Scientific Reports 5, Nambala ya Article: 10041 (2015)
onetsani: 10.1038 / srep10041
AbstrZakudya zozizwitsa zokometsera za mbatata zimapangitsa kuti zakudya zikhale ndi makoswe odyetserako libitum, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kayendedwe kabwino ka ubongo ndi maulendo ena. Pano, tikuwonetsa kuti chakudya chodyera makoswe satiated chimayambitsidwa ndi chiŵerengero chabwino cha mafuta / kagawodidirate. Monga makapu a mbatata, mafuta osakaniza / mafuta a kagawodi amachititsa ubongo wonse kuchita monga makoswe, zomwe zimakhudza madera ena monga mphotho / kulephera, koma chiwerengero cha malo osungunuka komanso kukula kwake kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi chakudya chokwanira.
Introduction
Chakudya cha Ad libitum chopatsa chakudya chokoma chingayambitse hedonic hyperphagia, mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu, ndipo chifukwa chake, kupindula kwa thupi kuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa khalidwe la kudya1. Pofuna kudyetsa kudya mopitirira malire, ziyenera kukhala zovuta kuti zitha kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za homeostatic mphamvu komanso zowonongeka kudzera njira zosiyana zowonetsera ndalama zopanda malipiro2. Monga tawonetsera kale, kudya zakudya zopanda chakudya chokwanira cha mbatata kumawongolera kwambiri ntchito mu mphotho ya mphotho mu makoswe a ad libitum. Kuwonjezera apo kumabweretsa zochitika zosiyana kwambiri ndi zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsa kudya, satiety, kugona, ndi ntchito3. Maphunziro a zikhalidwe amatsimikizira kuti ntchito yowonjezera mphamvu ndi zowonjezera zakudya zowonjezera zowonjezera pamene zida za mbatata zinalipo3. Ngakhale kuti nthenda ya neurobiological kayendetsedwe ka chakudya imakhala yovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi kayendedwe ka mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zina mwazidakwa za njira zokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo, ubongo wa ubongo, ndi zotsatira za makhalidwe akhala akukambirana4,5,6,7. Ozungulira ubongo amathandizidwa kwambiri ndi chakudya chotsatira pambuyo pa choletsedwa, komanso mwa kudya zakudya zokoma kwambiri makamaka8,9,10. Kawirikawiri, chakudya chokoma kwambiri ndi olemera kwambiri komanso / kapena mafuta olemera komanso / kapena chakudya. Choncho, zakhala zikudodometsedwa kuti mphamvu ya mphamvu ya chakudya ikhoza kukhala chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimayambitsa kudya kudya mopitirira malire chifukwa cha kulemera kwakukulu ndipo, potsirizira pake, kunenepa kwambiri11,12.
Kafukufuku wina wam'mbuyo posonyeza kuti mafuta ndi chakudya ndizo zikuluzikulu zazikulu za maselo ofooketsa zakudya zowonongeka.13. Kuwonjezera apo, mphamvu zokhudzana ndi zipsera za mbatata zimakhala (94%) zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mafuta ndi mazakudya. Choncho, tingaganize kuti mphamvu ya mphamvu ndi hedonic hyperphagia pankhani ya mbatata ya mbatata. Chifukwa chake, tinayesa mayesero opangira machitidwe kuti tifufuze kudya zakudya zosiyana siyana za mafuta / kagawodidi ndi kupanga maginito a masewero olimbitsa thupi (MRI) kuti afufuze kayendedwe ka ntchito zonse za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsa makoswe.
Zotsatira ndi zokambirana
Kwa mayesero apadera, chow chimbudzi (STD) chinaphatikizidwira ku chakudya chilichonse choyesera (1: 1) kuti asawononge mphamvu za organoleptic (Fanizo la 1a)13. Izo zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kale kuti dongosolo ndi nthawi ya zochitika za mayeso sizinakhudze zotsatira13. Poyamba, kudya kochepa kwawonjezeka ndi mafuta ochulukirapo, choncho, mphamvu zokhudzana ndi mayesero omwe ali ndi chiwerengero cha 35% mafuta ndi 45% mafuta. Koma mafuta apamwamba kwambiri, amachititsa kuchepetsa kudya (Fanizo la 1a). Chifukwa chakuti mafuta ali ndi mphamvu zoposa mphamvu zamagazi, zotsatilazi zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu zokhudzana ndi mphamvu sizomwe zimadalira chakudya chokha mu makoswe osaloledwa. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti chiŵerengero cha mafuta / mafuta m'thupi kwambiri cha zakudya zoyesera kwambiri zimakhala zofanana ndendende ndi mapepala a mbatata (Fanizo la 1a). Ikufunabe kuti ipendeke ngati chitsimikizo chapamwamba chingathe kupitsidwanso kwa zakudya zina zomwe zili ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha mafuta / kagawodidi monga chokoleti kapena zakudya zina zozizwitsa.
