Mahomoni ndi Zakudya Makhalidwe Othandiza Anthu Omwe Ali ndi Matenda Osokoneza Bongo (2014)

Mavitamini. 2014 Dec 31;7(1):223-38. doi: 10.3390/nu7010223.

Pedram P1, Sun G2.

Kudalirika

Lingaliro la kuledzera kwa zakudya (FA) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chingathandize kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha kunenepa kwambiri chikhale chonchi mwa anthu ambiri; Komabe, pang'ono amadziwika pa kusiyana kwa mahomoni ndi zakudya pakati pa kunenepa kwambiri ndi popanda FA. Choncho, cholinga cha phunziro lathu chinali kufufuza zamoyo zomwe zimakhalapo, kuphatikizapo mahomoni osiyanasiyana ndi ma neuropeptides, omwe amachititsa kuti chilakolako cha zakudya ndi kagayidwe kake, ndi zakudya zomwe zimapangitse kukhala ochepa kwambiri komanso opanda FA. Mwa anthu akuluakulu a 737 omwe adatengedwa kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha anthu a Newfoundland, odwala 58 omwe amadya kwambiri chakudya komanso osadya chakudya (FAO, NFO) akufanana ndi zaka, kugonana, BMI ndi zochitika zinazake zakusankhidwa. Nthenda zonse za 34, mahomoni amtundu, mahomoni a ppepepeptide ndi adipokines anayesedwa mu kusala kudya. Tapeza kuti gulu la FAO linali ndi mafupi a TSH, TNF-α ndi amylin, koma maulendo apamwamba a prolactin, poyerekeza ndi gulu la NFO. Kulemera kwa kalori (kulemera kwa kilogalamu imodzi), kudya kwa mafuta (pa g / kilo lolemera thupi, pa BMI ndi peresenti ya thunthu mafuta) ndi peresenti ya mafuta okhudzana ndi mafuta ndi chakudya (g / kg) gulu la FAO likuyerekeza ndi gulu la NFO. Nkhani za FAO zinadya shuga, mchere (kuphatikizapo sodium, potaziyamu, calcium ndi selenium), mafuta ndi zigawo zake (monga saturated, monounsaturated ndi trans mafuta), omega 3 ndi 6, vitamini D ndi gamma-tocopherol poyerekeza ndi gulu la NFO. Kudziwa kwathu, iyi ndi phunziro loyamba lomwe limasonyeza kuti kusiyana kwa mahomoni ndi mavitamini ang'onoang'ono omwe amapangidwa pakati pa anthu olemera kwambiri omwe amagawidwa ndi opanda chizolowezi cha zakudya. Zomwe anapezazi zimapereka zidziwitso ku njira zomwe FA zingathandizire kunenepa kwambiri.

Keywords: zakudya zolimbitsa thupi, mahomoni amtundu, ma neuropeptides, adipokines, micro-/ macro-nutrient eat

1. Introduction

Kunenepa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chosiyanasiyana [1] ndipo akuimira mliri umene ukusowa mwamsanga [2]. Ku Canada, oposa mmodzi pa akulu anayi ndi olemera kwambiri [3], ndipo chigawo cha Newfoundland chimakhala ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri la kunenepa kwambiri m'dziko (pambuyo pa Northwest Territories ndi Nunavut) [3,4]. Kunenepa kwambiri kumayambitsidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo genetics, ntchito ya endocrine, machitidwe a makhalidwe ndi zowonjezera zachilengedwe [5]. Zakhala zatsimikiziridwa kuti kupitirira kwapadera kwa ma calories kumathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri [6]. Pa kafukufuku wapitawo pa anthu ambiri a Newfoundland, labotolo yathu inapeza kuti kudya kwakukulu kosalekeza, kumatchedwa "kusowa zakudya" ndi Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) [7,8], zimathandiza kwambiri kuti munthu akhale wochuluka kwambiri [9]. Kuonjezerapo, chizindikiro cha kuchipatala chimawerengera kuti YFAS ndimadyedwe kwambiri ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi kulemera kwambiri [9]. Kuledzeretsa kumatengedwa ngati matenda a maganizo ndi chitsimikiziro cha neuro-endocrine; Komabe, kusokoneza zakudya sikunatanthawuze ngati matenda odziyimira mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) V [10,11]. Mofananamo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amalephera kulamulira chakudya ngakhale kuti pali mavuto aakulu okhudza kunenepa kwambiri [12,13]. Izi zikusonyeza kuti iwo amavutika mobwerezabwereza kuyesa kuchepetsa chakudya chawo, ndipo sangathe kudya zakudya zina kapena kuchepetsa zakudya [12].

