya zakudya zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndiyomwe imayimira pakati pa chakudya chokwanira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba chimakhudzidwa ndi kukonda kwambiri zakudya zamtundu wa kalori mwa anthu olemera kwambiri, zomwe zinkakhudzana ndi kusankha zakudya zamakono. Ngakhale kukonda kwambiri zakudya za calorie kunalidi wogwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya zakudya zopsereza (Table Table11), kukonda chakudya chochepa cha calorie sichinagwirizanitse zotsatira zogwirizana za thupi ndi chilakolako cha chakudya pa mphamvu yowonjezereka ya zakudya zowonongeka (chithunzi Chithunzi1B1B).

Kukambirana

Cholinga choyambirira cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza zakudya ndi zakudya zomwe ana ndi achinyamata akugwiritsa ntchito pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Zinkayembekezeredwa kuti misala yapamwamba idzagwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi chokwanira chosankha ndi kudya zakudya zamakono (hypothesis 1). Mosiyana ndi zoyembekeza, komabe panali zosiyana: misala yapamwamba imakhudzidwa ndi chizoloŵezi chosankha zakudya zomwe zili ndi mphamvu yochepa. IKuwonjezera apo, misala yapamwamba imakhudzana ndi kukonda kochepa kwa zakudya zamakono. Zingaganize kuti zotsatirazi ziyenera chifukwa chofuna zizindikiro mu malo opangira ma laboratory ndi kasamaliro kawonedwe kamene kakuwonetsedwa ndi olemera kwambiri komanso okhudzidwa kwambiris. Mwachitsanzo, apeza kuti ophunzira akuwonetsa chakudya chochepa cha ma laboratory pamene akuyembekeza kuti chakudya chimayesedwa kusiyana ndi pamene sakudziwa chakudya chokwanira cha zakudya (). Kuwonjezera apo, ngakhale kuti anapeza kuti olemera kwambiri ana amadya zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso amasankha zakudya zopanda thanzi kuposa ana olemera omwe ali mu laboratori pamene ali okha, zotsatirazi sizikhoza kupezeka pamene akuyenda ndi ena (, ). Kuonjezera apo, ana olemera kwambiri amadya zakudya zopatsa thanzi kuposa ana olemera omwe ali mu maphunzirowa () ndipo anafotokoza kudya kochepa kuposa ana olemera-olemera mu phunziro lina (). Monga ophunzira mufukufuku wamakono akudziwa kuti iwo adayesedwa ndi woyesera pa kuyesedwa kwa kukoma, zikutheka kuti ophunzira owonjezera thanzi amachepetsa zakudya zawo zapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha zotsatirazi.

Hypothesis 2 inaneneratu zotsatira zogwirizana pakati pa thupi ndi chilakolako cha zakudya pamene akulosera zakudya ndi zakudya. Zinkayembekezeredwa kuti minofu yapamwamba yapamwamba idzakhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chizoloŵezi chokwanira chosankha ndi kudya zakudya zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi zakudya komanso zakudya. Ngakhale kukhalapo pakati pa misala ya thupi ndi chilakolako cha chakudya kunatsimikiziridwa, sikunasonyezedwe kuti owonjezera ophunzira omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba anali okonda kwambiri zakudya zamakono. M'malo mwake, zimawoneka kuti khalidwe lolakalaka chakudya limathetsa kugwirizana pakati pa thupi ndi kutanthauza mphamvu ya zakudya zomwe zimadya. Ngakhale ophunzira omwe akuwoneka ochepa kwambiri akuwonetsa zakudya zapamwamba zowonjezera zakudya zowonjezera kwambiri kuposa onse omwe ali olemera kwambiri, omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba amasonyeza zofanana zofanana ndi zakudya zapamwamba zowonjezera monga ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi (chithunzi Chithunzi2A2A). Choncho, zikuwoneka kuti ngakhale anthu ena ochepa omwe atha kupambana amapewa kudya zakudya zamakono mu phunziro lino, anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako cha chakudya sichikukwaniritsa izi, zomwe zingakhale chifukwa cha mphotho yowonjezera komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anthu olemera kwambiri omwe ali otsika chilakolako cha zakudya. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zimagwirizana ndi njira zogonjera zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa (mwachitsanzo, ), kuwonetsa kuti pali gawo la anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chokwanira komanso kawirikawiri zofuna za zakudya zamakono kwambiri pakati pa ana ocheperapo ndi achinyamata. Chochititsa chidwi, khalidwe lolakalaka chakudya chokhudzana ndi zakudya zinkakhudzana ndi kusankha zakudya kokha mwa anthu owonjezera, koma osati ochita zolemetsa, ngakhale kuti chilakolako cha chakudya sichinali chokwanira ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Choncho, zikuwoneka kuti ngakhale kuti panthawiyi panali ana olemera kwambiri komanso achinyamata omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba, sanasonyeze chisankho chapamwamba cha zakudya zamakono mu phunziro lino ndipo khalidweli lidawalepheretsa kukhala olemera mu malo oyamba. Maphunziro amtsogolo ndi ofunikira, omwe amalepheretsa njira zomwe zimathandiza anthu olemera kwambiri omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba kuti asapereke zofuna zawo, motero, kuti akhalebe olimba.