Chithunzi cha 1: (a) Ntchito ya mayeso oyeza ndi mafuta osiyana / ma carbohydrates ratile kuti adye chakudya choonjezera pa nthawi yochepa yowonjezera chakudya (10 maminiti) mu mayesero awiri omwe amasankha.
Kusiyanitsa kwa mphamvu ya mphamvu pa chakudya choyesa poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero (17.5% mafuta, 32.5% mafuta ndi 50% STD) amawonetsedwa ngati chakudya chophatikiza cha chakudya choyesa choyenera ku chakudya choyambirira cha chakudya ndi zakudya (kutanthauza ± SD). Pansipa, zomwe zimayesedwa zakudya zimayesedwa ndipo maonekedwe okongola kwambiri amafaniziridwa ndi mapepala a mbatata. (b) Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi komanso ntchito yothandizira okhudzana ndi kudyetsa chakudya panthawi ya masiku a 7 kuyesetseratu kuyesa chakudya. Zinthu ziwirizi zikuwonetsedwa pakudalira kwawo zakudya zoyesedwa [standard chow (STD) kapena osakaniza 35% mafuta ndi 65% chakudya (FCH)] mgawo la maphunziro (TP) ndi gawo la manganese (MnP) nthawi ya 12 / 12 h kuwala / mdima kozungulira masiku 7. Zambiri zikuwonetsa ± SD ya nyama 16 m'makola anayi pamasiku 4 otsatizana. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwerengero zofanana zalembedwa (** p <7, *** p <0.01, ns = not important).
Posachedwapa tawonetsa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito makapu a mbatata mu makoswe a ad libitum amachititsa kuti ntchito yonse ya ubongo iwononge makamaka dera la mphoto ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi kudya, kugona, ndi ntchito3. Choncho, kafukufukuyu akufufuza momwe chiwerengero cha mafuta / makhakudya m'thupi mwake chikuyendera. Chifukwa chaichi, makoswe a ad libitum adayesedwa ku chakudya choyesa chomwe chili ndi 35% mafuta ndi 65% Zakudya (FCH) monga pafupifupi isocaloric (565 vs. 535 kcal / 100 g) chitsanzo cha zipsera za mbatata. Gulu lolamulira linalandira matenda opatsirana pogonana m'malo mwake. Pambuyo pake, kusintha kwa ubongo wonse kumagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi ya kudyetsa kunalembedwa ndi mafano a manganese opangidwa ndi magnetic resonance (MEMRI)14,15 monga momwe tafotokozera kale3. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wowonetsedwa Fanizo la 1b, ntchito yophunzitsira (TP) yopereka mayeso a ad libitum inatsatiridwa ndi gawo limodzi lopanda chiyeso (masiku asanu ndi awiri). Pambuyo pa kuchuluka kwa MEMRI, mankhwala osiyana siyana a manganese chloride ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapepala a osmotic omwe amawongolera mwachindunji kuti apange mapu okhudza ubongo m'masiku asanu ndi awiri otsatirawa. Pa nthawiyi ya manganese (MnP), makoswewo adabwezeretsanso mwayi wawo wokayezetsa chakudya. Mtedza wa pulasitiki wamtundu ndi madzi a pompu analipo ad adbitum mu phunziro lonse (Fanizo la 1b). Kupanga kuyesera kumeneku kunkayerekeza kupatsidwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu zonse za ubongo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu awiriwa ndipo zinapangitsa kuti mphamvu zapamwamba zitheke mu gulu la FCH pa TP ndi MnP mu kuwala komanso mumdima wa tsiku poyerekeza ndi kulamulira (Fanizo la 1b). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ntchito yokonza makoswe amodzi pafupi ndi ogulitsa chakudya anali kuwerengedwa. Mosiyana ndi mayesero ena, monga kuyesa kwapadera kuyesa ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito komanso nkhawa, ntchito yothandizira odyetserako zodyera, zomwe zafotokozedwa mu phunziro lino, zimangosonyeza khalidwe lofunafuna chakudya. Zochita zogwiritsira ntchito zokhudzana ndi kudya, komabe, zinali zokwera kwambiri pamene FCH inalipo m'malo mwa matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya woipa (TP (XV) ✔ 205 ± 46, FCH 230 ± 41, n = 4, p = 0.0633 ) ndi MnP (zovuta zothandiza ntchito [ziwerengero] STD 155 ± 24, FCH 164 ± 17, n = 4, p = 0.2123) (Fanizo la 1b). Mosiyana ndi izi, mwayi wa mbatata wa mbatata unatsogolera ntchito yowonjezera yowonjezera zakudya zamagulu poyerekezera ndi gulu lomweli la odwala matenda a STD mu mdima wamdima3, yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri mu TP (kutanthauza ntchito yonyamula anthu [kuwerengetsa] STD 205 ± 46, tchipisi ta mbatata 290 ± 52, n = 4, p <0.001) komanso ku MnP (kutanthauza ntchito yonyamula [kuwerengera] STD 155 ± 24, tchipisi ta mbatata 197 ± 29, n = 4, p = 0.0011). Chifukwa chake, titha kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa mafuta / zimam'patsa mphamvu zimatsimikizira kusasunthika kwa tchipisi ta mbatata, komanso kuti machitidwe odyetsa amakhudzidwanso ndi zina mwazakudya zosamwa. Zimangokhala zongopeka, komabe, ngati kusiyana kumeneku kumakhudzana ndi "kufuna" - komanso "kukonda" mbali zakudya16.
