ndi Jordan Gaines Lewis, The Conversation
Aliyense amene amandidziwa amadziwanso kuti ndili ndi dzino lokoma lalikulu. Nthawi zonse ndakhala. Mnzanga komanso mnzake amene ndimaliza nawo maphunziro Andrew nawonso akuvutika mofananamo, ndipo akukhala ku Hershey, Pennsylvania - "Chocolate Capital of the World" - sizitithandiza aliyense wa ife.
Koma Andrew ndi wolimba kuposa ine. Chaka chatha, adasiya maswiti kwa Lent. Sindinganene kuti ndikutsatira mapazi ake chaka chino, koma ngati mukusiya maswiti kuti mupange Lenti chaka chino, izi ndi zomwe mungathe kuyembekezera tsiku lotsatira la 40.
Shuga: Mphoto yamachilengedwe, kukonza kwachilengedwe
Muzinthu zamaganizo, chakudya ndi chomwe timatcha "mphotho yachilengedwe." Kuti tikhale ndi moyo monga zamoyo, zinthu monga kudya, kugonana ndi kulera ena ziyenera kukhala zokondweretsa ubongo kuti makhalidwe amenewa ayimbikitsidwe ndi kubwerezedwa.
Chisinthiko chachititsa kuti masolimbic njira, njira ya ubongo yomwe imadziŵitsa madalitso achilengedwe kwa ife. Tikachita chinthu chokoma, nthenda yotchedwa neuron yotchedwa ventral tegmental imagwiritsa ntchito neurotransmitter dopamine pofuna kutsimikizira mbali ya ubongo wotchedwa nucleus accumbens. Mgwirizano pakati pa mtima weniweni accumbens ndi wathu prefrontal cortex imalamulira mayendedwe athu, monga kusankha ngati tisanadye keke wokoma wa chokoleti kapena ayi. Kortex yoyambirirayo imayambitsanso mahomoni omwe amauza thupi lathu kuti: “Heyi, keke iyi ndiyabwino. Ndipo ndikumbukira izi mtsogolo. ”
Sizinthu zonse zomwe zimapindulitsanso chimodzimodzi. Ambiri aife timakonda maswiti kuposa zakudya zowawa komanso zowawa chifukwa, mosinthika, njira yathu ya mesolimbic imalimbikitsa kuti zinthu zokoma zimapezanso chakudya chambiri m'thupi lathu. Mwachitsanzo, makolo athu akamapita kukasaka zipatso, kulawa kumatanthauza "kusanakhwime," pomwe kuwawa kumatanthauza "kuchenjeza - poyizoni!"
Zipatso ndi chinthu chimodzi, koma zakudya zamakono zatengera moyo wawo. Zaka khumi zapitazo, akuti anthu ambiri a ku America ankadya Masupuni a 22 a shuga wowonjezera patsiku, poyerekeza ndi zowonjezerapo za 350; izo zikhoza kuti zawuka kuyambira pamenepo. Miyezi ingapo yapitayo, katswiri wina ananena kuti ambiri a ku Britain amadya masupuni a 238 shuga sabata iliyonse.
Lero, pokhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale mu zosankha zathu za chakudya, ndizosatheka kuti mupeze zakudya zomwe zakonzedwa kale zomwe sizinapanganso shuga wokometsera, kuteteza, kapena zonse ziwiri.
Izi zowonjezera shuga ndizopusa - ndipo ambiri a ife sitimadziwa, tazolowera. Mwanjira momwe mankhwala osokoneza bongo - monga chikonga, cocaine ndi heroin - kulanda mphotho yaubongo ndi kupanga ogwiritsira ntchito ogwiritsira ntchito, kuwonjezereka kwa neuro-chemical ndi khalidwe la umboni kumasonyeza kuti shuga umakhala wosokoneza mofanana, nayenso.
Chizoloŵezi cha shuga ndi chenicheni
"Masiku oyambirira ndi ovuta," Andrew adandiwuza za zosowa zake zopanda shuga chaka chatha. "Zimangokhala ngati mukuchotsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndinapeza kudya ma carb ambiri kuti ndikhale ndi vuto la shuga. "
Pali zigawo zinayi zikuluzikulu za chizolowezi choledzeretsa: kubwereka, kuchotsa, kukhumba, ndi kutsekula m'mimba (lingaliro loti mankhwala amodzi amachititsa munthu kuti adzidwe ndi wina). Zonsezi zidawonetsedwa mu zinyama zoledzeretsa - shuga, komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Kuyesera komwe kumachitika motere: makoswe amasowa chakudya kwa maola 12 tsiku lililonse, kenako amapatsidwa maola 12 kuti athe kupeza yankho la shuga ndi chow wamba. Patatha mwezi umodzi kutsatira izi tsiku lililonse, makoswe amawonetsa machitidwe ofanana ndi omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Amadya kwambiri yankho la shuga munthawi yochepa, kuposa chakudya chawo wamba. Amawonetsanso zisonyezo zakukhumudwa komanso kukhumudwa panthawi yazakudya. Makoswe ambiri omwe amathandizidwa ndi shuga omwe pambuyo pake amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga cocaine ndi opiates, onetsani makhalidwe okhudzana ndi mankhwalawa poyerekeza ndi makoswe omwe sanadye shuga asanafike.