Cholinga chachitatu cha kafukufuku wamakono chinali kufufuza zotsatira zomwe zingathe kufotokozera mayanjano pakati pa thupi, chilakolako cha chakudya, komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu za zakudya. Patsatanetsatane mogwirizana ndi lingaliro la 3, zinapezeka kuti mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa chilakolako cha zakudya ndi kukonda zakudya zamakono kwambiri mwa anthu ovuta kwambiri ndizopakatilira ndi kukonda kwambiri zakudya izi. Ngakhale dongosolo laling'ono la kuyesa mitunduyi likugwirizana ndi dongosolo la chiwerengero cha mediation (khalidwe lolakalaka chakudya → chakudya chofanana → kusankhidwa kwa chakudya), malangizo oyenera ayenera kumasuliridwa mosamala. Mwapadera, ngakhale kukhala wokonda kwambiri chilakolako cha zakudya kungapangitse mwayi wokonda zakudya zamakono, zikhoza kukhala kuti zakudya zomwe zimayambira kumayambiriro kwa moyo (mwachitsanzo, kukonda chakudya cha calorie) zingapangitse mwayi wokhala chilakolako chakudya chakudya mu ubwana ndi unyamata.

Zopeka, zikanakhala zomveka kuti anthu olemera kwambiri omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya chapamwamba angasankhe zakudya zowonjezera kwambiri chifukwa chakuti sakonda zakudya zochepa. Komabe, kuthekera kumeneku, komabe, kunatchulidwa mu phunziro la tsopano. Anthu omveka bwino omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya amasonyeza kuti amadya zakudya zowonjezera kwambiri monga anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya komanso chizoloŵezi chokwanira chosankha zakudya zakutali ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukonda kwambiri zakudya izi. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapeza , zomwe zimasonyeza kuti akuluakulu odzala ndi kudya mowa mwauchidakwa sankasiyana ndi anthu akuluakulu omwe sakhala odyera mopanda kudya kwambiri akamadya chakudya chambiri chochepa, koma kuti okalamba omwe amadya zakudya zowonongeka amatha kudya zakudya zabwino kwambiri. Choncho, tingayembekezere kuti njira zopezeka m'maphunziro atsopano (chilakolako cha chakudya chapamwamba → kukonda chakudya cha calorie → zakudya zamakono kwambiri) zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mofanana ndi ana ndi achinyamata omwe akusowa zakudya, kudya mowa, kapena kuledzera-monga kudya (; ).