Ntchito yonse ya ubongo ya MEMRI inafotokozera kusiyana kwakukulu pa kuyambitsa malo a ubongo mwa kudya kwa FCH poyerekeza ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana (Fanizo la 2a, b, Chith. 3, ndime yoyamba, Gulu 1). Zotsatira zamakono zikufaniziridwa ndi kufufuza kwa MEMRI koyambirira kwa kayendedwe kake ka ubongo pamene kudya kwa mbatata ndi ma ARV pazimenezo3. Deta yakale idalembedwa m'ndandanda yachiwiri ya Nkhuyu. 2 ndi 3. Ngakhale kuti FCH inali ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha mafuta / kagawodidi ndi pafupifupi mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu poyerekeza ndi zipsera za mbatata, FCH inagwiritsira ntchito nambala yaing'ono kwambiri (33) m'madera a ubongo mosiyana kwambiri ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana kuposa mazira a mbatata (madera a 78, Chith. 2). Zotsatira zinawoneka m'magulu ogwira ntchito okhudzana ndi malipiro ndi zowonongeka (Fanizo la 3a), kudya chakudya (Fanizo la 3b), kugona (Fanizo la 3c), ndi ntchito yokonza (Fanizo la 3d). Chithunzi 2b amasonyeza mwachidule zosiyana siyana zomwe zimayikidwa m'maganizo poyerekeza zotsatira za FCH ndi zipsera za mbatata, motero, ndi za matenda opatsirana pogonana. Kuwonjezera apo, kusintha kochepa kwa chiwonetsero, mwachitsanzo, kupangika kwa manganese kukuwonetseratu ntchito zosiyana siyana, kumasiyana mosiyana ndi momwe FCH imatsutsana ndi STD poyerekeza ndi zipsera za mbatata ndi STD (Chith. 3, ndime yachitatu). Nucleus accumbens imaonedwa kuti ndilo maziko a mphoto17. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa FCH kunapangitsa kuti 7.8 yowonjezeredwa kuwonjezeka mu chimodzi mwa zigawo zinayi, gawo loyambira lakumanzere kwa dziko lapansi. Kuwonjezeka kwa zigawo za zipolopolo komanso zigawo zazikuluzikulu za malo okongola sizinali zofunikira (Fanizo la 3a). Kudya kwa zipsera za mbatata pansi pazinthu zofanana kunapangitsanso kuti ntchito yowonjezereka ikhale yodalirika kwambiri kumbali yakumanzere ya chigawo chachikulu cha nucleus accumbens. Poyerekeza ndi FCH, komabe, chiyero choyikirapo pamalowachi chinali chapamwamba kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi FCH, zigawo zina zitatuzo zinayambitsidwa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kulamulira (Fanizo la 3a). Motero, tingathe kumaliza kuti FCH ikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono mu ubongo, koma ndi zotsatira zochepa kuposa mbatata za mbatata. Izi zikuwonetsedwanso ndi zina mwa mphotho / zowonjezera, zomwe zinayambitsidwa kwambiri ndi kudya kwa mbatata ndi FCH, monga bedi la stria terminalis (kumanzere kwa dziko lapansi)17,18, dorsal subiculum19, kapena prelimbic cortex (kumanja komwe kumanja ndi kumanzere)20. Ziwalo zina za ubongo, mosiyana, sizinakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi kudya kwa FCH, ngakhale kuti ndizofunika kwambiri m'zigawo za mphotho ndipo zinkakonzedwa bwino ndi kudya kwa mbatata, monga ventral pallidum, dera la ventral, kapena caudate putamen (Gulu 1)3.