Kwa anthu, lamulo la kudya chakudya limakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo lodziwika bwino lomwe likulamulidwa ndi njala ndi zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito [5,14,15]. Zizindikirozi zimapangidwa mu ubongo, minofu yapachiwalo ndi / kapena ziwalo kudzera m'mabwalo awiri othandizira, kuphatikizapo homeostatic ndi hedonic pathways [5,15,16,17]. Njira ya hedonic kapena mphotho yomwe imayendetsedwa nayo ikugwirizana ndi masolimbic dopamine njira, yomwe imalimbikitsa onse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zopatsa chidwi kwambiri [15]. Umboni wasonyeza kuti kumasulidwa kwa dopamine kumagwirizanitsa mphotho ya chakudya, yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri kwa anthu oledzera [15,18]. Mosiyanitsa, njira ya homeostatic imayendetsa mphamvu ya mphamvu pakati pa ubongo ndi peripheries (mwachitsanzo, kapepala kakang'ono ka mimba ndi minofu yambiri) [14,17,19,20]. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pogwiritsa ntchito malo ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu komanso maganizo ofuna chakudya, ubongo umawonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kudya chakudya mwa kutanthauzira zizindikiro za neuronal ndi hormonal zolembedwera papepala [15,20,21]. Choncho, m'magulu awiri onsewa, dopamine, cannabinoids, opioids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ndi serotonin), neuropeptides (α-MSH, β-endorphin, cortisol, melatonin, neurotensin, orexin A, oxytocin ndi katundu P, etc.) ndi mahomoni (mahomoni amtundu, mahomoni otchedwa anterior hormone ndi adipokines) amathandizidwa, ambiri mwa iwo akhoza kuwoneka mu seramu [17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kafukufuku wambiri wagwirizanitsa mahomoni ameneŵa ndi mauropaptides ndi mliri wamakono woopsa [21,24,31,32]. Komanso, mu phunziro lathu lapitalo lomwe talitchulapo pa anthu ambiri a Newfoundland, tawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amadya zakudya amadyetsa kuchuluka kwa ma calories kuchokera ku mafuta ndi mapuloteni [9]. Komabe, pazomwe timadziwa, palibe phunziro lomwe liripo ponena za kusiyana kwa chilakolako choyendetsa chiwerengero cha mahomoni pakati pa kukhala owonjezera ndi opanda chizolowezi cha zakudya.

Komanso, macronutrients amavomerezedwa kuti azitha kugwira ntchito yowonjezera kwambiri, khalidwe lachizolowezi ndi zotsatira zamagetsi [33,34,35]. Komabe, palibe phunziro lomwe likupezeka pa maonekedwe a mahomoni komanso kusiyana kwake kwa zakudya zamakono komanso zazing'ono pakati pa kukhala ochepa kwambiri komanso opanda chizolowezi cha zakudya, zomwe zingakhale zovuta kuti zisawononge momwe chizoloŵezi cha zakudya chimayambira. Choncho, cholinga cha kafukufuku wamakono ndi kufufuza zamoyo zomwe zingathe kusiyanitsa kukhala ochepa ndi opanda chizoloŵezi cha zakudya poyeza ndikuyerekeza mahomoni osiyanasiyana ndi mapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti chilakolako cha kudya ndi kuchepa kwa thupi komanso zakudya zowonjezera zakudya zikhale m'magulu awiriwa.