Zambiri zimachepetsa kutanthauzira za zotsatira zamakono. Choyamba, kufotokozera kwina (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zakudya komanso kumwa zakudya zamakono kwambiri mwa anthu owonjezera) sizingatheke. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira zikhoza kuti zakhudzidwa ndi ndondomeko yowatenga ntchito mu phunziro lino. Otsatira ambiri adatengedwa kuchoka kuchipatala chakumidzi komwe ena adayamba kuchita zinthu zolimbitsa miyendo yopanda thanzi pambuyo pofufuza ma laboratory. Chotsatira chake, iwo adayang'anitsitsa kudya kwawo kwambiri kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi kulemera kwake. Kutheka kwina kumatanthawuza kumudziwa ndi zakudya zomwe zafotokozedwa. Ngakhale kuti zakudya zokha zomwe zimadziwika bwino komanso kudziwika kwa anthu akuluakulu zinasankhidwa, kudziwa sikunaphunzirepo pakaphunziro komweko, ndipo, motero, zikhoza kuti zakhudza chakudya cha ana ndi achinyamata. Chachiwiri, kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kunayesa zitsanzo ndi zaka zautali ndipo zakhala zikufotokozedwa kuti achinyamata akukweza mphotho zowonjezera poyerekeza ndi ana ndi akulu (). Ngakhale kuti kulamulira kwa msinkhu pa zofukufuku zamakono sikunasinthe zotsatira, maphunziro amtsogolo ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ophunzira m'badwo uliwonse ndizofunikira kudziwa ngati kusiyana komwe pakati pa ana ndi anyamata kungapezeke pofufuza kusiyana pakati pa kulemera kwa thupi, kutsata chilakolako cha chakudya , zakudya zokondweretsa, ndi zakudya zabwino. Chachitatu, pamene FCQ-T yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzitsanzo za anthu akuluakulu, sizinavomerezedwe kwa ana ndi achinyamata. Komabe, kusinthasintha kwapakati pa phunziroli pakali pano kunali kwakukulu komanso kofanana kwambiri komwe kwapezeka mu maphunziro ndi akuluakulu () komanso pophunzira ndi achinyamata (), zomwe zimathandiza kuti zikhale zochepa m'magulu okalamba.

Mogwirizana ndi malingaliro achikulire omwe ndi ovuta kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, khalidwe lodyera kudya kapena kuledzera-monga kudya subtypes; ; ) ndi zomwe zimafukufuku ana ndi achinyamata (), zotsatira zamakono zimathandizira kuti chigawo cha ana ochepetseka komanso achinyamata akuwonetsa zokonda kwambiri ndi zolakalaka zambiri za zakudya zakutali kwambiri kuposa ana ena ocheperapo komanso achinyamata. Komabe, kafukufuku wamtsogolo angayankhenso funsoli momwe chakudya chimakhalira ndi kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri kungathe kufotokozedwa mu ana ocheperapo komanso achinyamata omwe ali ndi chilakolako chochepa cha kudya. Mwachitsanzo, zapezeka kuti ngakhale ana omwe ali ndi vuto lodya amasiyana ndi omwe alibe kusowa zakudya kuti asamadye chakudya choyenera, palibe kusiyana kwa chakudya chokwanira chomwe chinawonetsedwa (). Mofananamo, okalamba akuluakulu odwala matenda oledzeretsa amawonetsa mofulumira kudya zakudya komanso amathirapo supuni zazikulu kuposa omwe alibe matenda odyetsa mu laboratori, koma sizinali zosiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zowonongeka (). Choncho, zikuwoneka kuti ngakhale gulu la anthu ochepa kwambiri popanda kutaya mphamvu kapena kudya mowa mwauchidakwa kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochuluka, njira zomwe ziyenera kuzindikiridwa m'tsogolo.