Chithunzi cha 2: (a) Malo opangidwa ndi ubongo osiyana kwambiri (osakaniza a 35% mafuta / 65% Zakudya zamadzimadzi (FCH) motsutsana ndi chow (STD) ndi mazira a mbatata vs. STD3) pogwiritsa ntchito voxel-based based morphometric analysis yomwe inafotokozedwa mu magawo atatu omwe amawonetsedwa pavuni ubongo pamwamba.
Maina okhudzana ndi mafuta a mafuta / mavitamini (FCH, mbali yotsalira) amafananitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka ubongo kamene kamapangidwa ndi zipsera za mbatata pansi pa zofanana (zofotokozedwa kuchokera ku Hoch et al. 20133, pomwepo). (b) Kugawidwa kwa 3D kosiyana kwambiri kuwonetseratu malo okhudza ubongo omwe amawonetsedwa mu axial ndi sagittal (35% mafuta / 65% mayesero a ma carbohydrate chakudya FCH vs. STD, chithunzi chamanzere, ndi mbatata ya mbatata vs. STD, mbali yoyanja, yowonongedwa kuchokera ku Hoch et al. 20133). Magulu a buluu amaimira malo a ubongo ndi m'munsi, m'magazi ofiira ubongo ndi ntchito yayikulu pambuyo pa kudya kwa FCH kapena mazira a mbatata3, aliyense amayerekeza ndi STD. Kukula kwa maguluwo kukuimira miyeso yofunika (yaying'ono: p ≤ 0.05, sing'anga: p ≤ 0.01, yayikulu: p ≤ 0.001, n = 16).
Chithunzi 3: Madera aubongo omwe amapatsidwa magulu omwe agwira ntchito (a) "mphotho ndi chizolowezi", (b) "kudya chakudya", (c) "kugona", ndi (d) "zoyeserera zoyendetsa" pamalingaliro amakono amphaka ubongo wokhala wosiyana kwambiri (p <0.05) manganese amadzikundikira m'makina amtundu wa ad libitum odyetsa makoswe omwe ali ndi mwayi wowonjezera 35% wamafuta / 65% chakudya choyesa chakudya (FCH, gawo loyamba) kapena tchipisi tazakudya tosadyera (zowunikidwa kuchokera ku Hoch Et al. 20133, ndime yachiwiri).
Makona ofiira amaimira zigawo zamaubongo zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi tchipisi todyera kapena FCH, zonse ziwiri motsutsana ndi ufa wow (STD), mabuluu amtambo am'magawo am'magazi omwe amakhala ndi zochitika zapamwamba chifukwa chodya ufa wa STD vs. tchipisi tazakudya kapena FCH. Makona atatu ophatikizidwa pamakona akumbuyo kumanzere ndi / kapena kumanja akuwonetsa gawo lazosiyana kwambiri. Ma Rectangles opanda ma triangles amayimira mawonekedwe apakati aubongo. Gawo lachitatu likuwonetsa kusintha kwakanthawi kwa chakudya chokwanira ndi FCH, motsatana, motsutsana ndi STD (*** p <0.001, ** p <0.01, * p <0.05, n = 16). Acb pachimake: chigawo chapakati cha ma nucleus accumbens; Chipolopolo cha Acb: chigawo cha nkhono cha nucleus accumbens, Arc: arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, BNST: bed bed of stria terminalis, CgCx: cingate cortex, CPu: caudate putamen (stratium), DS: dorsal subiculum, Gi: gigantocellular nucleus, GPV: ventral pallidum, HyDM: dorsomedial hypothalamus, HyL: lateral hypothalamus, IlCx: infralimbic cortex, InsCx: insular cortex, IP: interpeduncular nucleus, LPBN: lateral parabrachial nucleus, LPGi: lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, LRt: lateral reticular nucleus, MCx1: primary , MCx2: secondary motor cortex, OrbCx: orbital cortex, PCRt: parvicellular reticular nucleus, PnO: pontine reticular nucleus oral, PrlCx: prelimbic cortex, PTA: pretectal area, PVN: paraventricular thalamic nucleus anterior, Raphe: raphe nucleus, Septum: septum , Sol: gawo lokhalo, Teg: tegmental nuclei, thMD: mediodorsal thalamic, VS: ventral subiculum, VTA: ventral tegmental area, ZI: zona incerta.