2. Gawo Loyesera

2.1. Statement Statement

Phunziroli linavomerezedwa ndi Health Research Ethics Authority (HREA), Memorial University ya Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada, ndi Code Identification Code #10.33 (posachedwapa tsiku lovomerezedwa: 21 January 2014). Otsatira onse amapereka chilolezo cholembedwa ndi chidziwitso.

2.2. Phunzirani chitsanzo

Phunziro lachizoloŵezi cha zakudya limaphatikizapo maphunziro a 737 omwe amalembedwa kuchokera ku anthu ambiri a Newfoundland ndi Labrador (NL). Zina mwa izo, maphunziro a 36 anali ndi chizoloŵezi cha kuledzera kwa zakudya ndi Yale Food Addiction Scale. Anthu omwe ali ndi chiwerengero cha misala ya thupi (BMI) ya 25 kg / m2 Zomwe zilipo (World Health Organization (WHO): zikuluzikulu kuposa 25 zimatchulidwa ngati kunenepa kwambiri; pa 30 amaikidwa ngati olemera kwambiri [36]). Atasiya, maphunziro a 29 anatsalira kuti awone. Mofananamo, 29 osadya-oledzera oposa overseight / obese (NFO) maphunziro anasankhidwa ndikufananitsa zaka, kugonana, BMI ndi ntchito zochitika. Zonsezi zinali mbali ya chiwerengero cha anthu CODING (Mavuto Ovuta M'madera a Newfoundland: Kuphunzira kwa Mazingira ndi Ma Genetics [37,38] ndipo adalembedwa m'chigawo cha Canada ku Newfoundland ndi Labrador pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatsa, adatumiza mapepala ndi mawu apakamwa. Njira zophatikizira zinali: (1) zaka> zaka 19; (2) wobadwira ku NL ndi banja lomwe limakhala ku NL kwa mibadwo itatu; (3) wathanzi wopanda matenda amadzimadzi, amtima kapena endocrine; ndi (4) osakhala ndi pakati panthawi yophunzira.

2.3. Zochitika Zakale

Kulemera kwa thupi ndi kutalika kunayesedwa pambuyo pa nthawi ya kusala kwa 12-h. Ophunzira anayezedwa ku 0.1 (makilogalamu) apamtima pa zovala zachipatala zomwe zimakhala pazenera zamalonda (Health O Meter, Bridgeview, IL, USA). Sitimayi yokhazikika idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kutalika kwa 0.1 (cm) yapafupi. BMI inalembedwa pogawanika kulemera kwa olowa mu kilogalamu ndi chiwerengero cha msinkhu wake pamtunda (kg / m2). Mituyi inalembedwa kuti ndi olemera kwambiri kuposa ena onse (BMI ≥ 25.00) yochokera ku BMI malinga ndi njira za WHO [36].

2.4. Kuwunika kwa Thupi

Miyeso yonse ya thupi yomwe inapangidwira thupi kuphatikizapo mafuta ndi thupi lopweteka anayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Lunar Prodigy; GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI, USA). Miyesoyi inkachitidwa mu supine pambuyo pa 12 ndikusala kudya, ndipo mafuta onse a thupi (BF%) ndi zana la thunthu mafuta (TF%) adatsimikiziridwa [37].