Kuchokera kuzipeza izi, chithandizo chamenepa chamtsogolo chidzayenera kuvomereza kusiyana pakati pa ana omwe ali ocheperapo komanso achinyamata komanso kupanga njira zowatengera mogwirizana ndi miyambo ya munthu payekha m'malo mwa kugonana kwaokha (). Pa anthu akuluakulu, odwala omwe amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi chakudya chambiri kapena osadya mowa amasonyeza kupambana kwapamwamba kusiyana ndi pamene odwala odwala amachiritsidwa ngati gulu lofanana (). Poyerekeza ndi zochitika zopanda kuchitidwa, njira zodziŵika bwino zakhala zikuwonetseratu kuti zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zomwe zimakhalapo nthawi yayitali mu ubongo waunyamata komanso (). Zomwe zikuchitika posachedwapa kukulitsa kunenepa kwambiri kumayang'ana kuyesedwa kwa mayesero pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana monga mayesero kukana ndi kuyesedwa koyesa () kapena kuphatikizapo kuphunzitsa khalidwe kuti mudziwe mosavuta mayankho kapena kupewa zakudya zabwino (; ). Ngakhale njirazi zikuimira zida zodalirika zothandizira kunenepa kwambiri, zingakhale zogwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu ena ochepa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, omwe ali ndi zilakolako zamakono ndi zakudya zolipira), koma sangakhale ovuta kwa ena (mwachitsanzo, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera tsiku lililonse kudya zakudya zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowonongeka kawirikawiri ndi kudya mabing'i). Zotsatira zamakono zikuwonetseranso kufunikira kwa kuyesa koyambirira koletsa kunenepa kwambiri. Monga zokonda zakudya zimapangidwira kumayambiriro kwa moyo (), kukonzekera koyambirira kwa zakudya zathanzi kungathandize kuchepetsa kukonda ndi kulakalaka zakudya zopanda thanzi.

Kutsiliza

Zotsatira zamakono zimasonyeza kuti ana ocheperapo komanso achinyamata samapitirira kapena amawonetsa kukwera kwa zakudya zamakono. M'malo mwake, zikuwoneka kuti pali kagulu kakang'ono pakati pa ana ocheperapo ndi achinyamata, omwe amadziwika kawirikawiri ndi zolakalaka zakudya ndikuwonetsa zakudya zamakono kwambiri kuposa anthu ena ovuta kwambiri. Kusiyanitsa uku ngati ntchito ya chilakolako cha chakudya chinali chodziwika kwa anthu odzaza kwambiri omwe sichipezeka kwa anthu olemera kwambiri. Potsirizira pake, kusiyana kumeneku kunali kosavuta kuti mukhale ovomerezeka ndi kukonda kwambiri zakudya zakutali (koma osati kukonda kwambiri zakudya za calorie), kutanthauza njira yomwe ingathe kuwerengera chifukwa chake ana ocheperapo ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi chilakolako chokwanira chakudya choyenera amadya zakudya zamakono kwambiri poyerekeza ndi omwe ali ndi chilakolako chakudya chakuchepa.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Kukonzekera, kukonzekera, kukhazikitsa, kukonza, ndi kulemba: JH ndi JB. Kufufuza ndi kulemba: AM ndi JR. Kukonzekera, kulandira, ndi kulemba: DW ndi EA.

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Kuvomereza

JH imathandizidwa ndi thandizo la "Verein zur Förderung pädiatrischer Forschung und Fortbildung" ku Dipatimenti Yachipatala, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; DW imathandizidwa ndi European Commission (FP7 contract 279153, Beta-JUDO); JB imathandizidwa ndi European Research Council (ERC) pansi pa bungwe la European Union la Horizon 2020 ndi kafukufuku watsopano (ERC-StG-2014 639445 NewEat). Thandizo la ndalama pofalitsa nkhaniyi linaperekedwa ndi Open Access Publication Fund ya University of Salzburg.

Mawu a M'munsi

1Zithunzi zam'ndandanda wazithunzi: 4, 8, 18, 26, 62, 63, 70, 104, 110, 111, 117, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155 , 159, 168, 169, 170,171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 180, 183, 185, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 200, 202, 206, 208, 210, 224, 227, 237 , 241, 244, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 273, 281, 282.

2Dziwani kuti ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti alawe ndi chakudya chomwe adasankha ndipo, chifukwa chake, nambala ya zakudya zapamwamba ndi zotsika kwambiri zimadya nambala ya chakudya chokwanira komanso chochepa. Mofananamo, chiwerengero cha ziwerengero zosankhidwazo chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwerengero cha ma calories omwe amawonongedwa (r = 0.702, p <0.001).

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