Pulogalamu 1: Z-Zambiri zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimayikidwa m'maganizo poyerekeza ndi makoswe ndi kupeza chow chokha basi kapena mafuta osakaniza ndi zakudya ndi ma p-values of t-statistics, n = 16.
Zomwezo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza kayendedwe ka ubongo komwe kamakhudzana ndi kudya. Mwachitsanzo, dorsomedial hypothalamus, septum komanso chithunzithunzi cha thalamic, chomwe chinayambidwa panthawi ya FCH ndi chiwindi cha mbatata, chingagwirizanitsidwe ndi kulamulira chakudya21,22. Koma kachiwiri, FCH inalephera kupanga mitundu ina ya maulendo osakaniza, omwe analetsedwa ndi zipsera za mbatata, monga phokoso la hypothalamic or arbitate. Kuonjezera apo, mphamvu yowonjezera inali yochepa ndi FCH kusiyana ndi mbatata za mbatata, zomwe zinkasonyezedwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi kupangira kwa 2.3 kwambiri pamwamba pa thalamic nucleus anterior (Fanizo la 3b). Deta iyi imasonyeza kuti FCH ikuyendetsa malo a ubongo okhudzana ndi zakudya zomwe zimadya mosiyana ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana, zotsatira zomwe zingasonyezedwe ndi mphamvu yapamwamba yopatsidwa kudzera mwa FCH (Fanizo la 1b).
Kudya kwa FCH kunapangitsanso kuti asokoneze kwambiri ubongo umene umagwiridwa ndi kugona. Mbali zina za ubongo zinkangowonongeka ndi FCH monga momwe zona incerta (Fanizo la 3c), pamene mbali zina zinkangowonongeka ndi zipsu za mbatata, monga tegmental nuclei. Ngakhale mipando 8 yokhala ndi tulo idasindikizidwa ndi FCH ndi khumi ndi limodzi ndi mbatata ya mbatata, zotsatira za zakudya zonse zoyesedwa zikuwoneka ngati zili zofanana. Chifukwa chotsatira ichi sichinali kuyembekezera, nthawi ya tulo siinayesedwe mu phunziro lino kuti sichidziwike, ngati machitidwe a FCH omwe amachititsa maulendo ogona akugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe lakugona.
Zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsa ntchito zogwirira ntchito komanso kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kawo sizinakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi kudya kwa FCH poyerekeza ndi STD (Fanizo la 3d, ndime yoyamba). Izi ndizofanana ndi zochitika zomwe FCH inachita pokhapokha pokhapokha, koma osakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira chokhudzana ndi chakudya choyerekeza ndi STD (Fanizo la 1b). Mosiyana ndi izo, zinasonyezedwa kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa zida za magalimoto mu ubongo wa makoswe ndi kupeza ma chipsiti a mbatata kunkaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito yowonjezera yogwira ntchito yodyetsa zakudya3.
Sichidziwike bwino ngati chithunzi chowonekera chikugwirizana ndi hedonic hyperphagia. Mosiyana ndi kudya kwa homeostatic, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya thupi, chakudya cha hedonic chimayanjanitsidwa ndi mphotho yopangidwa ndi zakudya zina23. Popeza hedonic chakudya kudya si kwambiri ogwirizana ndi mphamvu zosowa, nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa hyperphagia. Zithunzi zapangidwa kuti zifotokoze za neural correlates ya hedonic hyperphagia. Mwachitsanzo, Berthoud imasonyeza kuti chakudya cha homeostatic chokwanira chikugwirizanitsidwa ndi maulendo okhudza leptin omwe amaphatikizapo makamaka phokoso lokhazika mtima pansi ndi phokoso la tsamba lokhalokhalokha, komanso zimakhala ndi malo ena osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo hypothalamic sites, monga tsamba lozungulira kapena nucleus accumbens23,24. Malamulo awa a homeostatic of food intake angadabwe ndi zizindikiro zowonjezera monga zigawo zofuna ndi zofuna25. Kukonda chakudya kunkagwirizana ndi chizindikiro cha opioid mu nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, mutu wa parabrachial ndi chigawo cha tsamba lokhalokhalokha24, pamene kufunafuna chakudya chinali chogwirizana ndi dongosolo la dopamine m'dera la ventral tegmental, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, ndi hypothalamus. Kenny anaonjezeranso kuwonjezera kwa zopereka za cortex, zomwe zimayenera kusunga chidziwitso pa zakudya za hedonic komanso zingakhale zogwirizana ndi chikhumbo10. Mosiyana ndi machitidwe a ubongo omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi chipatso cha chipatso cha mbatata, ndizingapo chabe zomwe zikugwirizana ndi hedonic hyperphagia zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kudya kwa FCH. Choncho, kuyesayesa kwowonjezera kwa chikhalidwe kumafunikira kufufuza ngati zofuna za FCH zilidi limodzi ndi hyperphagia.