2.5. Kuwongolera Kugonjetsa Zakudya

Kupezeka kwa chizoloŵezi cha zakudya kunachokera pa YFAS [7,9]. Mafunsowa ali ndi zinthu 27 zomwe zimayesa kudya zakudya m'miyezi ya 12 yapitayi. YFAS imatanthauzira Kuzindikira ndi Kusindikiza Buku la IV, Text Revision (DSM-IV TR) malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala okhudzana ndi khalidwe la kudya (kuphatikizapo zizindikiro, monga kulekerera ndi zizindikiro za kuchotsa, zovuta kuchitapo kanthu, zovuta kuchepetsa kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, etc.) pogwiritsa ntchito DSM-IV TR. Mzerewu umagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa Likert scale ndi dichotomous scoring options. Zomwe zimayendera kuledzera zimakwaniritsidwa pamene zizindikiro zitatu kapena zingapo zikupezeka mkati mwa miyezi ya 12 yapitayi ndipo kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena vuto liripo. Chotsitsa cha Likert chogwiritsira ntchito chikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, kulekerera ndi kuchotsa), kuyambira ku 0 mpaka ku 7 zizindikiro [7,13].

2.5.1. Kufufuza Zovuta za Zakudya

Macronutrients (mapuloteni, mafuta ndi mazakudya) ndi ma 71 micronutrients omwe adadya mu miyezi yapitayi ya 12 anayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito funso la Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) [39]. Ophunzirawo amasonyeza kuti amagwiritsira ntchito mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe anthu amadya, pamwezi yomaliza ya 12. Chiwerengero cha chakudya chilichonse chosankhidwa chinasandulika kukhala mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kawirikawiri kudya kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa chinthu chilichonse cha chakudya chinalowa mu NutriBase Clinical Nutrition Manager (mapulogalamu a 9.0; CyberSoftInc, Phoenix, AZ, USA), ndipo kudya tsiku ndi tsiku kwa mavitamini akuluakulu ndi a micro-compact [9,40,41].

2.5.2. Seramu Metabolism Yoyendetsa Hormones ndi Neuropeptides Mlingo

Mankhwala a 34 ndi mapuloteni a m'magazi ankayang'aniridwa ndi maginito opangidwa ndi maginito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito MAGPIX (Millipore, Austin, TX, USA) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoteteza thupi la immunosorbent (ELISA) (ALISEI QS, Radim, Italy) (kugwiritsa ntchito seramu ya kusala m'mawa). Kutulutsa mahomoni (amylin (totali), ghrelin (yogwira), leptin, glucagon yonga peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide peptide YY (PYY), kulumikiza peptide (C-peptide) ndi glucagon), mahomoni a polypeptide (prolactin, a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), mahomoni osakaniza (FSH) (hormone) (hormone) (GH) ndi mahomoni otulutsa chithokomiro (TSH), adipokines (adiponectin, lipocalin 2, resistin, adipsin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) ndi TNF-α) ndi neuropeptides (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-endorphin, cortisol, melatonin, neurotensin, orexin A, oxytocin, mankhwala P, mapuloteni amtundu wa XMUMX (MCP-1) ndi peptide (AgRP) yokhudzana ndi Agou) anayesedwa mobwerezabwereza pogwiritsa ntchito Maginito-based based immunoassay ndi MAGPIX. Ndondomekoyi idasinthidwa musanayese kuyesa ndi kachipangizo ka MAGPIX, ndipo ntchitoyi inatsimikiziridwa ndi kachipangizo kogwirira ntchito ka MAGPIX. Pulogalamu yowonongeka ya maillixx inagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza deta. Komanso, kudya kwapadera kwa nuropeptide Y (NPY) kunayesedwa ndi ELISA njira (Millipore Corporation Pharmaceuticals, Billerica, MA, USA). Miyezo yonse ya ma hormonal ndi neuropeptide inali pamwamba pa kukhudzidwa kokometsa. Komanso, panalibe / kusagwirizana pakati pa ma antibodies kwa analyte ndi zina mwazofukufuku m'magulu awa.

2.5.3. Seramu Lipids, Shuga ndi Insulini

Zotsatira za seramu yonse ya cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triacylglycerols (TG) ndi shuga zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito Synchron reagents ndi Lx20 analyzer (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). Cholesterolin lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol chinkawerengedwa ndi zotsatirazi: cholesterol chonse-HDL-TG / 2.2. Sulum insulini inayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Immulite; DPC, Los Angeles, CA, USA). Kuonjezera apo, mlingo wa insumini wa insamuwu unayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Immulite; DPC, Los Angeles, CA, USA) [42,43].

