Front Nutr. 2016; 3: 6.
Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2016 Feb 15. do: 10.3389 / Phnut.2016.00006
PMCID: PMC4753312
Introduction
Ndi vuto lonse la kunenepa kwambiri padziko lonse limene likupitirizabe kuthana ndi vutoli, kufunafuna njira zothetsera vutoli kwakula. Kukambilana za chilengedwe ndi kulera ndi biology motsutsana ndi maganizo afikira kukulengeza kunenepa kwambiri ngati matenda ndi mabungwe ena azachipatala. Zomwe zimayambitsa zachilengedwe ndi maonekedwe a chibadwa, osati udindo waumwini ndizolakwa, monga matenda ena aliwonse. Lingaliro limeneli limatanthawuza kuti njira zamoyo zomwe zimayendera kulemera kwa thupi zimagwira ntchito kumalo opanda chidziwitso. Ngakhale kuti izi zakhala zikuvomerezedwa kale kuntchito yomwe imatchedwa homeostatic mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu, sizowoneka bwino kwa ma hedonic controls. Pano, tikuyang'ana mozama funso lofunika kwambiri momwe zitsanzo zamakono zimathandizira kumvetsetsa zopereka za hedonic neural njira ya kulemera kwa thupi. Poyang'ana pa mfundo za mphotho, kulimbikitsa, kukhutira, zosangalatsa, ndi njira zawo zachinyengo, pankhani ya kudya ndi kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi, maganizo atsopano amasonyeza kuti homeostatic ndi hedonic ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana mogwirizana kukwaniritsa zokhudzana ndi biologically adaptive. Ngakhale kukambirana kwa mfundo yolemetsa ya thupi kunanyalanyazidwa m'zaka zaposachedwapa, nkhaniyi ikukhudzidwa kwambiri ngati mbali yofunika kwambiri yothandizira kuti munthu akhale wonenepa kwambiri.
Njira za Hedonic Zikugonjetseratu Kutha Kwachangu Kwambiri
Pamene kulemera kwa thupi kwa nyama ndi anthu kumasokonezeka ndi nthawi zina zomwe zimakhala zochepa kapena zowonongeka, zimangobwereranso kuntchito zowonongeka zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu ndi mphamvu zamagetsi (1, 2). Magulu oyendetsa magetsi omwe amatsatira lamuloli akhala akudziwika kale (3) ndipo anali oyeretsedwa kwambiri, makamaka pa zaka zapitazi za 20 pakutha kwa kupezeka kwa leptin. Mwachidule, anthu awiri omwe amadziwika kuti ndi neural m'kati mwa mediobasal hypothalamus amachita monga magetsi amphamvu komanso amayendera magetsi oyang'anira magetsi omwe amachititsa mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu ndi mphamvu zowonongeka, onani Ref. (4-7)].
Komabe, ngakhale ambiri amavomereza ndi malamulo ofunika kwambiri a homeostatic, pakhala kukambirana kwakukulu ponena za mlingo weniweni wa kulemera kwa thupi ndi njira zomwe zilipo (8-13). Mwachidziwikiratu, palibe malo omwe amaika kuti thupi lawo likhale lolemera bwanji. M'malo mwake, zimasintha, malingana ndi zochitika zonse za mkati ndi kunja, kuphatikizapo ma genetic ndi epigenetic, kupezeka kwa chakudya, zakudya zowonjezera, ndi zina zachilengedwe (10). Izi zikuwonetsedwera bwino ndi zizindikiro zosiyana siyana zomwe zimatetezedwa ndi anthu omwe amawotcha (14).