Mpaka pano, sizikudziwika kuti zigawo za maselo a mbatata zimayambitsa mphamvu za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa. Popeza mankhwala amchere, koma osagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda flavor enhancer Kuwonjezeranso kunagwiritsidwa ntchito, mchere, kukoma, ndi mapuloteni ochepa analipo pambali pa zigawo zikuluzikulu mafuta ndi chakudya. Komanso, kusintha kwa maselo komwe kumachitika pakukonzekera kumafunika kuganiziridwa. Izo zinasonyezedwa kale kuti kukoma kwa mchere kunapangitsa kufotokoza kwa Fos mu nucleus kukusungunuka kwa makoswe amchere osowa. Kudyetsa mchere mu nyama zomwe sizinathetse, mosiyana, sizinapangitse kuti ntchitoyi ipangidwe26. Komanso, zafotokozedwa kuti kudya kwa mchere mu chakudya cholimba m'malo mwake kunapangitsa kuti makoswe asokonezeke27. Choncho, sizikuwoneka kuti mchere unali mchitidwe waukulu wa ubongo m'mayesero. Zomwe kale zinayambitsa mayeso awiri omwe angasankhidwe angapitirize kufufuzira zotsatira za zida zina za mbatata pa chakudya.
Timatsimikiza kuchokera ku deta yathu ya chikhalidwe kuti chiŵerengero cha mafuta ndi chakudya, koma osati mphamvu yeniyeni ya mphamvu, ndicho chodziwitsa chachikulu cha kuyanjanitsa ndi kudya chakudya chokwanira pamakono ochepa omwe amasankhidwa ndi makoswe. Kuwonjezera apo, kudya kwa FCH osakaniza, omwe ali pafupi ndi isocaloric kwa mbatata ya mbatata, kunachititsa kuti mphamvu zowonjezera zimatengedwe mu makoswe odyetserako zibit, zomwe zinaphatikizidwa ndi kuwonetseratu kwakukulu kwa ziwalo za ubongo zokhudzana ndi mphotho, kudya, ndi kugona. Kudya kwa zipsera za mbatata pansi pa zofananazo kunayambitsa chiwerengero chachikulu cha zochitika za ubongo m'madera awa komanso kusintha kwakukulu kochepa poyerekeza ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana. Choncho, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoganizira zithunzi, tingathe kuona kuti mphamvu yamphamvu yapamwamba yokha ndiyo yokhayokha yomwe imapatsa chakudya chokoma. Ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero cha mafuta ndi chakudya cha mbatata za mbatata chimawoneka chokongola kwambiri, chikhoza kusokonezedwa kuti zina zimagulu timene timakhala mu chakudya chokwanira, chomwe chimapangitsa ntchito ya maulendo a ubongo, makamaka mphotho ya mphotho, komanso yowonjezera chakudya kufuna khalidwe.
Njira
Ndondomeko ya malamulo
Phunziroli linayendetsedwa molingana ndi ndondomeko za Guide ya Kusamalira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zanyama Zanyama za National Institutes of Health. Pulogalamuyo inavomerezedwa ndi Komiti Yoyang'anira Zomwe Zanyama Zayesa Zakale za Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (Regierung Mittelfranken, Nambala ya Chilolezo: 54-2532.1-28 / 12).