2.5.4. Kuchita Zochita Zathupi ndi Zochita Zina

Bungwe la Baecke lochita masewero olimbitsa thupi linagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ntchito. Mafunsowa akuyesa ntchito yogwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zitatu, kuphatikizapo ntchito, masewera ndi zosangalatsa. Ophunzira onse amaliza mafomu kuti awonetse mbiri yachipatala, chiwerengero cha anthu (chiwerewere, zaka ndi banja lawo), malo odwala matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito ndudu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala [44,45].

2.6. Kusanthula Kusanthula

Kuwerengera konse kwa chiwerengero kunatsirizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS, version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Deta imaperekedwa ngati zowona ± zolephereka (SD). Wophunzira t-kufufuza kwambiri kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kufufuza kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa zakudya zomwe zimadyedwe ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi. Kufufuza konse, mayeso owerengetsera anali awiri-mbali ndipo chiwerengero cha alpha chinayikidwa ku 0.05.

3. Zotsatira

3.1. Zizindikiro Zathupi ndi Kusala Serum Lipids, Shuga ndi Insulini Level

Kuchuluka kwa anthu, kutentha kwa seramu lipids, shuga ndi insulini mlingo ndi maonekedwe a ophunzira akufotokozedwa Gulu 1 (kulephera kumachokera ku BMI). Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pazifukwa zomwe tazitchulazi pakati pa chakudya-choledzeretsa kwambiri cha oposa / obese (FAO) ndi magulu a NFO.

Gulu 1 

Makhalidwe a ophunzira ophunzira *.

3.2. Kuyerekezera kwa Metabolism Yoyendetsa Hormones ndi Neuropeptides mu FAO ndi NFO

Mahomoni a seramu amafaniziridwa pakati pa zakudya zolimbitsa thupi / kunenepa kwambiri komanso zosagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zolimbitsa thupi.Gulu 2). Gulu la FAO linali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha amylin, TNF-α ndi TSH ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa prolactin, poyerekeza ndi gulu la NFO (p <0.05).

Gulu 2 

Zizindikiro za hormonal ndi neuropeptide ku FAO ndi NFO *.

3.3. Kuyerekeza kwa Ma Macronutrients ndi Micronutrients Kuyambira pakati pa FAO ndi NFO Groups

Zakudya zonse zamakono ndi macronutrients zomwe zimadetsedwa mu ma gramu onse ndi gram pa kg ya thupi, BMI,% BF ndi% TF imasonyezedwa mu Gulu 3. Chiwerengero cha calorie chokwanira pa kilogalamu ya kulemera kwa thupi chinali chachikulu kwambiri mu gulu la FAO. Mafuta ambiri amagawidwe a mafuta m'thupi, mafuta amawonongedwa (pa kilogalamu yolemera thupi, pa BMI, peresenti ya thunthu mafuta) ndipo peresenti ya mafuta okhudzana ndi mafuta anali olemera kwambiri pa zakudya-oledzeretsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi osadya- oledzera maphunziro ovuta kwambiri (p <0.05).

Gulu 3 

Zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azidya mowa mwauchidakwa komanso osagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zolimbitsa thupi.

Kuonjezera apo, zopanga za micronutrient zimayesedwa ngati gramu pa kilogalamu yolemera thupi poyerekeza pakati pa magulu awiri (Gulu 4). Kawirikawiri, FAO imadya zakudya zamtundu wa shuga, mineral substances, kuphatikizapo sodium, potaziyamu, calcium ndi selenium, mafuta, mafuta odzaza mafuta, mafuta a mafuta, mafuta a monounsaturated, omega 3, omega 6, vitamini D ndi gamma-tocopherol kuposa NFO gulu.

Gulu 4 

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa zakudya zomwe zimasankhidwa pakati pa zakudya zolimbitsa thupi (FAO) ndi mankhwala osadya (NFA) a magulu olemera kwambiri / obese.