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo cha thupi lokha ndilo chakudya cha hedonics, makamaka kusintha kwa kulemera kwake kwa thupi ndi zakudya zowonongeka, zowonjezera kalori (Chithunzi (Figure1A) .1A). Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kusintha kumeneku kwa kulemera kwa thupi ndiko chakudya chodyera-chomwe chimapangitsa kuti phokoso ndi mbewa zisawonongeke (15). Ngakhale akuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa zakudya zowonjezereka, zakudya zowonjezera mphamvu zokhudzana ndi mphamvu zowonjezera kwambiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kutsimikizira, chifukwa cha zovuta kuti zithetse mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zachilengedwe kwa anthu pa nthawi yochulukirapo nthawi monga momwe zingathere mu zitsanzo za zinyama. Lingaliro lomwe anthu ambiri amavomereza ndiloti m'magulu ndi / kapena epigenetically omwe amapezeka, anthu omwe amawoneka kuti ali ndi chakudya chokwanira, amatha kukhazikitsa malo atsopano olemera kwambiri omwe amatsutsana ndi kukakamizidwa kumangokhalira kusala kudya komanso kuwonjezereka ngati anthu omwe ali olemera (11). Choncho, chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mukumvetsetsa kayendedwe ka kulemera kwa thupi ndifotokozera ubongo wa kusinthaku kwa kulemera kwa thupi. Kodi njira zamagetsi zomwe zimalola kupezeka ndi kuchepa kwa zakudya zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera kunyumbaostost? Kumvetsetsa njirazi kungapangitse kuti pakhale njira zina zothandizira mankhwala kapena khalidwe labwino polimbana ndi kunenepa kwambiri.
Hedonic Processing ndi mbali yovomerezeka ya Homeostatic Control System
Maganizo akuti hedonic ndi homeostatic maulendo oyendayenda sizinthu zosiyana koma ndi mbali imodzi ya dongosolo lomwe likuyendetsa bwino lomwe likukula mofulumira. Izi zimachokera ku umboni wodalirika wa malo okhudza ubongo ndi zizindikiro zamagulu, ndi hypothalamus ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka komanso zidziwitso zawo zamaganizo (maganizo) (Figure11B).
Kusintha kwapansi kwa Maulendo a Kuzindikiritsa ndi Kulimbikitsidwa ndi Zizindikiro Zophatikiza Zomwe Zilipo Padzikoli
Kutsimikizika pansi-pansi kwa hedonic ndi chidziwitso njira ndi zizindikiro zamkati sizatsopano zowunikira. Chifukwa chofunika kwambiri kuti zakudya zamoyo zikhale ndi moyo, ndizofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsera njala ndikubwerera kumayambiriro kwa chisinthiko cha dongosolo la mitsempha. Mwapadera, dziko la njala likudziwika ndi kuwonjezereka kolimbikitsidwa kupatsidwa (njira yomwe cholinga cha cholinga monga chakudya chikufunikiranso kwambiri ndipo chimafunidwa - maginito a khalidwe), chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadzidzidzi ndi ntchito yowonjezereka ya masolimbic dopamine system (16-18). Chomwe chiri chatsopano, ndi ena mwa amithenga ndi njira za neural zomwe zikuwonetsedwa kuti zikukhudzidwa. Mwachitsanzo, zikuonekeratu kuti chimodzi mwa zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimachititsa kuti thupi likhale ndi thupi lolemera - leptin - limayambitsa chilakolako chofuna kudya osati kuchita kokha pa hypothalamus komanso pamagulu a masolimbic dopamine system (19-22) komanso pa zovuta zomwe zimapangidwira komanso kuyamwa bwino (23-25). Mofananamo, zizindikiro zina zamkati za zakudya zowonjezera, monga ghrelin, matumbo a GLP-1 ndi PYY, ndi insulini, komanso shuga ndi mafuta, zimagwiritsanso ntchito zizindikiro zozizwitsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zakudya zizidya bwino (26-36). Zotsatira za masewerawa amachititsa chidwi m'maphunziro aumunthu omwe amasonyeza kufooketsa kwa ntchito zonse zamaganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi kagayidwe kake kwa odwala ambiri (37-39). Ngakhale kuti chigwirizanochi sichidziwikebe, chiphunzitso chachikulu chimasonyeza kuti matumbo a dysbiosis amayamba chifukwa cha kugwirizana pakati pa zakudya zabwino, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi mawonekedwe a chitetezo cha m'mimba komanso kusintha kwa ubongo ndi ubongo. ndizofunikira (40-43).