Kuyesa kukonda
Mayesero oyendetsa ankachitidwa monga momwe anafotokozera katatu patsiku panthawi ya kuwala kwa maminiti a 10 omwe ali ndi ziwerengero za 20-36 pa chiyeso chilichonse pa mayeso omwe ali ndi chakudya13. Pulogalamuyi imapereka ndondomeko yokwanira yowunika chakudya chomwe chimakonda. Ziyesozo zinkachitidwa ndi 8 mamuna a Wistar makoswe (2 cages ndi nyama 4 aliyense, 571 ± 41 g, anagulidwa kuchokera Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany) ndipo anabweretsanso ndi 10 amuna Sprague Dawley makoswe (2 cages ndi 5 nyama iliyonse, 543 zolemera poyamba ± 71 g, ogulidwa kuchokera ku Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany), yomwe idaphunzitsidwa kuyesa. Motero, chiwerengero cha zinyama zomwe zinachita mayesero onse ndi 18 ndi chiwerengero cha osayenera 4 (zolemba zinayi zomwe zimayambira). Mayesero aliwonse anabwerezedwa nthawi 5-6 ndi gulu lililonse la zinyama. Mphungu zonse zinasungidwa mu 12 / 12 h mdima / kuwala. Mafupawa anali ndi mavitamini a chow (Altromin 1324, Lage, Germany, 4 g / 100 g mafuta (F), 52.5 g / 100 g chakudya (CH), 19 g / 100 g mapuloteni (P)) kuwonjezera pa zakudya zoyezetsa ndikupaka madzi ad libitum mu phunziro lonse. Zakudya zoyesa zosiyana ndi F (mafuta a mpendadzuwa, ogulitsidwa ku supermarket) ndi CH (maltodextrin, dextrin 15 kuchokera ku starch ya chimanga, Fluka, Germany), kuphatikizapo 50% STD yamagazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufanizitsa ntchito zomwe zimapangitsa kuti adye chakudya . Matenda opatsirana pogonana anawonjezeredwa kuti achepetse mphamvu zamaganizo komanso zovuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Monga chakudya choyambirira cha mayesero onse oyendetsa khalidwe, osakaniza za 50% STD, 17.5% F, ndi 32.5% CH amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri a F / CH monga 50% mbatata ya chiwindi mu STD ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo cha 50% mbatata ya mbatata mu STD kale13. Kuwonjezera apo, timayesedwa zakudya zopangidwa ndi 50% STD yophatikizapo ndi zina zowonjezera za F ndi CH (% F /% CH): 5 / 45, 10 / 40, 17.5 / 32.5, 25 / 25, 30 / 20, 35 / 15, 40 / 10, 45 / 5, ndi 50 / 0. Poganizira zochitika za 50% STD, chakudya chofotokozera chili chonse (% F /% CH) 20 / 59, zakudya zina zoyeza 7 / 71, 12 / 66, 20 / 59, 27 / 51, 32 / 46, 37 / 41, 42 / 36, 47 / 31, ndi 52 / 26. Zomwe zili m'zigawo zina zonse za matenda opatsirana pogonana monga mapuloteni (9%), mafinya (3%), kapena mchere (phulusa, 3.5%) amakhala nthawi zonse mu zakudya zonse zoyesedwa.
Mphamvu zowonjezera zimadalira chakudya choyesa choyesa chinawerengedwa ndi kuchulukitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya choyesedwa ndi mphamvu zake. Ndalama yowonjezerapo ya chakudya chimodzi choyesa kuti chiwerengero cha chakudya choyesa ndi cholembedwera chinawerengedwa pogawaniza kuchuluka kwa chakudya choyesa choyenera ndi chakudya choyambirira cha chakudya ndi zolemba.
Kujambula kwa chidziwitso cha khalidwe la kudya ndi mphamvu zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zakudya
Dongosolo la khalidwe linalembedwa monga momwe tafotokozera kale3. Mwachidule, kuyesa kudya chakudya kunayesedwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo kudya kwa mphamvu kunkawerengedwa ndi kuchulukitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya choyesedwa ndi mphamvu zomwe zili ndi mphamvu. Ntchito yothandizira ogwira ntchito yodyetsa idasindikizidwa kudzera pazithunzi zamakanema zomwe zinatengedwa masekondi onse a 10 kuchokera pamwamba pa khola. Chiwerengero chimodzi chinatanthauzidwa kuti "ntchito imodzi yokhala ndi makoswe pafupi ndi chakudya chimodzi". Kuwerengera kafukufuku wa ophunzira (awiri-tailed) ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito mtengo wamtengo wapatali (ntchito yowonjezera mphamvu kapena zogwiritsira ntchito zokhudzana ndi kudya) patsiku la 7 (TP kapena MnP) pa khola (n = 4 cages, ndi makoswe a 16 okwanira gulu lililonse).
Kujambula kwa ntchito zonse za ubongo kumachitidwa ndi MEMRI
Amphaka a Wistar (kulemera koyamba 261 ± 19 g, ogulidwa kuchokera ku Charles River, Sulzfeld, ku Germany) anakhala mu 12 / 12 h mdima / kuwala kwake mwagawikana wapatulidwa m'magulu awiri. Magulu onsewa anali ndi libitum yowonjezereka pazitsulo zamakono (Altromin 1324, Altromin, Lage, Germany) pa maphunziro onse.