4. Kukambirana

Kawirikawiri, zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi matenda a endocrine zimakhala ndi chilakolako chofunikira chosonyeza zizindikiro. Mahomoni ambiri amathandizira kudyetsa malamulo [15,16,17,24]. Zopanda pake mu zinsinsi zam'mbudzi zomwe tatchulazi zingayambitse kudya mopitirira muyeso ndipo, chifukwa chake, kunenepa kwambiri [16,24]. Chochititsa chidwi, kufanana kwa kusintha kwa mahomoni kwapezeka pakati pa kunenepa kwambiri ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo [10,18]. Malinga ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azidziletsa kwambiri, kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda ovuta kwambiri ndipo angayambitsidwe ndi mitundu yambiri ya majeremusi ndi zachilengedwe. Monga momwe tawonera kale, kuledzera kwa zakudya kungakhale chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri ndi zamatsenga [9]. Pomwe tikudziwa bwino, phunziroli ndiloyamba kuyesa kutsimikizira kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi chodziwika bwino chakumwa kwa zakudya kungawononge mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino ya zakudya ndi mahomoni.

Choyamba chofufuza mu phunziroli tsopano chinali chotsika kwambiri cha serishoni ya TSH ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa prolactin mu zakudya zambiri zowonjezera poyerekezera ndi owonjezera omwe sali odwala. Kafukufuku wambiri wa anthu akuwonetsa mgwirizano waukulu wa BMI ndi TSH ndi ma prolactin [46,47,48,49,50]. Zomwe taphunzira kuchokera panopa zikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa TSH ndi prolactin kungakhale imodzi mwa mahomoni mu kunenepa kwambiri ndi chizoloŵezi cha zakudya m'malo mwa kunenepa kwambiri. Deta kuchokera ku kafukufuku wambiri yanena kuti mlingo wa TSH wa seramu ukhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha mowa, opiamu ndi kudalira cacaine ndi chikhumbo [51,52,53]. Kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa TSH mlingo ndi chilakolako cha mowa chatchulidwa m'nkhani zomwe zimadalira mowa [51], ndipo tcheru yochepa kwambiri ya TSH yapezeka mu ogwiritsa ntchito opium poyerekezera ndi kulamulira bwino [54]. Potsatira zochitika zathu zamakono, kuchepa kwa TSH sikutanganidwa ndi zakumwa za mowa, opiamu ndi cocaine, komanso ndi chizoloŵezi cha zakudya. Mgwirizano wapatali wa prolactin wodwala zakudya zopitirira muyeso ndi deta kuchokera ku maphunziro ena pa zakumwa zauchidakwa, heroin ndi cocaine omwe amazoloŵera ndi prolactin yapamwamba kwambiri [51,55,56,57,58] amatsindika kwambiri kugawidwa kwa prolactin ndi kuledzera, komanso.

Chotsatira china chofunika kwambiri pa phunziro laposachedwapa ndichinthu chochepa kwambiri cha serum TNF-α mu gulu loperewera kwambiri la chakudya poyerekeza ndi gulu lopanda thanzi la anthu oledzera. Mbali ya TNF-α imakhala yapamwamba mu anthu olemera kwambiri poyerekezera ndi kulamulira bwino [59]. TNF-α imadziwika kuti cytokine yosakanikirana, yomwe imachepetsa kudya. Zili kuganiza kuti zovuta za TNF-α zingayambitse kunenepa kwambiri [32]. Zinanenedwa kuti maulendo oyendayenda a TNF-α asinthidwa ndi oledzeretsa, osokoneza bongo ndi opiate. Kuonjezera apo, tawonedwa kuti TNF-α ikhoza kukhala chitsimikizo chodziwitsa anthu mankhwala osokoneza bongo [60,61,62,63,64,65]. Mwachitsanzo, TNF-α yafufuzidwa ngati njira yothandizira kupewa mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuonjezera mwayi wothera. [61]. Zomwe zilipo tsopano za mgwirizanowu wa TNF-α wochepa ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi zosangalatsa komanso zopambana. Pali zowonjezereka mawonetseredwe omwe ali ovuta kwambiri okhudzana ndi zakudya zotsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa TNF-α mwa anthu olemera kwambiri.