Kusinthasintha Kwambiri Kwambiri kwa Ophunzira a Hypothalamic Regulator ndi Zizindikiro Zogwirizana, Zoganizira, ndi Zotsitsimula
Dalaivala wina wa malingaliro ophatikizana awa ndi kuzindikira kwatsopano kumapangidwe koyambirira kwa magawo oyamba a homeostatic ndi chidziwitso ndi kusamalidwa m'maganizo kumayendetsedwe kake (44). Kukonzekera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chakudya kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi njira yofunika kwambiri podyera anthu mu malo obesogenic (45, 46) ndipo wakhala akuphunzira mu makoswe kwa nthawi ndithu (47). Zina mwa njira zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podyetsa chakudyachi zimapezeka pakhoswe powonetsera kudalira pa amygdala ndi prefrontal cortex-to-lateral hypothalamus projections (48, 49). Posachedwapa, umboni wokhudzana kwambiri ndi AGRP neurons mu mediobasal hypothalamus, chochititsa chidwi cha malamulo oyamba a homeostatic malamulo, adaperekedwa. Nkhono zazikuluzikulu zakhala zikuyendetsedwa kuti zimayendetsedwa ndi kuyendetsa mahomoni ndi metabolites pang'onopang'ono kutayira ndi kuyendetsa mafashoni mofanana ndi maiko osala kudya ndi odyetsedwa. Pogwiritsira ntchito zamakono zamakono zamakono omwe amachokera ku jini, zinawonetseratu kuti ntchito ya AGRP neurons imayambitsanso pafupipafupi ndichiwiri ndi kuyembekezera kuti chakudya choyandikira chikuyandikira (50, 51). Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zakunja komanso kuganizira za chidziwitso cha AGRP chowombera mpweya chimatha kukwaniritsidwa mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji kuchokera ku malo amtundu wambiri komanso osiyana siyana omwe amasonyezedwa ndi njira zowonongeka za retrograse (neuron-retrograde viral tracing (52).
Kudya Chakudya Chakudya ndi Kukonzekera kwa Mphamvu Zamagetsi Ndizovomerezeka kwambiri
N'zoonekeratu kuti magulu ozungulira a hypothalamic neural circuitry omwe amachititsa kuti homeostatic isinthe mphamvu ndi kuchepa thupi, mofanana ndi homeostatic malamulo a ntchito zina, monga magazi shuga kapena kuthamanga kwa magazi, akugwira ntchito mopanda kuzindikira, pa chidziwitso. Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, kulimbikitsa mphamvu zolimbikitsa mphamvu za thupi zomwe zimawonetsa mphamvu za kutaya mphamvu monga mphamvu ya leptin yotsika "yofuna" kudzera m'masolimbic dopamine system (16, 18, 53) amagwiritsanso ntchito kunja kwa kuzindikira monga momwe anawonetsera mu maphunziro a munthu (54-56). Ngakhale kulibe njala yokhudzana ndi kagayidwe kake komanso zizindikiro zothandizira anthu kuti azitha kulandira chithandizo, zimakhala zosafunika kuzizindikira. Izi zasonyezedwa mu makoswe omwe ali ndi zakudya zolimbitsa thupi zolimbitsa thupi (47, 48). Kuwonjezera apo, ubongo wa munthu ukhoza kuphunzira kufunika kwa mphotho ya ndalama ndikugwiritsira ntchito popanga zisankho popanda kuganizira mosamala za zomwe zikuchitika (57). Ngakhale kupanga chisankho choyenera kumadalira kudziletsa, kuimiridwa mu kampani yapamwamba yapamwamba (58, 59), kusinthidwa kwa zochitika zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la mphotho sizomwe kuli koyenera kulamulira muderalo ndipo nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa ufulu wosankha kuchita (60). Potsirizira pake, zochitika za neural m'madera ena a ubongo zikhoza kupitilirapo nthawi zambiri anthu asanadziwe za chisankho chawo (61, 62), kutanthauza kuti njira zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisankhe zikuchitika pa chidziwitso.