Monga mankhwala, shuga spikes dopamine kumasulidwa mu nucleus accumbens. Kwa nthawi yayitali, kusuta shuga nthawi zonse kumasintha maonekedwe a jini ndi kupezeka kwa dopamine receptors midbrain yonse ndi frontal cortex. Makamaka, shuga imapangitsa mtundu wa excitatory receptor wotchedwa D1, koma imachepetsanso mtundu wina waulandiro wotchedwa D2, womwe umalepheretsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito shuga nthawi zonse imaletsa zochita za dopamine transporter, mapuloteni omwe amapumula dopamine kuchokera ku synapse ndikubwerera ku neuron pambuyo pa kuwombera.
Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti kupeza shuga mobwerezabwereza pakapita nthawi kumabweretsa kuwonetsa kwa dopamine kwakanthawi, chisangalalo chachikulu cha njira zopezera mphotho zaubongo ndikusowa kwa shuga wambiri kuyambitsa ma midbrain dopamine receptors ngati kale. Ubongo umakhala wololera shuga - ndipo zambiri zimafunika kuti ukhale ndi "shuga wokwera" womwewo.
Kuchotsa shuga n'kwachilendo
Ngakhale kuti maphunzirowa ankachitidwa ndi makoswe, sizingatheke kunena kuti njira zomwezo zoyambirira zikuchitika mu ubongo waumunthu, nayonso. Andrew anandiuza kuti: "Zilakolakozo sizinatheke, [koma mwina] maganizo." "Koma zinakhala zosavuta pambuyo pa sabata yoyamba kapena apo."
mu phunziro 2002 lolembedwa ndi Carlo Colantuoni ndi anzawo ku University of Princeton, makoswe omwe anali atagwidwa ndi shuga kenako anachotsedwa shuga. Izi zidathandizidwa ndi kusowa kwa chakudya kapena chithandizo ndi naloxone, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza opiate omwe amangirira olandila mu mphotho yaubongo. Njira zonse ziwiri zochotsera zidabweretsa zovuta zakuthupi, kuphatikiza mano, kugwedezeka kwapakhosi, ndikugwedeza mutu. Chithandizo cha Naloxone chinawonekeranso kuti chimapangitsa kuti makoswewo azikhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri, chifukwa amathera nthawi yocheperako pazida zapamwamba zomwe zinalibe makoma mbali zonse ziwiri.
Kuyesera kotereku komweko ndi ena amafotokozanso khalidwe lofanana ndi kukhumudwa pa ntchito monga kuyesedwa koyenera. Makoswe mu kuchotsa shuga amatha kusonyeza khalidwe lopanda pake (ngati likuyandama) kusiyana ndi khalidwe labwino (ngati kuyesera kuthawa) likayikidwa m'madzi, limasonyeza kuti simungathe kutero.
Phunziro latsopano lofalitsidwa ndi a Victor Mangabeira ndi anzawo mu Physiology & Behaeve ya mwezi uno kuti kusiya shuga kumalumikizananso ndi kupupuluma. Poyamba, makoswe amaphunzitsidwa kuti alandire madzi pokankhira lever. Pambuyo pophunzitsidwa, nyamazo zimabwerera kunyumba zawo ndipo zinali ndi mwayi wothira shuga ndi madzi, kapenanso madzi okha. Pambuyo masiku 30, makoswe atapatsidwanso mwayi wokanikiza lever kuti amwe madzi, iwo omwe amadalira shuga adakakamiza chiwindacho mochulukira kwambiri kuposa kuwongolera nyama, ndikuwonetsa kuchita zinthu mopupuluma.
Izi ndizoyesera kwambiri, inde. Anthufe sitimadzimana tokha chakudya kwa maola 12 kenako ndikudzilola kumamwa mowa ndi ma donuts kumapeto kwa tsiku. Koma maphunziro a makoswewa amatithandizadi kudziwa za zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga, kusiya, komanso machitidwe.
Pazaka zambiri zopezera zakudya komanso mabuku ogulitsa kwambiri, takhala tikuganiza za "kusuta shuga" kwanthawi yayitali. Pali nkhani za iwo omwe ali mu "kuchotsa shuga" pofotokoza zolakalaka zakudya, zomwe zimatha kuyambiranso kudya mopupuluma. Palinso zolemba zambirimbiri ndi mabuku za mphamvu zopanda malire ndi zatsopano zopezeka chimwemwe mwa iwo amene analumbirira shuga zabwino. Koma ngakhale kuti shuga imakhala yochuluka bwanji m'zodyera zathu, lingaliro la shuga losuta shuga ndilobe mutu wa nkhani.
Kodi mukulimbikitsabe kusiya shuga pa Lenti? Mutha kudabwa kuti zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji mpaka mutakhala opanda zilakolako ndi zoyipa, koma palibe yankho - aliyense ndi wosiyana ndipo palibe maphunziro aumunthu omwe achitika pa izi. Koma atatha masiku 40, zikuwonekeratu kuti Andrew anali atagonjetsa zoyipitsitsa, mwina ngakhale kusinthanso zina mwazomwe adasinthira kuwonetsa dopamine. "Ndikukumbukira kuti ndidadya lokoma langa loyamba ndikuganiza kuti linali lokoma kwambiri," adatero. "Ndinayenera kuyambiranso kulolera."
Ndipo monga nthawi zonse zokaphika zakunja ku Hershey - Ndikukuutsimikizirani, owerenga, kuti wachita zomwezo.
Fufuzani zina: Ochita kafukufuku amapeza njira yoyendetsa ubongo yomwe imalamulira kudya kwambiri komanso kusuta shuga
Source: Nkhani