Phunziro la tsopano, tinayesanso mapuloteni a serum omwe amayang'anira chilakolako. Matenda a Neuropeptides amachitidwa ndi kusungidwa m'katikati mwa mitsempha yamkati; Komabe, magulu ena a neuropeptides amatha kupezeka mu dongosolo lozungulira maulendo [22,23,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Zovuta za matenda a neuropeptide zapezanso mwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zina ndi kunenepa kwambiri [66,67,68,69,70]; Komabe, mu phunziro lino, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu mu msinkhu wa mapiritsi a m'magazi omwe anapezeka pakati pa zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zopanda chakudya.

Chofunika chotsatira chachitatu pa phunziroli ndichiwerengero chochepa cha serum amylin mu zakudya zowonjezera zowonjezera poyerekeza ndi owonjezera omwe sali odwala. Izi zikuwoneka kuti ndilo lipoti loyamba lonena za kugwirizana kwa amylin ndi chizolowezi cha zakudya kapena mitundu ina yazoledzeretsa. Sitikuwonekeratu panthawi imeneyi ngati kuchepa kwa amylin uku ndikutanthauza kuti zakudya zowonongeka kapena kungokhala kusintha kwina chifukwa cha zinthu zina. Phunziro lachikale la odwala la 10 wathanzi lomwe limadya kudya kamodzi kake m'magazi kapena mafuta, tawonetsa kuti amylin imakhudzidwa ndi zakudya zopangira zakudya, monga momwe amylin analiri wamkulu pambuyo pa chakudya chambiri chokhala ndi mafuta ambiri. chakudya [71]. Phunziro ili, kudya zakudya zamtundu wa mafuta kunali kwakukulu kwambiri pa zakudya zopatsa thanzi kwambiri, zomwe zingakhale zochepa pambali ya serum amylin.

Mu phunziro lathu lapitalo, tawona kuti zakudya zonse zopatsa thanzi, mosasamala kanthu za kunenepa kwambiri, zidadya chiwerengero choposa cha mafuta kuchokera ku mafuta [9]; Chotsatira chomwecho chinapezekanso mu gulu la odwala owonjezera kwambiri. Kudya kwambiri kwa mafuta odyetserako mafuta kunathandizidwanso ndi chiwonetsero chosonyeza kuti obedi odyetsa zakudya amadya kwambiri makilogalamu olemera pa kilogalamu ya kulemera kwa thupi, makapu apamwamba pa kilogalamu ya thupi ndi mafuta odya pa kilogalamu ya kulemera kwa thupi (ndi pa BMI ndi peresenti ya thunthu mafuta). Kwa nthawi yoyamba, tinaphunziranso kusiyana kwa mphamvu za 71 zomwe zimachitika pakati pa maphunziro ovuta kwambiri odyetsa zakudya komanso osadya. Pofanana ndi zomwe tinazipeza kale, tawona kuti obiridwa kwambiri odya zakudya amadya kwambiri mafuta omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta: saturated, monosaturated, poly-saturated ndi trans mafuta, omega 3 ndi 6, vitamini D, gamma tocopherol ndi dihydrophylloquinone (gwero lalikulu mu malonda -wagwedezeka ndi chakudya chokazinga [72]) poyerekezera ndi ovuta kwambiri omwe sali oledzera. Kuonjezera apo, owonjezera zakudya zowonjezera amadya kwambiri kuposa sodium ndi shuga. Choncho, atatengedwa pamodzi, deta imasonyeza kuti zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zowonjezera zitha kudya zakudya zowonjezereka zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi mafuta, shuga ndi mchere (sodium).