Khalidwe losaoneka pakati pa anthu ndi makoswe likuwoneka kuti limakhala losagonjetsedwa ndi chidziwitso chodziwika pamene ndizoloŵera kwambiri (63, 64). Muzochitika zachizoloŵezi, zokhudzana ndi zotsatira zomwe zingatheke ndizofunikira pa zofuna zokhudzana ndi zolinga zotsatiridwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yogwirizana ndi kuyerekezera. Komabe, khalidwe lachizolowezi silingadalirenso podziwa mphoto zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa ndipo motero sichisamala za njira zowonjezera (64, 65). Maulendo a neural omwe amachititsa makhalidwe osakhala achizolowezi amawongolera mosiyana ndi awo omwe amachitikirapo kapena odziletsa. Zizoloŵezi zomwe sizozoloŵera zimadalira kwambiri ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) ndi zowonongeka zapamwamba zamtundu wa cortex, pamene makhalidwe amakhalidwe amadalira kwambiri pa dorsolateral striatum (65, 66). Kusungidwa kukumbukira ndi kukumbukira njira ndizosiyana ndizozoloŵera ndi zochitika zomwe sizozoloŵera ndi makhalidwe. Kusiyanitsa ndi kukumbukira zinthu zomwe zimafuna malingaliro ozindikira, zikumbukiro zamaganizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamunsi pa chidziŵitso ndi kusungidwa zimagawidwa (67-69). Chotsatira chake, kukumbukira njira zowonongeka ndi makhalidwe ozoloweretsa omwe amatsogoleredwa ndizomwe sagonjetsedwa ndi chidziwitso choletsa kudziletsa ndi ntchito zoyang'anira.
Kutsiliza
Zitsanzo za zinyama zakhala zofunikira poyambitsa njira zowopsya zomwe zimayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri. Popeza kuti mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kukula kwa umunthu zimakhudzana ndi ntchito za neural (70), n'zosadabwitsa kuti zakudya zopangira zakudya ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndizo zigawo zazikuluzikulu za njirazi. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwabwino kwa anthu kumayambanso kupanga zopindulitsa, njira zokhazokha zowonongeka mu makoswe zatha kupereka ndondomeko yeniyeni. Zotsatira zake, chikhalidwe chokhazikika pakati pa homeostatic ndi non-homeostatic / hedonic kachitidwe kamene kakuyendetsa chilakolako cha thupi ndi kulemera kwa thupi, ngakhale kuti chiribe chothandiza, sichilongosola mokwanira za kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi kugwira ntchito pakati pa machitidwe awiriwa. Kuphatikizanso, zochuluka za zotsatira za dongosolo lalikululi loti zitha kuyanjana ndikudziwitsidwa. Zomwe zimatanthawuza zatsopano izi zikufika poti sichidzangoyendetsa kafukufuku wamtsogolo koma komanso mapangidwe a mankhwala ndi zamakhalidwe okhutira ndi matenda.
Zopereka za Wolemba
HM ndi CM anathandizira kulingalira malingaliro, adayang'anitsitsa mabukuwo, analemba zolembazo, ndipo anakonza ndondomeko yoyamba yomaliza ya malembawo. EQ-C ndi SY ankakhudzidwa pa zokambirana za lingaliro lapachiyambi, powerenga mbali zina za mabukuwo, kulembera mbali zina za mabukhuwo, ndikukonzekera mndandanda wamakono womaliza. H-RB idapanga lingaliro loyambirira pa lingaliro, linakambirana zolemba zambiri zolemba zolembedwa ndi zolemba zonse, kufufuza mabuku, ndi kulembedwa pamanja.
Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi
Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.
ndalama
Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa ndi National Institutes of Health kupereka DK047348 (H-RB), DK092587 (HM), ndi DK081563 (CM).
Zothandizira
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