Gulu limodzi (n = 16, XMUMX ± 256 g) kulemera kwa thupi koyamba (Altromin 21) ndi gulu lina (n = 1321, 16 ± 266 g) linalandira chisakanizo cha 16% F (mafuta a mpendadzuwa, kugula ku supermarket yapafupi) ndi 35% CH (maltodextrin, dextrin 65 kuchokera ku starch ya chimanga, Fluka, Taufkirchen, Germany) kuwonjezera pa zida za chow pellets. Phunziroli lidayendetsedwa mofanana ndi phunziro lofalitsidwa kale pa zipsera za mbatata3, kotero kuti gulu lomwelo likhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pololeza kufanana kwakukulu kwa ma data.
MEMRI (pa 4.7 T Bruker MRI pogwiritsira ntchito kusintha koyendetsedwa bwino kwa Fourier kusintha (MDEFT) mndandanda) idagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mapulogalamu a ubongo ndi chisankho chabwino cha 109 × 109 × 440 μm (kuti mudziwe zambiri pa Hoch et al. 20133). Chifukwa chakuti mphamvu ya MEMRI imakhala yochepa poyerekezera ndi mayesero omwe amakonda, zakudya zoyesera zimaperekedwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Zolembazo zimafuna kuti zikhale zochepa kwambiri za mtundu wa manganese umene ungakhale woopsa kwambiri, umene umafikira ubongo patangopita maola angapo atatha kuchitapo kanthu. Pofuna kupewa zotsatira zoipa pa thupi ndi khalidwe la nyama chifukwa cha jekeseni wa manganese chloride yankho pa mlingo woyenera MEMRI mlingo, mapampu osmotic amatumizira kuti akhale ofatsa, koma m'malo mogwiritsira ntchito nthawi yambiri ya mankhwala osakaniza a manganese , zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera okhudza ubongo nthawi yonse ya tsiku la 7-yesewero la chakudya28. Kupanga maphunzilo, kukonzekera mapampu a osmotic, magawo a miyeso ya MRI, kusinthidwa kwa data komanso kulemba chakudya chokwanira komanso zakudya zogwiritsira ntchito zodyetsa zakhala zikufotokozedwa kale3. Makhalidwe oyambirira a MRI a ubongo wagawo pa chiweto analembetsedwa ndi kayendedwe ka ntchito kosalembetsa3. Malingana ndi ma detawa omwe analembedwera kafukufuku wa voxel-based morphometric anachitidwa ndipo zotsatira za chiwerengerocho zinawonetsedwa. Z-Score zochokera kwa Ophunzira zomwe adazifufuza zinayesedwa kuti azindikire kusiyana kwakukulu muchitetezo cha ubongo. Kuwonetseratu kwa 3D ya kugawidwa kwazithunzi zosiyana kwambiri za ubongo, tinayimilira dongosolo la ubongo uliwonse ngati malo pamphamvu yokoka. Zogwirizanitsazo zinachokera ku ma atlas a 3D digital brain. Chigawo cha dera lililonse chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kulemba mlingo wake wofunikira komanso zizindikiro zazithunzi zochepa zomwe zimachitika kusiyana ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana.
Zina Zowonjezera
Mmene mungatchulire nkhaniyi: Hoch, T. et al. Chiwerengero cha mafuta / zimagawidwe koma osati mphamvu zamphamvu zimapanga chakudya chokwanira chakumwa ndipo chimayambitsa madera a mphotho. Sci. Rep. 5, 10041; yani: 10.1038 / srep10041 (2015).
Zothandizira
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o
Zothokoza
Phunziroli ndi gawo la Project Neurotrition, yomwe imathandizidwa ndi FAU Emerging Fields Initiative. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, tikuthokoza Christine Meissner chifukwa chowerenga zolembazo.
Zambiri za wolemba
Kugwirizana
1. Food Chemistry Unit, Dipatimenti ya Chemistry ndi Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
o Tobias Hoch
o & Monika Pischetsrieder
2. Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology ndi Toxicology, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
o Silke Kreitz
o & Andreas Hess
3. Fakerich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
Simone Kulimbana
4. Sukulu ya Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
Simone Kulimbana
Zopereka
Zomwe zinayesedwa ndikupanga zoyesera: THMPAH Anachita zozama: THAH Anasanthula deta: THSKSGAH Anatanthauzira deta THMPAH Anapereka zida zowonjezera / zipangizo / zofufuzira: AHMP Analemba pepala: THMPAH
Zosangalatsa zovuta
Olembawo salengeza kuti palibe mpikisano wa ndalama.
Wolemba wofanana
Kulemba kwa Monika Pischetsrieder.