Phunziro lino, YFAS ndi Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zida zowonetsera kuti zakudya zowonjezera zakudya ndi kuyamwa kwa zakudya zowonjezera m'miyezi ya 12 yapitayi. Makhalidwe awa ndi zomwe akukhazikitsira zatsimikiziridwa ndi anthu osiyanasiyana [7,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]. YFAS ndiyo chida chokha chomwe chimapezeka kuti chidziwitso cha kuledzera kwa zakudya. Kugwiritsira ntchito ndondomekoyi kungathandize kusiyanitsa nkhani zomwe nthawi zonse zimadya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu kuchokera kwa iwo amene asokonezeka pazodya zawo [7,9]. Komabe, popeza mayankho omwe tawatchulawa adziwonetsera okha, apo nthawi zambiri timakhala odzikonda.

Ziyenera kusonyezedwa kuti chizoloŵezi cha zakudya ndi matenda ovuta, ndipo zifukwa zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zamaliseche. Mavuto a maganizo, monga nkhawa ndi kupsinjika maganizo, zomwe zingayambitse kusintha kwa TSH, prolactin ndi TNF-α, sizinayesedwe mu phunziro la tsopano [77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84]. Kafukufuku wowonjezera wasonyeza kuti odwala omwe amadalira mowa, awonetsedwa kuti hypothalamic-pituitary axis axis akhoza kukhala ndi nkhawa yodetsa nkhaŵa kapena yachisoni, zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri TSH mlingo [51].

Phunziro la tsopano, mawonekedwe a ghrelin anayesedwa. Komabe, inhibitor yeniyeniyo siidaperekedwe panthawi yosonkhanitsa, choncho, sizingatheke kuti gawolo la ghrelin likhoza kukhala loipitsidwa. Popeza zitsanzo zonse pambuyo pojambula magazi zimayikidwa nthawi yomweyo pa ayezi panthawi yonseyi, timakhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka kulikonse kungakhale kochepa, chifukwa ma enzyme omwe amanyansira ghrelin sangakhale ndi ntchito pang'ono pa kutentha kwa madzi ozizira.

Kukonzekera kwa kufaniziridwa kosiyanasiyana sikunapangidwe, chifukwa phunziro ili ndi phunziro lopanga upainiya ndi zizindikiro zambiri zinayesedwa. Komanso, kukula kwazitsanzo ndi kochepa m'magulu awiriwa. Komabe, aliyense mwa iwo anali oyenerera bwino m'magulu onse awiriwa chifukwa cha chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, BMI ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, zomwe zingachepetse kusagwirizana kwa nkhani ndikuwonjezera mphamvu kuti zizindikire kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, magulu akuluakulu a anthu osiyanasiyana akuyenera kutembenuza zomwe tafufuza.

5. Zotsatira

Pomwe tikudziwa bwino, izi ndizo phunziro loyamba lomwe lapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pazinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo mahomoni ndi zakudya zowonjezera zakudya, pakati pa odyetsa zakudya zowonjezera komanso ovuta kudya. Zomwe zapezazi zimapereka umboni wowonjezera kuti apititse kumvetsetsa momwe zakudya zowonjezera zakudya zimakhudzidwira komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wochuluka kwambiri.

Kuvomereza

Tinayamikira kwambiri zopereka za onse odzipereka. Tikufunanso kuyamika Hong Wei Zhang ndi othandizira ofufuza. Phunziroli laperekedwa ndi bungwe la Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ndi Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) thandizo la Sun.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Zopereka za Wolemba 

Pardis Pedram ndi wolemba woyamba: kuyang'anira kusonkhanitsa deta, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni, kufufuza deta ndi kutanthauzira zotsatira, komanso kukonzekera malembawo. Guang Sun anali ndi udindo waukulu wa sayansi mu kapangidwe kophunzira, kutanthauzira deta ndi kusinthidwa kwadongosolo.

Mikangano ya Chidwi

Mikangano ya Chidwi 

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

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